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D’après un rapport de l’IGAS, la loi de 2009 ayant supprimé l’autorisation préalable pour l’ouverture d’un centre de santé a provoqué un accroissement de leur création de 25 % entre 2011 et 2016. Le nombre de chirurgiens-dentistes travaillant dans ces structures s’accroit lui aussi, encourageant l’offre d’une nouvelle façon d’exercer l’art dentaire. Le travail de cette thèse consiste, en premier lieu, à établir un état des lieux des centres de santé dentaires en 2020, en s’intéressant aux différents types existants et à leur mode de fonctionnement. Ensuite, l’intérêt est porté sur le statut salarié du chirurgien-dentiste exerçant dans ces structures, incluant le focus sur le contrat de travail ainsi que les avantages et les inconvénients que présente ce statut. Dans un second temps, une enquête a été réalisée auprès d’une population cible de chirurgiens-dentistes travaillant en centre de santé afin d’une part d’identifier les caractéristiques et la typologie du chirurgien-dentiste salarié en centre de santé, et d’autre part d’évaluer le devenir des centres de santé dentaires et du statut de salarié du chirurgien-dentiste en France, dans les prochaines années.

It is difficult to deliver adequate training for people working in rabies control in low and middle-income countries. Popular e-learning systems for low-income settings are not well suited to developing and testing practical skills, including laboratory methods.We customized training in rabies control methods for African professionals and students from different disciplines. Trainees participated in preparatory online sessions, evaluations and exercises before and after a 12-day workshop. Trainees and mentors continued to interact through an online forum up to one year after the workshop.In Africa, 15,000 deaths from rabies occur each year due to a lack of awareness, inaccessibility of post-exposure prophylaxis, inadequate or absent canine rabies-control programmes and lack of governmental financial support.Thirty two trainees - working in health departments, hospitals, veterinary stations and research institutes - were selected to participate; 28 completed the course and passed the final evaluation. Pilot rabies investigation programmes were developed, and two manuscripts submitted for publication. An online forum facilitated further progress for a year after the workshop.A combination of customized online and onsite training is suitable for teaching disease-control personnel in low-income countries. Participation in this course enabled trainees to advocate for the development of national disease-control strategies. Mentoring is needed to develop a strong network of experts in similar settings.Il est difficile de dispenser une formation appropriée aux personnes intervenant dans la lutte contre la rage dans les pays à revenu faible et intermédiaire. Les systèmes populaires d'apprentissage en ligne conçus pour les pays à faible revenu ne sont pas adaptés au développement et au test des compétences pratiques, notamment en ce qui concerne les méthodes analytiques.Nous avons adapté la formation sur les méthodes de lutte contre la rage à l'intention de professionnels et d'étudiants africains issus de différentes disciplines. Les bénéficiaires de la formation ont participé à des séances de préparation en ligne, à des évaluations et à des exercices, avant et après un atelier de 12 jours. Puis, les bénéficiaires de la formation et les tuteurs ont continué à interagir jusqu'à un an après l'atelier via un forum accessible en ligne.En Afrique, 15.000 décès dus à la rage surviennent chaque année. Cette situation vient d'un manque de sensibilisation, de l'inaccessibilité des traitements de prophylaxie post-exposition, de programmes de lutte contre la rage canine inappropriés voire inexistants et d'un manque de soutien financier gouvernemental.Trente-deux bénéficiaires de la formation (qui travaillent dans des services de santé, des hôpitaux, des centres vétérinaires ou des instituts de recherche) ont été sélectionnés pour la formation ; vingt-huit l'ont achevée et ont passé avec succès l'évaluation finale. Des programmes pilotes d'enquête sur la rage ont été élaborés et deux manuscrits ont été soumis pour publication. Un forum en ligne a facilité la poursuite des progrès pendant l'année qui a suivi l'atelier.L'association de modules proposés en ligne et sur place est adaptée à la formation du personnel de lutte contre la maladie dans les pays à faible revenu. La participation à cette formation a permis à ses bénéficiaires de plaider pour l'élaboration de stratégies nationales de lutte contre la maladie. Un tutorat est nécessaire pour constituer un solide réseau d'experts dans des contextes similaires.Es difícil proporcionar una formación adecuada a aquellos que trabajan en el control de la rabia en países de ingresos bajos