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A Free Electron Laser (FEL), is a device that generates extremely coherent and brilliant radiation using electrons accelerated to relativistic velocities in a particle accelerator. The process utilises similar equipment to what is used at a synchrotron source like MAX IV, but in addition there is an interaction between the relativistic electron beam and the generated radiation to achieve an exponential growth in radiation intensity. The produced radiation can potentially be several orders of magnitude more brilliant than what is possible at a synchrotron source like MAX IV, which also produces brilliant and coherent radiation in the form of X-rays. This is mainly done in the two storage rings at the facility, but also at a beamline called FemtoMAX. FemtoMAX lies in the Short Pulse Facility (SPF), and is connected directly to the linear accelerator (linac), that also injects electrons into the storage rings. When MAX IV was built, there was an idea that the linac could also be used to drive an FEL. The prospective FEL at FemtoMAX would be a so-called Self-Amplified Spontaneous Emission (SASE) FEL, similar to other major FELs like European XFEL or LCLS. In such FELs, the radiation is generated with a single pass of electrons through undulators which make the electrons emit radiation. FemtoMAX also generates radiation with an undulator driven by electrons from a linac, but what makes the difference to an FEL is that in the latter the wavelength and electron energy are tuned so that the electrons will emit radiation coherently, which causes a self-amplifying effect, and an exponential growth in radiation intensity. This exponential growth is characterised by a distance over which the intensity increases by a factor of e, the gain length, which depends on a number of parameters of the electron beam. Most importantly for this thesis, it decreases with decreasing electron energy. At the 3 GeV electron energy where FemtoMAX currently operates, the exponential growth require, The research field of lasers is an incredibly exciting one. If nothing else, this becomes apparent when one looks at the Nobel prizes in physics from recent years, of which several were awarded for improvements to laser technology. These advancements have created entirely new fields of research, like the attosecond research which allows scientists to view the movement of electrons inside the atom, which was awarded the Nobel prize this year. More than that, lasers are used for many things, from measuring distances and mapping out cities to creating miniature stars by igniting fusion in balls of hydrogen. Bearing all these amazing applications in mind, we will now consider how one can advance laser technology even further. Lasers create light by making electrons in atoms lose energy and create a photon in the process. By a method called stimulated emission, these photons cause other electrons to emit photons in phase with each other. One of the remaining limitations with lasers is that the wavelength of the laser cannot be arbitrarily short- ened. Shorter wavelength corresponds to the laser photons having higher energy, which in a traditional laser would require that the electrons had higher energies in the atoms. A short wavelength laser would have several interesting new properties. One of the most interesting types of short wavelength light is X-rays. These are well-known for their many uses in medical applications, but they are also highly interesting in various scientific measurements. For instance, the storage ring at MAX IV in Lund generates high intensity X-ray beams which enable scientists to look inside objects and materials to better understand them. If we bring these two interesting concepts together, we get an X-ray laser, which combines the useful research properties of both lasers and X-rays. As mentioned before though, it is not entirely easy to make an X-ray laser. The problem is that electrons in atoms cannot have high enough energies to create phot

Nanowires are explored as basic components for a large range of electronic devices. The nanowire format offersseveral benefits, including reduced material consumption and increased potential for combining materials to formnew novel heterostructures. Several factors, such as mechanical stress from contacting or a lattice mismatch in aheterostructure, can strain and change the lattice tilt. The strain is often intertwined with small gradients ofcomposition. The strain relaxation can differ significantly from bulk due to the small diameters, but the mechanismsare not fully comprehended. X-rays have a penetrating power that makes it possible to investigate embeddedsamples without preparation or slicing. The high flux of coherent X-ray beams from synchrotron radiation facilities,combined with the nano-focus capabilities developed in recent years, have made it possible to probe nano-crystals.The 4th generation of synchrotrons, including MAX IV in Lund, Sweden, has even higher brilliance than previoussources. Diffraction imaging techniques using synchrotron radiation can reveal small strains down to 10-4-10-5. Thefield of coherent imaging pushes the limits of resolutions below the size of the focus. With Bragg ptychography, thedisplacement field in a crystal can be probed with resolution beyond the probe focus by numerically reconstructingthe phase.This thesis includes the development of X-ray nano-diffraction methods for the characterizing of nanowires, includingGaInP/InP barcode nanowires, p-i-n InP nanowire devices and metal halide perovskite CsPbBr3 nanowires. Itincludes a theoretical background of the scattering mechanisms in Thomson scattering in nano-crystals, goesthrough the formalism for coherent diffraction imaging, crystal structure and deformation in nanoobjects and thetechnical aspects of the experimental setup and measurement. Moreover, theoretical modelling of elastic strainrelaxation in these nanowires was performed with finite element modelling.Single III

