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The use of conventional fungicides to control Botrytis blight of ornamentals caused by Botrytis cinerea has its limitations due to increasing resistance to site-specific fungicides. Calcium propionate (CaP) has suppressive action against this disease, and resistance in B. cinerea to CaP has not been reported. This study evaluated the efficacy of postharvest dip applications of 0.1% CaP (pH 6.0) to control Botrytis blight in four cut rose (Rosa × hybrida) cultivars and analyzed gene expression of CaP-treated rose petals. CaP reduced Botrytis blight symptoms in rose ‘Alive’ but not in ‘Freedom’, ‘Momentum’, and ‘Orange Crush’, and no change in gene expression in ‘Orange Crush’ was detected following CaP treatment. Aerial spray applications at 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5% CaP made twice a week for 5 weeks caused minimal phytotoxicity damage to calendula (Calendula officinalis), carnation (Dianthus sp.), dahlia (Dahlia sp.), pansy (Viola × wittrockiana), and snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus) leaves; however, CaP spray applications generated residues at all CaP concentrations in all species except for dahlia, where no residue was observed. The results suggest that CaP will suppress Botrytis blight in some but not all rose cultivars and establish a reference for phytotoxicity symptoms and visible CaP residues on ornamental plants. [Figure: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.

Seed coat morphology of 34 species of Matthiola R.Br. has been studied using light and scanning electron microscopy to assess their investigative value for systematic studies. Macro‐ and micromorphological characters, including seed shape, color, size, wing, and radicle position relative to cotyledons, epidermal cell shape, anticlinal boundaries, and periclinal cell wall are presented. Seed shape, color, and radicle position relative to cotyledons have limited taxonomic significance, as their variation is unhelpful. There against, seed size, wing, and seed coat ornamentation present informative characteristics that can be used professionally in distinguishing the studied taxa. Six different types of seed anticlinal cell wall boundaries are recognized and five different outer periclinal cell wall shapes are described. The sculpture of the secondary cell wall varies from striate, micropapillate to microreticulate, and smooth to fine folds. The taxonomic and phylogenetic implications of seed coat micromorphology were compared with those of the existing gross morphological and molecular data. Seed character analysis offered useful data for evaluating the taxonomy of Matthiola both on subgeneric and sectional levels. Seed micromorphological characters provide evidence that M. odoratissima and M. ovatifolia should be preserved as separate species. In addition, M. ghorana is not conspecific with M. graminea. Furthermore, M. tricuspidata was unique in the seed characters. A key to the identification of the examined taxa based on seed characters is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of foliar application of potassium silicate and inoculation with mycorrhiza on alleviating the effects of drought stress on Matthiola incana plants were explored in a splitsplit-plot experiment based on a completely randomized design with three replications in Perndis Greenhouse Complex during 2019-2020. The main plot was assigned to drought stress at three levels (25%, 50%, and 70% FC), and the sub-plot was assigned to inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) at two levels (0 and 200 g of fungi per pot), and the sub-sub-plot was assigned to potassium silicate (PS) at three levels (0, 200, and 400 ppm). The results showed that at moderate drought stress (50% FC), stem dry weight was increased by about 20% compared to the control. The maximum root length (13.9 cm), which was about 53% higher than that of the control, was recorded in AMF-inoculated plants exposed to moderate drought stress and sprayed with 400 ppm SP. The results also showed that the foliar application of 400 ppm PS in the absence of AMF inoculation was related to 46% higher leaf dry weight than the treatments of 0 ppm SP with no AMF inoculation. The highest number of flowers in all drought stress levels was obtained from the application of the higher levels of PS. The maximum root dry weight was observed in AMF-inoculated plants exposed to moderate drought stress and treated with 400 ppm SP. Proline content was reduced by the application of 200 g of AMF and 400 ppm of PS at moderate and severe (25% FC) drought stress