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Le Ranch de Gibier de Nazinga est caractérisé par une gouvernance centralisée, dirigée par l'État à travers les services forestiers. L’article vise à développer un modèle de gouvernance inclusive et durable pour le ranch. Il part de l’hypothèse qu’une réduction du pouvoir décisionnel de l’État au profit des institutions locales limitera les impacts environnementaux et socioéconomiques négatifs. La méthodologie adoptée comprend une revue de littérature, des entretiens individuels avec les institutions locales et des groupes de discussion dans les villages riverains. Les résultats montrent une implication structurée des villages riverains et privilégient une approche ascendante de la prise de décision.

Liquid density and viscosity of alternative refrigerants R513A were measured with a vibrating-wire viscosimeter in the temperature of 253 K to 363 K when pressure changes from 1 MPa to 12 MPa. The combined expended uncertainties with a confidence level of 0.95 (k = 2) of density and viscosity are 0.2 % and 2 %, respectively. In addition, a viscosity model of HFCs (fluorocarbons)/, HFOs (hydro-fluoroolefins) and their mixtures was provided by coupling the Perturbed-Chain Statistical Associating Fluid Theory (PC-SAFT) equation of state and a modified residual entropy scaling (RES) method. Obvious quasi-linear relation between the proposed entropy variable and the modified residual viscosity has been confirmed. The overall average absolute percentage deviations between the calculated results with the proposed RES model and the literature experimental data of pure and mixture refrigerants are 2.63 % and 2.05, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Différents modèles d’intégration du numérique permettent de penser l’intégration des outils numériques en éducation dans une perspective d’amélioration des pratiques d’enseignement-apprentissage (Fiévez, 2017). Néanmoins, seuls deux modèles se centrent, de manière intégrée, à la fois sur le caractère innovant du recours aux outils numériques et sur l’amélioration de l’apprentissage des élèves : les modèles SAMR (Puentedura, 2010) et ASPID (Karsenti & Bugmann, 2018). Présentant certaines carences, notamment méthodologiques, ces modèles nous ont conduits à en proposer un nouveau qui permettrait d’appréhender la relation entre la transformation des pratiques d’enseignement par l’intégration du numérique et l’amélioration des apprentissages chez les apprenants. Sur la base de ce modèle, 56 analyses de pratiques ont été réalisées. Des entretiens préalables avec les enseignants, des enregistrements de la séquence et des entretiens de débriefing ont permis de récolter les données nécessaires à ces analyses. Cet article présente à la fois la méthodologie de l’élaboration du modèle, le modèle en lui-même et les résultats des analyses de pratiques réalisées afin de vérifier son utilisabilité.

Copyright of SEMS-Journal is the property of Schwiez Zschr Sportmed Sporttraumatologie and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper presents an experimental study of n-butane (R600) and isobutane (R600a) flows in adiabatic capillary tubes. In total, 48 experimental data points were gathered spanning the typical conditions of household refrigerators, with capillary inner diameters ranging from 0.53 to 0.79 mm, tube lengths ranging from 2.5 to 3.5 m, inlet pressure ranging from 2.83 to 6.05 bar, exit pressure ranging from 0.3 to 0.9 bar, inlet subcooling ranging from 4.7 to 15.2 °C, and mass flow rates ranging from 0.53 to 2.95 kg h−1. In addition, the accuracy of π-type correlations priorly developed for R600a flows was verified when used with R600 to predict the refrigerant mass flow rate. Also, it was found the mass flow rate predictions of the algebraic model developed by Hermes et al. (2010) for R600a agreed well with the R600 experimental data, with more than 90 % of data points within ± 10 % error bands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Les distorsions cognitives sont des processus mentaux qui agissent sur l'individu et qui régissent en partie son rapport au monde. Elles s'installent de manière très précoce et dépendent directement des premières expériences de vie desquelles un apprentissage implicite sur le monde et sur soi va avoir lieu. Ces apprentissages sont personnels et biaisés. De ces derniers vont dépendre les filtres cognitifs que l'individu va renforcer à la manière d'un cercle vicieux. Les informations sélectionnées dépendent de ces filtres, et les processus de traitement de ces informations vont dépendre des distorsions du sujet. Ces processus mentaux se retrouvent chez tout un chacun ; néanmoins, certaines populations présentent des spécificités de par leur expérience de vie. C'est le cas des patients ayant une symptomatologie anxio-dépressive, des victimes ou des personnes souffrant de Trouble Stress Post-Traumatique. À la lumière des différentes approches thérapeutiques et des différents traitements qui sont accordés à la dimension cognitive, nous proposons une modélisation sous forme de syllogisme du mode de penser le monde et de s'y confronter des patients ayant un statut de victime. Deux vignettes cliniques permettent d'illustrer cette modélisation. Cette dernière s'enracine dans la philosophie, la psychopathologie cognitive, mais se veut transthéorique et peut être utilisée, peu importe l'obédience du thérapeute. Cognitive distortions are mental processes that affect individuals and partially govern their relationship with the world. They manifest themselves at a very early age and are directly influenced by an individual's early life experiences, from which implicit learning about the world and oneself occurs. This acquisition is personal and biased, leading to the formation of cognitive filters that individuals reinforce in a self-perpetuating cycle. The information selected depends on these filters, and the processing of this information depends on the subject's distortions. These mental processes are present in everyone; however, certain populations, such as individuals with anxiety or depressive symptoms, victims, or those with post-traumatic stress disorder, exhibit specificities based on their life experiences. In light of the various therapeutic approaches and treatments related to the cognitive dimension, we propose a syllogistic model for understanding how victims from different social backgrounds and with a victim status perceive and confront the world. Two clinical vignettes are provided to illustrate this model. This approach is rooted in philosophy and cognitive psychopathology but is intended to be trans-theoretical and applicable regardless of the therapist's orientation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Media Research / Zeszyty Prasoznawcze is the property of Jagiellonian University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Data from the World Health Organization indicate that the unemployment rate for people with disabilities can reach 80% in some countries. In Western societies, employment for people with physical or sensory disabilities is settled through inclusive practices in ordinary settings, according to the interests of the person. In the case of people with intellectual and developmental disabilities, it is frequently developed through segregating and not very emancipatory practices, which severely restricts professional development options. This article develops the state of the art regarding research on the professional development of people with intellectual and developmental disabilities. The different studies are classified according to the six main models of professional development, where trends and main contributions are observed. Results show a low number of investigations, with a predominance of the sociocognitive approach, which is focused on self-efficacy. The conclusion highlights the need to investigate from an emancipatory perspective, which contributes to overcoming the barriers and promotes practices that advance towards social justice and equity for people with intellectual disabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

