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Abstract In this paper, we give some direct approximation results by modified Kantorovich–Szász type operators involving Charlier polynomials. Further, approximation results are also developed in polynomial weighted spaces. Moreover, for the functions of bounded variation, approximation results are proved. Finally, some graphical examples are provided to show comparisons of convergence between old and modified operators towards a function under different parameters and conditions.

The present literature deals with the study of MHD flow of an incompressible viscous electrically conducting fluid along an exponentially accelerated infinite vertical plate in a rotating system. The effects of thermodiffusion, thermal radiation and Hall current, are analysed with ramped and isothermal plate conditions. The non-dimensional coupled partial differential equations of the model are solved analytically by using Laplace Transform method with the help of Heaviside step function; thus the expression for velocity field, temperature field, concentration field, skin friction coefficient, Nusselt number and Sherwood number are obtained. The influence of physical parameters such as m (Hall parameter), Sr (Soret number), K (Darcy permeability), λ (exponential parameter), Ω (rotation parameter) and R (radiation parameter) on these fields are discussed in detail through graphs.

In this study, Calcium hydroxyl was fabricated from quail egg-shell and autogenous plasma-rich fibrin (PRF) to reconstitute the mandibular gap in dogs. In this study, 27 dogs of both sexes were used, enrolled in three groups, nine of each. A defect as a circular gap experimentally induced on the ventral surface of the lower mandible with a diameter of (14,0.5 mm). Clinical and Radiographical examinations were evaluated at (0,15,30 and 60 days post-surgery), and the XRD (X-Ray Diffractometer), Field Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometer (EDS) analysis were performed. Clinically there was normal mastication and no award complications. Radiographically in 1st group treated with Ca(OH)², the healing near completed, and the opacification of the bone defect in the caudal body of the mandible, with a sclerosed margin representing maturating callus with complete trabecular bridging, whereas in 2nd group at same period representing good maturating callus with complete trabecular bridging, there is disappearance of gap and complete opacification. The XRD scanning of the quail eggshell proved the hexagonal crystalline shape of calcium hydroxide containing essential elements of natural bone calcium, oxygen, and Carbone. At the same time, FESEM demonstrated the characteristic hexagonal shape of the particles, allowing identifying them as calcium hydroxide in Ca(OH)2 group with no porous in PRF. In conclusion, using fabricated calcium hydroxide quail egg shell and prepared autogenous PRF demonstrated an effective bioactive agent with superior biocompatible properties of PRF for reconstitution mandibular defect in dogs; there was increased radiographic density of defective bone.

The United Arab Emirates (UAE) is slowly transitioning from traditional single-family public housing to a ‘vertical’ typology to meet the increasing demand on public housing, solve the problem of the scarcity of land in urban areas, and contribute to achieving its local agenda for sustainable development goals. However, the direct involvement of Emirati residents in the design process of the recently developed limited number of vertical public housing projects has been missing. This research aims to involve a sample of Emirati residents, representing the targeted category for vertical public housing, in the pre-occupancy evaluation of the design of Al Ghurfa, the very recently developed vertical public housing project, focusing mainly on assessing the attainment of social sustainability in this design. The research method included four phases, including initiating a conceptual framework from relevant literature reviews, digitalizing the case study design, developing the conventional and e-Participation interview scenarios and scripts, and selecting a sample of Emirati young citizens who participated in the study. The results of the study successfully highlighted the participating residents’ preferences and concerns regarding the design of the investigated pioneering vertical public housing project. The findings revealed the interviewed citizens’ perceptions of the investigated social sustainability principles in the vertical housing design pertaining to mixed-use development within and outside the vertical residential building, social integration among neighbors of the building, vertical and horizontal accessibility inside and outside the building, security measures for the residents of the buildings and their privacy, design measures of the high-quality living environments, the user-responsive design of the housing units, and the importance of their involvement in the design. This helped propose a set of recommended design actions for attaining social sustainability in vertical housing design tailored to the specific needs of Emirati residents. The research has also revealed the successful merger between the conventional and advanced e-Participation tools in involving the residents in assessing the professional design of vertical public housing as a new emerging typology that is expected to prevail in the near future.