levels. In general, at moderate and severe drought stress levels, some vegetative and reproductive traits were improved by the foliar application of 400 ppm PS and AMF inoculation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As part of a project aimed at investigating the specific and intraspecific taxa of Matthiola which grow spontaneously in Sicily (Italy), in this work our research has been focused on Matthiola tricuspidata and Matthiola sinuata. The phenolic and volatile compounds of the hydroalcoholic extracts from the aerial parts of the selected species have been characterized by HPLC-PDA/ESI-MS and SPME-GC/MS analyses. Moreover, the antioxidant capacity in vitro (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazil (DPPH), reducing power and Fe2+ chelating activity assays) and the toxicity (Artemia salina lethality bioassay) of the extracts were investigated. The phytochemical analyses highlighted quite different phenolic and volatile profiles in the two species. Concerning the antioxidant properties, M. tricuspidata extract resulted the most active both in the DPPH and in the reducing power tests (IC50 = 1.20 ± 0.01 mg/mL and ASE/mL = 11.25 ± 0.97), whereas M. sinuata extract showed better secondary antioxidant properties (IC50 = 1.32 ± 0.02 mg/mL). The extracts resulted non-toxic in the Artemia salina lethality bioassay. Our findings indicate that both M. tricuspidata and M. sinuata represent new safe sources of bioactive compounds with antioxidant potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study evaluated the behaviour of three ornamental species through flowers, in off-season cultivation conditions, in order to optimize production parameters. The total time of flowering (Ttf) was described, for each species, by mathematical models, in relation to the temperature and plants height. The biological material was represented by the species: Lathyrus odoratus L.; Antirrhinum majus L., and Matthiola incana (L.) W.T. Aiton., respectively. The variation of the plant height, in the studied ornamental species, in relation to the temperature (T), was described by polynomial equations of degree 3, in safety statistical conditions (R²=0.975 for Lathyrus; R2=0.987 for Antirrhinum, and R²=0.971 for Matthiola, respectively). In relation to the biological specificity and the behavior in the off-season, the three species had different values for the total time of flowering (Ttf); Ttf = 19 days for Lathyrus; Ttf=166 days for Antirrhinum, and Ttf=210 days for Matthiola. Multiple regression analysis led to the obtaining of Ttf estimation models, depending on the temperature (T, °C) and the height of the plants (H, cm), in statistical safety conditions. The Wolfram Alpha software facilitated the obtaining of 3D and isoquant graphic distribution models of Ttf, according to T (°C) and H (cm), for each species studied. The optimal values for H and T were determined, in order to obtain the best total flowering time, in off-season conditions, values that can be ensured by the cultivation technology of the studied species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introducción y objetivos: El género Matthiola W. T. Aiton posee entre 50 y 60 especies originarias del Mediterráneo, Asia central y Sudáfrica. M. incana (L.) W. T. Aiton, nativa del sur de Europa, se encuentra naturalizada en otras regiones del mundo. En Argentina es cultivada como ornamental. A partir de observaciones florísticas se halló una población naturalizada, que se autoperpetúa sin intervención del hombre, en las costas de la Patagonia Argentina. El objetivo de este trabajo es reportar por primera vez la naturalización de M. incana en Argentina. M&M: Para la identificación de la especie se siguieron los métodos clásicos de taxonomía, se consultó bibliografía específica y se contrastó el material recolectado con imágenes digitales del lectotipo. Se recolectaron semillas de la población naturalizada y se evaluó el poder germinativo a través de un ensayo de germinación. El material recolectado que documenta el presente trabajo fue depositado en el herbario ARC de la Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Resultados: Se describe a Matthiola incana. Se incluyen nombres vulgares y datos sobre distribución, hábitat, ecología y usos. Se presenta una serie de fotografías de campo y bajo microscopio estereoscópico para complementar la descripción. El ensayo de germinación demostró que el 95% de las semillas germina a las 24 hs a 25 °C. Conclusiones: Se reporta por primera vez para Argentina la naturalización de Matthiola incana, única especie del género en el país hasta el momento.