In the present work, two experimental setups aimed at the production of (1) water clusters and (2) metal-oxide nanoparticles were assembled and commissioned. The experiments on the cluster/nanoparticle beams were set up and performed at the FlexPES beamline of the MAX-IV synchrotron facility. In these experiments, photoelectron spectroscopy technique was the tool, with Scienta R4000 electron spectrometer used for collecting spectra in water valence region and the low-kinetic energy region in the first part, and in silver valence and 3d region for the second part. The experiments on water clusters were motivated by the questions existing in the radiotherapy treatment of tumours by electrons produced as the result of body water ionization. Our experiments showed a monotonous growth of the secondary electron production with the kinetic energy of the primary photoelectrons. The experiments on silver-oxide nanoparticles were inspired by the role silver plays in catalytic oxidation processes. The results shed some light on the spectroscopic signatures of two possible oxidation states in silver about which a discussion has been running for decades., X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy on Clusters: From Water Clusters to Metal \& Metal-Oxide Nanoparticles Clusters are particles consisting of several identical atoms or molecules bound together. Some clusters exist around us, like soot particles or tiny water droplets. Many other clusters can only be produced in a laboratory. There is an increasing interest in cluster research because of their growing range of applications, and because they can serve as models for macroscopic systems. In this work, the clusters contained a few thousand atoms or molecules and were studied at the MAX-IV synchrotron facility using spectroscopic techniques. The first part of the thesis concerns water clusters. Energizing water clusters with radiation allows researchers to study problems connected to radiation therapy. In radiotherapy, it is believed that a special type of electrons that are produced when the water in biological tissue is targeted can play a role in destroying tumour cells. In the current study of water clusters, the production of these electrons is a model for the process, a model that can tell us how many of these electrons we can produce with what energy. The results of the experiments carried out in this work show a strong connection between these electrons that we call secondary electrons and their precursors and a clear trend of how their production increases with the energy we apply. These results add to our understanding of the radiotherapy method. The second part of the thesis is dedicated to producing and studying silver and oxidized silver nanoparticles. They can be used to model a part of a chemical reaction that usually takes place in chemical factories and it is called ‘’ethylene epoxidation through catalytic production’’. This reaction is important because its product the main ingredient used for making detergents. The silver-oxide particles are used to make oxygen available for the oxidation of ethylene to happen. The problem is that silver‘oxides can be o

FinEstBeAMS (Finnish–Estonian Beamline for Atmospheric and Materials Sciences) is a multidisciplinary beamline constructed at the 1.5 GeV storage ring of the MAX IV synchrotron facility in Lund, Sweden. The beamline covers an extremely wide photon energy range, 4.5–1300 eV, by utilizing a single elliptically polarizing undulator as a radiation source and a single grazing-incidence plane grating monochromator to disperse the radiation. At photon energies below 70 eV the beamline operation relies on the use of optical and thin-film filters to remove higher-order components from the monochromated radiation. This paper discusses the performance of the beamline, examining such characteristics as the quality of the gratings, photon energy calibration, photon energy resolution, available photon flux, polarization quality and focal spot size.

The SPECIES beamline has been transferred to the new 1.5 GeV storage ring at the MAX IV Laboratory. Several improvements have been made to the beamline and its endstations during the transfer. Together the Ambient Pressure X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Resonant Inelastic X-ray Scattering endstations are capable of conducting photoelectron spectroscopy in elevated pressure regimes with enhanced time-resolution and flux and X-ray scattering experiments with improved resolution and flux. Both endstations offer a unique capability for experiments at low photon energies in the vacuum ultraviolet and soft X-ray range. In this paper, the upgrades on the endstations and current performance of the beamline are reported.

