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The water-rich nature of the dentin bonding microenvironment, coupled with the stresses on the bonding interface, contributes to the hydrolytic degradation of the hybrid layer, resulting in a decline in bonding durability and, ultimately, restoration failure. Currently, the 3-step etch-and-rinse technique remains the gold standard for dentin bonding, and the bonding mechanism mainly involves a physical interaction with little chemical bonding. In this study, we have developed a siloxane-modified polyurethane monomer (SPU) with acrylate and siloxane modifications that chemically binds to both collagen and hydroxyapatite in dentin. Formulated as a bisphenol A-glycidyl methacrylate alternative, the SPU monomer-based adhesive was designed to improve dentin bonding quality and durability. Attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscope, and hydroxyproline release assays were performed on SPU-treated collagen, hydroxyapatite, and acid-etched dentin slices to dentin. The physicochemical properties of the configured SPU adhesives were profiled for polymerization behavior, water contact angle, and tensile strain and strength. The bonding effectiveness was assessed through micro-tensile strength, nano-leakage tests conducted on the bonded samples before and after thermal cycle aging. Finally, we further conducted in vivo and in vitro experiments to assess the biocompatibility of adhesives. The results showed that the siloxane groups of SPU monomer could covalently bind to dentin collagen and hydroxyapatite. The incorporation of SPU in the adhesive led to a significant increase in adhesive polymerization (P < 0.05) and tensile strain at break up to 134.11%. Furthermore, the SPU adhesive significantly improved dentin bond strength (P < 0.05), reduced interfacial nano-leakage (P < 0.05), and displayed good biocompatibility. In conclusion, the application of SPU, which achieves dual chemical bonding with dentin, can improve the quality of the hybrid layer, buffer the interfacial stresses, enhance the interfacial resistance to hydrolysis, and provide a feasible strategy to extend the service life of adhesive restorations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To assess the influence of two preparation techniques on the microleakage, marginal fit, and cement thickness of lithium disilicate veneers. Materials and Methods: A total of 24 human maxillary central incisors were divided randomly into two groups according to preparation technique (n = 12 each): a minimally invasive preparation with a butt-joint design (0.3-mm depth) and a chamfer finish line (group MP); and no preparation (group NP). All teeth were restored with lithium disilicate veneers cemented with photopolymerizable resin cement. Specimens were aged thermally (6,000 cycles of 5°C to 55°C) and mechanically (100,000 cycles at 100 N, 4 Hz). Specimens were immersed in fuchsin dye for 24 hours using a standard dye penetration technique, then sectioned and evaluated under a stereomicroscope (×20 magnification). Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis tests (P < .05). Results: There was significant microleakage (P = .0163) at the cervical area compared to the proximal area. The marginal fit was similar, with no statistical difference (P = .212) between groups MP (153 ± 81 µm) and NP (111 ± 74 µm). Group MP showed a significantly (P = .006) reduced cement thickness at the cervical area (87 ± 27 µm) compared to group NP (210 ± 89 µm). Conclusion: Although the preparation technique was shown to influence the cement thickness, it did not show any influence on microleakage or marginal fit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Healthcare activities significantly contribute to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Blood transfusions require complex, interlinked processes to collect, manufacture, and supply. Their contribution to healthcare emissions and avenues for mitigation is unknown. Study Design and Methods: We performed a life cycle assessment (LCA) for red blood cell (RBC) transfusions across England where 1.36 million units are transfused annually. We defined the process flow with seven categories: donation, transportation, manufacturing, testing, stockholding, hospital transfusion, and disposal. We used direct measurements, manufacturer data, bioengineering databases, and surveys to assess electrical power usage, embodied carbon in disposable materials and reagents, and direct emissions through transportation, refrigerant leakage, and disposal. Results: The central estimate of carbon footprint per unit of RBC transfused was 7.56 kg CO2 equivalent (CO2eq). The largest contribution was from transportation (2.8 kg CO2eq, 36% of total). The second largest was from hospital transfusion processes (1.9 kg CO2eq, 26%), driven mostly by refrigeration. The third largest was donation (1.3 kg CO2eq, 17%) due to the plastic blood packs. Total emissions from RBC transfusion are ~10.3 million kg CO2eq/year. Discussion: This is the first study to estimate GHG emissions attributable to RBC transfusion, quantifying the contributions of each stage of the process. Primary areas for mitigation may include electric vehicles for the blood service fleet, improving the energy efficiency of refrigeration, using renewable sources of electricity, changing the plastic of blood packs, and using methods of disposal other than incineration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To test the push-out force and marginal leakage of different screw hole-sealing methods in monolithic zirconia implant crowns.Materials and Methods: Ninety monolithic zirconia (Prettau, Zirkonzahn) specimens were milled with two different screw access hole designs: conventional smooth hole or threaded screw hole (for group PMMA-SC), and divided into five groups (n = 18) according to filling method: unbonded composite (UBC); bonded composite (BC); airborne-particle abrasion of screw hole and unbonded composite (ABR-UBC); airborne-particle abrasion of screw hole and bonded composite (ABR-BC); and PMMA screw plugs (PMMA-SC). Twelve specimens per group were subjected to static push-out force with a universal testing machine. Before testing, 6 specimens per group were stored in dry conditions, and 6 were kept in water storage (+37°C) for 7 days. For the remaining specimens (n = 6), cotton pellets were placed under the screw access hole fillings, and the specimens were immersed in 0.5% basic fuchsin solution for 2 weeks. Dye in cotton pellets was dissolved in 2 mL of water, and absorbances of the solutions were measured with a spectrophotometer at 465 nm. Data are reported as mean and SD. Statistical analysis was made using a generalized linear model with logarithmic transformation.Results: PMMA-SC specimens showed the highest push-out forces (P < .0001) and lowest fuchsin penetration (P = .009). Airborne-particle abrasion increased the push-out force and decreased the microleakage in composite groups. The storage conditions affected the results of both unbonded groups.Conclusion: The design and sealing method of the screw access hole affect push-out force and microleakage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Acid etching alone is insufficient to remove organic residues from enamel, which can compromise the microretention of fissure sealants and lead to microleakage and failure. This study evaluated the impact of four different deproteinization agents on the microleakage and penetration depth of fissure sealants in human molars. Methods: A total of 170 caries-free mandibular third molars were randomly assigned to five groups (n=34 per group): (1) The Control group (acid etching only), (2) The NaOCl group (sodium hypochlorite + acid etching), (3) The Papacarie Duo group, (4) The Brix 3000 group (both papain enzyme + acid etching), and (5) The Bromelain group (10% bromelain + acid etching). Fissure sealants were applied after etching and deproteinization. Microleakage and penetration depth were evaluated after an aging process involving 1000 thermal cycles between 5-55ºC, using a dye penetration method under a stereomicroscope. Results: Within the groups, the Brix 3000 group demonstrated the most favorable microleakage scores, while the Papacarie Duo group exhibited the least favorable scores. Specifically, a microleakage score of 0 was observed in 50%, 32.4%, 23.5%, 20.6%, and 17.6% of the teeth in the Brix 3000, NaOCl, Bromelain, Control, and Papacarie Duo groups, respectively. Furthermore, a penetration depth score of 3 was observed in 29.4%, 29.4%, 26.5%, 11.8%, and 8.8% of the teeth in the Brix, Papacarie Duo, Control, Bromelain, and NaOCl groups, respectively. Conclusions: Deproteinization with Brix 3000 gel prior to acid etching in fissure sealant applications resulted in lower microleakage and greater penetration depth compared to other deproteinization agents and acid-etching alone. Deproteinization agents can be a promising way to yield favorable results in fissure sealant applications in terms of microleakage and penetration depth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The current study aimed to evaluate and compare, in vitro the colour stability and microleakage of a bioactive material and a resin infiltration material on hypomineralization in primary teeth. Methods: Sixty human primary molars and incisors, which has been exfoliated or extracted were immersed in a demineralizing solution. 