If by entrusting its primary narrator with the responsibility of writing and meaning, the narrative of The Gold Bug Variations seems to institute the authority of the authorial figure, the polyphonic narration of the novel makes the figure waver and invites the reader to elucidate this paradox. The decoding of DNA, the central object of the text and a mise en abyme of its own deciphering, appears as a possible model of the ambiguous relation of all fiction to its author. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of French Journal of British Studies / Revue Française de Civilisation Britannique is the property of Centre de Recherches et d'Etudes en Civilisation Britannique and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Filosofía (La Plata) is the property of Universidad Nacional de La Plata and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

En pédopsychiatrie, le modèle classique de prise en charge, les consultations thérapeutiques, implique la continuité du suivi par le même thérapeute dès le premier entretien. Ce modèle nécessite toutefois des ressources en personnel qui ne sont souvent plus disponibles dans nos systèmes de soins. Selon le lieu, les enfants attendent plusieurs mois à plusieurs années avant d'obtenir un premier rendez-vous avec un spécialiste. À Genève, une unité pédopsychiatrique ambulatoire pour enfants d'âge préscolaire propose depuis plusieurs années une approche différente dans laquelle les familles sont d'abord vues par un pédopsychiatre expérimenté lors d'une consultation unique (CU), avec pour objectifs de réduire le temps d'attente avant le premier rendez-vous, soulager l'anxiété parentale, donner un premier conseil et/ou avis et orienter si nécessaire les familles vers un autre thérapeute au sein de la même unité ou vers une autre structure. À travers une étude observationnelle menée entre mars 2019 et février 2020 auprès de 79 familles ayant bénéficié de ce modèle, nous avons cherché à évaluer sa pertinence, son acceptation par les familles et les thérapeutes ainsi que ses avantages et inconvénients. Les données ont été collectées dans une unité de pédopsychiatrie ambulatoire pour enfants d'âge préscolaire, la Guidance infantile, qui fait partie des Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève. Les résultats de cette étude ont montré la pertinence de ce modèle et son acceptabilité par les familles nécessitant une aide psychiatrique pour leurs enfants en âge préscolaire. La majorité des familles apprécie la rapidité de la prise en charge, plus importante à leurs yeux que la continuité des soins par le même thérapeute. Les cliniciens, qui au début émettaient des réserves quant au changement de thérapeute, sont eux aussi satisfaits par ce modèle, soulignant notamment l'apport positif de la CU à l'établissement de l'alliance thérapeutique. Ce modèle devrait cependant pouvoir être utilisé avec une certaine flexibilité. Il semble en effet opportun que le thérapeute de la CU puisse dans certains cas prévoir une deuxième séance afin d'approfondir l'évaluation initiale, et également qu'il puisse continuer lui-même le suivi s'il estime lors de la CU que la famille est à risque de rupture de soins en cas de changement de thérapeute ou de délai d'attente supplémentaire. In child psychiatry, the classic model of care, which is the therapeutic consultations, implies a continuity of care by the same therapist from the first session. The strong emotional charge which emerges from this first consultation favours the therapeutic alliance. This model requires staff resources which are often no longer available in our care systems. Depending on the area, children have to wait several months to several years to get a first appointment with a specialist. A Geneva outpatient child psychiatric unit for preschool children has experimented a different approach in which families are first seen by an experienced child psychiatrist for a single consultation (SC) with the following objectives: to reduce the waiting time before the first appointment, to relieve parental anxiety, to give initial advice and to refer families to care with another therapist if needed, either within the same unit or to another structure. In this article, we examine, through an observational study, the relevance of this model, its acceptance by families and therapists, as well as its advantages and limitations. An observational study was conducted between March 2019 and February 2020 among 79 families who benefited from this model. The data were collected in an outpatient child psychiatry unit for preschool children, the Guidance infantile, which is part of the Geneva University Hospitals. Exclusion criteria were: no French speaking, the presence of a legal third party during the session (minor protection service, lawyer), or a known clinical contraindication to a change of therapist. Four questionnaires were distributed along the study. The first and second were respectively completed by the family and the therapist immediately after the SC. The third was filled out by the family by telephone two months after the SC and the fourth was completed by the second therapist in charge of the therapy after the SC, if therapy took place in the same unit. At the end of the 79 SCs, 41 indications for continuation of care in the Guidance were made, 26 of them also including a parallel referral to an outpatient care structure. 24 patients were referred only to outpatient care, and for 14 patients no further care was indicated or desired by the parents. The SCs lasted between 60 and 90 minutes. Regarding their concern about their child, 65% of families noticed a reduction of anxiety immediately after the SC and 51% two months after the SC. 75% answered that the SC helped them to better tolerate the wait before the rest of the treatment. However, this waiting time was still perceived as too long by 22% of families. Most parents (51% after the SC and also after 2 months) perceived the change of therapist as "not problematic at all". When the patient was redirected toward a junior therapist inside the same care unit, the written report and oral transmissions facilitated the follow-up. All of the second therapists considered that the change of clinician had no negative impact on the establishment of a therapeutic alliance. On the contrary, 63% of them noted that the SC had favored the alliance. Good clinical practice requires the development of therapeutic models that take into account their quality, effectiveness and cost effectiveness. The lack of child psychiatrists, together with the increase in needs, pushes us to think about new modes of care which take into account the particularity of child psychiatric care in which the therapeutic alliance constitutes a major stake. The results of this observational study show the relevance and acceptability of this model in a population of families seeking psychiatric help for preschool children. The families noted fare more advantages than inconveniences with this new practice. The majority of them appreciated the rapid management of care, which was more important to them than the continuity of care by the same therapist. The clinicians, who were mainly doubtful about this model, gave a positive evaluation, in particular by realizing that the therapeutic alliance was not negatively impacted by the change of therapist. However, this model should be applied with some flexibility by allowing a second session when clinically useful to improve the evaluation or the referral and by allowing the SC's therapist to continue the assessment and the treatment with families who are at risk of disruption of care if there is a change of therapist or an additional waiting period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Résumé Le présent article pose la problématique de l’intégration politique et économique de l’Afrique. Secouée dans le contexte actuel par les enjeux des puissances extérieures avec des implications politiques telles que les coups d’Etats à répétition ainsi que la montée en flèche du terrorisme en Afrique de l’Ouest, la communauté est dorénavant contrainte de pistonner au-devant de la scène, les enjeux sécuritaires au détriment des enjeux économiques qui au regard de cette problématique, connaîtront tout naturellement une régression au regard de l’évaluation dudit secteur qui, pourtant, s’inscrit dans la vocation originelle même du Traité constitutif. Abstract This article raises the issue of the political and economic integration of Africa. Shaken in the current context by the stakes of external powers with political implications such as repeated coups d'etat as well as the skyrocketing terrorism in West Africa, the community is now forced to boost in front of the scene, the security stakes to the detriment of the economic stakes which with regard to this problem, will quite naturally experience a regression with regard to the evaluation of the said sector which, however, falls within the very original vocation of the Constitutive Treaty.