Användning av sekundära råvaror har på senare tid fått ett ökat fokus med den drivkraft som finns kring cirkulär omställning. Möjligheten att nyttja askor ifrån avfallsförbränning är starkt beroende av deras innehåll av toxiska men också värdefulla komponenter, bland annat metaller. Föreliggande projekt har undersökt möjligheterna med att använda röntgenabsorptionsspektroskopi (XAS) för att påvisa de dominerande förekomstformerna av metallerna zink, bly, koppar och antimon i askor från förbränning av avfall. En ökad kunskap om dessa förekomstformer kan ge nya möjligheter till klassificering av bottenaskor (slaggrus) samt ge viktig information för optimering av behandlingsmetoder för att endera stabilisera flygaskor för säker deponi eller för utvinning av värdefulla metaller. I projektet ingick därför analyser av ett mindre antal askor representerande både färska och lagrade bottenaskor samt behandlade och icke behandlade flygaskor. Dessutom representerades olika förbränningsteknologier, såsom rosterpanna, roterugn och cirkulerande fluidiserad bädd (CFB). I projektet har röntgen-absorptionsspektroskopimätningar (XAS) genomförts vid BALDER som är ett av strålrören på MAX IV laboratoriet, Lund. XAS kan delas in i två delar, EXAFS och XANES, där XANES utnyttjar den första delen av spektrumet (energier närmast absorptionskanten) och kräver betydligt kortare analystid än en full EXAFS analys (högre energier). Fokus har därför legat på XANES i detta projekt då det är den teknik som har störst potential att fungera som en tidseffektiv standardanalys på MAX IV, speciellt för heterogena prov som genererar hög brusnivå vilket är typiskt för askor. Metoden är väldigt beroende av relevanta referensspektrum för att kunna identifiera de olika förekomstformerna. En stor del av arbetet har därför varit att identifiera, framskaffa, kontrollera renhetsgrad för och slutligen mäta på de totalt 43 referensmaterial som använts i analyserna (14 zinkföreningar, 14 kopparföreningar, 10 blyfö

Since spring 2019 an experimental setup consisting of an electron spectrometer and an ion time-of-flight mass spectrometer for diluted samples has been available for users at the FinEstBeAMS beamline of the MAX IV Laboratory in Lund, Sweden. The setup enables users to study the interaction of atoms, molecules, (molecular) microclusters and nanoparticles with short-wavelength (vacuum ultraviolet and X-ray) synchrotron radiation and to follow the electron and nuclear dynamics induced by this interaction. Test measurements of N₂ and thiophene (C₄H₄S) molecules have demonstrated that the setup can be used for many-particle coincidence spectroscopy. The measurements of the Ar 3p photoelectron spectra by linear horizontal and vertical polarization show that angle-resolved experiments can also be performed. The possibility to compare the electron spectroscopic results of diluted samples with solid targets in the case of CO₂O₃ and Fe₂O₃ at the Co and Fe L2,3-absorption edges in the same experimental session is also demonstrated. Because the photon energy range of the FinEstBeAMS beamline extends from 4.4 eV up to 1000 eV, electron, ion and coincidence spectroscopy studies can be executed in a very broad photon energy range.

The new millennium has seen revolutionary advances in photonsource technology. As the newly constructed synchrotron facilityMAX IV in Lund, Sweden, pushes brilliance toward what isphysically possible, low-yield spectroscopic techniques, such asresonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS), open new doors inmolecular and condensed matter research. The VERITAS beamline atMAX IV is designed for high-resolution vibrational RIXS on gases.X-rays interact with flowing molecules inside a window-cappedcell, but the radiation intensity is expected to be large enoughto damage the windows, and cause build-up of photochemicalproducts, which lowers transmission. To address these issues, anovel gas cell design is presented, wherein the distance betweensample gas and window is increased by using a flowing heliumbuffer. The main challenge is maintaining a steep sample gasconcentration gradient within the cell, and to that end, gas flowswere simulated on various geometries by using the finite elementmethod to solve the Navier-Stokes equations. Results were used toconstruct a prototype, and confocal Raman microscopy was used forconcentration characterization. Preliminary measurements revealeda uniform sample gas distribution, and the technique proved to beinefficient for wide scanning of parameter values. This suggeststhat a supplementary experiment is required to find roughestimates of good parameter values, which can then be followed upwith new Raman measurements for fine-tuning of the properparameter space. Real-time visualization of the sample gas flow,using a visible gas under an optical microscope, is one candidatefor this supplementary experiment.

