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The mortality from peritonitis is still high, so the question of the pathogenesis of this disease remains relevant. Of considerable interest are reactive and compensatory-adaptive changes in liver tissues during the development of peritonitis, since both the general state of the body and the during of the postoperative period depend on the state of the liver. The purpose of the study was reactive and compensatory-adaptive changes in mesothelial cells of the serous membrane of the liver in conditions of acute experimental peritonitis in laboratory mice. White mice were used in the amount of 35 individuals of both sexes at the age of 3 months weighing 25–30 grams. Animals under ether anesthesia were made laparotomy and the abdominal cavity was contaminated with a mixture containing autopunctate of the terminal part of the small intestine and blood at the rate of 10 ml per 1 kg of body weight. Peritonitis was reproduced by creating a focus of necrotic damage in the ventral wall of the abdominal cavity. The control group of animals was injected with saline. The study material was the liver. Morphometric and electronic microscopy research methods, the method of film preparations of mesothelium with subsequent impregnation with silver were used. As a result of the study, it was found that experimental peritonitis is accompanied by the development of structural changes in liver tissues, expressed differently at different periods of inflammation. The noted changes are systemic and involve hepatocytes, hepatic beams and cholangiocytes of the interlobular excretory bile ducts, mesothelial cells of the serous sheath, cells of the connective tissue of the interlobular layers and portal tracts, as well as cellular elements of the hepatic sinusoids and the perisinusoidal space. With the development of peritonitis, the exudation of the mesothelium of the hepatic capsule increases and becomes maximum on the 7th day of the experiment, mesothelial cells undergo dystrophic changes. With the attenuation of peritonitis at 2–4 weeks of the experiment, the dystrophic processes of the mesothelium of the hepatic capsule weaken and the state of its cells normalizes. Thus, the conducted electronic microscopic and morphometric studies prove that experimental peritonitis is accompanied by the development of regular reactive changes in liver tissues, expressed differently at different periods of inflammation.

The relationship between the liver and the peritoneum is an important element in a body homeostasis maintaining. Morphofunctional changes occurring in the liver in response to fecal peritonitis allow a better understanding of this relationship. Despite the existing researches, some aspects of the pathological changes occurring in the liver in fecal peritonitis require a special study. Purpose: to describe the composition and dynamics of the lymphocytic-leukocytic infiltrate in the liver in conditions of experimental fecal peritonitis. The study was conducted on Balb/c (n=5) mice with artificially induced fecal peritonitis. One animal was euthanized on 1, 3, 5, 7 and 14 day of the experiment. Immunophenotyping of inflammatory infiltrate cells was performed on liver tissue samples using antibodies to CD3, CD45, CD163. Morphometric analysis was carried out with the calculation of the number of cells per unit area. It was shown that the highest intensity of infiltration by CD45+-cells is observed on the 3rd day of the experiment with a subsequent decrease; infiltration by CD3+-cells increases by the 5th day of the experiment without further dynamics; infiltration of CD163+-cells by day 7 without further changes. Conclusions: the severity of the liver parenchyma infiltration by immune cells in dynamics reflects the organ reaction to experimental fecal peritonitis.