• CYCLE_D-HX: vapor-compression cycle model w/ thermodynamic & transport properties. • CYCLE_D-HX: screen refrigerants & design systems w/ tube-based forced-convection HX. • Tests with R-134a, R-410A, R-513A, R-450A, Tern-1, R-1234yf, R-32, R-452B, R-454B. • COP and volumetric capacity predicted within 3%; for basic cycle. • Low-GWP refrigerants evaluated using simulations w/ optimized HXs and compressor. CYCLE_D-HX is a semi-theoretical model that simulates the performance of a vapor-compression cycle with forced-convection heat exchangers for specified temperature profiles of the heat source and heat sink. In this study, we validated CYCLE_D-HX using experimental measurements from a small (< 4 kW capacity) heat pump test apparatus operated in cooling mode. The tested refrigerants included the medium-pressure refrigerant R-134a and candidate replacements with a lower global-warming potential (GWP): R-513A, R-450A, Tern-1 (R-134a/1234yf/1234ze(E) 49.2/33.8/17.0 mass fraction,%), R-515B, and R-1234yf. We also tested high-pressure refrigerant R-410A and candidate replacements with lower-GWP: R-32, R-452B, and R-454B. The model generally agreed with experimental results, with COP and volumetric capacity overpredicted by (0 – 3)% for the basic cycle, and by (0 – 5)% for the cycle with the liquid-line/suction-line heat exchanger (LLSL-HX). We applied the model to evaluate the performance of the refrigerants in a system with optimized refrigerant circuitries in the evaporator and condenser. The simulations showed the lower-GWP medium-pressure refrigerants, including some non-flammable blends, had COP (0.2 – 2.3)% less than R-134a. The lower-GWP high-pressure refrigerants, which all have the '2L' flammability rating, had COP (2.3 – 3.2)% higher than R-410A. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Les modèles vivants s'offrent aux regards, mais vous êtes-vous jamais demandé le regard qu’ils posent eux-mêmes sur le public d'artistes qui s'approprie leur prestation ? Avez-vous une idée de ce qu'il y a dans leur tête quand ils posent ? À travers ma propre histoire, à travers ma triple expérience de modèle vivant, de dessinateur passionné d’anatomie et de professeur de dessin, je vais vous emmener faire une promenade de l'autre côté du chevalet, dans la psyché des modèles, pour un témoignage sans posture ni inutile afféterie.

Du 17 mai au 4 septembre 2022, Cécile Debray, directrice du Musée Picasso Paris a invité l’artiste plasticienne ORLAN pour une exposition appelée Les femmes qui pleurent sont en colère, exposition articulée autour de la série d’œuvres de Picasso, dont Dora Maar fut le modèle, connues sous le nom des Femmes qui pleurent, peintes et dessinées pendant la guerre civile espagnole. Il s’agira au regard d’une approche contemporaine post-#MeeToo de réinterroger le rapport de Picasso avec ses modèles et de poser comme question au-delà du rapport de Picasso avec Dora Maar, la place du modèle comme sujet et non plus comme seul objet. Dora Maar, elle-même photographe et peintre aurait été exclusivement fixée au statut de modèle de Picasso, réduite à un objet pleurant et subissant. Son œuvre pourtant essentielle aurait subi l’invisibilité propre à celles qui ont été les muses des « grands maîtres ». Après la très belle rétrospective Dora Maar L’œil ardent qui lui a été consacrée au Centre Pompidou du 5 juin au 25 juillet 2019, elle refait une apparition fracassante avec ORLAN qui s’empare des portraits des Femmes qui pleurent et réalise des photomontages à partir de collages numériques à l’esthétique et à la colère violente. Elle effectue des hybridations à partir d’éléments de son corps s’intégrant dans les portraits picassiens, déconstruisant et reconstruisant une nouvelle image propre à la subjectivité de notre époque et des nouveaux rapport Homme/ Femme.