Sedan en tid tillbaka arbetar flera länder, regioner och större städer med platsvarumärke. Detta används till marknadsföring av sin plats men även för att framhäva det som karaktäriserar eller är unikt för platsen. Idag syns platsvarumärken på kommunen och mindre städer. En snabb sökning av platsvarumärke på internet visar att flera kommuner arbetar aktivt med att utveckla sitt platsvarumärke. Tydligt syns det att platsvarumärke idag är ett aktuellt ämne för kommuner och lokalpolitiker att lyfta fram det som karaktäriserar sin plats och sin framtida utveckling. Kommunen kan med platsvarumärket belysa vad man vill utveckla och vad kommunen anser vara betydande för platsen. Detta kan vara lokaliseringen eller det som anses vara kommunens identitet och det man vill framställa sig som. Syftet med denna uppsats är att få en djupare förståelse för begreppet platsvarumärke för en kommun och hanteras i fallet Lund och Brunnshög. Undersökningen riktar sig till hur platsvarumärket och samhällsplaneringen påverkar varandra i en kommun och om platsvarumärket påverkar utformningen av det fysiska rummet. För att få en förståelse för hur platsvarumärket finns i planeringsdokument har litteraturstudie genomförts med metoden kvalitativ innehållsanalys. I analysen appliceras det teoretiska ramverket och kunskapsöversikten som utgår från platsvarumärke och samhällsplanering. Undersökningsmaterialet har varit Lunds översiktsplan 2010 och fördjupade översiktsplanen för Lund NE/Brunnshög. För att besvara frågeställningen undersöks även två detaljplaner för att finna hur utformningen av det fysiska rummet skett. Slutsatserna som kan dras av undersökningen är att det finns inga tydliga kopplingar mellan detaljplanerna och platsvarumärket. Däremot finns kopplingarna mellan platsvarumärket och översiktsplanen och fördjupade översiktsplanen. Vidare frågeställningar har uppkommit i arbetet med uppsatsen om hur påverkan mellan platsvarumärket och den valda utvecklingen av större bebyggelse sker

As a beam of particles moves through a storage ring each particle will perform transverse oscillations as a result of the focusing magnetic fields it encounters. The amount of transverse oscillations performed in a single revolution of the ring is known as the particle's betatron tune. The goal of this project was to investigate the tunes by instigating an oscillation using a short-lived, strong magnetic field to cause a disturbance to the entire beam. This was performed and positional data was collected throughout the ring. This data, and its oscillating patterns, was analyzed using an algorithm similar to a Fourier transform in order to find the beam's tune. Furthermore, investigating the tune's change between turns traveled in the storage ring allowed for a rough measurement of the beam's stability. The resulting frequency maps, maps of the betatron tune in the two transverse planes, showed the effect on the beam when it is situated at certain tunes. This provides insight into areas of tune to avoid or seek out during operations. The project was successful in creating these maps, although further studies into areas of interest within the results could be advantageous., MAX IV i Lund är en världsledande forskningsanläggning. Acceleratorn vid anläggning är en mycket speciell form av accelerator, en synkrotron. Elektroner som färdas nära ljusets hastighet utnyttjas för att utvinna något av det mest starka och intensiva ljus som kan bildas, synkrotronljus. Grundprincipen bakom en synkrotron utnyttjar elektromagnetiska grundlagar för att bilda ljus, fotoner, med hjälp av laddade partiklar accelererade till extremt höga hastigheter. När dessa partiklars bana sedan böjs kommer de att avge ljus. För att få partiklarna att nå och bibehålla sådana hastigheter som behövs utnyttjas en partikelaccelerator, så som MAX IV i Lund. Partiklar accelereras i en tunnel under jorden och förvaras sedan i en ring av magneter och vakuumrör som bibehåller den höga energin. Här förs partiklarna till “strålrör” där synkrotronljuset extraheras och utnyttjas av forskare till varierande ändamål. När partiklarna rör sig längs den cirkulära banan påbörjar de transversala oscillationer. Hur många oscillationer partiklarna genomför på en rotation av ringen kallas för deras “ton”. Detta projekt utgår på att störa partiklarnas bana med ett magnetiskt fält, sedan studera oscillationerna deras bana utför p.g.a. störningen, framförallt deras ton och hur de olika tonerna påverkar partiklarnas stabilitet. Om tonen passerar specifika värden, “resonanser”, sker det att partiklarnas bana blir instabil. En karta över dessa resonanser kan synas i bilden nedan. Detta kan orsaka många olika problem, som att partiklar slår i sidorna av vakuumröret och förloras, eller bara att skakningarna stör mätningar som forskare håller på med. Sådana typer av förluster kostar både tid och pengar för anläggningen, och en undersökning av hur tonerna påverkas av olika störningar kan hjälpa att undvika förluster. Efter en initial störning med hjälp av starka magnetfält samlades positionell data in med hjälp av “Beam Positional Monitors”, BPMs, längs med hela ringen och vid varje varv. Denna data