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Macro- and micromorphological features of fruit and seeds belonging to 12 taxa genera of Matthiola W.T.Aiton were studied via stereomicroscope and scanning electron microscope. In macromorphological studies, the following variables were investigated: the shape, size, and color of fruit and seeds; the length of fruiting pedicel; the structure of the median vein; stigma (horns); and trichome properties and density in fruit. In micromorphological studies, the presence or absence of seed wings, seed coat pattern in disc and wing, and epidermal cell shape in disc and wing were determined. According to our findings, all characters of fruit and seeds are extremely variable and can be used as criteria to distinguish species of the genus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims Most crucifer species (Brassicaceae) have small nuclear genomes (mean 1C-value 617 Mb). The species with the largest genomes occur within the monophyletic Hesperis clade (Mandáková et al. , Plant Physiology 174 : 2062–2071; also known as Clade E or Lineage III). Whereas most chromosome numbers in the clade are 6 or 7, monoploid genome sizes vary 16-fold (256–4264 Mb). To get an insight into genome size evolution in the Hesperis clade (~350 species in ~48 genera), we aimed to identify, quantify and localize in situ the repeats from which these genomes are built. We analysed nuclear repeatomes in seven species, covering the phylogenetic and genome size breadth of the clade, by low-pass whole-genome sequencing. Methods Genome size was estimated by flow cytometry. Genomic DNA was sequenced on an Illumina sequencer and DNA repeats were identified and quantified using RepeatExplorer; the most abundant repeats were localized on chromosomes by fluorescence in situ hybridization. To evaluate the feasibility of bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)-based comparative chromosome painting in Hesperis -clade species, BACs of arabidopsis were used as painting probes. Key Results Most biennial and perennial species of the Hesperis clade possess unusually large nuclear genomes due to the proliferation of long terminal repeat retrotransposons. The prevalent genome expansion was rarely, but repeatedly, counteracted by purging of transposable elements in ephemeral and annual species. Conclusions The most common ancestor of the Hesperis clade has experienced genome upsizing due to transposable element amplification. Further genome size increases, dominating diversification of all Hesperis -clade tribes, contrast with the overall stability of chromosome numbers. In some subclades and species genome downsizing occurred, presumably as an adaptive transition to an annual life cycle. The amplification versus purging of transposable elements and tandem repeats impacted the chromosomal architecture of the Hesperis -clade species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peat-based growing media are not ecologically sustainable and peat extraction threatens sensitive peatland ecosystem. In this study, olive-stone waste (OSW) and paper waste (PW) were used in different ratios—as growing media—for ornamental crop production, as peat (P) substitutes. Marigold (Calendula officinalis L.), petunia (Petunia x hybrita L.) and matthiola (Matthiola incana L.) plants were grown in (1) P (100%), (2) P:OSW (90%:10%), (3) P:OSW (70%:30%), and (4) P:OSW:PW (60%:20%:20%). The physicochemical properties of these substrates and the effects on plant growth were determined. The addition of 10-30% OSW into the substrate increased marigold height compared to plants grown in 100% peat. No differences in plant size, plant biomass (leaves and flowers), and dry matter content were found. Adding PW, in combination with OSW, maintained marigold height and total number of flowers produced to similar levels as in plants grown in 100% peat. In matthiola, adding 30% OSW into the substrate reduced plant size and fresh weight, but not plant height. No differences were observed when plants grew in lower OSW (i.e., 10%) content. Petunia's height, its total number of flowers and flower earliness (flower opening) were increased in the presence of OSW compared to the plants grown in 100% peat. The addition of OSW did not affect petunia's size and fresh weight among treatments. The addition of PW suppressed several plant growth-related parameters for both matthiola and petunia. The insertion of OSW did not change leaf chlorophyll content whereas the presence of PW decreased chlorophylls for marigold, petunia, and matthiola. Both OSW and PW altered the content of total phenolics and antioxidant capacity of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) in leaves and flowers for marigold and petunia. Both 30% OSW and PW increased antioxidative enzyme metabolism due to the increased damage index and lipid peroxidation observed in plants. Leaf N and P content decreased in PW-based media, while matthiola displayed visual phytotoxicity symptoms when PW was added into the substrate. The present work indicates that up to 30% of OSW can replace peat for marigold and petunia growing and only up to 10% of OSW for matthiola, while the addition of PW on top of OSW is not recommended, so further research is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The general relationship between heavy metals and mineral nutrition of plants grown in polluted environments is