y medios. Los populares sistemas de aprendizaje en línea en comunidades de ingresos bajos no son adecuados para desarrollar y poner a prueba las habilidades prácticas, incluidos los métodos de laboratorio.Se personalizó la formación en los métodos de control de la rabia para los profesionales y estudiantes africanos de diferentes disciplinas. Los alumnos participaron en sesiones preparatorias, evaluaciones y ejercicios en línea antes y después de un taller de 12 días. Los alumnos y los profesores siguieron interactuando a través de un foro en línea hasta un año después del taller.En África, hay 15.000 muertes de rabia cada año debidas a la falta de concienciación, la inaccesibilidad de la profilaxis postexposición, los programas inadecuados o ausentes de control de la rabia canina y la falta de apoyo financiero del gobierno.Treinta y dos alumnos que trabajan en departamentos de salud, hospitales, clínicas veterinarias e institutos de investigación fueron seleccionados para participar. 28 de ellos completaron el curso y aprobaron la evaluación final. Se desarrollaron programas piloto de investigación de la rabia y se presentaron 2 manuscritos para su publicación. Gracias al foro en línea, se pudo seguir progresando hasta un año después del taller.La combinación de la formación en línea y presencial es adecuada para enseñar al personal de control de enfermedades en países de ingresos bajos. La participación en este curso permitió a los alumnos promocionar el desarrollo de estrategias nacionales de control de enfermedades. La tutoría es necesaria para desarrollar una sólida red de expertos en marcos similares.يصعب تقديم التدريب الكافي للعاملين في مكافحة داء الكَلَب في البلدان منخفضة ومتوسطة الدخل. ولا تُعد نظم التعليم الإلكتروني الشعبية للمواقع منخفضة الدخل مناسبة تمامًا لتطوير واختبار المهارات العملية، بما في ذلك الأساليب المختبرية.لقد قمنا بتخصيص تدريبات في أساليب مكافحة داء الكَلَب للمختصين الأفارقة والطلبة من مختلف الاختصاصات. وشارك المتدربون في الجلسات والتقييمات والتمارين التحضيرية المباشرة على شبكة الإنترنت، قبل وبعد إجراء حلقة عمل لمدةفي أفريقيا، تحدثتم اختيار اثنان وثلاثين متدربًا – يعملون في الأقسام والإدارات الصحية، والمستشفيات، والمحطات البيطرية، ومعاهد الأبحاث – للمشاركة؛ وقد قاممن المناسب الجمع بين التدريبات المباشرة على الإنترنت والتدريبات الميدانية في الموقع لتعليم العاملين المختصين بمكافحة الأمراض في البلدان منخفضة الدخل. كان للمشاركة في هذه الدورة التدريبية أثر في تمكين المتدربين من الدعوة إلى إعداد استراتيجيات وطنية لمكافحة الأمراض. وهناك حاجة إلى التوجيه لإعداد شبكة قوية من الخبراء في بيئات مشابهة.在中低收入国家中难以为从事狂犬病控制的人员提供合适的培训。低收入环境中普及的电子学习系统不太适于开发并测试实践技能，包括化验方法。.我们针对不同学科的非洲专业人员和学生开展了关于狂犬病控制方法的定制化培训。受训人员在为期 12 天的研讨会前后参与了预备在线课程、评估和练习。受训人员和导师在研讨会结束后继续通过在线论坛进行了长达一年的互动交流。.在非洲，每年有 15 000 人死于狂犬病，这是因为缺乏意识、无法在接触后采取预防措施、狂犬病控制计划的制定不充分或没有制定，以及政府财政支持不足。.选出 32 名就职于卫生部门、医院、兽医站和研究所的受训人员参与培训，其中有 28 名完成了课程并通过了最终评估。制定出试行的狂犬病调查计划，并提交了 2 份原稿用于出版。研讨会结束后，在线论坛进一步推动了为期一年的进展。.定制化的在线和现场培训相结合，适合用于教导低收入国家的疾病控制人员。参与此项课程有助于让受训人员拥护国家疾病控制策略的发展。在相似的环境中，需要在指导下开发强大的专家网络。.В странах с низким и средним уровнем доходов населения трудно обеспечить адекватное обучение специалистов по контролю распространения бешенства. Популярные системы электронного обучения для стран с низким уровнем дохода плохо подходят для развития и проверки практических навыков, включая знания лабораторных методов контроля.Обучение методам контроля распространения бешенства было адаптировано для африканских специалистов и студентов различных дисциплин. Обучаемые проходили 12-дневный практический курс. Перед курсом и после него проводились подготовительные занятия, тестирование и практические занятия в режиме онлайн. Обучаемые и кураторы продолжали взаимодействие через онлайн-форум на протяжении одного года после окончания курса.В Африке от бешенства ежегодно умирает 15 000 человек. Причиной тому является слабая информированность населения, недоступность постконтактной профилактики, неэффективность или отсутствие программ контроля распространения бешенства среди собак и отсутствие финансовой поддержки от государства.Для участия в курсе были отобраны 32 сотрудника из департаментов здравоохранения, больниц, ветеринарных станций и исследовательских институтов; 28 человек окончили курс и прошли окончательное тестирование. Были разработаны пилотные программы по исследованию бешенства, и две рукописи были сданы в печать. Онлайн-форум способствовал дальнейшему обучению участников на протяжении одного года после окончания курса.Для обучения специалистов по контролю распространения заболеваний в странах с низким уровнем дохода населения подходит сочетание индивидуализированного обучения онлайн и на местах. Участие в данном курсе позволило обучаемым выступить в поддержку разработки национальных стратегий по контролю распространения заболеваний. Для создания сети высококвалифицированных специалистов в подобных условиях необходимо организовать эффективный процесс наставничества.