20 each specimen were treated by a bioactive compound (ACTIVA KIDS Bioactive-RESTORATIVE, PULPDENT, USA) (Group A), resin infiltration (Icon, DMG, Germany) (Group B) and as Control group (group C). Evaluation of colour stability and microleakage was done by using spectrophotometer analysis. The difference in color stability and microleakage of all three groups was determined by statistical analysis with a one-way ANOVA test for the proportion of the groups. p<0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: The bioactive compound showed statistically significant colour stability and lesser microleakage than resin infiltration material. Conclusions: Since bioactive compound exhibited better colour stability as well as showed lesser microleakage, it can be recommended for the restoration of the hypomineralized primary teeth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a study comparing the shear stress of different denture base resins with bonded denture teeth. The authors express concern about the methodology used in the study, specifically regarding the bonding of teeth to the denture bases. They argue that the failure to follow the validated workflow outlined in the Instructions for Use (IFU) impacted the results. The authors highlight conflicting results from previous studies and emphasize the importance of following the approved IFU for optimal results. They conclude that the protocol described in the study should not be used for patients and recommend following the validated workflow for a stronger bond and high clinical performance. [Extracted from the article]

Important changes have occurred over the last decades in the clinical application of the strategies for posterior restorations -- from amalgam to composites in direct restorations and from traditional resistance form crowns to adhesive partial restorations such as onlays. Despite much evidence available for these advances, there are still very few established guidelines for common clinical questions: When does an indirect restoration present a clinical advantage over a direct one? When should one perform adhesive cusp coverage such as an onlay? When to implement resistance form designs in adhesive restorations? Which conditions create limitations for adhesion so that a resistance form preparation with a stiffer material such as a traditional crown might be more appropriate? In order to provide clinical guidelines, the present authors consider five parameters to support and clarify decisions -- Coverage of cusps, Adhesion advantages and limitations, Resistance forms to be implemented, Esthetic concerns, and Subgingival management -- the CARES concept. In Part I of this three-part review article, the focus is on clinical decisions for partial adhesive restorations regarding indications for direct versus indirect materials as well as the need for cusp coverage and/or resistance form preparations based on remaining tooth structure and esthetics. (Int J Esthet Dent 2023;18:244-265) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose The aim of this study is to evaluate the amount of microleakage resulting from the application of self-etch, selective etch, etch-and-rinse of adhesive systems in class II cavities. Materials and Methods Four adhesive systems with etch-and-rinse, selective etch and self etch methods were used on the extracted teeth. All groups were restored with G-aenial A'CHORD (Nanohybrid) (GC, Tokyo, Japan) A2 composite. After 1000 thermal cycles were applied to the teeth after restoration, the samples were kept in 0.5% basic fuchsin for 24 hours. Microleakage values formed after dye penetration with basic fuchsin were determined quantitatively by scoring method on sections taken from each sample in the mesiodistal direction. One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Tukey test were used for statistical analysis of the data (p<0.05). Results While there was no statistically significant difference between the etch-and-rinse and selective etch applications of adhesive systems (G2-Bond Universal, Clearfil Tri-S Bond Universal Prime&Bond Universal and Tokuyama Bond Force II) (p>0.05), there was a statistically significant difference in self-etch application (p<0.05). As a result of Prime&Bond Universal's self-etch application, it showed statistically more microleakage than the other three adhesive systems (p<0.05). Conclusion It has been observed that additional etching of enamel and/or dentin with phosphoric acid reduces the amount of microleakage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction : Due to concerns about histological caries and recurrent caries after the use of sealants, adhesive systems containing fluoride and antibacterial agents have been proposed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the microleakage of sealants after the use of antibacterial chlorhexidine solution on etched enamel with and without the use of fifth - and sixth -generation adhesive systems . Materials & Methods: In this experimental study, sixty sound human premolars were divided into 4 groups as follows: Group A: Etching, fissure sealant; Group B: Etching, chlorhexidine solution (2 %), fissure sealant; Group C: Etching, chlorhexidine solution, single bond, fissure sealant; Group D: Etching, chlorhexidine solution, Clearfil SE Bond, fissure sealant. The samples were thermocycled for 500 cycles and immersed in basic fuchsine 0.5%. Then, the teeth were embedded in acrylic resin and cut buccolingually parallel to the long axis. Microleakage of the specimens was observed under ×40 magnification and graded from 0 to 3. Data were analysed using the Kruskal -Wallis and Mann -Whitney U tests. A value of p<0.05 was considered significant. Results: Sealant micro -leakage was statistically lower in group A (etching, fissure sealant) than in groups B, C and D, the groups with the chlorhexidine solution (P < 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between groups B, C and D. Conclusion: The use of chlorhexidine solution on the etched enamel increases the sealant microleakage; with and without the application of the adhesive systems, Single Bond or Clearfil SE Bond. Therefore, it cannot be used as one of the steps in the application of the sealant to reduce the colonization of bacteria around the fissure sealant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVES: In order to assess the changes in tooth orthodontic adhesive interface microleakage after applying a caries resin penetrated to the sound enamel tooth surface in different storage media. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 60 human maxillary first premolars (orthodontic extraction) were collected by random separation of the teeth into two equal groups. The control group was classified into three subgroups (n = 10) (control in deionized water, control in milk, and control in energy drink), while the experimental one (treated with ICON) was categorized into three subgroups (n = 10) (ICON in deionized water, ICON in milk, and ICON in energy drink) incubation phase lasted three weeks in total. RESULTS: A one‑way analysis of variance (ANOVA) yielded a significant difference between all experimental subgroups (ICON in deionized water, ICON in milk, and ICON in energy drink) and control subgroups (control in deionized water, control in milk, and control in energy drink). The control group in the energy drink subgroup had the highest mean microleakage value when compared to the other subgroups, whereas the resin‑infiltrated group in deionized water had the lowest mean value. According to the results of the T‑test, ICON pre‑treatment tooth samples had significantly lower mean values of microleakage than non‑ICON tooth samples. CONCLUSIONS: The adhesive system (control group) revealed that a resin infiltrate on a sound enamel surface prior to orthodontic bracket bonding reduced bracket tooth interface microleakage in all examined samples. The ICON‑infiltrated surface was discovered to provide a secondary preventive strategy against white spot lesion development by reducing microleakage under brackets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To investigate the tensile bond strength of silane-containing universal adhesives and self-etch glass-ceramic primer to lithium disilicate glass ceramics (LS2). Materials and Methods: 960 rectangular LS2 bars (7 mm x 3 mm x 9 mm, IPS e.max CAD, Ivoclar Vivadent) were manufactured and divided into 4 groups (n = 240). Group 1 was etched with ~5% hydrofluoric acid (HF) for 20 s (VITA Ceramics Etch, Vita Zahnfabrik), group 2 was etched with ~5% HF for 20 s and silanized (ESPE Sil, 3M Oral Care), group 3 was pre-treated with a self-etching glass-ceramic primer (Monobond Etch & Prime, Ivoclar Vivadent, and group 4 received no pre-treatment. Three universal adhesives (iBOND Universal, Heraeus Kulzer; Scotchbond Universal Adhesive, 3M Oral Care; Futurabond U, Voco) were applied to the differently pre-treated surfaces, with Heliobond (Ivoclar Vivadent) serving as control. The bars from each group were paired and luted perpendicularly, forming a square bonded area of 9 mm2, using Variolink II (Ivoclar Vivadent) with a constant pressure of 10 N, followed by light curing (40 s at 800 mW/cm2, Elipar Trilight, 3M Oral Care). The resulting specimens were stored for 24 h at 37°C in distilled water. Half of the specimens of each group were submitted to tensile bond strength testing, the other half were thermocycled ([TC] 5000 cycles, 5°C/55°C, 30-s dwell time) before testing. Data were analyzed using three-way ANOVA (α = 0.05). Results: Group 2 (HF etched and silanized) and group 3 (self-etching glass-ceramic primer) reached significantly higher mean bond strengths than did groups 1 (only HF etched) and 4 (no pre-treatment). Conclusion: Additional silanization of HF-etched LS2 statistically signficantly improved the tensile bond strength of the silane-containing universal adhesive (Scotchbond Universal). The self-etching glass-ceramic primer Monobond Etch & Prime achieved mean bond strengths that did not differ significantly from HF-etched and silanized specimens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To examine the effect of grape seed extract (GSE) pretreatment on the reduction of active gelatinases when using universal adhesives in etch-and-rinse mode. Materials and Methods: Fifty extracted non-carious human teeth were used in this study. Dentin powder was prepared for analysis of active MMP-2 by ELISA. Resin-dentin slices were prepared for in situ zymography in order to localize active gelatinases by quenched fluorescein-conjugated gelatin under a confocal microscope. Fluorescence intensity was analyzed quantitatively. Specimens were allocated into 6 groups: a non-treated control, phosphoric acid etched (PA), PA followed by Single Bond Universal (SBU, 3M Oral Care) or G-Premio Bond (GPB, GC), and PA followed by GSE for 1 min prior to SBU or GPB. The data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA and Bonferroni's test at a significance level of 0.05. Results: Application of the universal adhesives SBU and GPB in etch-and-rinse mode reduced active MMP-2 in dentin matrices. However, the only further significant reduction was found in GPB pre-treated with GSE, as analyzed by ELISA. In situ zymography demonstrated the location of active gelatinases, and fluorescence intensity analysis confirmed significant reduction of active gelatinases in the hybrid layer of GPB pre-teated with GSE compared to GPB alone. Conclusion: The present study demonstrated the potential advantage of applying GSE to reduce active gelatinases especially at the hybrid layer, with greater benefit achieved for hydrophobic adhesives. Nevertheless, the mechanism of action, analysis of bond strength, and long-term efficacy require further study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study which examines the effect of sterilization on bond strength and mechanical properties of fiber posts. The study findings suggest that glass-fiber posts can be sterilized either by autoclave or ethylene oxide gas when necessary, without any negative effect on bond strength, flexural strength, or elastic modulus.

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of delayed light curing on a dual-cured composite resin on cuspal deflection, microleakage, and enamel cracks. Method and materials: Forty-eight standardized Class 2 cavities were prepared in maxillary third molars and restored with a dual-cure composite resin (Core-X Flow) in bulk-fill technique. The samples were divided into four groups (n = 12) and either self-cured (1) or light cured immediately (2), with 1 minute (3) or 2 minutes of delay (4) after placement. Cuspal deflection was measured before preparation, 6 minutes after placement, after 24 hours, and after 120 days of storage and thermocycling. The margins of the restorations were examined under a stereo microscope after 24 hours and 120 days. Samples were immersed in a 0.2% basic fuchsin solution for 24 hours at room temperature and then sectioned vertically and mesiodistally, and dye penetration and enamel cracks were recorded under a stereomicroscope using a scoring system. Results: Six minutes after placement the cuspal deflections were between 20 ± 2.1 µm and 39.3 ± 1.9 µm. After 120 days the cuspal deflection in all groups was reduced to almost complete recovery, while the percentage of perfect margin decreased. Differences in microleakage, dye penetration, and enamel cracks were observed between different locations but not between the groups. Statistical analysis did not show a correlation between cuspal deflection, margin quality, or enamel cracks. Conclusion: A short delay in light curing of a dual-cure composite resin could significantly reduce the initial cuspal deflection measured 6 minutes after light curing, thereby probably reducing the polymerization shrinkage stress. However, the curing mode did not significantly influence microleakage and enamel cracks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To determine the influence of iatrogenic gaps, type of cement, and time on microleakage of cast posts using spectrophotometer and glucose filtration measurements.Materials and Methods: Forty-eight single-rooted teeth were divided into eight groups of six teeth each. Teeth were instrumented and obturated, and a cast post was fabricated. In addition to two control groups (positive and negative), a total of six groups were prepared: In four groups, an artificial 2- to 3-mm gap was created between post and residual gutta percha (GP), and two groups were prepared with intimate contact between post and residual GP. Posts were cemented with either zinc phosphate cement or resin cement. Leakage through the post after 1, 8, 14, and 20 days was measured using a glucose penetration model with two different reading methods. Mixed analysis of variance tests were performed to analyze the data.Results: The presence of a gap between the apical end of the post and the most coronal portion of the GP remaining in the root canal after post space preparation increased microleakage significantly. However, microleakage was significantly less when the gap was refilled with GP compared to no gap. There was no difference in leakage between luting cements used.Conclusion: It was concluded that none of the cements were able to prevent microleakage. However, the addition of GP to residual GP did increase the sealing ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Splinting mobile teeth is a choice to improve the patient's oral comfort. The purpose of this study was to assess the survival and stability of mobile anterior mandibular teeth after splinting in patients with periodontitis undergoing supportive periodontal therapy (SPT). Patients with splinted mobile anterior mandibular teeth were assessed retrospectively. Periodontal statuses were recorded at baseline and follow-up visits. Tooth and splint survival as well as splint repairs were recorded. Multilevel Cox regression analyses were performed to evaluate patient- and tooth-related factors that might have influenced the survival rates of splints. Sixty-one patients, collectively