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The pre and peri- implantation development of the human embryo remains poorly understood, limiting the improvement of the diagnosis and treatment of human infertility. Animal models have limited relevance, and human embryo research presents ethical and regulatory constraints. Blastoids, an in vitro embryonic model formed from human embryonic stem cells, show a very high morphological, molecular and functional similarity with human blastocysts, and can be produced with high yield. They thus constitute a very promising model of human embryonic development and implantation. The potential applications are numerous, from improving ART results to repro- toxicity, while respecting the existing ethical and regulatory framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of TraHs - Trayectorias Humanas Trascontinentales is the property of Universite de Limoges and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of TraHs - Trayectorias Humanas Trascontinentales is the property of Universite de Limoges and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Coastal Dune Model, used to examine controls on dune development and evolution, includes negative feedback between the wind and the evolving topography that results in a scale‐invariant beach‐dune profile. While a limited number of reference profiles appear to support the Coastal Dune Model assumption of scale‐invariance, previously published studies and conceptual models suggest that the beach‐dune profile is not scale‐invariant. Using a combination of journal articles, textbooks, and remotely sensed data from Prince Edward Island, Washington state, and Texas, this short communication finds that there is no evidence for a scale‐invariant beach‐dune profile within and between field sites. Variability in the beach‐dune profile is due to site‐specific and scale‐dependent controls on the beach and the dune that are often highlighted in the conceptual models that authors use to depict the controls on sediment supply and transport from the beach to the dune. Results highlight a need to critically evaluate the assumptions and applications of models such as the Coastal Dune Model, and to explore how and when sites can be considered representative and in support of model results. Key Messages: There is no scale‐invariant beach‐dune profile as assumed in recent models.Beach‐dune profiles vary in response to site‐specific and scale‐dependent controls on sediment supply and transport.Further study is required to determine how and when sites can be considered representative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parmi les troubles anxieux, le trouble panique est associé à certains des plus grands fardeaux en termes de souffrance personnelle, de déficience professionnelle et de coût sociétal. Cet article passe en revue les modèles théoriques de ce trouble afin de déterminer leurs évolutions, leurs limites et les perspectives théoriques et cliniques qui en découlent. Pour ce faire, une revue de la littérature a été entreprise à partir de la base de données PsycINFO. Sur les 928 articles identifiés, 54 faisaient référence à 14 modèles théoriques du trouble panique. Les résultats montrent que la plupart des modèles ne sont pas empiriquement bien étayés et que peu ont été utilisés de manière cohérente pour guider le traitement de ce trouble. Bien que les traitements basés sur ces modèles bénéficient à un grand pourcentage de patients, au moins 25 % des patients sont classés comme résistants à ces traitements. De plus, les rechutes ne sont pas rares. La conclusion discute des limites des modèles existants et propose des recommandations pour améliorer les modèles actuels du trouble panique. Panic disorder (PD) is defined by recurring and unexpected panic attacks accompanied by anticipatory anxiety about future attacks and their consequences. This generally involves avoiding situations and behaviors that can produce panic attacks (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2013). Among anxiety disorders, PD is associated with some of the greatest burdens in terms of personal suffering, occupational disability, and societal cost. Since the introduction of PD in the DSM-III (1980) and the distinction of PD from generalized anxiety disorder following the work of Klein (1964), several biological and psychological theories of PD have been developed. These theories have highlighted several risk factors (for the onset, maintenance and relapse associated with the disorder) that have strongly influenced research on PD and have guided its treatment. However, a comprehensive and universally accepted theoretical framework of PD to guide its treatment is lacking. This article reviews the previously described theoretical frameworks of PD and related treatments while examining the strength of the scientific evidence supporting their validity as well as their limitations. A review of the literature was undertaken by searching PsycINFO database to list all the articles published between January 2000 and November 2020 and referring to a theoretical model or a conceptual framework of PD. The conceptual frameworks identified were reviewed based on the recent scientific researches to determine the strength of the evidence supporting their validity. Of the 928 articles initially identified, 54 referred to fourteen different conceptual frameworks relating to PD. Two models are exclusively biological: the false suffocation alarm and the neuroanatomical hypothesis of PD. Six models are psychological, one of which is psychodynamic and five are derived from the cognitive-behavioral paradigm. Finally, six models are integrative: triple vulnerability of Barlow, integrated cognitive vulnerability of Schmidt & Woolaway-Bickel, unified model of vulnerability of McGinn, causal model of Fava & Morton, causal model based on the evidence by Pilecki and integrated model of Busch. These models highlight biological, environmental, developmental and psychological vulnerability factors. The analysis of these different models shows that few conceptual frameworks have been used consistently to guide the treatment of PD, and that not all frameworks are empirically well supported. The theoretical approaches that have strongly influenced the treatment of PD are the cognitive model of Clark, the expectation model of Reiss as well as the triple vulnerability model of Barlow. Although treatments based on these models benefit a large percentage of patients, at least 25% of patients are classified as resistant to these treatments. In addition, relapses and persistence of symptoms remain common results of these treatments. This suggests that other vulnerability factors such as emotional regulation skills should be taken into consideration and integrated into these models especially as several studies have suggested that research focused on emotion regulation may improve our understanding of panic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dans un contexte de pluralisation, de sophistication et de combinaison des modèles formels, il devient difficile de proposer des pratiques uniformes – sinon elles-mêmes comparables – de comparaison de modèles. Cet article présente les grandes lignes d’une épistémologie comparative des modèles, à la fois large et classificatoire. Le but de cette épistémologie est de proposer des outils conceptuels applicables, développables – au besoin rectifiables – qui puissent être utiles aux modélisateurs comme aux historiens et aux épistémologues. La notion ouverte de vecteur caractéristique de modèle – incorporant en particulier les concepts de fonction, de nature, de principe et d’usage du modèle – est introduite à cette fin. Cette proposition s’est développée pour servir à l’écriture mieux outillée d’une histoire comparative et interdisciplinaire des modèles et des simulations.

Concevoir un MOOC en didactique des langues conduit à être confronté à un ensemble de paradoxes qui peuvent être analysés à la lumière de la notion de système. Ainsi, les aspects techniques, qui découlent en partie des principes constitutifs de l’objet MOOC, agissent en retour sur les choix didactiques et les démarches méthodologiques mises en œuvre par les concepteurs. C’est dans cette perspective que nous interrogerons ces choix faits lors de la mise en œuvre de ce type de MOOC, en vue d’usages que l’on pourrait qualifier de « didactiquement corrects », au prix d’adaptations plus ou moins contraignantes ou de contournements. Afin de mettre en évidence les tensions en jeu, nous procédons à une modélisation qui sera appliquée à l’analyse de trois MOOC en didactique des langues. Cette analyse nous conduit à mettre en évidence le rôle des discours comme régulateurs de tensions.

Copyright of VertigO is the property of La Revue Electronique en Sciences de l'Environnement VertigO and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The rising global incidence of cancer makes it the second leading cause of death worldwide. Over the past decades, significant progress has been made in both basic knowledge and the discovery of new therapeutic approaches. However, the complexity of mechanisms related to tumor development requires the use of sophisticated and adapted research tools. Among these, the fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster represents a powerful genetic model with numerous practical and conceptual advantages. Indeed, the conservation of genes implicated in cancer between this insect and mammals places Drosophila as a crucial genetic tool for understanding the fundamental mechanisms governing tumorigenesis and identifying new therapeutic targets. This review aims to describe this original model and demonstrate its relevance for studying cancer biology., (Copyright © 2024 Société Française du Cancer. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Cet article explore la façon dont les descriptions littéraires d’œuvres d’art visuel affectent le tissu narratif et descriptif d’un texte. La nouvelle que nous examinerons fonctionne sur trois niveaux textuels : les luttes créatives du peintre, ses relations amoureuses avec son modèle et/ou les femmes peintes de sa toile, et ses prétentions esthétiques à révolutionner la peinture. Notre projet soutient que l’ekphrasis est un mode de traduction qui prend deux for-mes : la description traditionnelle, “contenue”, d’une œuvre d’art visuel ; et un mode d'écriture qui imprègne tout le texte et imite les caractéristiques de la peinture. Le Chef d’œuvre inconnu de Balzac adopte avec succès le mode d’écriture ekphrastique, transformant le récit en une toile où les frontières entre les médias sont floues. Au cœur de ce texte réaliste, l’adhésion fondamentale au principe mimétique de l’art est confrontée aux expériences non figuratives de ses peintres fictifs. Le corps féminin, comme incarnation de l’Art et la manifestation du désir de l’artiste, devient le symptôme de l’incursion de ce dernier dans la peinture abstraite et de sa volonté de s’approprier l’art et le lieu de la résistance à l’ekphrasis. Nous nous centrerons sur la façon dont Balzac combine les techniques de Rembrandt - en particulier son utilisation de la lumière - dans la composition de ses propres descriptions. Nous suivrons ensuite l’ekphrasis du maître fictif Frenhofer sur sa toile et les leçons d’interprétation qu’il donne tout au long du texte afin d’analyser son dernier tableau. En mettant l’accent sur ce qui se trouve sous la surface d’une toile plutôt que sur ce qui est visible, Frenhofer illustre sa vision de la peinture comme palimpseste.