The Internet of things (IoT) has given exceptional changes to all contexts in our lives, as the data can be collected and informed by smart devices in a real-time. E-government appears to be one of the many IoT application settings that can greatly benefit from the use of IoT, reforming and enhancing public services. The adoption of IoT in e-government encompasses a number of risks and challenges, including technological and non-technological issues that have to be resolved in order to create effective services and applications. This paper aims to propose a framework for smart government (SG) based on IoT usage. Also, it offers an inclusive overview of the key challenges and opportunities accompanying these new communications technologies in various disciplines. The findings indicate that IoT has a wide range of potential advantages, which suggests that IoT facilitates efficient knowledge management, sharing, and collaboration across domains at all levels of the organization.

A study of non-diatom algal species composition in twelve sites from Greater Zab River path within Erbil Province, was carried out from April 2021 to January 2022 with monthly sample collection in twelve studied sites. Among them site 4,5,6,7 and 9 are the first for algal study in this area. The 112 different species of algae belong to 33 genera, 25 families, 13 orders and 4 divisions have been identified. The predominant genera included Spirogyra and Cosmarium 17, 8 taxa respectively. 13 taxa were new recorded to Iraqi Kurdistan algal flora and 9 of them were new recorded to Iraqi algal flora: Botryosphaerella sudetica, Muriella magna, Gloeotaenium loitlesbergianum, Apiocystis brauniana, Anabaena oscillarioides, C. distentum, C. tutum, C. contractum var. minutum, kirchneriella irregularis, Oedogonium suecicum f. australe, Coelastrum indicum, Oocystis lacustris, and Pediastrum braunii. Also, there were three new genera for Iraqi algal flora which including: Botryosphaerella, Muriella and Apiocystis. A brief description as well as the measurement is given for each species. Water temperatures ranged from 17.3 to 20.08 ºC, hydrogen ion concentration and electrical conductivity value ranged from 7.44 to 7.88 and 433.20 to 721.56 μS.cm-1 for all studied sites respectively. The aim of this study is to identify algal taxa in studied sites.

This study was conducted to explore the antibody titers and antibiotic sensitivity of salmonella organisms isolated from pigeons and their surrounding in Nineveh governorate during the period from November 2021 to March 2022. Thirty out of 83 positive Salmonella spp. isolated from 400 pigeons and 150 samples of their environment in a previous study (unpublished data) were subjected to an antibiogram sensitivity test. Nearly half of the isolates (n=16) were tested for ß- lactamase production. Seroprevalence of 92 blood samples collected from the same pigeons (69/adults and 23/squabs) were used for the estimation of S. enteritides antibody titers. The antibiogram profile of tested Salmonella spp. revealed high resistance (73.33%) to Ciprofloxacin followed by Colistin (70%), Florphenicol (66.6%), Sulphamethoxazole-Trimethoprim (60%), Lincomycin and Amoxicillin (46.6), Spiramycin and Doxycycline (40%), Tetracycline (36.66%), Levofloxacin and Enrofloxacin (33.33%), Phosphomycin (26.6%), Norfloxacin (23.3%), Cephalexin, Neomycin and Gentamycin 16.66%. Beta-lactmase producing Salmonella spp. revealed that 3 isolates out of 13(18.75%) were positive by acidimetric, 7/16(43.75%) using extended spectrum ß -lactmase and 6/16(37.5%) in extended spectrum ß -lactmase type ampC methods. Antibody titers to S. enteritides naturally exposed pigeons obtained by Indirect ELISA revealed a significant (P≤0.ooo1) difference between adults and squabs mean titers. In conclusion, pigeons are considered one of the Salmonella spp. sources that may aid in the cross-contamination of Salmonella spp. from pigeons to the surroundings, humans or animals.

