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Textile-based flexible and wearable electronic devices provide an excellent solution to thermal management systems, thermal therapy, and deicing applications through the Joule heating approach. However, challenges persist in designing such cost-effective electronic devices for efficient heating performance. Herein, this study adopted a facile solution-processed strategy, "dip-coating", to develop a high-performance Joule heating device by unformly coating the intrinsically conducting polymer (CP) poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) onto the surface of cotton textiles. The structural and morphological attributes of the cotton/CP mixture were evaluated using various characterization techniques. The electrothermal characteristics of the cotton/CP sample included rapid thermal response, uniform surface temperature distribution up to 94 °C, excellent stability, and endurance in heating performance under various mechanical deformations. The real-time illustration of the fabric heater affixed on a human finger has demonstrated its outstanding potential for thermal therapy applications. The fabricated heater may further expand it purposes toward deicing, defogging, and defrosting applications.

The expansion of washable textile electronics is vital to mitigate the utmost warning of wearable e-wastes. This review summarizes several processing strategies, wash protocols, and potential challenges for developing futuristic washable textronics.

This study reported a sustainable and facile coloration approach of cotton fabric by exploiting mangiferin enriched mango seed kernel bio-waste. The extract principally contains mangiferin and diff...

The practice of natural colorants for polyester fabric dyeing has been rampantly rising in our consumer fashion. In this study, two separate natural colorants were extracted from watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) rind (WRS) and flesh (WFS) for polyester coloration. The optical and colorimetric properties of saps and dyed fabrics, dye fiber bonding phenomena, chromophores diffusion behaviors, color-fastness, ecological and economic aspects were examined through various analyses and the corresponding mechanisms were proposed. A wide range of chromophores diffusion was noticed for several parameter variations and the resulting diffusions were ranging from 42.67 to 83.13 %. Interestingly, WRS and WFS robust the UV shielding properties into the dyed fabric and the recorded UPF rating was found to be above 50. All color-fastness properties including sublimations were very good to excellent (4 to 4/5) except lightfastness. Finally, the ecological and economic aspects of WRS/WFS dyeing were also compared with commercial disperse dyes.

Different approaches have been taken to develop a greener and sustainable cotton coloration process to reduce carbon footprint. Natural compound as a colorant is an excellent alternative to the har...

Intelligent, highly conductive, robust, and flexible electronic textile-embedded smart devices hold surging interest in the wearable personalized heating system or thermotherapy. However, designing of these structures with desirable thermotherapy properties hinges on certain aspects such as fast temporal responsiveness, localized tunable heating characteristics, reliability, and stable conductive media over several mechanical disturbances as well as readily scalable opportunities. To address these issues, in this work, a facile and scalable dip-coating approach was devised to develop a stretchable, thermally stable, and electroconductive composite cotton textile with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) (CGP). The electromechanical properties of CGPs were greatly enhanced due to crystallographic and intra-intermolecular hydrogen bond energy/distance modification. The CGPs fabricated through the systematic dip-coating and drying approach demonstrated outstanding morphological synergies and structural benefits, providing effective endurance against deformations with excellent stable heating up to 60% strain. The composite heater endowed rapidly responsive (15–25 s) Joule heating characteristics, stable heating/cooling cycle and excellent durability to wash. The real-time operation of a wearable fabric heater attached to the finger and palm area of the hand is presented, suggesting its excellent avenues in the personalized electronic healthcare system through tunable and specific region-wise body temperature management for thermotherapy applications.

Different approaches have been taken to develop a greener and sustainable cotton coloration process to reduce carbon footprint. Natural compound as a colorant is an excellent alternative to the harsh chemical-based reactive cotton coloration process. However, natural coloration requires improvement in colorimetric properties and a better understanding of the colorant absorption mechanism. Here, we report a process for cotton coloration using bio-friendly natural colorant extracted from watermelon rind. The optical and colorimetric properties of watermelon rind saps (WRS) and WRS dyed cotton fabrics, dye-fiber bonding, chromophores absorption and color-fastness were studied. The experiment showed that the absorption of chromophores into the fabric mainly depends on their molecular weight, the position of the anchoring group and thermal stability. Chromophore adsorptions ranged from 55.4 to 81.7% resulting in excellent dye-fiber chemical potential. Coloration temperature and mordant significantly affect the colorimetric properties of cotton fabric as found in this study. All the dyed cotton samples showed good color-fastness to washing, water, rubbing, and perspiration. Furthermore, cotton dyed with WRS had better UV-protection factor (UPF) than that of the mosty used chemical-intensive reactive dyed sample. Finally, the ecological and economic aspects of WRS dyeing were also compared with commercial reactive dyes.