The mathematics teaching in indigenous contexts often ignores the mathematical knowledge and teaching styles of the communities, positioning the western school domain. The consequences of this, merit formulating a proposal that is raised from indigenous peoples, so this research builds a model of mathematical tasks with cultural responsibility (MTCR) from the Mapuche context in three indigenous territories of Chile and their respective schools. The work with each establishment and its family context is carried out under the research cycles and the participatory action research process, from which a modelo MTCR is configured with mathematical artifacts, objectives, activities and class management as a founding structures of a third space integrated in a parallel dialogical way between local and school culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Vie et Sciences de l'Entreprise is the property of ANDESE and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Clubroot, caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae, is a major disease of canola (Brassica napus). This study evaluated the effect of clubroot development on the yield of this crop under field and greenhouse conditions. Three canola cultivars, '45H31' (susceptible), '45H29' (1st-generation resistance) and 'CS2000' (2nd-generation resistance), were inoculated with different quantities of P. brassicae inoculum and monitored for yield, pods per plant and 1000-grain weight. The field experiment was conducted over 2 years in biosecure clubroot nurseries inoculated with pathotype 5X or a mix of pathotypes 5X and 3H at 5 × 104, 5 × 106 and 5 × 108 resting spores per plant. In the greenhouse experiment, plants were inoculated with pathotypes 5X, 3H or a mixture of both at 1 × 103, 1 × 104 and 1 × 106 resting spores per plant. In both the field and greenhouse, clubroot incidence and disease severity index (DSI) increased along with inoculum concentration; the highest levels of disease were observed in the susceptible cultivar, while the lowest levels were found in '45H29.' Yield, pods per plant and 1000-grain weight decreased as the DSI increased in all cultivars. Yield was affected by DSI and cultivar but not pathotype. Regression analysis indicated that under greenhouse conditions, an increment of 1% in DSI resulted in a decrease of 0.49% in yield; under field conditions, this percentage was reduced to 0.26%. While the rate of yield reduction was similar among cultivars, overall yield loss was lower in the resistant hosts, as they developed less disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La psychiatrie est confrontée au défi d'une pluralité d'approches complémentaires issue des multiples niveaux de compréhension du vivant, que ce soit en termes de systèmes de représentations, d'outils, de méthodologies et d'objectifs. Dans le paysage clinique et scientifique actuel, les approches computationnelles et la multiplicité des nosographies émergentes telles que l'approches des Research Domain Criteria du NIMH ou les modèles de staging participent à cette pluralité théorique. En nous appuyant sur les limites du pluralisme scientifique, nous proposons une approche unifiant ces cadres théoriques fondée sur les principes de l'énactivisme, une théorie des sciences du vivant innovante en cela qu'elle s'applique à la psychiatrie. Nous détaillons dans un premier temps le pluralisme théorique en psychiatrie, et ses liens avec la pratique clinique. Nous montrons quelles sont ses limites, et les raisons de la nécessité de théorie unificatrice pour la psychiatrie. À partir de ces limites, nous analysons les apports de l'approche énactiviste pour la pratique clinique et la génération de théories en psychiatrie. Nous montrons comment ce cadre pourrait améliorer la compréhension des symptômes en psychiatrie clinique, et unifier la diversité des approches complémentaires issues de la psychologie et des neurosciences. Le pluralisme comporte de nombreuses limites, inhérentes à la diversité des approches théoriques qu'il implique et la difficulté de modélisation computationnelle de ces différentes variables. Le cadre de travail énactiviste s'inscrit dans les avancées récentes en psychologie et en neurosciences, notamment en permettant la modélisation computationnelle. Il est ancré à la fois dans les sciences cognitives, la théorie des systèmes dynamiques, la biologie des systèmes et la phénoménologie, et peut ainsi être proposé comme réponse à cette question du défi intégratif en psychiatrie. Un nombre conséquent de professionnels de la santé mentale travaillent déjà en acceptant une telle pluralité d'approches cliniques et scientifiques, mais cette diversité participe également au manque de structure théorique commune partagée par ces professionnels. Nous montrons que les formulations issues de l'approche énactiviste permettent à la psychiatrie : (1) de prendre en compte la subjectivité et l'expérience du patient ; (2) d'articuler différents niveaux de complexité au sein de la consultation clinique ; (3) d'expliquer les bénéfices de la création de sens pour le patient ; (4) de fournir des modélisations computationnelles concrètes ; (5) de soutenir la pédagogie en psychiatrie. Psychiatry is challenged by a plurality of complementary approaches. These challenges stem from the existence of multiple levels of understanding, i.e. systems of representations, tools, methodologies and objectives in psychiatry–ranging from computational approaches and systems dynamics to the multiplicity of emerging nosographies, such as the NIMH Research Domain Criteria project or staging models. In this plurality, a significant number of clinicians have adopted the biopsychosocial model. However, such a model has been widely criticized for more than twenty years. In parallel, science has declined a set of different pluralistic frameworks. Thus, through the challenges of computational modeling in psychiatry, we will see how the enactive approach of psychiatry could respond to this multiplicity. Indeed, such an enactive approach considers that perception is a (predictive) activity, which gives sense to the environment (i.e., sense making). Perception and, by extension, cognitive processes are not internal representations of the outside world, but they are deployed according to the 5E approach, i.e., an embodied, embedded, enacted, emotive and extended approach. In this article, we first study the pluralist framework in psychiatry, in order to show its contributions in the clinical practice. Secondly, we analyze the contributions of the enactive approach for clinical practice in psychiatry. Two forms of pluralisms can be described: a non-integrative pluralism and an integrative pluralism. The first examines the coexistence of different potentially incompatible or untranslatable systems in the scientific or clinical landscape. The second proposes the development of a general framework, bringing together the different levels of understanding and systems of representations. However, pluralism has many pitfalls and limitations. Especially by allowing computational modeling, the enactive framework, anchored both in cognitive sciences, theory of dynamic systems, systems biology and phenomenology, has recently been proposed as an answer to the challenge of integrative psychiatry. A significant number of mental health professionals are already working accepting such a variety of clinical and scientific approaches. We show that the enactive approach allows psychiatry: (1) to consider the subjectivity and the patient's experience, (2) to articulate different "granularities" within the clinical consultation, (3) to explain the benefits the creation of meaning for the patient, (4) to provide concrete models, (5) to support pedagogy in psychiatry. The enactive approach provides a conception for understanding psychiatric disorders as embodied, embedded, enacted, emotional and extended. In that way, the manifestations experienced by the patients are sense making experiences and can be conceived according to various levels of granularity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Occupational therapy is the branch of medicine that study the means and methods of treating cancer patients using specific activities to compensate, relieve or restore dysfunctions and alleviate physical impairments. Occupational therapy is designed to help people with impairments and different needs, improving quality of life, by facilitating involvement in meaningful daily activities. There are several theoretical models in occupational therapy, such as the Human Occupation Model, the Person-Environment-Occupation Model, the Canadian Occupational Performance Model. Occupational therapy can intervene when one of the following occurs: falls, impaired cognitive function, fatigue, decreased mobility of upper limbs, lymphoedema, chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy. Occupational therapists treat each patient holistically and use creative solutions to improve the cognitive and functional ability of cancer patients, making the occupational therapist a critical member of the multidisciplinary team. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Les cliniciens sont de plus en plus souvent sollicités pour des problèmes de souffrance au travail. Plusieurs modèles existent pour décrire les rapports du sujet avec son travail. La plupart abordent la question sous l'angle de la réaction du sujet par rapport à son environnement professionnel et à ses contraintes. En partant de la notion du Sentiment d'Efficacité Personnelle décrit par Albert Bandura, vu comme principale source de motivation et de persévérance, nous proposons une modélisation sur 4 axes, chacun représentant une dimension de la perception cognitive qu'a le sujet de son rapport à l'activité professionnelle : Le Sentiment d'Efficacité, en lien avec les Attentes perçues, l'Investissement pour le travail, et les perceptions de Récompense (ou de Renforcement). Ce modèle peut être présenté sous la forme d'un schéma, les 4 dimensions représentant les 4 sommets d'un parallélépipède, formant l'acronyme AIRE (Attente–Investissement–Renforcement–Efficacité). Plus le rapport au travail est équilibré, plus la figure est régulière, avec une forme de rectangle. Les différents types de souffrance peuvent se traduire avec des distorsions différentes de ce rectangle de base. L'intérêt est de proposer au sujet une modélisation à même de traduire ses difficultés et de mettre en œuvre, dans un rapport collaboratif des axes de changement afin de revenir, autant que possible, à un état d'équilibre. Mental-health professionals are increasingly solicited for work-related suffering problems. If considered alone, the difficulty of the tasks in the workplace cannot explain the phenomena of exhaustion and suffering, and the increase in the impact of these troubles requires the use of functional and descriptive models. Various ones have been suggested and are utilized: Seyle's general adaptation syndrome model; Lazarus and Folkman's stress adaptation model, which focuses on the transactions between the subject and their environment and the strategies (coping) used to adapt; Karasek's model, confronting the pressure of demands with the self-sufficiency abilities and the social support; Siegrist's model, assessing the scale between the efforts demanded to the subject and all the reinforcements drawn from work; Finally, Demerouti's model, for whom there are two essential dimensions: the demands, and the resources, source of engagement and achievement. Starting from Albert Bandura's works, we suggest describing the relationship to work through the feeling of the self-efficacy perceived (or not) by a subject in their professional activity. The feeling of efficacy is a subjective perception, linked to one particular activity (for example, a sport), different from self-esteem or self-confidence, and supposedly constitutes the main source of motivation and dedication for this activity. It interacts with the expectations from the environment perceived by the subject for the given activity. The interaction between a strong feeling of efficacy and perceptions of high expectations supposedly leads to a proper commitment and a feeling of satisfaction. Hence a fulfilling relationship to work is seemingly based on an adequate feeling of efficacy and suitable for the professional activity, interacting accordingly with actual but not excessively high expectations. To complete the description of the relationship to work, we suggest adding two parameters: the commitment of the subject in the professional activity and the reinforcements received through this activity. It really is a matter of cognitive notions, corresponding to the subject's vision and perception in each area. This description is schematized by four parameters as follows Expectations – Commitment – Reinforcements – Efficiency, represented by a quadrilateral, with these 4 parameters as vertexes. The relationship to work is represented by each one of the sides: The EC segment Expectations – Commitment refers to the subject's desire and initial willpower for his work; The CR segment Commitment – expected Reinforcements represents the persistence and motivational aspect: rewards are implicitly expected depending on the provided commitment. The segment RE perceived Reinforcements–feeling of Efficiency represents the most intimate aspect experienced by the subject in their work time and one's attachment to a professional environment. The EE segment (Expectations–feeling of Efficiency) refers to the way the subject approaches the task to do. In a balanced relationship to work, the quadrilateral is regular, rectangular or square, with an "average" surface area. On the contrary, imbalances are represented by an irregular quadrilateral, and/or a too small or big surface area. Some of the typical clinical pictures (Burn-Out, Bore-Out, impostor syndrome, etc.) will lead to easily identifiable cases: thus the Burn-Out is characterized by expectations perceived as high, an initially conserved commitment which then collapses (linked to cynicism), reinforcements perceived as insufficient and a low feeling of efficiency. During a consultation with a patient, it is particularly useful for them to establish their own representation of their relationship to work and to share it with the therapist. If suffering is experienced, the goal is to get balance back, firstly by talking about the rationality of their perception of in each of these dimensions, on a standard model of cognitive therapy, then in a more behavioral approach, by leading to the required practical modifications, when it is possible, in each dimension. The perception of one's relationship to work is indeed targeted, aiming at a short therapy, and not a global psycho-therapeutic effort on personality aspects. In this experience, this model facilitates the usual collaborative link in behavioral therapy, and the implementation of changes. In order to try out the validity of this model, it would be interesting to evaluate the reproducibility of its usage among several therapists, and to suggest a structured treatment program by assessing the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Argument (2067-4252) is the property of Universitatea de Arhitectura si Urbanism "Ion Mincu" Bucuresti and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Modele komunikacji naukowej to modele komunikacji uczonych w środowisku naukowym oraz komunikacji uczonych z szerszym społeczeństwem. Artykuł ten poświęcony jest wyzwaniom komunikacyjnym w środowisku naukowym, jak i poza nim w świetle wypowiedzi ekspertów, z którymi przeprowadzono wywiady. Jeden z najważniejszych wniosków dotyczy kategoryzacji pojęcia demokratyzacji nauki w Polsce w kontekście możliwości podejmowania różnych form potencjalnej komunikacji i współpracy naukowców z szerszym społeczeństwem w Polsce. Artykuł kończy rozróżnienie na modele „dialogu” i „deficytu” w komunikowaniu wiedzy naukowej.