Introduction. The article provides a methodology for assessing and predicting complications during pregnancy for selectionof the optimal method of delivery.Goals and objectives. The work assessed the degree of myometrium changes, according to ultrasound studies, after using standard instrumentation and electrocoagulation, in order to predict the course of pregnancy and select the optimal method of delivery.Materials and methods. The details of the surgical anatomy, the plan of the surgeon’s action before the operation, formed according to the data of ultrasound diagnostics and operative surgery, were analyzed. Ultrasound was performed using GE Logiq S8 (USA) and Medisan Accuvix (South Korea) devices with 3,5 MHz convex transducers for transabdominal examination and with a frequency of 5 MHz for transvaginal examination.Research results. Laparoscopic myomectomy was performed in 18 women, 31 patients underwent laparotomic myomectomy, in 11 patients a combined operation technique was used: laparoscopy with minilaparotomy. According to our data, in half of the cases considered, the effects of interventions were absent or minimal. We assigned these results to group I (A — A1, A2, A3). In all other observations, cicatricial changes were revealed — group II (B, C, D, E). To predict the possible consequences, we proposed a point assessment of the ultrasound postoperative changes in the uterus, with the help of which it is possible to assess the degree of risk when planning pregnancy for each patient individually. Each group corresponds to a certain number of points.Conclusions. The presented division according to the degree of severity into groups can make it possible to individualize the approach to each patient and ensure the safest possible management of her during pregnancy and childbirth. This assessment can be used by ultrasound doctors and obstetricians-gynecologists of antenatal clinics and hospitals. The assessment presented by us at the moment is of a recommendatory nature.

The increasing amount of municipal solid waste is one of the most urgent problems for many countries in the world, including Kazakhstan. In 2021, a new environmental code was adopted in the country. In accordance with this code, some types of garbage (such as plastic, paper, cardboard or glass) are not accepted at sanitary landfills. Besides this, a separate collection system of municipal solid waste in Kokshetau is practically absent, and only a few points for the collection of secondary raw materials are currently available. The state bodies are faced with the task of introducing dual waste collection technology. This work shows the results obtained by a sociological online survey performed among the residents of the city in order to identify their attitudes with respect to the separation and classification of waste. This survey allowed us to study the level of environmental awareness and interest in solving waste-related issues in the population of Kokshetau. The results show that the majority of the population is concerned about the problem of municipal waste management and is ready to cooperate on the classification of waste at the original source. Additionally, it was revealed that the survey participants have weak environmental knowledge, so it is necessary to conduct environmental education activities for the population. The existence of a statistically significant relationship between the variables under consideration in terms of the Pearson Chi-squared criterion was observed.

The data on the taxonomic composition and quantitative characteristics of planktonic and benthic communities of the Lower Don in the area of construction of the Bagaevsky hydroelectric complex have been presented. In June - July 2018, a comprehensive hydrobiological survey was carried out to assess the taxonomic composition and quantitative characteristics of phytoplankton, zooplankton and zoobenthos. Hydrobiological samples were taken at 21 stations using standard techniques. The phytoplankton communities contained 110 taxa, zooplankton - 58, zoobenthos - 78. The spatial distribution of quantitative indicators of plankton and benthos in the investigated area has been presented. Phytoplankton abundance varied from 2,006.0 to 6,128.0 million cells/m, biomass - from 1.00 to 7.37 g/m, the average polygon indicators were 3,636.6 ± 223.5 million cells/m and 4.28 ± 0.39 g/m respectively. In terms of the number of registered taxa and quantitative indicators, two groups of phytoplankton dominated - cyanobacteria and green algae. The abundance of zooplankton ranged from 2,580 to 238,622 ind./m, biomass ranged from 36.4 to 476.0 mg/m, the average abundance was 74,690 ± 15,017 ind./m and 172.7 ± 24.8 mg/m respectively. Rotifers and cladocerans were the leaders in the number of species. Meroplankton was dominant in numbers (mainly due to mollusk larvae), and copepods were the dominant group in biomass. The number of bottom invertebrates varied from 20 to 17,867 ind./m, biomass from 0.02 to 2,114.0 g/m, the average zoobenthos abundance was 3,462 ± 898 ind./m, biomass 133.9 ± 102.0 g/m respectively. The maximum number of taxa was recorded among crustaceans and chironomid larvae. The basis of abundance was formed by oligochaetes and insect larvae, mainly chironomids, mollusks dominated by biomass. The resulting materials can be used as background materials in assessing the impact of construction on the hydrobiological communities of the Lower Don.