Typical synthetic colorant and their application processes include various negative eco-toxicological effect and human health risk. Intend to depose the impediments of synthetic dyeing herein mango seed kernel agronomical bio-waste was employed for sustainable dyeing of cotton fabric. 100% cotton knitted single jersey commercially scoured-bleached fabric having areal density of 160 grams per square meter was used for this study. Natural dye was extracted by alkali extraction method from raw seed kernel of Mangifera indica. Optimum dyeing temperature and duration were quantified. Colorimetric appearance of the dyed samples for different dyeing condition were evaluate by using CIE L*a*b* color space in terms of color co-ordinates, color strength (K/S), brightness index (BI) and degree of color levelness values. Dye fiber bonding stability of the dyed fabric was evaluated in terms of colorfastness to wash, water, perspiration, rubbing and light. Overall the colorfastness values were recorded as 4-5 except light fastness. Excellent colorimetric appearance and serviceability indicates future green coloration of cotton fabric through mango seed kernel as well as decent agronomical bio-waste management.

Biodegradable and Bioresorbable materials, either for passive implants or wearable and active implantable devices, added a new dimension to healthcare research due to their low cost, convenience, continuous monitoring and physical augmentation. Advanced material chemistry and modern fabrication techniques have developed fully degradable implants that enable controlled degradation kinetic to ensure operational support for repairing and restructuring the surrounding tissue of the defected organ. Besides, integrated bioelectronics coupled with a wireless power system can continuously monitor and record physiological signals and conditions. This review comparatively evaluates physical and mechanical properties, degradation behavior, biocompatibility and convenient fabrication of different biodegradable and bioresorbable materials used for structural supports (substrate, encapsulation) or active device components (conductor, semiconductor, dielectric). Consecutively, material integration and device architecture of biodegradable active electronics including electronic skin, different physical and chemical sensors, self-powered and self-healable sensors have been illustrated, estimating the in vivo and in vitro device performance. Finally, some short-term and long-term challenges are pointed out to overcome the current challenges and speed up future research to commercialize the enormous expansion of the biomedical field.

Coir mat was used as reinforcement, polyester resin was used as matrix and coconut shell powder (CSP) was used as filler material which was employed as 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 and 100% by weight in the composites. Coir mat/polyester resin composites were made by hand lay-up technique. Mechanical properties such as tensile strength (TS), bending strength (BS), tensile modulus (TM), bending modulus (BM), elongation at break and impact strength (IS) were also investigated. The maximum increase of TS, BS, TM, BM and IS were found to be 44.44, 128.00, 17.96, 112.09 and 62.50% respectively for 30% filler content on the composites. It was revealed that the strength properties of the composites were increased with the increase in filler content up to 30% by weight, however, further increase in filler content the value decreased. Gamma radiation of 100, 250 and 300 krad doses were applied on 30, 40 and 60% filler content composites. Gamma radiation dose of 250 krad showed better result than that of other doses. IS of the composites improved 48.08, 26.67 and 17.50% for 30, 40 and 60% filler content respectively at 250 krad, where 30% filler content composites displayed the highest improvement. Degradation tests of the composites for up to 50 days were performed in a soil medium. It was revealed that BS decreased for all the composites.

Energy conversion performance of natural dye sensitized solar cells (DSSC) mostly relies on sensitizer. The characteristics of sensitizer are governed by its extraction process parameters. So, this investigation attempts to describe the successful conversion of visible light into electrical energy by employing turmeric ( Curcuma longa L.) as a sensitizer that is locally available at Dhaka, Bangladesh, through using dye source in different forms and optimizing some parameters such as dye extracting solvents, pH of solvent, dye loading period and dye adsorption% onto the TiO 2 film. Sensitizers were retrieved from raw and dry turmeric by employing various solvents. The optical absorption, functional anchoring group, surface morphology and elementary composition of the annealed pure nano-crystalline TiO 2 film and dye adsorbed TiO 2 film were investigated by using UV–vis spectroscopy, FTIR, SEM and EDS analysis. Effects of different dye extracting solvents on the optical energy gap were also recorded. Different photovoltaic parameters such as short circuit current density (J SC ), open circuit voltage (V OC ), fill factor (FF) and efficiency (η%) were assessed under 100 mW/cm 2 illumination. Dependency of cell efficiency on dye loading periods and dye adsorption% onto photo electrode were also analyzed.