When installing an insertion device (ID) in a storage ring the electron beam is affected. The positional displacement and angle deflection is called orbit displacement (OD) and higher order effects such as focusing of the electron beam are referred to as linear optics. The ability to perform multiple simultaneous experiments is crucial in a synchrotron light source such as MAX IV. This is impossible to achieve if one ID affects the output of another through the electron beam, making correction for an ID's effect on the beam imperative. This thesis covers the commissioning process of the first ID to be installed in the MAX IV 1.5 GeV storage ring (R1). The OD and linear optics of an elliptically polarised undulator (EPU) was to be compensated for in a feed forward approach. In essence the commissioning should make the ID transparent to the electron beam. A general procedure was developed using MATLAB and other software and libraries by first solving the problem on a model of the ring and then in the real storage ring. The electron orbit was corrected down to 1 micrometer for most settings of the ID which is close to the noise level of the measuring system of the ring. The commissioning is considered successful and the ID is ready for beamline delivery and will be able to run without affecting other beamlines. It was discovered that some magnetic coils performed 25 percent below their specifications, and that the beta beat of the bare R1 was at its worst 15 percent, something that should be improved for optimal performance of the facility., Ett insättningselement på MAX IV är en förutsättning för det ljus man vill skapa, men påverkar elektronerna som far runt i anläggningen negativt - med hjälp av smarta elektromagneter kan detta lösas. MAX IV är en partikelaccelerator i världsklass. I anläggningen i utkanten av Lund swishar elektronerna i ljusets hastighet runt i enorma ringar av vakuumrör. Till skillnad från vad många tror krockas här däremot elektronerna inte mot något och man kollar varken efter antimateria eller Higgspartiklar. Istället är användningsområdet för MAX IV mer likt det för ett vanligt mikroskop. Ordspråket "att se något i ett nytt ljus" kan inte passa bättre än det man gör på MAX IV. Elektronerna som leds runt de två ringarna i anläggningen är som vilken ström som helst och mäts av forskarna i Ampere. Och precis som när man slår på strömbrytaren på väggen hemma kan man använda strömmen till att skapa ljus. Skillnaden är att istället för en glödlampa har man på MAX IV ett så kallat insättningselement. En annan skillnad till glödlampan hemma är att med insättningselementen och den välskötta elektronstrålen kan man inte bara skapa världens skarpaste och starkaste ljus - utan också ljus i nästan vilken färg man vill! Med det producerade ljuset tittar de forskare som kommer till Lund från hela världen närmare på sammansättningen av mediciner och material för att kunna förstå deras egenskaper och hur de kan användas. För att producera detta superskarpa ljus måste störningar på elektronstrålen hållas till ett minimum, något insättningselementen försvårar. I elementen böjs elektronstrålen upp och ner i en svajande bana vilket skapar själva ljuset innan elektronerna enligt design lämnar elementet med samma vinkel och position i höjd- och sidled. Men trots noggrannheten i konstruktionen och installationen av insättningselementet, kan ett så pass litet fel som 0.01 % i styrkan på insättningselementet få ödesdigra konsekvenser: elektronernas bana förändras så pass mycket att de krockar med väggen

The FinEstBeaMS beamline is under construction at the 1.5 GeV storage ring of the MAX IV Laboratory at Lund, Sweden. It has been designed to cover an unusually wide energy range from ultraviolet (4.3 eV) to soft X-rays (1000 eV) but experiments will also be possible at the Mg and Al Kα energies. Instead of having two different insertion devices and optical schemes for low and high photon energy regions, we have based our design on a single long-period, elliptically polarizing undulator and a plane grating monochromator. This solution will provide very good conditions for planned experiments in the whole photon energy region. The beamline will have two branches: one will mainly be used to investigate free atoms, molecules and clusters with photoelectron/photoion coincidence spectroscopy as well as solids with photoluminescence spectroscopy whereas the other one will be dedicated to ultra-high vacuum studies of surfaces and interfaces, utilizing X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray absorption spectroscopy. This paper focuses on the optical design of the beamline and general design concepts of the gas phase and solid state end stations.