Introduction. The research features a detailed sensory evaluation of mass fishing objects belonging to different families, namely: the Macrouridae represented by the giant grenadier (Albatrossia pectoralis), the Herrings represented by the Pacific herring (Clupea pallasii), and the Salmons represented by the Keta salmon (Oncorhynchus keta). The research objective was to study the possibility of increasing the information content of the verbal description of fish raw materials in combination with a quantitative assessment of individual sensory indicators. Research objects and methods. The paper introduces the concept of detailed verbal description of group parameters of raw and heattreated muscle tissue. The description can increase the information capacity of sensory studies. The concept of extended description of fish raw material was added to the main sensory properties that describe color, smell, taste, and consistency. They include data on the properties of local areas with subcutaneous layer, dark muscles, fat layers, etc. Such a detailed verbal description gives an in-depth view of the sensory properties, which is part of general information on the functional and technological properties of the fish and a key factor in designing new developed products. To improve the objectivity of sensory research, the authors employed the method of quantitative evaluation. Results and discussion. The results were summed up as data on the significance coefficients established by experts, ranked, and expressed as a percentage. The significance coefficient is a method of quantitative regulation of the share of each sensory indicator in the general sensory evaluation. The research showed that the greater the number of group sensory indicators that characterize the object, the smaller and more similar their coefficients of significance, which dramatically reduces application opportunities. Therefore, significance coefficient proved a convenient means of measurement and visual presentation. However, the research was limited by the experimental conditions. Conclusion. The study of the fish raw materials established, identified, and described individual sensory indicators that involved about twenty lexical units for raw material and thirty units for heat-treated muscle tissue. The individual sensory indicators characterized color, smell, and taste. They differed in the presence of several degrees of gradation and fit into a vertical three-level (sometimes two-level) classification. Group touch indicator of the consistency describes mostly single-level unit indicators with 4–6 lexical units. As a result, the detailed description of sensory properties of fish raw materials included 2–3 times more lexical units compared to the traditional description of fish raw materials in the special reference literature.

A wide range of variables are associated with poor long-term outcomes of radical treatment in patients with prostate cancer (PCa). Expression of the programmed death-1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) in tumor might be a potential novel marker for PCa. AIM to evaluate the influence of PD-L1 expression status in tumor cells on long-term results of radical treatment in patients with PCa. MATERIALS AND METHODS a total of 45 patients with pathologically-proven PCa who undergone radical treatment and followed at N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology were retrospectively analyzed. In all cases PD-L1 expression in tumor cells was evaluated by immunohistochemical studies of paraffin block sections obtained under direct control of pathologist. Positive expression of PD-L1(+) was defined as expression level in tumor cells more or equal 1%, while hyperexpression was diagnosed when expression level L1 more or equal 5%. RESULTS PD-L1 expression and hyperexpression in tumor cells were identified in 8 (17.8%) and 6 (13.3%) cases. Median metastasis-free survival in patients with positive PD-L1 expression was 48.918 months (95% CI 42.523-55.313) and was less than in patients with negative PD-L1 expression (68.033 months, 95% CI 48.242- 87.824, p=0.090). Cancer-specific survival in patients with negative PD-L1 expression was significantly longer compared to patients with positive expression (p=0.05) and hyperexpression (p=0.024) of PD-L1 in tumor cells. Multivariate Cox analysis confirmed independent predictive value of positive expression and hyperexpression of PD-L1 in tumor cells for metastasis-free survival (HR 3.461, 95% CI 1.171-10.228, p=0.025, and HR 3.916, 95% CI 1.129-13.591, p=0.032) and cancer-specific survival (HR 7.65, 95% CI 0.69-84.51, p=0.097, and HR 9.73, 95% CI 0.87-108.78, p=0.065). CONCLUSION According to our study and published data, positive PD-L1 expression in tumor cells is associated with poor prognosis of PCa. Given the lack of association of PD-L1 expression in tumor cells with the routine clinical and pathological characteristics of the disease, it seems reasonable to include the status of PD-L1 expression in the current predictive nomograms for patients with PCa. The results may indicate the potential benefits of developing personalized approaches to PCa treatment, particularly with targeting a PD-L1/PD-1 signaling pathway in tumor cells.