This study reported a sustainable comparative cotton dyeing mechanism of condensed and hydrolyzable tannin enriched extracts by exploiting watermelon rind (WR) and mango seed kernel (MSK) bio-waste. Both crude dye extracts possess various coloring chromophores such as flavonoid, betacyanin, quercetin, β -carotene together with condensed and hydrolyzable tannin at a different level of concentrations, which were confirmed by several phytochemical screenings, thin layer chromatography, and UV spectroscopy. At optimized reaction condition, the resulted fixation rates of various WRCs (at 60 ° C for 60 min) and MSKCs (at 90 ° C for 60 min) were found as 25%–75% and 55%–71%, respectively. MSKCs have higher absorbance intensity and proactive anchoring sites than those of WRCs, resulting in three times higher color strength (K/S). For promoting the dye fixation, cotton fabric samples were chelated with different types of metallic salts (Fe2＋, Al3＋, Sn 2 + , and Cu 2 + ) and 65% and 45% enhanced color strength was found for WRCs (K/S increased from 0.95 to 1.57) and MSKCs (K/S increased from 2.75 to 3.98), respectively. The effects of metal chelation with cellulose chain were estimated in terms of several crystallinity indices, hydrogen bonding configurations, and asymmetric factor and elaborately correlated with the improved dye fixation. In addition, the electrolyte was also added to the dye bath for further improvement of dye exhaustion, thereby granted 12% and 6% higher color depth for WR (K/S increased from 1.57 to 1.76) and MSK dyed fabric (K/S increased from 3.98 to 4.23). Finally, distinguishing colorimetric appearances and excellent colorfastness properties were ensured for different tannin classes.

Balancing personal thermal comfort is crucial through controlled heating for thermal management and energy saving. The traditional thermo-regulation systems consume a vast amount of energy to maintain thermal comfort. Thus, advanced materials and strategies have been devised to design wearable devices that minimize energy consumption as well as enhance thermal comfort through heating at an individual level. This review has critically discussed the recent advancements in wearable heating devices, focusing on strategies that have been used for developing advanced textiles and composite structures to regulate heat transfer between the human body and environment for personal heating. The review starts with a discussion on the fundamentals of thermal comfort and thermal management that are prerequisites for advanced electronic heating devices. Subsequently, the approaches for incorporating active and passive heating devices into the traditional textiles utilizing their intrinsic strength, flexibility, and conformability have been presented. The next section focused on the materials used for the fabrication of heating devices including, 1D materials (Carbon nanotube) and 2D materials (Graphene, MXene), metallic nanomaterials, and conducting polymers. Finally, the concept for the design and development of advanced thermoregulation textiles and composites for next-generation personal thermal management (PTM) devices have been presented. The concluding section highlighted the research gap and domains where further research endeavors can be directed.

This study reported a facile and sustainable modification of cellulose by plant tannins and chitosan polymer for higher impregnation of UV protective natural chromophores (UVPNCs) derived from the banana floral stem (BFS). The phytochemical screening demonstrated that BFS extracts have different UVPNCs including condensed tannin, flavonoids, anthocyanin, betacyanin and anthraquinone. The optimized impregnation temperature and time for UVPNCs entrapping were found at 80 °C with a time interval of 60 min and the overall inherent fixation rate of UVPNCs was ranging from 53 to 63%. The cellulose substrate templated with plant tannins (extracted from Terminalia chebula and Phyllanthus emblica) and chitosan improved the UVPNCs absorption amount almost 2 and 1.8 folds, respectively, which was expressed in terms of color strength (K/S). Interestingly, the UVPNCs entrapping ability of bio-crosslinked cellulose was also higher than typical metallic salts treated cellulose. The higher absorption mechanism of UVPNCs for tannins (-OH and –COOH) and chitosan (-NH2) templating have been discussed in terms of molecular orientation (TCI, LOI), inter and intra-molecular hydrogen bonding configuration (HBI, EH, R), and the total amount of anchored-UVPNCs which was expressed by the asymmetric factor (AF). The UV shielding property of the UVPNCs impregnated modified cellulose was compared and a maximum of two folds higher UPF value was found in bio-templated cellulose substrate (UPF range = 223 to 459) than metal treated cellulose substrates (UPF range = 163 to 175). Furthermore, the functional durability of UVPNCs impregnated substrates was evaluated in terms of several colorfastness and found very good to excellent grading.