one of the most important factors for modifying the toxic properties of these metals. To study the effect of iron and lead pollution on the growth of Matthiola flavida a factorial research was undertaken in the form of a completely randomized design with four replications in hydroponic culture. After germination, seedlings were transferred to a hydroponic culture. During the pre-treatment step, a series of plants contained enough iron (+Fe), whereas the second series was without iron (−Fe). After the pre-treatment step, both series of plants were treated with three levels of iron as FeEDDHA and two levels of lead as Pb(NO3)2. The results showed that in both series of plants, lead reduced the root growth, shoot height, shoot and root dry weight. For 5 µM lead concentration, with increasing concentration of iron in the nutrient solution, concentration of lead in the roots and shoots decreased. For 1 µM concentration of lead, increasing the iron concentration in the nutrient solution reduced the concentration of lead in the roots, but had no significant effect on the amount of lead in shoots. Lead accumulation in shoots and roots of plants with Fe was more than plants without Fe. Also, in low concentrations of iron, the amount of iron in shoot increased with the increase of lead concentration in the nutrient solution. The results showed that in lead pollution, iron has a positive effect on investigated traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genus Matthiola R. BR. (Brassicaceae) consists of 48 species in the Iranian plateau, of which only seven species are distributed in northeast of Iran. Six species erre collected from the region under study including M. afghanica, M. alyssifolia, M. chenopodiifolia, M. chorassanica, M. dumulosa and M. farinose. Two species, M. flavida and M. revoluta were recorded for the first time in this study. Some specimens of an unknown taxon entitled Matthiola sp. are also collected in the region and included in the present study. In this study, we tried to use a set of morphologically informative characters which could determine species boundaries and also provide appropriate identification key to the genus in the northeast of Iran. 71 morphological features including quantitative and qualitative were examined on 68 herbarium and field-collected accessions followed by statistical analyses. The results of the univariate analysis indicated that "presence/absence of trichome on the stem and leaf" and "presence/absence of glandular trichomes on the sepal and pedicel" did not significantly differentiate the species and they were excluded from the subsequent analysis. The results of multivariate analysis showed that the species under study were grouped within three groups. First group included specimens of the species M. alyssifolia, the species M. afghanica, M. chenopodiifolia, M. dumulosa, M. farinosa, M. flavida and Matthiola sp. were placed in second group and third group included specimens of the two species M. chorassanica and M. revoluta.

Morpho-phenological and meiotic studies were performed in twelve cultivars of Matthiola incana. All of the cultivars were diploid (2n = 2x = 14) with basic chromosome number x = 7. A number of aneuploid PMCs (n + 1) were observed in plants of two cultivars, named 'Nobel' (NB) and 'Goddess' (GD), at the diakinesis stage. Trisomic individuals with the frequency of 20% and 5% and (2n + 1 = 15) somatic chromosomes were observed in seeds obtained from single-flowered plants of the cultivars NB and GD, respectively. An additional chromosome was mostly observed in the form of a chain trivalent or a rod univalent. Various meiotic abnormalities were found in all the cultivars to different degrees. In these cultivars, the percentage of cells with meiotic abnormalities was higher in anaphase I. Cytomixis was observed for the first time in Matthiola incana. ANOVA tests revealed significant differences in morpho-phenological characteristics. 'Nobel' differs from the others in all of the vegetative features investigated in this study. All the cultivars studied except 'Nobel' and 'Pacific Crimson' possessed high pollen fertility (> 90%). Five groups of the cultivars based on morpho-phenological features disagree with the clustering of cultivars based on meiotic traits. It is thought that the various morpho-phenological features observed among the cultivars could be due to their different genetic background and not only to meiotic anomalies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Matthiola W.T.Aiton is a taxonomically complex genus in which there are many problems, mostly with Matthiola longipetala and M. odoratissima. Matthiola species native to Turkey were collected from various locations in Anatolia, and their DNA was isolated. Revision studies performed on the basis of molecular data obtained from studies conducted in recent years have made the phylogenetic relationships and systematic positions of the taxa more apparent and reliable. Consequently, the remaining taxonomic problems among the species have been resolved through the use of DNA-based molecular analysis methods, which, unlike phenotype studies, are not affected by environmental factors. The inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) fingerprinting method was used in the study because its properties were considered to be more reliable and consistent than those of the randomly amplified polymorphic DNA method. DNA fragments were amplified through the use of ISSR primers. The phylogenetic relationships among the taxa were represented on a dendrogram constructed through means of NTSYSpc 2.02 software. The infrageneric and intergeneric phylogenetic relationships between Matthiola and other related genera were also characterized. It was determined that the taxa Matthiola odoratissima and M. ovatifolia are separate but closely related. Moreover, it was observed that the Matthiola longipetala complex forms a separate group within the genera. Clearly, the genera Matthiola, Sterigmostemum, Strigosella, Malcolmia, and Chorispora are phylogenetically differentiated on the dendrogram. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of various substrates to promote vegetative and reproductive growth of stock (Matthiola incana L. 'Midseason Cheerful White') and zinnia (Zinnia elegans Jacq. 'Benary's Giant Deep Red'). There were seven treatments comprising of peat, coco coir and conventional substrate (soil + silt + leaf mold, 1:1:1, v/v/v) alone or in different proportions. Use of coco coir plus peat or peat alone increased plant height, number of leaves plant"1, leaf area, leaf chlorophyll contents, stem length, number of florets spike"1, floret diameter, spike length and fresh and dry weight of stem, while decreased number of days to harvest of stock. However, substrates had no effect on vase life and stem diameter of stock. For zinnia, plant height and stem length were significantly higher (P<0.0001 and P=0.0001, respectively) in coco coir-based substrates. Growth and floral indices were significantly increased in peat-based and peat plus coco coirbased substrates. However, substrates had no effect on number of leaves and flowers plant"1 and vase life of zinnia. LeafNPK contents of stock were higher (P0.0001) in peat-based substrate, while in zinnia, K was significantly higher in peat. Leaf nitrogen contents of zinnia were higher (P0.0001) in coco coir + conventional substrate, but leaf phosphorus contents were similar in all substrates. Results revealed the positive effects of coco coir alone or combined with peat for enhancing yield and quality of tested specialty cut flower crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We identify Matthiola parviflora, native to the Mediterranean, as a newly discovered exotic plant in the Sonoran Desert in southwestern United States. We used morphological and molecular characteristics to distinguish M. parviflora from its naturalized congener Matthiola longipetala. Comparison with Internal Transcribed Spacer sequences from GenBank confirmed identification as M. parviflora. To predict the potential for broad-scale invasion, we used repeated censuses and maximum-entropy modeling with MaxEnt software. Censuses from 2008-2010 documented localized spread through an undisturbed biological reserve, and the modeling predicted a large area of suitable habitat in southwestern United States and northern Mexico. This record represents the first reported occurrence of M. parviflora in the Western Hemisphere and characterizes the species as well established near Tucson, Arizona, with a significant potential for spread. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genus Matthiola R. BR. (Brassicaceae) consists of 48 species in the Iranian plateau, of which only seven species are distributed in northeast of Iran. Six species erre collected from the region under study including M. afghanica, M. alyssifolia, M. chenopodiifolia, M. chorassanica, M. dumulosa and M. farinose. Two species, M. flavida and M. revoluta were recorded for the first time in this study. Some specimens of an unknown taxon entitled Matthiola sp. are also collected in the region and included in the present study. In this study, we tried to use a set of morphologically informative characters which could determine species boundaries and also provide appropriate identification key to the genus in the northeast of Iran. 71 morphological features including quantitative and qualitative were examined on 68 herbarium and field-collected accessions followed by statistical analyses. The results of the univariate analysis indicated that "presence/absence of trichome on the stem and leaf" and "presence/absence of glandular trichomes on the sepal and pedicel" did not significantly differentiate the species and they were excluded from the subsequent analysis. The results of multivariate analysis showed that the species under study were grouped within three groups. First group included specimens of the species M. alyssifolia, the species M. afghanica, M. chenopodiifolia, M. dumulosa, M. farinosa, M. flavida and Matthiola sp. were placed in second group and third group included specimens of the two species M. chorassanica and M. revoluta. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global climate change, as a consequence of the increasing levels of atmospheric CO2 concentration, may significantly affect both soil organic C storage and soil capacity for C sequestration. CarboSOIL is an empirical model based on regression techniques and developed as a geographical information system tool to predict soil organic carbon (SOC) contents at different depths. This model is a new component of the agro-ecological decision support system for land evaluation MicroLEIS, which assists decision-makers in facing specific agro-ecological problems, particularly in Mediterranean regions. In this study, the CarboSOIL model was used to study the effects of climate change on SOC dynamics in a Mediterranean region (Andalusia, S Spain). Different downscaled climate models were applied based on BCCR-BCM2, CNRMCM3, and ECHAM5 and driven by SRES scenarios (A1B, A2 and B2). Output data were linked to spatial data sets (soil and land use) to quantify SOC stocks. The CarboSOIL model has proved its ability to predict the short-, medium- and long-term trends (2040s, 2070s and 2100s) of SOC dynamics and sequestration under projected future scenarios of climate change. Results have shown an overall trend towards decreasing of SOC stocks in the upper soil sections (0-25 cm and 25-50 cm) for most soil types and land uses, but predicted SOC stocks tend to increase in the deeper soil section (0-75 cm). Soil types as Arenosols, Planosols and Solonchaks and land uses as "permanent crops" and "open spaces with little or no vegetation" would be severely affected by climate change with large decreases of SOC stocks, in particular under the medium-high emission scenario A2 by 2100. The information developed in this study might support decision-making in land management and climate adaptation strategies in Mediterranean regions, and the methodology could be applied to other Mediterranean areas with available soil, land use and climate data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] Matthiola flavida has no high-affinity uptake systems for Pb-citrate and Pb-EDDS complexes. [•] When supplied at high concentrations, Pb-EDDS can be hyperaccumulated in the shoot. [•] Pb-EDDS is less toxic than free ionic Pb, but kills the plant when accumulated at hyperaccumulator-like rates. [•] EDDS is non-toxic up to a 1-mM concentration in hydroponics. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of different growing media on the growth and development of stock (Matthiola incana). Seven different growing media including soil (100%), leaf mold (100%), coconut husk (100%), soil + leaf mold (50:50), soil + coconut husk (50:50), leaf mold + coconut husk (50:50) and soil + leaf mold + coconut husk (33:33:33) were used to check the growth of Stock plants in pots. Data was recorded for different parameters including days to flower initiation, days to flowering, plant height (cm), leaves per plant, branches per plant, flowering clusters per plant, flowers per cluster, flowers per plant and flower persistence life (days), during this course of study. The overall performance of Stock was better in media having leaf mold as it took least days to flower initiation (75.83), maximum plant height (21.43 cm), flowering clusters per plant (4.11), number of flowers per cluster (8.45 days), flowers per plant (34.66). For better growth and flowering of Stock plant, leaf mold can be used as growing media in pots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study which examines the chemical constituents of Matthiola (M.) longipetala. The study discovered that the essential oil of the herb comprises of 49 compounds. It showed that the aromatic compounds are the primary compounds in addition to sterols, which comprise around 11.07%, 0.66% for monoterpenes, 1.81% for sesquieterpenes and 8.94% for sulfur compounds.

In this paper, anatomical, palynological and seed micromorphological properties of an endemic plant Matthiola anchoniifolia Hub.-Mor. are recorded for the first time. A description and descriptive illustrations of the species are given based on the collected specimens for morphological study. Seed surface of M. anchoniifolia is examined by scanning electron microscope. The seed of M. anchoniifolia was compressed, brownish in colour and the cells of testa were nearly 60-80 μm in diameter and ranged from isodiametric, tetragonal or pentagonal. The anticlinal walls were straight or weakly curved while the outer periclinal walls were concave to flat with smooth surface. In anatomical study, cross sections of root, stem and stem leaf are examined. The root had secondary structure. Periderm consists of 5-8 layers of cells for phellem. Cortex consists of 9-12 layered parenchymatic tissue under the periderm. Secondary phloem ring-shaped, 6-9 layered and consists of companion cells and grouped sieve tubes. Stem had primary structure when analyzed. It is circular with a few irregular ribs in cross section. Cortex is 8-12 layered and parenchymatous. Stoma cells are present on both epidermis. Leaf is isobilateral. There are unicellular and ramified hairs on both surface. Palisade parenchyma cells are 1-2 layered and spongy parenchyma cells are 5-12 layered. M. anchoniifolia has tricolpate pollen type, prolate pollen shape and reticulate exine ornamentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antioxidant activity of Matthiola incana flowers extracted with different solvents like petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, absolute methanol, methanol water (9.5:0.5) methanol water (9:1) extracts of stock flower (Matthiola incana) were analyzed. The total phenolics content (TPC) were found in the range of 0.327-1.872 mg GAE/g and total flavonoids content (TFC) were found in the range 2.06-6.067 CE mg/g. Other parameters studied were reducing power, DPPH radical scavenging and inhibition of linoleic acid per oxidation. The antioxidant activity of the Matthiola incana was also evaluated by measuring the conjugated dienes (CD), conjugated triene (CT), p-anisidine value (PAV), free fatty acid (FFA) and peroxide values (PV) by using canola oil as an oxidative substrate. The n-hexhane extract was also analyzed by GC-MS. The methanolic extracts of Matthiola incana flowers showed maximum antioxidant activity. The cytotoxicity studies was also studied by haemolytic activity of the plant extracts against the human erythrocytes (RBC's) was found to be in the range of 0.91-4.47 %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antioxidant activity of Matthiola incana flowers extracted with different solvents like petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, absolute methanol, methanol water (9.5:0.5) methanol water (9:1) extracts of stock flower (Matthiola incana) were analyzed. The total phenolics content (TPC) were found in the range of 0.327-1.872 mg GAE/g and total flavonoids content (TFC) were found in the range 2.06-6.067 CE mg/g. Other parameters studied were reducing power, DPPH radical scavenging and inhibition of linoleic acid per oxidation. The antioxidant activity of the Matthiola incana was also evaluated by measuring the conjugated dienes (CD), conjugated triene (CT), p-anisidine value (PAV), free fatty acid (FFA) and peroxide values (PV) by using canola oil as an oxidative substrate. The n-hexhane extract was also analyzed by GC-MS. The methanolic extracts of Matthiola incana flowers showed maximum antioxidant activity. The cytotoxicity studies was also studied by haemolytic activity of the plant extracts against the human erythrocytes (RBC's) was found to be in the range of 0.91-4.47 %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Propagation of tropical and subtropical eucalypts is often limited by reduced production of rooted cuttings in winter. We assessed whether changing the temperature of stock plants of Eucalyptus cloeziana from 28/23 (day/night) to 18/13, 23/18 or 33/28 °C affected the production, nutrient concentrations and percentages of cuttings that subsequently formed roots. Lowering the temperature to 18/13 or 23/18 °C greatly reduced the number of cuttings harvested from stock plants but did not affect the percentage of cuttings that formed roots. However, raising the temperature to 33/28 °C greatly increased the number of cuttings produced by stock plants and the ensuing percentage of cuttings that formed adventitious roots, thereby increasing the final number of rooted cuttings produced from each stock plant. The effects of stock plant temperatures on rooting were not the result of altered nutrient concentrations. However, consistent relationships were found between adventitious root formation and boron concentration. Rooting percentages were very low (1-14%) but rooted cutting production per stock plant (e.g. 12 rooted cuttings over a 14-week period at 33/28 °C) was sufficient to establish field tests for clonal plantation forestry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the germination requirements of three species from alpine belt of Uludağ Mount; Gypsophila olympica Boiss., Matthiola montana Boiss. and Silene rhynchocarpa Boiss. We tested the germination under (20 °C) dark, (20 °C) continuous light, and photoperiod 20/10 °C (12/12h) with distilled water. Different germination behaviour was found for these three species from closely related habitat conditions. G. olympica showed similar germination percentages in dark, light and photoperiod, and germinated faster in light (3.9 days). S. rhyncocarpa germinated 100 % at all the three conditions but faster in dark with 2.0 days. M. montana seeds were found to require light for germination. The germination was 27.2 % at dark, whereas the seeds were germinated 90 % under photoperiod. The results can be useful for both in situ and ex situ conservation of these plant species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tissue culture is an attractive alternative for plant propagation. Micropropagation is a technique to ensure a constant and uniform source of ornamental plants. Matthiola incana is an important ornamental species mainly cultivate by seed. Matthiola incana seeds were germinated on solid MS medium without plant growth regulators. Shoot proliferation and root formation are possible using kinetin (Kn) and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA). Shoot tips and leaf micro-cuttings derived from in vitro germinated seedlings were subcultured on solid MS medium containing Kn (0, 0.5, 1 and 2 mg l-1) and NAA (0, 0.5, 1 and 2 mg l-1) for shoot tips explants and Kn (0, 0.5 and 1 mg l-1) and NAA (0, 0.5 and 1 mg l-1) for leaf explants. Shoot tips media supplemented with 2 mg l-1 Kn without NAA and 2 mg l-1 NAA without Kn resulted in the best shoot length (1.20 cm) and root number (1.90), respectively. The callus was induced from most leaf media after four weeks of culture. MS mediums containing 0.5 mg l-1 Kn and 0.5 mg l-1 The largest number (1.94) and the highest length (16.60 mm) of roots were obtained in MS medium supplemented with 1 mg l-1 Kn + 0.5 mg l-1 NAA. NAA prevented root formation originated from callus with concentration of 1 mg l-1 + 0.5 and 1 mg l-1 Kn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The possibility of using RAPD and AFLP methods for genetic monitoring of populations of Matthiola fragrans (Bunge), a species included in the Red Book of the USSR, was shown for the first time. An analysis of inter- and intrapopulation and interspecies genome