Background. New potential biomarker for patients with metastatic hormone-naive prostate cancer (PCa) might be detection of programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression in tumor which is associated with worsened results of treatment and decreased survival in patients with pancreatic cancer, lung cancer and other malignant tumors. Objective : to evaluate the prognostic value of positive tumor PD-L1 status on time to castration resistance (CRPCa) in patients with meta­static PCa receiving hormonal androgen deprivation therapy in first-line systemic treatment. Materials and methods. A total of 35patients with metastatic hormone-naive PCa receiving androgen deprivation therapy with luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone analogue and follow-up at N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology were recruited in our prospective study. Tumor features of all patients were evaluated for PD-L1 expression on tumor cells by immunohistochemical studies of paraffin block sections obtained under the visual control of the pathologist using a set of monoclonal anti-PD-L1 antibody (28-8) (ab 205921) and Ventana BenchMark GXSlide staining system. Tumor tissue was obtained before starting androgen deprivation therapy. The expression level of PD-L1 >1 % in tumor cells was taken for the positive tumor PD-L1(+) status. Results . Median follow-up was 32.8 months. Positive tumor PD-L1(+) status was identified in 10 (28.6 %) cases. Median time to CRPCa was significantly lower in patients with PD-L1(+) status, than in negative PD-L1(—) status (21.44 vs. 49.12, p = 0.006 log rank test). Multi­variate Cox regression analysis confirmed independence prognostic value of PD-L1(+) associated with decreased time to CRPCa (hazard ration 5.95, 95 % confidence interval 1.97—17.99; p = 0.002), including in subgroup of patients with low-volume metastatic disease (hazard ration 7.33, 95 % confidence interval 1.81—29.60; p = 0.005). Discussion . Interaction of PD-1 receptors and its ligands PD-L1/PD-L2 is the key mechanism causing tumor immune escape and progression of the cancer. There are discussed certain ways of inducing PD-L1 expression and its prognostic value on aggressive nonmetastatic PCa. High frequency of positive PD-L1 status was revealed in rare histological subtypes of PCa associated with unfavorable prognosis and visceral metastasis. Conclusion. The results of our study demonstrated the positive tumor PD-L1 status as an independent unfavorable prognostic factorfor patients with metastatic hormone-naive PCa associated with decreased time to castration resistance, including in patients with low volume metastatic disease.

The shaping of astrophysical outflows into bright, dense, and collimated jets due to magnetic pressure is here investigated using laboratory experiments. Here we look at the impact on jet collimation of a misalignment between the outflow, as it stems from the source, and the magnetic field. For small misalignments, a magnetic nozzle forms and redirects the outflow in a collimated jet. For growing misalignments, this nozzle becomes increasingly asymmetric, disrupting jet formation. Our results thus suggest outflow/magnetic field misalignment to be a plausible key process regulating jet collimation in a variety of objects from our Sun’s outflows to extragalatic jets. Furthermore, they provide a possible interpretation for the observed structuring of astrophysical jets. Jet modulation could be interpreted as the signature of changes over time in the outflow/ambient field angle, and the change in the direction of the jet could be the signature of changes in the direction of the ambient field., Mass outflow is a common process in astrophysical objects. Here the authors investigate in which conditions an astrophysically-scaled laser-produced plasma flow can be collimated and evolves in the presence of a misaligned external magnetic field.

Malignant pleural mesothelioma is associated with poor prognosis and resistance to chemotherapy. This gives reason to search for as well new effective methods of treatment as predictive factors. Programmed cell death receptor PD-1 and its ligands PD-L1 and PD-L2 are the representatives of the system of the «immunologic checkpoint» whose main function is the regulation and modulation of immune response, the decrease of the immune cell damage in organs and tissues and also prevention running of an autoimmune process. Tumor cells are able to use a PD-1/PD-L1-signaling pathway to evade the immune system. The assessment of the level of expression of PD-L1 is regarded as a prognostic marker of the life expectancy, but also as a predictor of response to anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy.