This study demonstrated a green functionalization process of a cellulose substrate by combining the chitosan treatment and gamma radiation. To impart the UV protection characteristics in the cellulosic structure, natural chromophores derived from Banana floral stem (BFS) was grafted in the functionalized cellulose surface. Phytochemical screening was performed to confirm the types of UV protective natural chromophores (UVPNCs) presented in BFS. The result exhibited the presence of condensed tannin, flavonoids, anthocyanin, betacyanin, and anthraquinone as the major UVPNC components in BFS. The optimum conditions for maximum sorption of UVPNCs into the functionalized cellulose matrix were recorded at 80 °C for 60 min. The cationic biopolymer chitosan (2 g/L), different gamma absorbs doses (2, 4, and 6 kGy), and combined chitosan and gamma treatment into cellulose resulted around 15–23%, 44%, and 41–64% improved absorption of UVPNCs, respectively, as demonstrated by the change in color strength (K/S) compared to unmodified cellulose matrix. The concurrent treatments greatly improved the total crystallinity index (TCI), hydrogen bond intensity (HBI), hydrogen bonding energy (EH), hydrogen bonding distance (R) and asymmetric factor (AF) from 1.358 to 1.363, 0.971 to 0.988, 27.15 kJ–27.40 kJ (at 3274 cm−1), 2.766 A to 2.764 A (at 3274 cm−1) and 0.47 to 0.10, respectively. For gamma treatment, 6 kGy irradiation dose provided the best result for improved molecular orientation of cellulose and in combination of chitosan the substrate attained a maximum K/S of 1.98 after UVPNCs grafting. It was found that the UV protection factor (UPF) rating has a linear relationship with the UVPNCs absorption (K/S) and a maximum four-fold increase in UPF (165–506) was evident. The excellent bonding durability of the UVPNCs grafted samples was further ensured in terms of several colorfastness properties. This sustainable functionalization of cellulose with high UPF offers a great promise for applications in health care and photodegradation protection.

This study reported a facile structural modification of cellulosic fabric (cotton) by applying two different polyphenol enriched extracts derived from the banana floral stem (BFS) and watermelon rind (WR) for imparting UV protective functionality. The dye extracts are comprised of various UV protective natural chromophores (UVPNCs) such as tannin, flavonoids, anthraquinone, anthocyanin, betacyanine. The concentrations and absorbance intensities of UVPNCs were confirmed by phytochemical screening and UV spectroscopy. Better absorption behavior for BFS and WR chromophores into cellulose was found at 80 °C and 60 °C temperature with a constant runtime of 60 minutes. At this conditions, the fixation rate of BFS and WR was 53-63% and 25–85%, respectively. Furthermore, cellulose substrates were chelated with different types of metals (Al3+, Sn2+, Fe2+, and Cu2+) to promote the chromophore fixation. The effect of metal chelation with cellulose chain was estimated in terms of crystallinity indices, hydrogen bonding configurations and asymmetric factor, which were correlated with the enhanced UVPNCs fixation. The higher amount of BFS and WR chromophores were absorbed for Fe2+ and Cu2+, demonstrating ~61% and ~ 26% improvement in color strength (K/S), respectively. The formation of UVPNCs-metal-cellulose complex, decreased the UV transmission rate of the BFS and WR dyed fabrics. Interestingly, BFS dyed substrate exhibited higher (UPF = 50+) UV shielding ability compared to WR dyed substrate (UPF = 4.20) due to higher UVPNCs absorbance intensities and bonding capacity of BFS extract. Finally, the durability of functionality of BFS and WR dyed substrates was confirmed in terms of various colorfastness.

Photo-electrode thickness and annealing temperature have significant effect on the energy conversion efficiency of dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC). This analysis intends to explore the optimum amount of binder (citric acid) required for the formulation of nano-crystalline TiO 2 semiconductor paste and annealing temperature of TiO 2 electrode for DSSC. Sensitizer was extracted from turmeric using methanol. Doctoral blade technique was used for the deposition of TiO 2 paste onto the indium doped tin oxide (ITO) conductive glass surface via glass rod and blade. Varied thicknesses of TiO 2 coating appeared for different doctoral blade techniques and binder amounts. Surface morphology of the TiO 2 films was determined for different coating type. The bonding of TiO 2 and dye molecule was determined using FTIR spectroscopy. Promising effects of binder amount and annealing temperature were valued in terms of elementary photovoltaic parameters such as short circuit current density (J SC ), open circuit voltage (V OC ), fill factor (FF) and efficiency (η%). Overall optimum energy conversion performance of the cell achieved when TiO 2 coating thicknesses were ranging from 12 to 17 µm and annealed at 450 °C.

Fabric characteristics significantly depend on the physical properties of yarn and the qualities of rotor yarn greatly governed by processing parameters. The aim of this study is to observe the effect of processing parameters such as rotor diameter and speed on the physical properties of yarn in rotor spinning process. Mixing of spinning waste with the virgin cotton is a common phenomenon in rotor spinning. 0.11 sliver hank of 100% cotton fibre with 65% virgin cotton and 35% wastage was used to produce 12 Ne yarn. The favorable impact of processing parameters on the yarn characteristics were accessed by co-efficient of variation (CVm %), imperfection index (IPI), hairiness, tenacity, count strength product (CSP) and force at break. The yarn qualities were improved with increasing of rotor speed and rotor diameter.