Fifteen physico-chemical parameters with heavy metals were evaluated from the Greater Zab River path within Erbil province in twelve sites over a period of 10 months (from April 2021 to January 2022). In the field, Air and water temperature measured by thermometer, Electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, potential of hydrogen measured by portable EC and pH meter, While, the laboratory measurement included total hardness, calcium ion, magnesium ion, total alkalinity, chloride measured by titration method, nitrate, nitrite, phosphorus and sulfate measured by spectrophotometric method. Water Quality calculated by using Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment Water Quality Index (CCME WQI). Heavy metals were analyzed by (AAS Perkins Elmer USA 1100D). The results of the present study shows that electrical conductivity, total alkalinity and phosphorus mean values were higher than the limits of WHO standards, While all remaining mean parameters were found in agreement for drinking purposes for WHO standards. The studied sites were classified under the hard waters. CCME WQI status for all sites located under the category of “Fair” (65-79) except for site 12 was located under the category of “Marginal” (45-64) water quality. The decreasing trend of heavy metals were observed in the water as Si > Fe > Cr > Zn > Mn > Pb > Ni > Co > Cu > Cd.

Abstract Background: After introducing Covid‐19 vaccines, a few side effects were reported, pityriasis rosea being one of them. Therefore, this study will systematically review its manifestation afteradministration.Methods: Databases were searched, covering a timeline from December 1, 2019 to February 28, 2022. Data were independently extracted and accessed for bias. SPSS statistical software version 25 was used for appropriate inferential statistics. Results: Thirty‐one studies were included for data extraction after screening following the eligibility criteria. A total of 111 people were identified to have developed pityriasis rosea or pityriasis rosea‐like eruptions after vaccination, out of which 36 (55.38%) were female. The average age of incidence was calculated to be 44.92 years, and 63 (62.37%) people presented after administration of the first dose. It was found popularly in the trunk area, either asymptomatically or with mild symptoms. Meantime the onset, was 8.58 days, and meantime it took to recover, was 6.44 weeks. Conclusion: The association between pityriasis rosea and pityriasis rosea‐like eruptions after Covid‐19 vaccines was established, but given the scarcity of studies, there is a need to conduct different clinical trials to confirm this association further and study the etiology and mechanism of the disease.

Abstract The study was designed to determine the role of adding hyaluronic acid as a supportive filling material to improve grafting process of experimentally defective tibial bone in dog model. Eighteen local breed dogs of both sexes weighted 18± 0.4 kg and aged (12± 0.6Months) were randomly allocated in two equal groups. In the first group, twelve dogs underwent experimental tibial bone defect (2.5×0.7 cm ) and replaced with deprotenized lamb ribs. The second group were treated as that for the first, but supported by adding 1% hyaluronic acid, to their grafts. The bone in both groups was firmly fixed by cerclage wire. All dogs were; followed-up clinically, radiologically and macroscopically at (14, 30 and 60 days after the intervention. In all study dogs the systemic infections, signs of seromas, hematoma and sever lameness were not developed along the period of the study . Grossly, dogs in the second group at 60 days showed an increase in the size of the filler of bone at the edges and in the mid of the defect, improvement and acceleration in the bone healing, and formation of bone bridges compared to the first group. Radiological finding exhibited complete healing of the fixated bone segment with the surrounding area; however, some cortical irregularities denoted chronic periosteal reaction and callus formation in the treatment with hyaluronic acid. In conclusion, the study indicated that hyaluronic acid with xenograft materials exhibited remarkable beneficial effects on improvement of the tibial bone defect augmentation

Lupus nephritis (LN) is a major risk factor for morbidity and mortality in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Urinalysis has an invaluable role in the diagnosis of various renal and urological diseases. Examinations of the urinary sediment using phase contrast microscopy (PCM) may add more information to help earlier diagnoses of LN. This cross-sectional study aimed to assess the possible role of the components of urinary sediment examined using PCM in discriminating the proliferative classes of LN (III and IV ± V) from the non-proliferative classes (I, II, and V), and to detect the correlation between the components of urinary sediment and indices of both activity and chronicity found by the renal biopsy. The study was conducted on 40 SLE patients for whom a renal biopsy was indicated. Clinical, demographic, and laboratory data and the results of the histopathological renal biopsy were collected. The morning before the renal biopsy; urine samples were collected from every patient and examined by PCM. Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to detect the area under the curve to predict proliferative LN. The correlations of counts of leukocytes, erythrocytes, all dysmorphic erythrocytes, acanthocytes, and stomatocytes with the indices of activity and chronicity were significant (activity: P = 0.027, P = 0.015, P = 0.033, P = 0.040, and P

With the rapid use of the Four-Wheel Drive System (FWDS) worldwide, the necessity of having an adequate control system to control speed and direction in FWDS is extremely required. For this purpose, several control schemes are available in the literature to control the speed and direction in FWDS which should be fast convergence of the control, continuous control performance, and solving external disturbances. In latest years, finite-time controllers (FTC) have gained more consideration from many researchers in the control area, who have expressed applications in several procedures and systems. This research provides a major review of the FTC approaches via both input and output feedbacks for controlling FWDS.