Uterine fibroids, which, according to various estimates, are found in 50% of cases, is the most common benign disease of the female genital area. A radical method of treating this disease is surgical removal. In radical operations are actively used bi- and monopolar cauters, both for cutting and for coagulation. After such an exposure necrotic scars are often formed, leading to gross deformations of the tissue and, as a consequence, to the impossibility of a normal onset and course of pregnancy. The question of studying postoperative myometrium scars at the ultrastructural level, with the aim of possible optimization of physical parameters for the most gentle operation, is highly important, since allows to estimate changes in tissues at the level of cellular and subcellular structures. At the moment, this experience is absent in our country. The electron microscopic investigation of a myometrium subjected to an electric current is considered in the article.

Introduction. In healthy women of reproductive age, the vaginal microflora is represented mainly by lactobacilli. They provide a barrier function, preventing the propagation of opportunistic pathogens and the colonization of the vagina by pathogenic microorganisms. It is shown that the lactobacillary microflora of the vagina is very diverse, but not all species of lactobacilli can provide reliable protection of the female organism. Objective: to characterize the species and quantitative composition of vaginal lactobacilli of women of reproductive age in norm and in dysbiosis. Material and methods. The study involved 123 patients from polyclinic departments of the D.O. Ott Reasearch Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology. For analysis of clinical material (vaginal discharge) for lactobacilli and other microorganisms, quantitative real-time PCR was used. Results. The most common types of lactobacilli are Lactobacillus jensenii, L. Iners, L. crispatus, L. vaginalis and L. gasseri. Species diversity of lactobacilli (detection of ≥2 species) is observed much more often in women with physiological microbiocenosis than in women with vaginal dysbiosis. Our study confirms that L. crispatus is the dominant species of the vaginal biotope of healthy women, while in dysbiosis the species L. gasseri and L. Iners are most often identified.

A wide range of variables are associated with poor long-term outcomes of radical treatment in patients with prostate cancer (PCa). Expression of the programmed death-1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) in tumor might be a potential novel marker for PCa.to evaluate the influence of PD-L1 expression status in tumor cells on long-term results of radical treatment in patients with PCa.a total of 45 patients with pathologically-proven PCa who undergone radical treatment and followed at N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology were retrospectively analyzed. In all cases PD-L1 expression in tumor cells was evaluated by immunohistochemical studies of paraffin block sections obtained under direct control of pathologist. Positive expression of PD-L1(+) was defined as expression level in tumor cells more or equal 1%, while hyperexpression was diagnosed when expression level L1 more or equal 5%.PD-L1 expression and hyperexpression in tumor cells were identified in 8 (17.8%) and 6 (13.3%) cases. Median metastasis-free survival in patients with positive PD-L1 expression was 48.918 months (95% CI 42.523-55.313) and was less than in patients with negative PD-L1 expression (68.033 months, 95% CI 48.242- 87.824, p=0.090). Cancer-specific survival in patients with negative PD-L1 expression was significantly longer compared to patients with positive expression (p=0.05) and hyperexpression (p=0.024) of PD-L1 in tumor cells. Multivariate Cox analysis confirmed independent predictive value of positive expression and hyperexpression of PD-L1 in tumor cells for metastasis-free survival (HR 3.461, 95% CI 1.171-10.228, p=0.025, and HR 3.916, 95% CI 1.129-13.591, p=0.032) and cancer-specific survival (HR 7.65, 95% CI 0.69-84.51, p=0.097, and HR 9.73, 95% CI 0.87-108.78, p=0.065).According to our study and published data, positive PD-L1 expression in tumor cells is associated with poor prognosis of PCa. Given the lack of association of PD-L1 expression in tumor cells with the routine clinical and pathological characteristics of the disease, it seems reasonable to include the status of PD-L1 expression in the current predictive nomograms for patients with PCa. The results may indicate the potential benefits of developing personalized approaches to PCa treatment, particularly with targeting a PD-L1/PD-1 signaling pathway in tumor cells.