Molecular distortion of dynamic molecules gives a clear signature in the vibrational spectra, which can be modeled to give estimates of the energy barrier and the sensitivity of the frequencies of the vibrational modes to the reaction coordinate. The reaction coordinate method (RCM) utilizes ab initio-calculated spectra of the molecule in its ground and transition states together with their relative energies to predict the temperature dependence of the vibrational spectra. DFT-calculated spectra of the eclipsed (D5h ) and staggered (D5d ) forms of ferrocene (Fc), and its deuterated analogue, within RCM explain the IR spectra of Fc in gas (350 K), solution (300 K), solid solution (7-300 K), and solid (7-300 K) states. In each case the D5h rotamer is lowest in energy but with the barrier to interconversion between rotamers higher for solution-phase samples (ca. 6 kJ mol-1 ) than for the gas-phase species (1-3 kJ mol-1 ). The generality of the approach is demonstrated with application to tricarbonyl(η4 -norbornadiene)iron(0), Fe(NBD)(CO)3 . The temperature-dependent coalescence of the ν(CO) bands of Fe(NBD)(CO)3 is well explained by the RCM without recourse to NMR-like rapid exchange. The RCM establishes a clear link between the calculated ground and transition states of dynamic molecules and the temperature-dependence of their vibrational spectra.

Eco-friendly textile dyeing with natural dye is a global soaring interest for avoiding environment pollution incurred by synthetic dyes. This study attempts to compare the dyeing properties of cotton knitted fabric dyed with banana floral stem (BFS) sap and reactive dye. Natural dye i.e. BFS sap was extracted from the species of Musa sapientum by roller squeezer machine. The recipe of reactive dyeing was selected to match the exact shade with the natural dyed specimens. Conformation of the dye molecule fixation onto fiber surface was assured by FTIR-ATR spectra. Comparative analysis were carried out in response of degree of color levelness, color fastness to water, washing, perspiration, rubbing, light and effluent qualities. The economic viability of natural dyeing was also estimated. The specimens dyed with BFS sap have excellent color levelness and color durability characteristic alike reactive dye except light fastness properties. Moreover, natural dyeing costs were almost half of the reactive dyeing. Finally, this inquiry forecasts a less time, energy and water consuming, economical and ecofriendly dyeing process which could be deployed as replacement of reactive dyes with a few compromises.

This analysis intends to unveil the effect of metallic mordants on colorimetric properties of ecologically dyed cotton fabric using banana floral stem sap (BFS).Natural dye retrieved from banana floral stem by roller squeezer machine. Pre-mordanting action was performed by potassium alum, iron (II) sulphate, copper (II) sulphate and tin (II) chloride. Pre-mordanted specimens were dyed at 100℃ for 60 minutes. Dye fiber binding actions was determined by FTIR-ATR spectra. Effect of metallic mordants were calculated using CIE L*a*b* color space in terms of colorimetric properties viz. color coordinates value i.e. lightness (L*), redness (a*), yellowness (b*), color saturation (C*) and hue angle (h0); color strength (K/S) value; degree of color levelness and brightness index (BI). Though iron (II) sulphate treated samples exhibited height color saturation but uneven physiognomy was observed. Among them best colorimetric appearance yielded in case of alum. This reports forecast a sustainable pathway for effective utilization of agricultural waste i.e. banana floral stem sap for coloration of cotton fabric.

Temperature has a promising role in textile coloration process. This study intends to optimize the dyeing temperature for sustainable coloration of cotton fabric employing banana waste. Natural dye retrieved from banana floral stem by roller squeezer machine. To explore the effect of temperature, samples were dyed for 60℃, 70℃, 80℃, 90℃, 100℃ and 110℃ respectively by keeping constant time at 60 minutes. Effect of temperature variation on colorimetric appearance were expressed using CIE L*a*b* color space in terms of color co-ordinates, color strength (K/S), brightness index (BI) and degree of color levelness values. The dye fiber bonding stability was accessed via color fastness to wash, water, perspiration, rubbing and light. Except light fastness property almost color fastness value was 3-5 i.e. good to excellent. Best result of K/S, bright index % and color levelness value recorded 0.65, 50.58 and 0.069 respectively for 100℃. Excellent color fastness properties also appeared for 100℃. This reports prognosis an environmental begins approach for coloration of cotton fabric by deploying of banana plant waste.