International audience; PROBLEM:The revision of the International Health Regulations (IHR) and the threat of influenza pandemics and other disease outbreaks with a major impact on developing countries have prompted bolstered surveillance capacity, particularly in low-resource settings.APPROACH:Surveillance tools with well-timed, validated data are necessary to strengthen disease surveillance. In 2007 Madagascar implemented a sentinel surveillance system for influenza-like illness (ILI) based on data collected from sentinel general practitioners.SETTING:Before 2007, Madagascar's disease surveillance was based on the passive collection and reporting of data aggregated weekly or monthly. The system did not allow for the early identification of outbreaks or unexpected increases in disease incidence.RELEVANT CHANGES:An innovative case reporting system based on the use of cell phones was launched in March 2007. Encrypted short message service, which costs less than 2 United States dollars per month per health centre, is now being used by sentinel general practitioners for the daily reporting of cases of fever and ILI seen in their practices. To validate the daily data, practitioners also report epidemiological and clinical data (e.g. new febrile patient's sex, age, visit date, symptoms) weekly to the epidemiologists on the research team using special patient forms.LESSONS LEARNT:Madagascar's sentinel ILI surveillance system represents the country's first nationwide "real-time" surveillance system. It has proved the feasibility of improving disease surveillance capacity through innovative systems despite resource constraints. This type of syndromic surveillance can detect unexpected increases in the incidence of ILI and other syndromic illnesses.

Background The purpose of the study was to evaluate systematic reviews of research into two public health priorities, tobacco consumption and HIV infection, in terms of the reporting of data related to the applicability of trial results (i.e., whether the results of a trial can be reasonably applied or generalized to a definable group of patients in a particular setting in routine practice, also called external validity or generalisability). Methods All systematic reviews of interventions aimed at reducing or stopping tobacco use and treating or preventing HIV infection published in the Cochrane database of systematic reviews and in journals indexed in MEDLINE between January 1997 and December 2007 were selected. We used a standardized data abstraction form to extract data related to applicability in terms of the context of the trial, (country, centres, settings), participants (recruitment, inclusion and exclusion criteria, baseline characteristics of participants such as age, sex, ethnicity, coexisting diseases or co-morbidities, and socioeconomic status), treatment (duration, intensity/dose of treatment, timing and delivery format), and the outcomes assessment from selected reviews. Results A total of 98 systematic reviews were selected (57 Cochrane reviews and 41 non-Cochrane reviews); 49 evaluated interventions aimed at reducing or stopping tobacco use and 49 treating or preventing HIV infection. The setting of the individual studies was reported in 45 (46%) of the systematic reviews, the number of centres in 21 (21%), and the country where the trial took place in 62 (63%). Inclusion and exclusion criteria of the included studies were reported in 16 (16%) and 13 (13%) of the reviews, respectively. Baseline characteristics of participants in the included studies were described in 59 (60%) of the reviews. These characteristics concerned age in about half of the reviews, sex in 46 (47%), and ethnicity in 9 (9%). Applicability of results was discussed in 13 (13%) of the systematic reviews. The reporting was better in systematic reviews by the Cochrane Collaboration than by non-Cochrane groups. Conclusions Our study highlighted the lack of consideration of applicability of results in systematic reviews of research into 2 public health priorities: tobacco consumption and HIV infection.

International audience; INTRODUCTION: The management of tuberculosis has been the subject of renewed interest in France. Recently, the recommendations and the regulations concerning the disease have been updated. However, the resources that are actually available and the processes in place in different French departments are not clearly known. A national survey was thus carried out by a working group of the SPLF in charge of the recommendations concerning the medical, social and administrative management of the disease. METHODS: A questionnaire was sent to the 100 French departmental Antituberculous Services (SLAT). This explored the structures, activity, organisation involved, and difficulties encountered in Tuberculosis management. RESULTS: Ninety SLAT took part in the study. Their answers reveal: a discordance between a number of cases notified to the Department of Sanitation and Health (DDASS) and the number of cases known to the SLAT; a disparity between means involved in this study and the number of patients followed up as well as the choice of populations targeted for tracing); a willingness to deal with contact tracing although the investigations around individual cases and the definition of which subjects should be followed up were variable; a demand for protocols, networks and national recommendations. CONCLUSIONS: The SLAT are involved in the fight against tuberculosis with 20 years experience. The needs expressed in this survey point the way towards future prioritary actions to improve tuberculosis control nationally.

International audience; BACKGROUND: Malaria is influenced by a web of individual and ecological factors, i.e. factors relating to people and relating to environment. For a long time analysing these factors concurrently has raised statistical problems. Multilevel modelling provides a new attractive solution, which is still uncommon in tropical medicine. METHODS: Using an actual data set of 3864 individuals from 38 villages of the Highland Madagascar, a two-level modelling process is presented. Individual malaria parasitaemia is modelled step by step according to age (individual factor), altitude, and DDT indoor house-spraying status (village factors). RESULTS: The hierarchical organization of a data set in levels, fixed and random effects, and cross-level interactions are considered. Accurate estimations of standard errors, impact of unknown or unmeasured variables quantified and accounted for through random effects, are the highlighted advantages of multilevel modelling. CONCLUSION: While not denying the importance of understanding an aetiological chain, the authors recommend an increased use of multilevel modelling, mainly to identify accurately ecological targets for public health policy.