The MAX IV synchrotron light source in Lund, Sweden is being commissioned for full operation in late 2017. The HIPPIE beamline will provide research groups with a state of the art machine for ambient pressure photoelectron spectroscopy. The beamline con- tains a range of diagnostic instruments that measure the status of the beam within the beamline. These tools are used in combination with methodical adjustments so that the beamline can be calibrated, ensuring that the highest performance of the machine is har- nessed. To commission the beamline different parts of the beamline were aligned relative to each other, the beamline consists primarily of four mirrors which focus and defocus the beam. At different stages of commissioning different tools need to be used to garner useful in- formation to continue the optimisation procedure. In this thesis, the commissioning process will be presented and the methodical process of operating the diagnostic tools will be described in detail. Additionally, the undulator spectrum will be analysed to assess HIPPIEs performance compared to simulations of its design parameters. X-ray photoelectron (XP) spectra will be measured and analysed to further asses the beamlines status., X-rays are a powerful tool to aid scientific research. Circular particle accelerators can produce brilliant X-rays that are especially useful for scientific research in areas such as, preservation of cultural heritage and understanding strange phenomena of materials. These strange materials and their phenomena have the potential to play a big part in future human advancements.

The MAX IV 3 GeV storage ring is a fourth-generation electron synchrotron. At the time of writing in May 2017, it is the lowest emittance light source in the world. To study its performance is of foremost importance for the MAX IV Laboratory, its users and for upcoming synchrotrons. In this thesis, the MAX IV 3 GeV beam lifetime has been divided into its different components by experiments using in-vacuum copper blade scrapers. Touschek- and gas scattering lifetimes have been measured. The overall lattice momentum acceptance has been estimated by comparing measured Touschek scattering lifetimes with simulations. Observed and calculated current decays have been compared, based on a model using diverse types of decays for different lifetimes., Electrons are among the smallest constituents of matter we know. They are parts of atoms that build up anything and everything, like stones, humans and trees. At the MAX IV Laboratory, electrons are accelerated into very high energies, and reach velocities near the speed of light. The electrons are held circulating in large rings, called storage rings. These rings are made up by vacuum chamber pipes, surrounded by magnets. The electrons are steered and focused by the magnets, and form an electron beam. An electron is a negatively charged particle - it repels other negatively charged particles and attracts positively charged particles. When a charged particle is steered by a magnetic field, it will emit light. It is this emitted light that is used for scientific purposes at a synchrotron light source. By aiming and focusing the highly intensive light towards various material samples, information about for instance atomic structure and surface properties of these materials can be obtained. For instance, hidden text in painted antique parchments can be revealed using synchrotron light. In this work, the electron beam lifetime at the MAX IV 3 GeV storage ring is studied. The electron beam lifetime tells at which pace the electrons are lost from the beam. The lifetime is an important parameter in a storage ring - it determines how often new electrons need to be accelerated and reinjected into the ring. There are mainly two effects causing electrons to be lost from the electron beam in a synchrotron storage ring. The two causes are called gas- and Touschek scattering, and make up two different electron beam lifetimes. These two lifetimes have been characterized during this thesis, which yields a better understanding of the total electron beam lifetime. The gas scattering lifetime is a measurement of how many electrons from the beam that are lost by encounters with residual gas molecules inside the vacuum chamber pipes. The electrons in the beam are travelling inside the v

In any storage ring or synchrotron based light source one of the most important factors for generating light with desirable properties is the electron beam itself. The dynamics of the beam must be properly characterised and, ideally, adjusted to the desired values for the light source to be able to deliver radiation of the quality which was decided during its design. This thesis is limited to some of the linear beam dynamics of the MAX IV 1.5 GeV storage ring. Before any measurements on the dynamics can be done the position of the beam has to be accurately determined. This is done by modulating the strength of the quadrupoles. The effect the modulation will have on the beam is linear with respect to the beam displacement from the centre of the quadrupole. Using this technique it was possible to determine the beam position with a better reproducibility than assumed during the machine design. The beta functions of the machine can be measured by fitting the model to measured data using an algorithm called LOCO. The magnet strengths which give a machine more similar to the nominal model are also obtained from the fit. These values can be used to correct manufacturing errors, electrical errors etc. The LOCO algorithm was able to properly characterise the storage ring, but due to a heating problem all corrections could not be done. An independent measurement method is to measure the beta functions through the modulation of the quadrupoles and the resulting shift in betatron tune. The beta function values found using this technique had a large offset. The method needs further investigation before it can be used reliably.