This study attempts to disclose the optimum dyeing time for exploiting banana agricultural bio-resource waste for sustainable dyeing of cotton fabric. 100% cotton knitted single jersey commercially scoured-bleached fabric used for this experiment having areal density 175 grams per square meter. Natural dye retrieved from banana floral stem by roller squeezer machine. Selected samples were dyed at 100℃ for 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 and 70 minutes respectively. Effect of time variation were calculated using CIE L*a*b* color space in terms of colorimetric properties of colored fabric viz. color co-ordinates, color strength (K/S), brightness index (BI), degree of color levelness. Color fastness to wash, water, perspiration, rubbing and light were valued for estimating the color durability. Except light fastness property all tested color fastness properties were 3-5 i.e. very good to excellent. For all evaluated parameters samples dyed for 60 minutes exhibited best result. This reports forecast a sustainable technology for effective utilization banana floral stem sap bio-resource waste for coloration of cotton fabric.

Objectives: The purpose of this study were (i) to assess the knowledge, attitudes and practice (KAP) and impact of socioeconomic factors upon the prevalence of pre-diabetes and diabetes (ii) compute a diabetes risk score and (iii) estimate the undiagnosed prevalence of hypertension amongst a large adult population in rural Bangladesh. Methods/design: A sample of 3104 adults aged ?30 years were interviewed from a cluster sample of 18 villages in the Banshgram Union of the Narail District, Bangladesh. Each participant was interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire that assessed participant knowledge, attitudes and practice (KAP) regarding diabetes, its risk factors, complications and management. Data on demographic details, education, socioeconomic status, medical history, dietary and lifestyle behavior was obtained. Fasting capillary glucose, blood pressure, presenting vision and anthropometric parameters were measured. Participants were stratified into those without diabetes, pre-diabetes, and diagnosed diabetes (known and newly diagnosed). The association of KAP components and other risk factors with diabetes status was assessed. Logistic regression analysis allowed for the development of a non-invasive risk-stratification tool to be developed and implemented for the rural Bangladeshi community. Multinomial logistic regression was applied to report the associations of risk factors with the severity of hypertension. Results and discussion: In Banshgram, over 95% people had not undergone any previous diabetes screening. Baseline demographics estimated the prevalence of diabetes in the sample was 3.2% (n=99). 47% of participants had no formal education. Whilst there is literature on the prevalence of diabetes in urban and semi-urban Bangladesh there is a paucity of evidence examining the impact of KAP of diabetes amongst the general community. We believe that the BPDES has developed a methodology to provide new evidence to guide health policy and targeted population-based interventions in these rural areas.Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.14(4) 2015 p.367-375

Variety and durability of color are presumed as key constrains of natural dyes. So, this study attempts to investigate the effect of metallic mordants on the color fastness properties of ecologically dyed cotton fabric using banana floral stem sap. Color difference was measured in terms of hue (ΔH*), chroma (ΔL*) and value (ΔC*) difference. Metal ions in residual mordanting bath, dyeing wastewater and level of trace metals in the finished fabric surface were accessed to justify the environmental safety and speculate the health risk respectively. Pre-mordanted specimens were dyed at 100 °C for 60 min. Optical properties of extracted sap were observed by UV visible spectroscopy. Dye fixation with fiber was determined by FTIR-ATR spectra. Atomic absorption spectroscopy was employed to determine the trace metals in finished fabric. Effect of metallic mordants were calculated in terms of color fastness to wash, water, perspiration, rubbing and light for estimating the color durability. Except light fastness property almost all color fastness values were 4/5, i.e. very good. Light fastness properties were improved for mordanting action with metallic salts. The level of trace metals in finished fabric were within the safe zone. Graphical abstract Metallic mordant assisted natural dyeing of cotton.

High-accuracy transmission XAFS determined using the hybrid technique has been used to refine the geometries of bis(N-n-propyl-salicylaldiminato) nickel(II) (n-pr Ni) and bis(N-i-propyl-salicylaldiminato) nickel(II) (i-pr Ni) complexes which have approximately square planar and tetrahedral metal coordination. Multiple-scattering formalisms embedded inFEFFwere used for XAFS modelling of the complexes. Here it is shown that anIFEFFIT-like package using weighting from experimental uncertainty converges to a well defined XAFS model. Structural refinement of (i-pr Ni) was found to yield a distorted tetrahedral geometry providing an excellent fit, χr2= 2.94. The structure of (n-pr Ni) is best modelled with a distorted square planar geometry, χr2= 3.27. This study demonstrates the insight that can be obtained from the propagation of uncertainty in XAFS analysis and the consequent confidence which can be obtained in hypothesis testing and in analysis of alternate structuresab initio. It also demonstrates the limitations of this (or any other) data set by defining the point at which signal becomes embedded in noise or amplified uncertainty, and hence can justify the use of a particulark-range for one data set or a different range for another. It is demonstrated that, with careful attention to data collection, including the correction of systematic errors with statistical analysis of uncertainty (the hybrid method), it is possible to obtain reliable structural information from dilute solutions using transmission XAFS data.