having 161 splints, were followed for an average of 5.44 years. On average, probing depth (PD) of splinted teeth decreased from 4.31 mm to 2.93 mm and clinical attachment loss (CAL) decreased from 5.02 mm to 4.58 mm. Alveolar bone was stable in the follow-up period. None of the splinted teeth were extracted, The overall survival rate of the splints was 65.2%. Splints made of composite resin alone were associated with a higher risk of breakage when compared to splints composed of composite resin with mesh grid strips. Splinting showed long-term survival and splinting combined with periodontal supportive treatment is a feasible option to maintain mobile mandibular anterior teeth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: An intra-radicular post is often used to reinforce weakened endodontically treated teeth where the remaining tooth structure is incapable of supporting and maintaining the restoration and core material. Aim: To compare the micro-leakage of teeth restored with a custom adapted fiber post restored with composite resin and those with prefabricated fiber post in single rooted teeth. Materials and Methods: Thirty sound single rooted teeth were collected and decoronated then endodontically treated. Specimens were divided into two groups (n = 15), which were restored using Prefabricated Fiber Post Group 1 (control), and Custom Adapted Fiber Post group 2 (experimental). The posts were cemented using dual cure resin cement. The specimens were exposed to 1,500 thermal cyclic loads then immersed in 2% methylene blue dye for 48 hours. Afterwards, the specimens were sectioned longitudinally, and micro-leakage was measured using a digital microscope. Statistical analysis was done using Chi-Square test and Mann-Whitney U for post micro-leakage comparison (α = 0.05). Results and Discussion: Specimens relined using composite resin (Group 2) showed an overall greater number of micro-leakage than group 1 (control), however, the Chi-Square test showed that the differences were not statistically significant (Chi-Square =1.071, p=0.438) and the Mann-Whitney U test showed that there were no significant differences between the groups. Conclusion: No significant difference was found between the sealing ability between custom adapted fiber posts and prefabricated fiber posts. This gives rise to the freedom of choice for the practitioner as well as the patient in treatment planning and decision making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Propolis is increasingly being discussed as an alternative to commonly used antiseptics. This in vitro study focused on the ethanolic extract of green Brazilian propolis (EEPg) as an additive in an oral health care product. We investigated (i) a potential inflammation-modulation activity of EEPg when a periodontal or Candida biofilm was exposed to monocytic (MONO-MAC-6) cells, (ii) the adhesion of oral pathogens to gingival keratinocytes and (iii) the antimicrobial and antibiofilm effect of different toothpaste formulations. EEPg decreased the levels of interleukin (IL)-1β and increased IL-10 in MONO-MAC cells challenged with a periodontal biofilm. In contact with TIGK cells, EEPg reduced the numbers of adherent Porphyromonas gingivalis to 0.5% but did not affect the adhesion of Candida albicans. The frequent brushing of a cariogenic biofilm with a toothpaste supplemented with EEPg reduced the surface microhardness loss of enamel specimens. Mixing an experimental erythritol toothpaste with 25 and 50 mg/mL of EEPg confirmed the antibacterial activity of EEPg against oral bacteria and particularly inhibited periodontal biofilm formation. The suggested toothpaste formulations seem to have potential in the prevention of caries, gingivitis and periodontitis and should be evaluated in further in vitro research and in clinical trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To determine whether the frequency of microleakage at the margin of the tooth-restoration interface in primary molars restored with high-viscosity glass-ionomer cement (HVGIC) differs from that of primary molars restored with amalgam. Materials and Methods: The HVGIC restorations were performed according to the ART method. A total of 19 naturally exfoliated primary molars (10 amalgam and 9 ART/HVGIC) with clinically assessed intact restorations fulfilled the inclusion criteria. SEM analyses using replicas were performed to assess the microgap presence and size of the tooth-restoration interface The depth of a microgap was measured from histological sections after infiltration of 50% (w/v) AgNO3 solution. Independent variables were restorative material, age of restoration, and number of tooth surfaces. Data analyses included Fisher's Exact version of the chi-squared test, independent t-test and one-way ANOVA. Results: More ART/HVGIC than amalgam-restored teeth were gap free (p = 0.14). The mean gap size for teeth with a gap between amalgam (322.0 μm) and ART/HVGIC (201.0 μm) restorations did not differ statistically significantly. AgNO3 infiltration was not influenced by restorative material or age of restoration. Infiltration in multiplesurface was higher than in single-surface restorations (p = 0.02). Conclusion: The occurrence of marginal microleakage in primary molars restored by ART/HVGIC is no different from that observed in primary molars restored with amalgam. Microleakage was deeper in multiple-surface than in single-surface restorations. Despite the presence of microleakage, restoration functionality up to exfoliation is secured, reinforcing the importance of biofilm removal and behavioral education of patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Meandros Medical & Dental Journal is the property of Galenos Yayinevi Tic. LTD. STI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Meandros Medical & Dental Journal is the property of Galenos Yayinevi Tic. LTD. STI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Aim: The aim of the study was to compare and evaluate the microleakage under the Adhesive Precoated Plus (APCP), APC Flash-Free (APCF), and conventional stainless steel (SLS) brackets on the occlusal and gingival sides of the bracket base. Materials and Methods: 66 extracted premolar teeth were collected and divided equally into 3 groups. Bonding was done with APCP, APCF, and conventional SLS brackets using Transbond XT. After bonding, the samples were stored in a distilled water and thermocycled for 3000 cycles, followed by immersion in a 2% methylene blue for 24 h. After cleaning, the teeth were mounted in acrylic and sectioned longitudinally at about the center of the bracket in a buccolingual direction. Microleakage was recorded using a stereomicroscope. Results: Kruskal-Wallis H test showed a significant difference (P < .005) in the microleakage scores between the 3 groups. Mann-Whitney U test showed a significant difference between group 1 to group 2 and group 1 to group 3 (P < .005) and an insignificant difference between group 2 and group 3 on the occlusal side (P = .116) and on the gingival side (P = .063). Conclusion: Conventional SLS bracket group exhibited greater microleakage scores at both occlusal and gingival sides, when compared with APCP and APCF groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To assess the marginal and bacterial microleakage in zirconia and CAD‐CAM or cast Co‐Cr implant abutments. Methods: Sixty‐four conical connection implants with their respective abutments were divided into four groups (Co‐Cr (milled, laser‐sintered, and cast) and Zirconia (milled)). All specimens were subjected to a chewing simulation and thermocycling. After aging process, specimens were submerged in a 0.2% methylene blue solution with Porphyromonas gingivalis (P.g) for 48 h. The marginal microleakage was measured using a 40× optical microscopy at the internal part of the implant, and when positive microleakage was observed, a DNA isolation with a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test was used. The microbiological assessment was based on colony forming units (CFUs). Results: Thirty (47%) implant‐abutments presented microleakage and the PCR was performed on those specimens (1 Zirconia, 1 Co‐Cr milled, 14 Co‐Cr laser‐sintered and 14 cast). Seven specimens (1 Co‐Cr laser‐sintered and six cast) presented values below the PCR detection limit (< 100 CFUs). The lowest CFUs count occurred in the Co‐Cr milled group (5.17E+02 CFUs/ml) followed by zirconia (7.70E+03 CFUs/ml). The Co‐Cr cast (9.39E+03 CFUs/ml) and laser‐sintered (2.4E+05 CFUs/ml) groups had