SPECIES is an undulator-based soft X-ray beamline that replaced the old I511 beamline at the MAX II storage ring. SPECIES is aimed at high-resolution ambient-pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (APXPS), near-edge X-ray absorption fine-structure (NEXAFS), X-ray emission spectroscopy (XES) and resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) experiments. The beamline has two branches that use a common elliptically polarizing undulator and monochromator. The beam is switched between the two branches by changing the focusing optics after the monochromator. Both branches have separate exit slits, refocusing optics and dedicated permanent endstations. This allows very fast switching between two types of experiments and offers a unique combination of the surface-sensitive XPS and bulk-sensitive RIXS techniques both in UHV and at elevated ambient-pressure conditions on a single beamline. Another unique property of the beamline is that it reaches energies down to approximately 27 eV, which is not obtainable on other current APXPS beamlines. This allows, for instance, valence band studies under ambient-pressure conditions. In this article the main properties and performance of the beamline are presented, together with selected showcase experiments performed on the new setup.

Insertion devices have several undesirable effects on the beam dynamics of a synchrotron storage ring, and these must be compensated for in order to ensure long term stable operation. This master’s thesis concerns the two first insertion devices at the MAX IV facility, two in-vacuum undulators for the BioMAX and NanoMAX beamlines. The report presents the work done to neutralize closed-orbit distortions caused by the undulators using a feed-forward scheme, as well as investigations into effects on the optics, and non-linear effects on lifetime and beam size. An algorithm was developed which was able to automatically find feed-forward tables which reduced the closed-orbit distortions to noise level. This algorithm was adapted to be usable for future insertion devices at MAX IV. The tune shift and beta-beat was determined to be negligible and no compensation scheme was implemented. Beam displacement measurements were attempted and found to have insufficient range, thus highlighting the need for other methods to investigate nonlinear effects in the future., In the public mind, accelerators are tools of particle physicists; huge machines which collide particles in the hope of uncovering the fundamental nature of matter. A more common type of accelerator is the synchrotron light-source, where the particles are of less interest than the light they emit. The devices that produce this light, however, cause disturbances which must be neutralized.

The aim of this thesis is to investigate how research and development efforts may affect the supply and demand of the private office rental market. If research and development efforts affect the office rental market, the thesis will also provide answers to how property owners must adapt to meet changes in the rental market. The research facilities European Spallation Source and MAX IV in Lund are used to study research and development efforts. Municipality, county and property owners hope that the research facilities will provide spin-off effects in terms of new business. Lund Municipality is planning for the new district Brunnshög in northeast Lund, where the research facilities will be established. Spin-off effects from research facilities will affect the office rental market in terms of more start-up companies that will increase demand of office space. As a method for the thesis, theory has been studied, Internet searches has been made and interviews with various actors arranged. The answers from the interviews have been worked out to provide different perspectives on the office rental market. The thesis shows that new companies will emerge from the research facilities, which will increase demand for office space. International researchers seeking to Lund will be in need of office space to prepare and evaluate their experiments. An international cluster will be formed around the research facilities, which will be the centre of knowledge exchange between different sectors of industry and universities., Syftet är att se hur forsknings- och utvecklingssatsningar kan påverka utbudet och efterfrågan på den privata kontorshyresmarknaden. Om forsknings- och utvecklingssatsningar påverkar kontorshyresmarknaden ska examensarbetet även ge svar på hur fastighetsägare måste anpassa sig för att möta denna förändring på hyresmarknaden. Forskningsanläggningarna European Spallation Source och MAX IV i Lund används för att studera forsknings- och utvecklingssatsningar. Kommun, landsting och fastighetsägare hoppas att forskningsanläggningarna ska ge spin-off effekter i form av nya företag och kluster som kan växa fram. Lunds kommun planerar för den nya stadsdelen Brunnshög i nordöstra Lund där forskningsanläggningarna kommer att vara etablerade. En forskarby vid namn Science Village planeras mellan de två forskningsanläggningarna. Spin-off effekterna från forskningsanläggningarna kommer att påverka kontorshyresmarknaden i form av fler uppstartsföretag som kommer att efterfråga kontorslokaler. Uppstartsföretagens preferenser för kontorslokal skiljer sig från större väletablerade företag. Hur påverkar spin-off effekterna från forsknings- och utvecklingssatsningarna den privata kontorshyresmarknaden? Vilka osäkerheter finns med forsknings- och utvecklingssatsningar? Hur måste fastighetsägare anpassa sig för att möta eventuella förändringar på kontorshyresmarknaden i Lund? Examensarbetet ger svar på dessa frågeställningar. Som metod för examensarbetet har litteratur studerats, internetsökningar gjorts och intervjuer med olika aktörer arrangerats. Tre privata fastighetsbolag har intervjuats då de är stora aktörer på kontorshyresmarknaden i Lund. Exploateringsingenjör för Brunnshögsprojektet har intervjuats för att få en bild av osäkerheter som kan finnas med den nya stadsdelen. Akademiska Hus har intervjuats för att få en bild över näringslivets och universitetets möjligheter att hyra lokaler för verksamheten vid ESS och MAX IV. Intervjuerna har genomförts som djupintervjuer och interv