A new approach is introduced for determining X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) spectra on absolute and relative scales using multiple solutions with different concentrations by the characterization and correction of experimental systematics. This hybrid technique is a development of standard X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) along the lines of the high-accuracy X-ray extended range technique (XERT) but with applicability to solutions, dilute systems and cold cell environments. This methodology has been applied to determining absolute XAS of bis(N-n-propyl-salicylaldiminato) nickel(II) and bis(N-i-propyl-salicylaldiminato) nickel(II) complexes with square planar and tetrahedral structures in 15 mMand 1.5 mMdilute solutions. It is demonstrated that transmission XAS from dilute systems can provide excellent X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) and XAFS spectra, and that transmission measurements can provide accurate measurement of subtle differences including coordination geometries. For the first time, (transmission) XAS of the isomers have been determined from low-concentration solutions on an absolute scale with a 1–5% accuracy, and with relative precision of 0.1% to 0.2% in the active XANES and XAFS regions after inclusion of systematic corrections.

Background The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence and risk factors of prediabetes and diagnosed and undiagnosed diabetes mellitus (DM) in rural Bangladesh. Methods Using a population-based cluster random sampling strategy, 3104 adults aged ≥30 years were recruited. Fasting capillary blood glucose, blood pressure, height, weight, waist circumference, and knowledge, attitudes, and practice related to diabetes were recorded. Diabetes was defined as fasting glucose (FG) ≥7.0 mmol/L or a self-reported diagnosis of diabetes; impaired FG (IFG) was defined as FG ≥ 6.1 and

Methods for the quantification of statistically valid measures of the uncertainties associated with X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) data obtained from dilute solutions using fluorescence measurements are developed. Experimental data obtained from 10 mM solutions of the organometallic compound ferrocene, Fe(C(5)H(5))(2), are analysed within this framework and, following correction for various electronic and geometrical factors, give robust estimates of the standard errors of the individual measurements. The reliability of the refinement statistics of standard current XAFS structure approaches that do not include propagation of experimental uncertainties to assess subtle structural distortions is assessed in terms of refinements obtained for the staggered and eclipsed conformations of the C(5)H(5) rings of ferrocene. Standard approaches (XFIT, IFEFFIT) give refinement statistics that appear to show strong, but opposite, preferences for the different conformations. Incorporation of experimental uncertainties into an IFEFFIT-like analysis yield refinement statistics for the staggered and eclipsed forms of ferrocene which show a far more realistic preference for the eclipsed form which accurately reflects the reliability of the analysis. Moreover, the more strongly founded estimates of the refined parameter uncertainties allow more direct comparison with those obtained by other techniques. These XAFS-based estimates of the bond distances have accuracies comparable with those obtained using single-crystal diffraction techniques and are superior in terms of their use in comparisons of experimental and computed structures.

In the past, genome sequence databases had used main memory indexing, such as the suffix tree, for fast sequence searches. With next generation sequencing technologies, the amount of sequence data being generated is huge and main memory indexing is limited by the amount of memory available. K-mer based techniques are being more used for various genome sequence database applications such as local alignment. K-mer can also provide an excellent basis for creating efficient disk based indexing. In this paper, we have proposed a k-mer based database searching and local alignment tool using box queries on BoND-SD-tree indexing. BoND-tree is quite efficient for indexing and searching in Non-Ordered Discrete Data Space (NDDS). We have conducted experiments on searching DNA sequence databases using back translated protein query sequences and have compared with existing methods. We have also implemented local alignment of back translated protein query sequences with large DNA sequence databases using this index based k-mer search. Performances of this local alignment approach has been compared with that of Tblastn of NCBI. The results are quite promising and justify significance of the proposed approach.

The linearity of response of X-ray detectors is tested. Examples of linearity tests demonstrate the remarkable range of linear response of flowing-gas ion chambers in the synchrotron environment. The diagnostic is also highly sensitive to the presence in the X-ray beam of harmonic X-rays diffracted by a higher-order reflection of the monochromator. The remarkable range of linearity of ion chambers has enabled the accurate measurement of the absolute X-ray attenuation of a number of elements. It should now be possible to measure the absolute intensity of Bragg reflections, provided such measurements are carried out with extended-face single crystals. The advantages of the extended-face crystal technique for Bragg intensity measurements are summarized and a number of approaches to absolute Bragg intensity measurement are discussed. © 2011 International Union of Crystallography Printed in Singapore - all rights reserved.