This paper presents the performance analysis of a photovoltaic cell derived from a single diode equivalent circuit under the influence of several kinds of electrical and environmental parameters. The characteristics of a solar cell have been investigated using MATLAB simulation and havebeen validated experimentally. In this paperthe photovoltaic cell is represented by an exactequivalent circuit including all parameters such as a diode saturation current, light generated current, temperature effects, series and shunt resistance values. Also, this paper includes the impacts of clouds, dust, chalk powder, fly ash and bird droppings on the efficiency of the photovoltaic panel. A comparison between the experimental and model simulation results confirmed the reality of results, and indicate the validity of the exact model for photovoltaic performance analysis.

The United Arab Emirates (UAE) is slowly transitioning from traditional single-family public housing to a 'vertical' typology to meet the increasing demand on public housing, solve the problem of the scarcity of land in urban areas, and contribute to achieving its local agenda for sustainable development goals. However, the direct involvement of Emirati residents in the design process of the recently developed limited number of vertical public housing projects has been missing. This research aims to involve a sample of Emirati residents, representing the targeted category for vertical public housing, in the pre-occupancy evaluation of the design of Al Ghurfa, the very recently developed vertical public housing project, focusing mainly on assessing the attainment of social sustainability in this design. The research method included four phases, including initiating a conceptual framework from relevant literature reviews, digitalizing the case study design, developing the conventional and e-Participation interview scenarios and scripts, and selecting a sample of Emirati young citizens who participated in the study. The results of the study successfully highlighted the participating residents' preferences and concerns regarding the design of the investigated pioneering vertical public housing project. The findings revealed the interviewed citizens' perceptions of the investigated social sustainability principles in the vertical housing design pertaining to mixed-use development within and outside the vertical residential building, social integration among neighbors of the building, vertical and horizontal accessibility inside and outside the building, security measures for the residents of the buildings and their privacy, design measures of the high-quality living environments, the user-responsive design of the housing units, and the importance of their involvement in the design. This helped propose a set of recommended design actions for attaining social sustainability in vertical housing design tailored to the specific needs of Emirati residents. The research has also revealed the successful merger between the conventional and advanced e-Participation tools in involving the residents in assessing the professional design of vertical public housing as a new emerging typology that is expected to prevail in the near future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paraquat (PQ), as a frequently used compound in many applications while the herbal providing is vigorously used in the curing of broad spectrum diseases such as liver disease, the influence of thyme extract or Thymus vulgaris L. (T.vulgaris) and their constituents was previously reported. The main target goal of the present study, is to explore the influence of T.vulgaris extract toward PQ induced toxicity in male albino rats. The current study was conducted on thirty-two (32) male albino rats, they were separated equally and randomly upon four (4) groups, all groups fed normal diet and drunk tap water ad libitum as following; the first group was considered as control. The second group was treated with PQ (0.3ml/rats) orally by needle gavage, the third group as administered with PQ (0.3ml/rats), and 200ml/kg body weight (BW) of T.vulgaris extract orally by needle gavage, the fourth group was administered with 200ml/kg BW of T.vulgaris extract orally by needle gavage. The treatment duration was continued for eight executive days. Paraquat administration showed significant decrease in BW, food intake, liver, kidney weight also PQ increased malondialdehyde (MDA), low density lipoprotein (LDL), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and, uric acid (UA) significantly. Therefore, the current results indicate that, the herbicide PQ showed adverse effects through initiation of lipid peroxidation, while T.vulgaris extract produced a significant recovery in ameliorating some aspects of PQ toxicity.