MalmoeLund is one of the three large metropolitan regions in Sweden. Compared with Stockholm and Gothenburg, the region has the lowest regional growth. The decision to establish ESS and MAX IV in Lund has brought great opportunities for the region. To take advantage of possible spin-off effects, which among other things can lead to new job opportunities for the region's overall population, extensive collaboration at the regional level is required. There is a major responsibility of the municipalities to include planning, where conditions to be able to receive population growth and opportunities for business creation must exist. The well-functioning infrastructure conflates the region’s municipalities and creates a comprehensive housing and labor market which facilitates economic activity. If the municipalities cannot offer a wide selection of accommodation and premises for new businesses, the region may miss out on potential economic growth. Investment in education is a priority to create a knowledge-intensive labor to attract new companies to the region. Moreover, the region is already known to be a knowledge-based cluster and ESS and MAX IV could further enhance the regions position as a global hub for research and industry.

We describe the design of the NanoMAX beamline to be built among the first phase beamlines of the MAX IV facility inLund, Sweden. NanoMAX will be a hard X-ray imaging beamline providing down to 10 nm in direct spatial resolution,enabling investigations of very small heterogeneous samples exploring methods of diffraction, scattering, absorption,phase contrast and fluorescence. The beamline will have two experimental stations using Fresnel zone plates andKirkpatrick-Baez mirror optics for beam focusing, respectively. This paper focuses on the optical design of the beamlineexcluding the experimental stations but also describes general ideas about the endstations and the nano-focusing optics tobe used. The NanoMAX beamline is planned to be operational late 2016., QC 20140210

The MAX IV facility is a 3rd generation state-of-the-art synchrotron light source currently under construction in Lund, Sweden. The MAX IV 3 GeV storage ring has a large negative natural chromaticity, which has to be corrected to positive values to prevent head-tail instabilities. On the other hand, high linear chromaticity can lead to a large tune footprint limiting Touschek lifetime. Therefore, the linear chromaticity is corrected to +1 in both planes with sextupoles while both sextupoles and octupoles are used to optimise the tune footprint. Studies indicate this design leads to threshold currents for resistive wall and transverse mode coupling instabilities beyond what is expected during regular user operation. However, since these are preliminary studies based on several approximations, the possibility of instability issues during commissioning needs to be considered. A short term solution is to operate the storage ring at a higher chromaticity. This thesis describes the development of a high-chromaticity optics for the MAX IV 3 GeV storage ring with linear chromaticity +4 in both planes. It focuses on reduction of chromatic and amplitude-dependent tune shifts to maximize dynamic aperture and Touschek lifetime. A comparison between the performance of the high-chromaticity optics and the design optics is also presented. The analysis reveals that the performance of the developed high-chromaticity optics is, not quite unexpectedly, poorer than the performance of the design optics. However, the performance of the high-chromaticity optics is estimated to be sufficient to allow the optics to be applied in the MAX IV 3 GeV storage ring as a short term solution if instability issues should occur during commissioning.