A very simple, ultra-sensitive and highly selective non-extractive spectrophotometric method for the determination of trace amount of cadmium using 5,7-dibromo-8-hydroxyquinoline (DBHQ) has been developed. DBHQ reacts in a slightly acidic solution with cadmium to give a deep greenish-yellow chelate, which has an absorption maximum at 396 nm. The average molar absorption co-efficient and Sandell's sensitivity were found to be 5.3 x 10(3) L mol(-1) cm(-2) and 20 ng cm(-2) of Cd, respectively. Linear calibration graphs were obtained for 0.1-30 microg mL(-1) of Cd. A large excess of over 50 cations, anions and some common complexing agents do not interfere with the determination. The method was successfully used in the determination of cadmium in several Standard Reference Materials as well as in some environmental waters, biological and soil samples.

The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence and risk factors of prediabetes and diagnosed and undiagnosed diabetes mellitus (DM) in rural Bangladesh.Using a population-based cluster random sampling strategy, 3104 adults aged ≥30 years were recruited. Fasting capillary blood glucose, blood pressure, height, weight, waist circumference, and knowledge, attitudes, and practice related to diabetes were recorded. Diabetes was defined as fasting glucose (FG) ≥7.0 mmol/L or a self-reported diagnosis of diabetes; impaired FG (IFG) was defined as FG ≥ 6.1 and7.0 mmol/L.The overall crude prevalence of DM was 7.2% (95% confidence interval [CI] 6.3%-8.1%; n = 222), of which 55% (n = 123) was previously undiagnosed (UDM). The prevalence of IFG was 5.3% (95% CI 4.5%-6.1%; n = 163). The age-standardized prevalence of DM and IFG was 6.6% and 5.0%, respectively. The prevalence of UDM was higher in people of lower socioeconomic status (59% vs. 31%; P 0.001). Of those with known DM, 56% had poor glycemic control (FG ≥ 7.0 mmol/L) and 37% were not on medication. Overall knowledge of DM was poor; only 16.3%, 17.8%, and 13.4% of those with UDM, IFG, and normal FG knew that diabetes causes eye disease, compared with 55.6% of those with known DM (Ptrend 0.001).In this rural Bangladeshi community, UDM was high. Lower socioeconomic status was associated with a higher risk of UDM. Overall knowledge of DM was poor. Public health programmes should target those of low socioeconomic status and aim to increase knowledge of DM in rural Bangladesh.

Background To assess the Knowledge, Attitudes and Practice (KAP) amongst the general community regarding type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) in rural Bangladesh. Methods Data was collected using cluster random sampling from 3104 adults residing in a rural district in Bangladesh. Participants underwent a KAP questionnaire survey regarding assessing diabetes, socio-demographic and medical history. Descriptive, Chi-square and regression analyses were performed. Results Participants were aged between 30 and 89 years (M = 51, SD = 11.8) and 65.5% were female. The prevalence of diabetes was found to be 8.3%. The majority (93%) reported to have heard of diabetes, yet only 4% knew what a glucose tolerance test was. Only 50% reported that they knew physical inactivity was a risk factor. Age, gender, level of education and socio-economic status (SES) were significantly associated with KAP. A lower proportion (41%) of older participants (aged ≥65 years) reported that they knew that dietary modifications assist in diabetes control compared to those aged less than 35 years (69%), p

Data clustering has been considered as one of the most important techniques for unsupervised learning in diverse applications. Gene clustering is to find out groups of genes similarly expressed in large size of microarray data. Meanwhile, recent development of microarray technology generates a very large number of microarray data with low cost and handles more than 10,000 genes simultaneously in one chip. Thus, high performance computing of gene clustering has become increasingly important in microarray data analysis. In this paper, we propose a scalable parallel gene clustering method using the MapReudce programming model. The proposed method utilizes the k-means algorithm for identifying similar groups of genes. Experiment results show that the proposed method can offer good scalability with data size increases, and different numbers of nodes, and it can also provide effective clustering results against real microarray data.

Absolute values of the column densities [ ρ t ] c of four gold foils were measured using micrometry combined with the 2D X-ray attenuation profile. The absolute calibration of [ ρ t ] c was made with a reference foil and the [ ρ t ] c of other foils were determined following the thickness transfer method. By this method, we obtain absolute calibration to 0.1% or better which was not possible using only the X-ray map of a single foil over its central region.