higher bacterial count. The CFU count comparison performed between Co‐Cr cast and laser‐sintered resulted in a statistically significant differences in favor of Co‐CrCL (p <.05). Conclusions: The abutment material and fabrication technique affected the implant‐abutment microleakage. Although the CAD‐CAM abutments presented favorable results, all tested groups presented microleakage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To compare, in vitro, the bioceramic materials (MTA and BC RRM-fast set putty) capacity to prevent microleakage of Enterococcus faecalis over time. Methods: An experimental design was made with forty extracted human teeth, coronally cut, and prepared to be placed in a leakage system under sterile conditions. They were randomly divided into two experimental groups: thirty teeth (fifteen for each of retrograde filling material MTA and BC RRM-fast set putty) and a control group: ten teeth (five positive control, five negative control). The 3 mm root-ends were submerged in a brain-heart infusion broth with a red phenol indicator. The coronal access of each sample was inoculated with E. faecalis every seven days to maintain bacterial viability. The lower chamber was evaluated daily for 30 days to observe the turbidity of the culture medium and establish the presence and day of the filtration. Calculation of the colony-forming units (CFU) was performed for each leaked sample. Fisher's Exact Test was used to verify the association between the presence or absence of leakage of the samples by type of bioceramic material used and the Mann-Whitney U test to verify the existence of a difference between the average of CFU by type of bioceramic material used. The significance level used was a=0.05 and a 95% confidence level, as a decision rule for rejecting the null hypothesis. Results: Of the total samples prepared for each group, leakage was found in 60.0% (9/15) of the MTA group and 40.0% (6/15) of the BC RRM-fast set putty group. All positive controls filtered on the first day of evaluation, while 20% (1/5) of the negative control leaked in the second week. There was no significant difference in leakege between the two groups, nor concerning the bacterial count (P=0.101) and the type of cement used (P=1.000). Conclusion: BC RRM-fast set putty was comparable to MTA in resisting bacterial microleakage during the observation time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents update on resin-based composites, curing lights, and matrix bands in dentistry. Topics discussed include description on restorative resin-based composites used for direct restorations in anterior and posterior teeth, history of light curing in dentistry, and evolution of the use of matrix bands in restorative dentistry.

Bogie is an important component in monorail train that determine the train curving radius and the load capacity. This paper analyses the traction wheel torque of a monorail train which passes through a curved track. A numerical analysis was performed using Simwise4D commercial software. Two new straddle-type of monorail bogie models were prepared for the simulations; namely, the UTM100 model, which is equipped with stabiliser wheels mounted between the two steering wheels, and the UTM125 model, which is equipped with stabiliser wheels mounted parallel to the steering wheels. The train and its trajectory were modelled as a multi-body system. The trajectory was modelled in a horizontal plane with various curve radiuses of 40 to 150 m. The range of motion speeds was selected as 20 to 60 km/h. The results indicate that the traction wheel torque obtained with the UTM125 bogie is generally smaller than that obtained with the UTM100 bogie. The torque differences were substantial when the train negotiated a track with a small radius of curvature, but they were smaller for a large radius. The resulting torque performance can be used as an initial consideration when selecting a monorail bogie model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses an important problem in the industry, that of automation precision measurement and control processes. These are the sealing systems of certain products, such as pistons, valves, syringes, housings, etc. In the automotive industry, the majority the housings are made of cast aluminum. Indeed, cast aluminium transmission housings and pistons have been used in cars and trucks and nowadays castings account for more than 50% of the aluminium used in cars. The casting operation presents the risk of inclusions which may occur due to leakage. These can cause major problems during operation. Because it is very important to check the tightness. There are at least two methods of checking a tightness: Air-water microleakage measurement, where the operating space is water and the check is air; Air-to-air microleakage measurement where both the operating space and the agent of verification are air. In the first type of air-water machines, verification is done by visual inspection of the presence of bubbles. In the second type, the check is carried out with special equipment for microleakage measurement. The air operated electronic device is designed for fracture detection using pneumatically actuated microleakage measurement for walls of a work pieces. It is used in industry, especially in the automotive industry, for presence detection of fractures in castings from high productivity production units. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To use extracted human teeth with amalgam (n = 26) or GIC (n = 3) restorations in service up to 20 years to evaluate microbiota at the cavity/restoration interface by SEM or culture. Materials and methods: Extracted teeth with intracoronal restorations (n = 20) of known history (2–20 years) were fixed, split, and prepared for SEM to ascertain the pattern and structure of bacterial aggregates on cavity and restoration surfaces. Another 9 teeth were anaerobically decontaminated, split and sampled (cavity/restorations), and cultured (anaerobically, aerobically); recovered isolates were identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Results: SEM showed rods, cocci, and filaments in 11/20 teeth (55%) on cavity and corresponding restoration surfaces; 4/20 (20%) on neither surface; 1/20 (5%) on just cavity; and 4/20 (20%) on just restoration. Microbial growth extended from marginal openings into the deeper interfacial microspace to varying extents but was not always evident. Restoration size or age did not predict bacterial presence. Bacteria-free surfaces (cavity/amalgam) showed possible calcification. Cultivation yielded 160 isolates, mainly Gram-positive (86%) and facultative (81%); and morphotypes of rods (43%), cocci (36%), and cocco-bacilli (18%) belonging to Actinobacteria (45%) and Firmicutes (50%). The most frequent genera were Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Actinomyces, and Lactobacillus. Biofilms on cavity and restoration appeared independent of each other. Conclusions: Cavity and amalgam surfaces were independently colonised and some not. The penetration of microbiota into marginal gaps varied; resembled root caries and was dominated by Gram-positive species. Clinical relevance: Marginal gaps around restorations are unavoidable but are not always colonised by bacteria after long-term clinical service. Calcification of biofilms in the restorative interface may prevent further colonisation. The viable microbiota in the restorative interface resembled root caries and may be subject to ecological fluxes of activity and arrest and therefore preventative management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Soundscapes in nursing homes are often suboptimal for residents. This can cause them feeling anxious and unsafe, or develop behavioral and psychological problems. Residents with dementia cannot adapt nursing home environments to their needs due to cognitive and physical limitations. It is up to the staff of psycho-geriatric wards to improve the soundscape. We evaluated the effect of the sound awareness intervention Mobile Soundscape Appraisal and Recording Technology (MoSART+) on soundscapes in nursing homes. Methods: The MoSART+ intervention was carried out in four nursing homes and took three months in each home. The MoSART+ intervention involved training ambassadors, assessing the soundscape with the MoSART application by the nursing staff to raise their sound awareness on random time points, discussing the measurements, and implementing micro-interventions. Soundscapes were assessed from 0 to 100 on