Laser irradiation of solid targets can drive short and high-charge relativistic electron bunches over micron-scale acceleration gradients. However, for a long time, this technique was not considered a viable means of electron acceleration due to the large intrinsic divergence (∼50° half-angle) of the electrons. Recently, a reduction in this divergence to 10°–20° half-angle has been obtained, using plasma-based magnetic fields or very high contrast laser pulses to extract the electrons into the vacuum. Here we show that we can further improve the electron beam collimation, down to ∼1.5° half-angle, of a high-charge (6 nC) beam, and in a highly reproducible manner, while using standard stand-alone 100 TW-class laser pulses. This is obtained by embedding the laser-target interaction in an external, large-scale (cm), homogeneous, extremely stable, and high-strength (20 T) magnetic field that is independent of the laser. With upcoming multi-PW, high repetition-rate lasers, this technique opens the door to achieving even higher charges (>100 nC).Laser irradiation of solid targets can drive short and high-charge relativistic electron bunches over micron-scale acceleration gradients. However, for a long time, this technique was not considered a viable means of electron acceleration due to the large intrinsic divergence (∼50° half-angle) of the electrons. Recently, a reduction in this divergence to 10°–20° half-angle has been obtained, using plasma-based magnetic fields or very high contrast laser pulses to extract the electrons into the vacuum. Here we show that we can further improve the electron beam collimation, down to ∼1.5° half-angle, of a high-charge (6 nC) beam, and in a highly reproducible manner, while using standard stand-alone 100 TW-class laser pulses. This is obtained by embedding the laser-target interaction in an external, large-scale (cm), homogeneous, extremely stable, and high-strength (20 T) magnetic field that is independent of t...

Magnetized laser-produced plasmas are central to many novel laboratory astrophysics and inertial confinement fusion studies, as well as in industrial applications. Here we provide the first complete description of the three-dimensional dynamics of a laser-driven plasma plume expanding in a 20 T transverse magnetic field. The plasma is collimated by the magnetic field into a slender, rapidly elongating slab, whose plasma-vacuum interface is unstable to the growth of the "classical", fluid-like magnetized Rayleigh-Taylor instability., Comment: Accepted for publication in Physical Review Letters

Exosomes are small vesicles which are produced by the cells and released into the surrounding space. They can transfer biomolecules into recipient cells. The main goal of the work was to study the exosome involvement in the cell transfer of hormonal resistance. The experiments were performed on in vitro cultured estrogen-dependent MCF-7 breast cancer cells and MCF-7 sublines resistant to SERM tamoxifen and/or biguanide metformin, which exerts its anti-proliferative effect, at least in a part, via the suppression of estrogen machinery. The exosomes were purified by differential ultracentrifugation, cell response to tamoxifen was determined by MTT test, and the level and activity of signaling proteins were determined by Western blot and reporter analysis. We found that the treatment of the parent MCF-7 cells with exosomes from the resistant cells within 14 days lead to the partial resistance of the MCF-7 cells to antiestrogen drugs. The primary resistant cells and the cells with the exosome-induced resistance were characterized with these common features: decrease in ERα activity and parallel activation of Akt and AP-1, NF-κB, and SNAIL1 transcriptional factors. In general, we evaluate the established results as the evidence of the possible exosome involvement in the transferring of the hormone/metformin resistance in breast cancer cells.

The author refutes the established opinion in the domestic and foreign historiography by using recently found archival documents and proves that Vasily Tatischev had to grant his library to Yekaterinburg in 1737 by force of circumstances.

The aim of the was to investigate the interrelation between MTHFR gene C677T polymorphism and morphometric echocardiography and physiologic parameters in male ski racers (n = 23). Genotyping was performed by RFLP. Echocardiography was performed by ultrasound scanner Nemio MX (Toshiba, Japan). We found that the MTHFR C677 allele was associated with low myocardial growth and high physical performance of athletes.