L’architecte Michel Ecochard (1905-1985) est connu pour ses travaux au Moyen-Orient et en Afrique, notamment au Maroc, comme directeur de l’urbanisme du protectorat. Contraint de quitter ce pays peu avant son indépendance (1955), il obtiendra quelques commandes en France et notamment celle du schéma d’aménagement de la Corse. Prenant la mesure de l’épaisseur environnementale d’une l’île dont l’Etat veut aménager le littoral au profit du tourisme, il s’attache à démontrer, à travers son étude du schéma, l’unité mer-montagne caractérisant un territoire dont la richesse sociétale, patrimoniale et naturelle risque d’être compromise. Ecochard ne parviendra pas à faire reconnaître par la communauté corse un document considéré avant tout, bien qu’il soit une tentative de résistance au « tout tourisme », comme une émanation du pouvoir central. La surenchère des indépendantistes ne fera qu’accroître cette interprétation. Et pourtant ce schéma participe d’une prise de conscience environnementale tout à fait nouvelle pour l’époque dans le champ de l’aménagement.

Working within a scholarship of teaching and learning (SoTL) perspective requires a rigorous approach based on conceptual frameworks in order to build on previous developments. Nevertheless, in health sciences education, the development, implementation, and evaluation of many educationalinnovations are carried out without an underlying conceptual framework, partly due to a lack of knowledge about any such applicable framework. The objective of this research was to catalogue conceptual frameworks mentioned in recently published health sciences education articles and to classify them according to their use in various SoTL contexts. A literature review in health sciences education from the January, 2011 to March, 2016 period was carried out using the Pubmed, CINAHL, Embase, ERIC, and PsychINFO databases and based on the following terms: (a) theories and models; (b) education; and (c) health professionals. The titles and abstracts of articles were reviewed for purposes of including research articles, innovation reports, and synthesis articles using or discussing theories or models. Data extraction followed the SoTL classification contexts provided by Simpson et al. (2007). A total of 471 articles were selected, retrieving 324 conceptual theories and models, classified according to Simpson’s classification in one or more categories: Teaching (n=294), Curriculum development (n=182), Mentoring (n=12), Leadership/administration (n=16), and Learner assessment (n=78). In conclusion, this literature review identified conceptual theories and models mentioned in articles published in health sciences education from 2011 to 2016. This repertory highlights the importance of conceptual frameworks in health science education. It should encourage faculty members to work from a SoTL perspective by making it easier to identify conceptual frameworks pertaining to the educational innovations they are addressing. Le travail accompli dans la perspective de l’Avancement des connaissances en enseignement et en apprentissage (ACEA) exige une approche rigoureuse basée sur des cadres conceptuels afin de baser les activités sur les développements précédents. Toutefois, dans l’enseignement des sciences de la santé, le développement, la mise en oeuvre et l’évaluation de nombreuses innovations en matière d’enseignement sont menées en l’absence d’un cadre conceptuel sous-jacent, en partie dû au fait que l’on ignore l’existence de tels cadres applicables. L’objectif de cette recherche était de cataloguer les cadres conceptuels mentionnés dans des articles récemment publiés sur l’enseignement des sciences de la santé et de les classifier selon leur usage dans divers contextes d’ACEA. Un examen des articles portant sur l’enseignement des sciences de la santé publiés entre janvier 2011 et mars 2016 a été mené à l’aide des bases de données Pubmed, CINAHL, Embase, ERIC et PsychINFO. Cet examen était basé sur les termes suivants : (a) théories et modèles; (b) éducation; (c) professionnels de la santé. Les titres et les résumés des articles ont été examinés dans le but d’inclure les articles de recherche, les rapports novateurs et les articles de synthèse dans lesquels les théories et les modèles étaient discutés. L’extraction des données a suivi les contextes de classification de l’ACEA fournis par Simpson et al (2007). Un total de 471 articles ont été choisis, parmi lesquels 324 théories et modèles conceptuels ont été prélevés et classés selon la classification de Simpson dans une ou plusieurs catégories : enseignement (n= 294), développement des programmes de cours (n= 182), mentorat (n= 12), leadership/administration (n= 16) et évaluation des apprenants (n= 78). En conclusion, les publications examinées ont permis d’identifier les théories et les modèles conceptuels mentionnés dans les articles publiés dans le domaine de l’enseignement des sciences de la santé de 2011 à 2016. Ce répertoire met en valeur l’importance de cadres conceptuels en enseignement des sciences de la santé. Il devrait encourager les enseignants à travailler selon une perspective d’ACEA en facilitant l’identification des cadres conceptuels relatifs aux innovations éducationnelles auxquelles ils répondent.

• Fixed capillary tube geometry with straight, helical and SLHX sections. • A model was proposed to determine the steady-state operation of the capillary tubes. • Refrigerant velocity was shown to increase with the capillary tubes elongation. • Refrigerant outlet state of the capillary tube is determined. • Refrigerants R134a, R1234yf, R1234ze (E), R513A, R600, R600a are investigated. The operational performance of small-scale refrigeration systems is mainly decided by their capillary tubes outlet parameters, wherein an accurate determination of the pressure and vapour quality is a prerequisite. Experiments have been performed for a capillary tube (CT) with specified geometry consisting of a straight, a helical and a suction line heat exchanger (SLHX) section. The capillary tube is incorporated in a small refrigeration system operated with R600a. In addition, a model was developed to determine the steady-state operation of the capillary tubes (activated with R134a, R1234yf, R1234ze(E), R600, R600a, R152a and R513A refrigerants) and validated. The highest and lowest value of the vapour quality was discerned to be 0.3132 (for R1234yf) and 0.2124 (for R600), respectively. The relative errors between the experimental and model results for the CT outlet pressure and temperature were ranged from 1.16 to 5.35% and 0.12–0.81%, respectively. It is asserted that the present strategy may contribute towards the precise estimation of the pressure and vapour quality to customize the working performance of small scale refrigeration systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Transient refrigerant and oil retention in a heat pump water heater are measured. • Models are built to predict refrigerant and oil retention in two heat exchangers. • Models are validated against the experimental data. This paper presents an experimental and numerical investigation of the transient refrigerant and oil distribution in a residential heat pump water heater (HPWH) system. In the experiments, R134a is paired with POE 22 oil. The quick closing valve technique (QCVT) is used to trap the refrigerant and oil in each section of the system. The trapped refrigerant mass is measured after recovered by liquid nitrogen. The retained oil mass in each section, except for the compressor, is determined by the mix and sample technique (MST). Five experiments are conducted to cover a full warm-up of five hours. The experimental data shows that most of the refrigerant is in the heat exchangers. During the water warm-up, the inventory of the refrigerant generally decreases in the evaporator, while in the condenser, it decreases in the first three hours and later increases. The measurements also indicate that most of the oil stays in the compressor and the escaped oil is mainly retained in the heat exchangers. Besides, a model is developed to predict the refrigerant and oil retention in the heat exchangers by applying the mixture vapor quality to calculate the void fraction. The developed model predicts the refrigerant inventory in the condenser with an average deviation of 7.4%, and in the evaporator, 9.1%. The average deviations in the predictions of the oil retention in the two heat exchangers are 15.8% and 10.2%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La société algérienne saharienne est conçue fondamentalement comme une société traditionnelle où l’architecture découle d’une cristallisation des valeurs sociales. En référence au passé, elle perpétue la mémoire et transmet des savoirs. Cette contribution a pour objet de définir les facteurs déterminants dans la conception de ce patrimoine bâti qui tend à disparaître. Basée sur une étude urbaine, architecturale et anthropologique, elle confirme l’importance du matériau de construction (toub) dans la constitution du modèle culturel. Le matériau donne forme à une architecture populaire faite à la mesure de l’homme, pour l’homme, à travers laquelle se transcrit matériellement la culture d’un peuple (d’une société). Adapté aux exigences du climat, souvent reproduction réduite de l’ordre cosmique, l’habitat traditionnel saharien établit l’équilibre entre l’homme, l’environnement et sa culture.