four attributes: pleasantness, eventfulness, complexity, and range of affordances. Based on these scores, soundscapes were classified in four dimensions: calm, lively, boring, and chaotic. Nursing staff graded the environment on a scale of 0 to 10. T-test and Z-tests were used to analyze data. Results: Staff recorded 1882 measurements with the MoSART app. "People," "music, TV, and radio," and "machines and appliances" were the most prevalent sound sources before and after the implementation of micro-interventions. Post-implementation of micro-interventions, soundscapes were pleasant (median 69.0; IQR 54.0–81.0), of low complexity (33.0; 18.0–47.0), uneventful (27.0; 14.0–46.5), and gave moderate affordances (50.0; 35.0–67.0). Changes in attributes were statistically significant (p < 0.01). The proportion of the dimension calm increased (z = 12.7, p < 0.01), the proportion of chaotic decreased (z = 15.0, p < 0.01), and the proportion of lively decreased not statically significant (z = 0.68, p = 0.79). The proportion of boring was unchanged. The proportion of grades ≥6 increased after implementation of the micro-interventions (z = 15.3, p < 0.01). The micro-interventions focused on removing or reducing disturbing sounds and were unique for each nursing home. Discussion: The MoSART+ intervention resulted in a statistically significantly improvement of soundscapes, and more favorable evaluations of the nursing staff. The intervention empowered staff to adapt soundscapes. Nursing homes can improve soundscapes by raising sound awareness among staff. Trial Registration: Netherlands National Trial Register (NL6831). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of the study was to compare microleakage and marginal adaptation of White Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (WMTA), Biodentine and chemical-cured glass ionomer cement (GIC) as root-end filling materials using the dye extraction method and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Materials and Methods: The study used 90 extracted human mandibular premolar teeth. After the instrumentation and obturation of root canals, the apical 3 mm of the roots were resected perpendicular to their long axes. Root-end cavities were prepared using diamond-coated ultrasonic retrotips. Samples were divided into three experimental groups according to the root-end filling material used (n = 30): WMTA, Biodentine, and EQUIA-Fil GIC. Each group was subdivided into two sub-groups A and B. Samples in sub-group A were evaluated for microleakage using the dye extraction method, while those in sub-group B were evaluated for marginal adaptation using SEM. The obtained results were analysed statistically using ANOVA and Tukey tests. The significance level was set at 5% (P ≤ 0.05). Results: WMTA had the lowest mean dye absorbance value and the smallest interfacial gap width followed by Biodentine and EQUIA-GIC, with no significant difference between them. Conclusion: WMTA, Biodentine and chemical-cured GIC demonstrated comparable sealing ability as root-end filling materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the in vitro bacterial microleakage at the implant-abutment interface of three prosthetic connections: external (EH) and internal hexagon (IH) and taper connection (TC: solid [ST], taper with internal hexagon [IT], and short taper [OT]). Escherichia coli (E coli) and Streptococcus sanguinis (S sanguinus) were inoculated in the apical portion of the abutment screw, which was immersed in sterile brain-heart infusion broth for 14 days. There were no differences between the percentages of bacterial infiltration for IH (9.09%), ST (21.74%), IT (22.73%), and OT (11.11%). EH did not present viable bacteria. There were no significant differences in the counts of connections inoculated and not infiltrated by E coli or S sanguinis nor in those infiltrated by both bacteria (one-way analysis of variance, P < .05). Except for EH, all implant designs and abutments showed bacteria that were capable of surviving and causing infiltration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objectives: Microleakage at the interface of tooth structure and fissure sealant plays a crucial role in the failure of the treatment. This in vitro study aimed to determine the microleakage of self-adhesive flowable composite resins as pit and fissure sealants. Material and Methods: Sixty healthy extracted premolar teeth were randomly divided into the four groups (n=15), clinpro sealants (control), flowable composite resin with bonding agent (total-etch), flowable composite resin with a self-etch bonding agent, and self-adhesive composite resin. After thermocycling, the specimens were immersed in 2% methylene blue for 48 hours and then sectioned in the buccolingual direction. The microleakage was assessed by dye penetration using a stereomicroscope at 15X magnification. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 18.0 and Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests. Results: There was a statistically significant difference in microleakage score between the groups (P-value = 0.006). The lowest mean of the microleakage level was observed in the flowable composite group with total-etch bonding (group 2) at 1.26±0.96, followed by the Clinpro sealant group (group 1) at 1.62±1.20, and then the self-adhesive composite group (group 4) 1.85±1.00. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, the microleakage of self-adhesive composite resin revealed no significant difference with conventional fissure sealant; however, the microleakage of these composite resins was higher than flowable composite resin with a total-etch bonding agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To compare the sealing ability of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) bone cement, mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), and Biodentine as root-end filling materials by assessing the degree of microleakage through confocal laser scanning microscopy. Materials and Methods: Thirty extracted maxillary incisors were root canal treated using the rotary ProTaper system. Apical root resections followed by retrograde cavity preparation were done. The teeth were divided into three groups and filled with the 3 tested materials (PMMA bone cement, MTA, and Biodentine). Samples were coated with nail varnish, immersed in 0.5% aqueous solution of rhodamine B dye for 24 h, and rinsed with water to remove excess dye. Samples were horizontally sectioned at 1 mm intervals into three using a diamond disk and were labeled A, B, and C and considered first, second, and third, respectively, based on their distance from the apex. Each slice was divided into four equal parts and evaluated using a confocal laser scanning microscope. Dye penetration was scored based on the amount of microleakage. The data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance. Results: Intergroup comparison of the mean scores of dye penetration among the three materials showed that there is a statistical difference between PMMA bone cement, MTA, and Biodentine, in sections B and C (P ≤ 0.05). The three groups showed no statistical difference in dye penetration scores in section A. Conclusion: The microleakage is least with PMMA bone cement followed by Biodentine and MTA. Microleakage was least in section C followed by sections B and A. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aims: AH26, Master-Dent, and Endoseal mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) are three different types of sealers. The purpose of this study was to assess and compare THE apical seal of the root canal-treated teeth with the above-mentioned sealers in the presence and absence of moisture using the fluid filtration method. Methods: To this end, 54 freshly extracted single root canal human canines were selected for this study. The canals were prepared using rotary instruments, and then sodium hypochlorite was applied as an irrigation solution in this protocol. The specimens were randomly divided into three groups of 18. One group was obturated with the gutta-percha by the cold lateral compaction technique. Half of one of the aforementioned sealers belonged to the group of moistened teeth and the other half to the group of the dried teeth. Microleakage in all groups was assessed 3 months after the obturation of canals by the fluid filtration method. The data were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc tests, and the level of significance was set at P<0.05. Results: The results showed that the minimum and maximum micro-leakage belonged to Masterdent dry (mean leakage = 1.7778 μL/ min/CmH20) and Endoseal-MTA dry (mean leakage = 3.5000 μL/min/CmH20), respectively. All three groups of sealers exhibited a significant difference in apical micro-leakage between dry and moist conditions (PMasterdent <0.001, PAH26=0.002, and PEndoseaL-MTA =0.007). Conclusion: The findings of this experimental study demonstrated that Masterdent provided the least apical micro-leakage under dry conditions while Endoseal-MTA had the highest micro-leakage under these conditions. There was a significant difference between dry and moist conditions in all groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Residual oxygen-free radicals of bleaching agents before composite restorations can increase microleakage in enamel and dentin margins, and also various bleaching techniques are being developed using light sources. The present study was conducted to compare the effect of diode laser bleaching and LED activated bleaching on the microleakage of composite restorations. Materials & Methods: This in-vitro study was conducted on 84 extracted human premolars in three groups: In group one, class-V cavities were prepared and the teeth (n=12) were restored with composite ten days after bleaching with 35% hydrogen peroxide with no activator. In groups two and three (n=36 each), the teeth were bleached with a Diode laser activator and LED, respectively. Thereafter, each group was divided into three subgroups (n=12), cavities were prepared and restored with composite three, five, and ten days after bleaching. Digital photographs were used to assess microleakage in the enamel and dentin margins. Data were analyzed using Friedman and Wilcoxon Signed Ranks tests (p<0.05). Results: The lowest amount of microleakage in the enamel margin pertained to the diode laser ten-day subgroup (0.17±0.38) and the diode laser ten-day subgroup in the dentin margin (0.50±1.03). Also, the highest amount of microleakage in the LED group was in the three-day subgroup of the dentin margin (2.78±0.42). Five-day subgroup of diode laser-activated bleaching had a lower amount of microleakage compared to the control group (P=0.042). Conclusion: It may be concluded that diode laser-activated bleaching with 35% hydrogen peroxide has a better effect on reducing microleakage with an interval of five to ten days, compared to the control and LED activated bleaching group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is not uncommon that oral healthcare professionals and researchers interchange the use of the terms minimum/minimal intervention and minimally invasive dentistry. However, these terms apply to two different, but related, concepts. Minimum intervention dentistry, to be more appropriately addressed in this paper as minimum intervention oral care (MIOC), is an oral healthcare delivery framework that encompasses four interlinked clinical domains. These domains are: identifying disease - detection, longitudinal risk/susceptibility assessment, investigation, diagnosis and the development of a personalized care plan; prevention of lesions/control of disease - patient behaviour management, non-invasive remineralisation of the enamel and dentine, biofilm and diet control, micro-invasive sealants and infiltration techniques to arrest and reverse incipient lesions; minimally invasive operative procedures including selective carious dentine removal, the "5Rs" management of the tooth-restoration complex (review, refurbish, re-seal, repair and replace) amongst other restorative interventions; and tailored recall/review/re-assessment consultations. This framework includes that minimally invasive operative dentistry (MID), that although a critical operative clinical domain, should be viewed as one of the pillars of minimum intervention oral healthcare (MIOC), applied across all disciplines of restorative dentistry, not just caries management. The aim of this review is to clarify these differences and emphasize the importance of minimally invasive operative dentistry (MID) within the context of minimum intervention oral care (MIOC). MIOC is applicable to all disciplines within restorative dentistry, including clinical caries management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of rinsing water temperature and preheated composites on microleakage of class V restorations with two different bonding agents. Materials and Methods: Eighty class V cavities were prepared in the buccal and lingual surfaces of 40 molars. Single Bond and Prime and Bond NT bonding agents were used. The teeth were divided into four groups of 10. G1: After acid etching, cavities were rinsed with 23°C water and filled with 23°C composite resin. G2: Rinsing water and composite resin had 55°C temperature. G3: Rinsing water had 55°C and composite resin had 23°C temperature. G4: Rinsing water had 23°C and composite resin had 55°C temperature. The specimens were immersed in 0.5% basic fuchsine dye. Microleakage scores were analysed with the Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney U, and Wilcoxon tests. Results: There were significant differences in microleakage of specimens prepared with Single Bond and Prime and Bond NT only in group 1 (P<0.05). There were no significant differences between the microleakage of groups rinsed with different water temperatures (P>0.05). There were significant differences between the unheated and preheated composite groups (P<0.05). Conclusion: Preheating of composite is a valuable method to increase its adaptability and decrease microleakage of composite restorations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: Microleakage is one of the most important causes of failure in restoration and secondary caries. This study was conducted in order to compare dentinal microleakage of class II composite restorations using Universal Dental Adhesive, with and without liner. Methods: In this laboratory study, two Class II cavities were prepared in the mesial and distal surfaces of 48 healthy premolar teeth. Then, the samples were divided into 6 groups of 8 according to the application method of Single Bond Universal adhesive and liner: selective etching of enamel (SEE), self-etch (SE) technique, SEE technique and resin-modified glass-ionomer (RMGI) liner, SE technique and RMGI Liner, SEE technique and Flow Liner, and SE technique and Flow Liner. Restoration was done with Filtek Z250 composite. Microleakage was evaluated and compared using 2% fuchsine based on intensity 0 to 3. Findings: In the SEE group, 56.2% of restorations did not have microleakage. 31.2% had grade 3 microleakage and 12.5% had grade 1 microleakage. However, in the SEE+RMGI group, 81.25% and the SEE+Flow group, 81.2% of the restorations had no microleakage. In the SE group, 18.7% of restorations showed zero microleakage, 50% showed grade 3 microleakage, and 31.2% showed grade 2 microleakage. However, in the SE+RMGI group, 81.25% and in the SE+Flow group, 93.7% of the restorations did not have microleakage. The distribution of dentinal microleakage intensity between SEE and SE methods (p=0.067) and between SEE+RMGI and SEE+Flow groups (p=0.194) was not significant. However, in the SE+Flow and SE+RMGI groups, this difference was significant (p<0.001). Conclusion: The results of this study showed that in the method of using a liner with Universal adhesive, dentinal microleakage in class II composite restoration decreased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Objective: Although dental composites have undergone a high level of development in recent years, there are still difficulties including microleakage. The incorporation of nanoparticles (NPs) in dental materials can produce antibacterial effects, but the effect of TiO2 NPs on microleakage has not yet been investigated. The present study aimed to determine the effect of TiO2 NPs incorporation in the universal single bond and pretreatment with them on microleakage of clV cavities using both total-etch and self-etch approaches. Materials & Methods: Standard clV cavities were prepared on the buccal surfaces of the sixty non-carious human molar teeth. The restoration of samples was carried out with 6 different methods and randomly divided into six groups of ten subjects. Microleakage in both gingival and occlusal margins was determined after placement in 2% basic fuschin solution for 24h. Biocompatibility of a universal single bond was evaluated by MTT assay. Results: In both occlusal and gingival margins in all groups, the application of