In article outcomes of a research of 294 women with clinical displays of infringement menstrual cycle, shown developing as disfunctional changes in endometrium, resemble reminding polyps are submitted. For specification of character of a pathology is used the functional farmakodinamic oxytocin test (the Russian patent for the invention № 2126653). After statement of the diagnosis and assignment corresponding therapy during 36 months, restoration ultrasonography picture of endometrium was observed according to a phase of menstrual cycle.

In this article, medico-social factors of maternal mortality in St. Petersburg are presented. St. Petersburg is a city pertaining to the middle group of regions according to index on 100000 living bom infants. This material analysis affirms the high extra genital morbidity, infectious severity, specifically, high frequency of IPPP germ-carrying and unfortunate social factors: pregnancy without marriage, belonging to socially unhappy population layers, narcomania, alcoholism, refusal of medical observation and help.

Vertigo and dysequilibrium are a frequent cause of medical consultation. Clinical evaluation is essential. Some cases of vertigo are diagnosed clinically while others require imaging, sometimes emergently (suspected stroke). MRI is the imaging modality of choice to assess the labyrinth (labyrinthitis? labyrinthine hemorrhage?), internal auditory canal (vestibular schwannoma? other tumor?…) and brain parenchyma including all structures of the auditory pathways: vestibular nuclei, vestibulocerebellar tract, tracts involved with ocular motricity, vestibular cortex… Multiple central etiologies exist: stroke, multiple sclerosis, tumor… However, some etiologies are best depicted with CT, especially lesions of the labyrinth: cholesteatoma, trauma, suspected dehiscence of the superior semicircular canal, suspected labyrinthine fistula… Finally, imaging may be negative (Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo, Meniere's disease, vestibular neuritis, migraine…), merely reducing the differential diagnosis.

The study of the nutrition and the nutritional status children of the first year age and children earliest age were conducted on nationally representative surveys (2500 children, 2-24 months) the Institute of Nutrition, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences with the Institute of Sociology Russian of Academy of Sciences, Gerber Product Company and Nestle Company in 2006. The level the frequency of breast feeding had among children 1 m.--80%, 2-4 m.--70%, 4-6 m.--60%. The lowest body mass Z-scores were registered 0.5-5.0% among of children, the tendency of obesity increase in the age were registered from 1.6 to 13% of children. Calculations of chemical composition and energy value of actual nutrition have show according to the values requirements.

The principles of forming of the minimal food sets for the estimation of living wage is given in the historical perspective. The Russian food basket in 1999 is compared with those of FAO, USA and actual food consumption in low-income families.

The distribution zearalenon (ZL) in products of processing of contaminated wheat, barley and maize grains was is investigated. Results of the data analysis on the investigation of an actual nutrition of the population in Russia is presented; the share of products of processing of contaminated wheat, barley and maize grains as part of the total ration was determined Varied values of Maximum Acceptable Concentration (MAC) of ZL based on the obtained results are offered: 1 mg/kg--for wheat, barley and maize grains; 0.2 mg/kg--for main products of grain processing, viz flour and groats. The application of these MAC-values for ZL ensures the conformity between the ones for raw materials and for products of processing of raw materials, as well as the limitation of the maximum possible ZL--intake within the bounds of Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) for a man.

The epidemiological research of the nutrition and health status of the low-income people was held in five regions of the Russian Federation. The analyze of the nutrients, energy, micronutrients and of the main groups of foods consumption in the families with the different level of income was executed. The estimation of the nutrition status was made with using body mass index. The results of this work showed the need of the development of nutrition support in social service and using the medical criteria for this support in low-income people.