At the late 19th century, the French republicans give their favors to a legal formula which is supposed to be a real alternative to colonization : the protectorate. From this point of view, Tunisia seems to be an ideal « testing ground » to serve as a model. The aim of this paper is to identify a number of lines of inquiry in the context of a comparative approach using the principal « tools » of legal history.

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La psychologie anglo-saxonne a produit un nombre conséquent d'études mettant en évidence l'implication de mécanismes psychologiques dans le développement et le maintien des hallucinations acoustico-verbales (HAVs), aussi appelées phénomène d'entente de voix. S'il est souvent considéré, pour des raisons historiques, que les HAVs sont une des caractéristiques principales des troubles psychotiques et notamment schizophréniques, les études épidémiologiques montrent que celles-ci sont également extrêmement prévalentes dans de nombreuses autres populations cliniques (e.g. trouble bipolaire, trouble de stress post-traumatique, trouble de personnalité borderline) et neurologiques (e.g. Maladie de Parkinson), tout comme au sein de la population générale. Cependant, les HAVs restent encore, en pratique courante, associées à la psychose, et d'un point de vue étiologique à des « dysfonctionnements neurobiologiques complexes ». L'objectif principal de cette revue est de faire une synthèse narrative et intégrative des différents modèles psychologiques faisant actuellement consensus sur les HAVs. Plus précisément, nous décrirons (1) le rôle des croyances à propos de l'expérience d'entente de voix et les croyances à propos de soi, (2) l'expérience d'entente de voix comme devant être comprise comme un phénomène fondamentalement relationnel entre l'entendeur de voix et la voix elle-même, (3) le rôle des émotions et des stratégies de régulation émotionnelle, et (4) le rôle des expériences passées traumatiques et de la dissociation. Nous terminons cette revue par une brève critique argumentée de la conception des HAVs telle qu'elle est actuellement adoptée en psychiatrie. Anglo-Saxon psychology has produced a significant number of studies showing the involvement of psychological mechanisms in the development and maintenance of auditory hallucinations (voice-hearing). Likewise, numerous studies have shown that hallucinations are also described in other psychiatric (e.g. post-traumatic stress disorder) and neurodegenerative (e.g. Parkinson's disease) clinical populations as well as in a minority of the general population. However, despite these advances, hallucinations are still considered as a specific characteristic of schizophrenia, which in most cases, is understood from a biological point of view. For this reason, in this review, we are specifically interested in the psychological models of auditory hallucinations from a transdiagnostic point of view. More specifically, we will describe (1) the role of beliefs about voices and self-schemas, (2) the experience of voice understood as a fundamentally relational phenomenon between the voice hearer and the voices, (3) the role of emotions and emotional regulation strategies, and, finally, (4) the role of past traumatic experiences and dissociation. Regarding the role of beliefs about voices and self-schemas, numerous studies are showing that more important than the experience of hearing voices it is how the individual appraisal their experience that will ultimately impact on how they will cope with the experiences and how they will feel about it (distressed or not). Voices appraised as malevolent and powerful are more often associated with avoidant, escape, confrontation, and compliance coping strategies. Moreover, they are also associated with higher levels of depression and anxiety regardless of the frequency of hallucinations and duration of the disorder. Besides the beliefs about the voices, how the individual perceives him/herself is also essential. It has been shown, for example, that the more individuals feel depressed and inferior in comparison to others in interpersonal relationships, the more inferior they feel about their voices. The relational approach proposed that the experience of voice understood as a fundamentally relational phenomenon between the voice hearer and the voices. Indeed, phenomenological studies have been able to show that voice-hearers describe voices as possessing human characteristics. As a result, voice-hearers often develop a relationship of virtual intimacy with their voices, which often seems to be complex and characterised by a certain ambivalence similar to the interpersonal relationships encountered in everyday life. Thus, current research suggests that it is essential to take into account these relational aspects when working with voice-hearers. Alongside cognitive and relational variables, emotional states and processes play a significant role in the development and maintenance of auditory hallucinations. Indeed, it has been shown that stress, anxiety and depression are predictors of hallucinations. Also, increased use of non-adaptive emotion regulation strategies may play a major role in the phenomenon of voice agreement. Studies have demonstrated that emotional regulation strategies such as experiential avoidance and abstract rumination seem to contribute to the increased frequency of hallucinations and associated distress. Finally, there is now strong evidence showing the involvement of past adverse experiences in the onset and content of hallucinations. In this framework, dissociation is seen as a protective mechanism that allows individuals to psychologically detach themselves from events that they cannot cope with. Consequently, the experience is attributed to external sources, ultimately leading to the phenomenon of voice-hearing. In summary, in this brief review, we have tried to present the best validated psychological models for understanding the experience of voice agreement. The goal is to provide information on how these psychological processes can help us to the adoption of a person-centred approach in mental health care that allows the person to describe their experiences in their own words and thus formulate an understanding of their suffering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]