TiO2 NPs was better than no application. We observed the relatively low cytotoxic effect of TiO2 NPs incorporated in the universal adhesive on NIH-3T3 cell viability. Conclusion: Regarding the limitations of the present investigation, using TiO2 NPs with both total-etch and self-etch approaches to universal single bond may lead to a decrease in the microleakage of resin composite restorations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine leakage for two neonatal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) interfaces and evaluate leak-corrective manoeuvres.Design: The ToNIL (Trial of NCPAP Interface Leakage) study was a randomised, clinical, cross-over trial with data collection between August 2018 and October 2019. The primary outcome was blinded to the treating staff.Setting: One secondary, 8-bed neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and three larger (>15 beds), academic NICU referral centres.Patients: Newborn infants with CPAP were screened (n=73), and those with stable spontaneous breathing, low oxygen requirement, postmenstrual age (PMA) over 28 weeks and no comorbidities were eligible. In total, 50 infants were included (median PMA 33 completed weeks).Interventions: Leakage was measured for both prongs and nasal mask, before and after leak-corrective manoeuvres. Interface application was performed in a randomised order by a nurse, blinded to the measured leakage.Main Outcome Measures: 30 s average leakage, measured in litres per minute (LPM).Results: Analyses showed a significantly lower leakage (mean difference 0.86 LPM, 95% CI 0.07 to 1.65) with prongs (median 2.01 LPM, IQR 1.00-2.80) than nasal mask (median 2.45 LPM, IQR 0.99-5.11). Leak-corrective manoeuvres reduced leakage significantly for both prongs (median 1.22 LPM, IQR 0.54-1.87) and nasal mask (median 2.35 LPM, IQR 0.76-4.75).Conclusions: Large leakages were common for both interfaces, less with prongs. Simple care manoeuvres reduced leakage for both interfaces. This is the first report of absolute leakage for nasal interfaces and should encourage further studies on leakage during CPAP treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the microtensile bond strength (μTBS) and marginal sealing ability of a self-adhering flowable composite between dentin and composite interfaces, as well as the microleakage of Class V restorations. Materials and Methods: The occlusal thirds of 40 third molars were removed and randomly divided into 4 groups according to the applied adhesive: Adper Easy One (AEO, 3M ESPE), Clearfil SE Bond (CSEB, Kuraray), Prime & Bond NT (PBNT, Dentsply) and a self-adhering flowable composite (Dyad Flow, DF, Kerr). Filtek Flowable (3M ESPE) resin composite crowns were then built up in the first three groups; in group DF, composite crowns were built up without the application of an adhesive. Thirty stick-shaped microspecimens were prepared per group, 10 of which were used for morphological observation of bonded interfaces by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) after decalcification. The remaining microspecimens underwent microtensile bond strength testing and the failure mode was analyzed. Microleakage evaluation was performed on 10 premolars per group in which standardized box-shaped Class V cavities were prepared. After 500 thermocycles, the premolars were immersed in 1% methylene blue for 24 h, and three slices from each tooth were observed under a stereomicroscope and scored. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA, Student-Newman-Keuls and chi-square tests. Results: The PBNT group presented the highest μTBS values, followed by the CSEB and AEO groups, which did not differ significantly from each other. The DF group showed the lowest μTBS values. No significant differences in microleakage were observed among these four groups. Conclusion: Although individual usage of the self-adhering flowable composite showed the lowest bond strength, the same marginal sealing ability was observed as that of combining self-etching and etch-and-rinse adhesives with flowable composite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate shear bond strength and microleakage of a new self-etching/self-adhesive fissure sealant on prismless enamel compared with conventional fissure sealing. Materials and Methods: A total of 90 extracted third molars were assigned to 3 main groups: group 1: self-etching/ self-adhesive sealant, without acid etching; group 2: self-etching/self-adhesive sealant, with prior acid etching; group 3: conventional fissure sealing (control group). After specimen preparation, each group was divided into 3 subgroups according to storage time (1-day water storage, 3-month water storage, and 1-day water storage followed by 5000x thermocycling). The shear bond strength was determined with a universal testing machine, according to ISO standard 29022. Afterwards, the failure mode was analyzed. An additional 24 third molars were used for microleakage assessment. The fissure pattern was sealed in strict accordance with the manufacturers' instructions. After thermocycling, the dye penetration was examined. Data were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U-Test at a significance level of 0.05. Results: The shear bond strength of the self-etching/self-adhesive fissure sealant without prior acid etching was significantly lower (4.3 MPa) than that of the self-etching/self-adhesive fissure sealant with prior acid etching (17.1 MPa) and the conventional fissure sealing (19.1 MPa). Microleakage was significantly lower in the control group (1.1%) and in the group with the self-etching/self-adhesive sealant with prior acid etching (0.8%) compared to the group that used the self-etching/self-adhesive material alone (49.4%). Conclusion: The self-etching/self-adhesive fissure sealant can be recommended for clinical use when enamel is etched with phosphoric acid. The self-etching/self-adhesive sealant without prior acid etching showed significantly inferior results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses advancements in dental restorative materials and their implications for patient care. The use of dental amalgam, which has been popular due to its durability, is being questioned due to concerns about its biocompatibility. As a result, alternative materials such as resin-based composites, glass ionomer cement (GICs), and ceramic materials have gained popularity. Each material has its advantages and limitations, and dental professionals should consider factors such as the patient's oral health status and preferences when selecting the most suitable material. The article emphasizes the importance of personalized care and patient-centered discussions to ensure satisfaction and long-term oral health. [Extracted from the article]

Introduction and hypothesis: Our aim was to compare urodynamic findings in urinary incontinent (UI) women with and without diabetes. Methods: In the extensive Lolland-Falster Health Study, women with lower urinary tract symptoms were offered urodynamic testing. After excluding 6 women with incomplete urodynamic testing and 88 women without UI, our analysis ended up including 417 women (31 with and 386 without diabetes). Student's t-test and chi-squared test were used to compare differences of urodynamic findings. Urodynamic testing consisted of a 2-day bladder diary, post-void residual urine volume, filling cystometry, pressure-flow study, cough stress test, and uroflowmetry. Three experienced physicians in urogynecology evaluated all urodynamic findings leading to an overall conclusion of the test results. Results: Self-reported data showed that compared to incontinent women without diabetes, incontinent women with diabetes had more frequent leakage, a larger amount of leakage, and a higher ICIQ score. A positive ICS Uniform cough stress test was more prevalent in women with diabetes. There were no significant differences in other urodynamic findings or overall conclusion between the two groups. Controlling for age and BMI did not affect our findings. Conclusions: Women with diabetes complained more about UI, had a higher ICIQ score, and had a positive ICS Uniform cough stress test more often than women without diabetes. Based on these findings, we recommend to include the history of urinary incontinence in the care of women with diabetes. This sample consists of women from a comprehensive health study with different severity of UI. Therefore, it can serve as a reference cohort for future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]