It is generally thought that the promoters of non-segmented, negative strand RNA viruses (nsNSVs) direct the polymerase to initiate RNA synthesis exclusively opposite the 3´ terminal nucleotide of the genome RNA by a de novo (primer independent) initiation mechanism. However, recent studies have revealed that there is diversity between different nsNSVs with pneumovirus promoters directing the polymerase to initiate at positions 1 and 3 of the genome, and ebolavirus polymerases being able to initiate at position 2 on the template. Studies with other RNA viruses have shown that polymerases that engage in de novo initiation opposite position 1 typically have structural features to stabilize the initiation complex and ensure efficient and accurate initiation. This raised the question of whether different nsNSV polymerases have evolved fundamentally different structural properties to facilitate initiation at different sites on their promoters. Here we examined the functional properties of polymerases of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), a pneumovirus, human parainfluenza virus type 3 (PIV-3), a paramyxovirus, and Marburg virus (MARV), a filovirus, both on their cognate promoters and on promoters of other viruses. We found that in contrast to the RSV polymerase, which initiated at positions 1 and 3 of its promoter, the PIV-3 and MARV polymerases initiated exclusively at position 1 on their cognate promoters. However, all three polymerases could recognize and initiate from heterologous promoters, with the promoter sequence playing a key role in determining initiation site selection. In addition to examining de novo initiation, we also compared the ability of the RSV and PIV-3 polymerases to engage in back-priming, an activity in which the promoter template is folded into a secondary structure and nucleotides are added to the template 3´ end. This analysis showed that whereas the RSV polymerase was promiscuous in back-priming activity, the PIV-3 polymerase generated barely detectable levels of back-primed product, irrespective of promoter template sequence. Overall, this study shows that the polymerases from these three nsNSV families are fundamentally similar in their initiation properties, but have differences in their abilities to engage in back-priming.

Nowadays, the concern of vehicle manufacturers towards improving engine performance, reducing fuel consumption and exhaust emissions that can cause the pollution of the atmosphere, concerns of strict emission pollution control regulations. Intercooler heat exchanger devices are used for engine charge air temperature improving for engine performance and emissions reduction. This paper introduces a new add-on technology of intercooler heat exchanger- (IHE) developed for utilizing in intake charge air density enhancement in engine combustion for better performance. Presenting a challenge in contributing a framework process for geometry designing development procedure for accurate and reliable scale design size of an air-vapour gas shell-and-tube IHE type, used refrigerant coolant medium. The process presents effective IHE in design time consumption, accurate in scale with higher performance and reliability operation in all environment weather due to reversibility system. A selected design geometry of 60 bunches of tubes with 7.53 mm inner diameter and 150 mm long placed. Effectiveness and design parameter geometry calculation are conditions of the IHE dependent relations of the shell size to tube length in condition of engine space availability control. Pressure drop and cooling capacity of IHE configuration design are proportional to the availability of design space or pressure drop control by the engine. Numerical and simulation results expressed a significant ability of IHE of 2–13 kW cooling load and process applicability for qualified design geometry configuration for selected IHE type. The developments present significant geometry flexibility design with the ability of cooling load or heating effect if reversible system, which offered multipurpose use in widely all vehicle types.

يهدف البحث الحالي الى دراسة تطوير الفلسفة التربوية وفق معايير الجودة الشاملة، ولتحقيق هدف البحث اتبع الباحثان المنهج الوصفي التحليلي الذي يعتمد على تحليل الأدبيات المتعلقة بمفهوم الجودة الشاملة ومفهوم تطوير الفلسفة التربوية. وقد تضمن البحث أربع فصول اشتمل الفصل الأول التعريف بالبحث من خلال مشكلته وأهمية البحث وأهدافه وتعريف المصطلحات والمفاهيم، وتناول الباحثان في الفصل الثاني الفلسفة التربوية والأهمية الأساسية للفلسفة التربوية والاهتمام بكفاءة المؤسسة التعليمية، أما في الفصل الثالث فقد تم شرح معايير الجودة الشاملة ومعايير قياس الجودة وضبطها في العملية التربوية بالإضافة الى فوائد تطبيق ومتطلبات معايير الجودة الشاملة في المؤسسات التربوية، وأخيرا تناول الباحثان في الفصل الرابع ضبط جودة الفلسفة التربوية وتطبيق معايير الجودة الشاملة في الفلسفة التربوية وتطوير الفلسفة التربوية وفق معايير الجودة الشاملة وطرق تطوير الفلسفة التربوية في ظل الجودة الشاملة . وتوصل الباحثان الى جملة من النتائج من أبرزها إن الجودة في الفلسفة التربوية تمهد لخلق خطط متكاملة لتطوير الفلسفة التربوية التعليمية، وان تحقيق جودة التعليم يتطلب تكاملا وتفاعلا لكل الموارد البشرية والسياسات والنظم والمناهج والعمليات والبنى التحتية من أجل خلق بيئة فاعلة للإبداع وللابتكار. وفي ضوء نتائج البحث قدم الباحثان عددا من التوصيات والمقترحات.