We studied the ratio of cytokinins and abscisic acid in the rhizome tissues of two southern introduced forms of mint (GBS 1-94 and GBS 2-94) in the annual cycle of its development under the climatic conditions of the Middle Zone of Russia. The level of cytokinins exceeded that of free abscisic acid during the entire period of rhizome growth and development. Three peaks of an excess--zeatin riboside over abscisic acid were established: (a) during mass flowering, (b) after dying off terrestrial shoots, and (c) before the appearance of shoots of the next year vegetation. These peaks were most distinct in the GBS 2-94 mint. Zeatin riboside was the major identified cytokinin. The role of balance of phytohormones in rhizome tissues upon adaptation of the introduced mint forms to new climatic conditions is discussed.

Nutrient and energy intake was studied in 892 pregnant women during III trimester of pregnancy. Daily total protein intake was 65-66 g and animal protein made up 60% of total protein intake. Total fat consumption was 80-81 g, carbohydrates intake was 240-250 g. Total energy intake in Ekaterinburg's and Moscow's pregnant made up 2031 and 1978 kcal respectively. Body mass gain from I to III trimesters have formed about 9 kg or 0.41 kg per week. Body mass index (BMI) averaged 25,1 and 25,7 in Ekaterinburg's and Moscow's pregnant on day of survey. About 2,5% of women had BMI lower than 19,8. The results were compared with data of developed countries and conclusion was made about sufficient energy and macronutrient intakes, but fat intake was moderately high and formed 33-35% of total energy. The usefulness of Russian RDA are discussed for evaluation of results of dietary surveys.

A higher level of the opsono-cytophagous capacity of the blood and the quantitative content of lysosomal cationic proteins in polymorphonuclear neutrophils in the blood of Fischer rats in comparison with the corresponding characteristics in normal guinea pigs has proved to be conductive to more active elimination of the infective agent from the body of the animals after their infection with brucellosis. The indices characterizing the activity and intensity of the phagocytosis of brucellae by polymorphonuclear neutrophils of the blood in combination with the determination of the amount of cationic proteins in these cells permit the objective characterization of the level of nonspecific resistance to brucellosis.

The biological value of 3 concentrates of sarcoplasmatic proteins from industrial fish (minthal, cod, putassu) was assayed in the 4-week experiment on growing male Wistar rats by the methods of counting the coefficients of protein effectiveness and pure protein effectiveness that comprised 100, 110 and 110% in relation to the corresponding parameters obtained with casein. The actual assimilation of the fish product proteins proved to be significantly higher than that of casein. Hypocholesterolemic and hypolipidemic effects of the protein products studied are, probably, caused by the presence of pectin.

Intake of wheat upholstery meal by growing rats was attended by a sharp decrease in the content and activity of xenobiotic metabolism enzymes in the hepatic microsomes, that was caused by the low biological value of the meal proteins. Hepatic microsomes of the rats that were fed with wheat germ flakes showed increased specific content of cytochromes P-450 and b5, but the total blood protein content per 100 g of body mass was lower than during casein consumption. No significant changes were detected in hydroxylation rate of benz(a)pyrene, aniline and ethylmorphine. During consumption of wheat germ flakes induction of UDP-glucuronide-transferase was detected in hepatic microsomes. Wheat germ flakes induced a 5-fold increase of Se-dependent glutathione peroxidase activity. Wheat germ flakes produced no significant effect on glutathione-S-aryltransferase and glutathione reductase activity.

The experimental investigation of the food value of wheat germ floc included the study of their chemical composition, biological value, and assimilability of the protein. Basing on the results obtained the authors have made a conclusion on the high food value of wheat germ floc and on their promising use as enriching additives to varying foodstuffs.

Experiments were conducted in rats. It was established that colored bean produced a higher inhibitory effect on the rat growth than white bean. The effect of mutual enrichment of proteins was recorded when proteins of bean and rice were combined in the ratio calculated and tested in rats. To the authors' opinion, this phenomenon has not only scientific but also practical importance.

In the article new data of therapy genital herpes are represented. Effectiveness therapy of valaciklovir are considered.