polymorphism was performed. Differences in the genetic structure of Matthiola populations from various geographical collection points were revealed. A simple method of performing RAPD analysis and the great number of unique markers found in each population compared with the AFLP analysis, as well as the good division of populations under statistical treatment, allow us to draw the conclusion that using the RAPD method in genetic monitoring of rare and insufficiently studied species is well founded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Matthiola (Brassicaceae) is a genus that is widespread in the Mediterranean and Irano-Turanian regions and includes two species that are endemic to the archipelagos of Madeira and the Canaries in Macaronesia, which is an insular oceanic hotspot of biodiversity harboring many radiating endemic plant lineages. Sequence analyses of the nuclear ITS-1 and ITS-2 regions in a comprehensive geographical sample of Matthiola, encompassing all the endemic Macaronesian populations known to date, suggest independent Mediterranean and NW African origins of the taxa in Madeira and the Canaries, respectively. These molecular data reveal a complex evolutionary landscape that converges with morphological analyses in the recognition of two new Madeiran species. The data also suggest that the Canarian infra-specific endemic taxa described thus far have high (but non-diagnostic) levels of morphological and genetic diversity, and should be included in the single endemic Matthiola bolleana. In agreement with earlier investigations that revealed a high genetic differentiation between the populations of Matthiola in Fuerteventura and Lanzarote, our phylogeny supports independent founder events from the same mainland congener to either island. The consistently derived position of the Moroccan populations within a mostly Canarian clade suggests a further back-colonization of the continent. Notably, the ITS sequence resolution offered by Matthiola is higher than that found in many of the radiating Canarian endemic lineages for which molecular phylogenetic studies abound. Hence, our research discovers largely unexplored pathways to understand plant diversification in this oceanic insular hotspot through the investigation of non-speciose endemics. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Genetic variation at 11 isozyme loci was used to explore the levels and apportionment of genetic variation in the eight known populations of Matthiola bolleana, an endemic Brassicaceae to the Eastern Canarian islands of Fuerteventura and Lanzarote. Within islands, ecosystem antiquity and uniformity, lack of evidence for selection or genetic bottlenecks, the high genetic identities between the populations, and the low values of F ST converge to suggest that the high levels of variation detected have been maintained in a context of prolonged environmental stability through an overall predominance of outbreeding and unrestricted gene flow. Despite the geographical closeness between Fuerteventura and Lanzarote and the long range dispersal features of the propagules of M. bolleana, we detected a striking qualitative genetic differentiation between the two islands. We suggest that wind direction has made seed and pollen flow between Fuerteventura and Lanzarote much less likely than expected, and that the lack of inter-island dispersal has far overriden the influence of stochastic forces and of the reproductive attributes of M. bolleana in shaping the patterns of inter-island genetic differentiation. However, genetic similarity in M. bolleana is within the ranges defined by Canarian taxa for which the extent of genetic differentiation has also been assessed using the values of isozyme genetic identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examined the genetic variation of 12 isozyme loci in 14 populations of Matthiola (Brassicaceae) representing the geographic distribution of the species M. incana, M. fruticulosa ssp. fruticulosa and M. tricuspidata in the Sicilian insular system and the adjacent mainland areas to estimate the levels and apportionment of genetic variation in the insular populations and to understand their population dynamics. The disparity in the distribution of polymorphism in populations of M. incana ssp. incana (low within populations but with high values of F ST and G ST) contrasts with the homogeneity in the inter-population distribution of the high genetic variation detected in M. tricuspidata and M. fruticulosa ssp. fruticulosa. While the low polymorphism found in M. incana ssp. incana is consistent with its origin through cultivation and the associated lack of gene flow, the Sicilian populations of the other two taxa probably derived from multiple founder events from nearby continental areas and, according to our estimates, have maintained high interpopulational gene flow. Unlike M. incana, the Sicilian populations of M. tricuspidata and M. fruticulosa ssp. fruticulosa could have survived the glaciations in refugia. This higher antiquity, together with the maintenance of abundant gene flow, largely explains their high values of genetic variation. In contrast, M. incana ssp. pulchella and M. incana ssp. rupestris have low indices of polymorphism and they are probably neo-endemics, as their distribution areas were severely affected by the Plio-Pleistocene glaciations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]