Lead acetate (LA) is considered as the common hazardous compund present in our habitat. It has a several diverse-organ toxicant effect in various healthy issues included diseases of the hepatic, renal, and other body systems. Fenugreek seeds (Trigonella foenum graecum L.) were used in curing medicine and as food supplement since ancient times. After that, their antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties have been studied. Therefore the presented was based on their biological properties of this plant and conducted to examine the protective impact of fenugreek seed extract upon LA toxicity on some blood cellular and biochemical parameters of female albino rats (Rattus norvegicus). Twenty eight female rats were randomly and equally divided into four groups each one contain seven rats as following; first group received basal diet and tap water ad libitum. Second group received basal diet and LA 80 mg/L with water ad libitum. Third group received basal diet contained 2.5% fenugreek seed extract and LA 80 mg/L with water ad libitum. Fourth group received basal diet contained 2.5% fenugreek seed extract with water ad libitum. Rat’s administration was continued daily for two weeks respectively. The administration of rats with LA produced significant reduction in liver weight, food intake, while it increased triglyceride (TG), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), uric acid (UA) and creatinie (CR). While supplemented diet with 2.5% Fenugreek seed extract improved body weight, organ weight, lipid peroxidation, TG, ALP, and AST. Our results plead for the profiteering of fenugreek seeds as a dietary supplement, because it showed protective effect of their content in polyphenolic flavonoids, antioxidant and membrane-protective effects, against exposure to the LA compound to protect injurious risk.

يتميز الفكر الإنساني بتواصله، اذ يأخذ اللاحق من السابق ويفيد منه ،وان التميز الحقيقي للفيلسوف انما يبرز في فهمه لتراث السابقين من خلال منهج جديد يعكس استقلاله وابداعه، وقدرة منهجه على طرح تصورات جديدة تسهم في تقدم المرحلة التي يعيشها، وقد أسهم المفكرون والعلماء العرب والمسلمون في النهضة العلمية الحديثة التي تعيشها اوروبا والتي يشهد بها الاوربيون أنفسهم ، وقد حددت الباحثة هدف البحث في تعرف المنهج التجريبي في فكر فلاسفة العلم (روجر بيكون) و(فرنسيس بيكون)، وفيما يتعلق بمنهجية البحث فقد اتبعت الباحثة المنهج التاريخي الوصفي التحليلي البنائي والمقارن منهجا تسير عليه في تحقيق وتحليل البيانات، ومن أبرز النتائج التي توصلت اليها الباحثة: ساهم روجر بيكون في نهضة العلم ورفع من قيمة التجربة العلمية ومنهج الاستقراء، وجاء بعده فرنسيس بيكون الذي رفض منطق ارسطو المعروف بالاورجانون اذ وجد ان منطق ارسطو يقوم على القياس فلايجعلنا نكتشف شيء جديد ، ولايمكن ان يقود لسيطرة عملية على الطبيعة ، فمن الضروري تغييره بالمنهج التجريبي الاستقرائي بمعناه الحديث بدءا بالتجربة الحسية والملاحظات الدقيقة والتجارب العلمية واستخراج النتائج بحذر ، كما نصح بعدم الفصل بين العقل والتجربة فالأنفع عمليا هو الاصدق نظريا

Video processing becomes one of the most popular and needed steps in machine leering. Todays, Cameras are installed in many places for many reasons including government services. One of the most applications for this concern is traffic police services. One of the main problems of using videos in machine learning application is the duration of the video; which is consuming time, paperwork and space in processing. This leads to increase the computation cost through a high number of frames. This paper proposes an algorithm to optimize videos duration using a Gaussian mixture model (GMM) method for real accident video. The Histogram of Gradient (HoG) has been used to extract the features of the video frames, a scratch CNN has been designed and conducted on two common datasets; Stanford Dogs Dataset (SDD) and Vehicle Make and Model Recognition Dataset (VMMRdb) in addition to a local dataset that created for this research. The experimental work is done in two ways, the first is after applying GMM, the finding revealed that the number of frames in the dataset was decreased by nearly 51%. The second is comparing the accuracy and complexity of these datasets has been done. Whereas the experimental results of accuracy illustrated for the proposed CNN, 85% on the local dataset, 85% on SDD Dataset and 86% on VMMRdb Dataset. However, applying GoogleNet and AlexNet on the same datasets achieved 82%, 79%, 80%, 83%, 81%, 83% respectively.

Knowledge of the sources of carbonaceous aerosol affecting air quality in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, is limited but needed for the development of pollution control strategies. We conducted sampling of PM2.5 from April to September 2012 at various sites in the city and used a thermo-optical semi-continuous method to quantify the organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) concentrations. The average OC and EC concentrations were 4.7 ± 4.4 and 2.1 ± 2.5 µg m−3, respectively, during this period. Both OC and EC concentrations had strong diurnal variations, with peaks at 06:00–08:00 LT and 20:00–22:00 LT, attributed to the combined effect of increased vehicle emissions during rush hour and the shallow boundary layer in the early morning and at night. This finding suggested a significant influence of local vehicular emissions on OC and EC. The OC ∕ EC ratio in primary emissions was estimated to be 1.01, close to documented values for diesel emissions. Estimated primary organic carbon (POC) and secondary organic carbon (SOC) concentrations were comparable, with average concentrations of 2.0 ± 2.4 and 2.8 ± 3.4 µg m−3, respectively.We also collected 24 h samples of PM10 onto quartz microfiber filters and analyzed these for an array of metals by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). Total OC was correlated with Ca (R2 of 0.63), suggesting that OC precursors and Ca may have similar sources, and the possibility that they underwent similar atmospheric processing. In addition to a ubiquitous dust source, Ca is emitted during desalting processes in the numerous refineries in the region and from cement kilns, suggesting these sources may also contribute to observed OC concentrations in Riyadh. Concentration weighted trajectory (CWT) analysis showed that high OC and EC concentrations were associated with air masses arriving from the Persian Gulf and the region around Baghdad, locations with high densities of oil fields and refineries as well as a large Saudi Arabian cement plant. We further applied positive matrix factorization to the aligned dataset of EC, OC, and metal concentrations (Al, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, and V). Three factors were derived and were proposed to be associated with oil combustion, industrial emissions (Pb based), and a combined source from oil fields, cement production, and local vehicular emissions. The dominant OC and EC source was the combined source, contributing 3.9 µg m−3 (80 %) to observed OC and 1.9 µg m−3 (92 %) to observed EC.

Bio-fuel produced from inexpensive organic waste is a renewable alternative eco-friendly energy source compared to hazardous fossil fuel. Organic wastes contain significant amount of carbohydrates when subjected to acid hydrolysis, yield fermentable sugar wort. Organic waste collected from various source was converted into fermentable sugar by acid hydrolysis carried out using different concentration (2%, 6% and 10%) of sulphuric acid. Sugar wort thus obtained was converted to ethanol by fermentation process using Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The maximum yield of 36.2 ml bio-ethanol was obtained from sample hydrolyzed with 10% sulphuric acid. The minimum yield of 17.3 ml bio-ethanol was obtained from sample hydrolyzed with 2% sulphuric acid. Considering the quantity of ethanol yield from the biomass, it is concluded that food waste is a potential source for the production of ethanol under optimum preprocess. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]