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SummaryWe developed a miniaturized two-photon microscope (MINI2P) for fast, high-resolution, multiplane calcium imaging of over 1,000 neurons at a time in freely moving mice. With a microscope weight below 3g and a highly flexible connection cable, MINI2P allowed imaging to proceed with no impediment of behavior in half-hour free-foraging trials compared to untethered, unimplanted animals. The improved cell yield was achieved through a new optical system design featuring an enlarged field of view (FOV) and a new micro-tunable lens with increased z-scanning range and speed that allowed for fast and stable imaging of multiple, interleaved planes as well as 3D functional imaging. A novel technique for successive imaging across multiple, adjacent FOVs enabled recordings from more than 10,000 neurons in the same animal. Large-scale proof-of-principle data were obtained from cell populations in visual cortex, medial entorhinal cortex, and hippocampus, revealing spatial tuning of cells in all areas, including visual cortex.HighlightsWe developed a lightweight 2-photon miniscope for imaging in freely-foraging miceActivity can be monitored in volumes of over 1,000 visual or entorhinal-cortex cellsA new z-scanning module allows fast imaging across multiple interleaved planesSuccessive imaging from adjacent regions enables imaging from more than 10,000 cells

We report on surface topographical, chemical and optoelectronic properties of sub-stoichiometric MoO3 thin films, MoO3-x, made by pulsed laser deposition. MoO3-x is a promising candidate for a sustainable intermediate band material. The absorption coefficient for photon energies below the MoO3 bandgap increases for films made in oxygen poor environments, and is explained by the occurrence of states in the bandgap related to oxygen vacancies and to phase mixtures of MoO3-x compositions with 0

Artículo escrito por un elevado número de autores, solo se referencian el que aparece en primer lugar, el nombre del grupo de colaboración, si le hubiere, y los autores pertenecientes a la UAM, The NEXT experiment aims at searching for the hypothetical neutrinoless double-beta decay from the 136Xe isotope using a high-purity xenon TPC. Efficient discrimination of the events through pattern recognition of the topology of primary ionisation tracks is a major requirement for the experiment. However, it is limited by the diffusion of electrons. It is known that the addition of a small fraction of a molecular gas to xenon reduces electron diffusion. On the other hand, the electroluminescence (EL) yield drops and the achievable energy resolution may be compromised. We have studied the effect of adding several molecular gases to xenon (CO2, CH4 and CF4) on the EL yield and energy resolution obtained in a small prototype of driftless gas proportional scintillation counter. We have compared our results on the scintillation characteristics (EL yield and energy resolution) with a microscopic simulation, obtaining the diffusion coefficients in those conditions as well. Accordingly, electron diffusion may be reduced from about 10 mm/m for pure xenon down to 2.5 mm/m using additive concentrations of about 0.05%, 0.2% and 0.02% for CO2, CH4 and CF4, respectively. Our results show that CF4 admixtures present the highest EL yield in those conditions, but very poor energy resolution as a result of huge fluctuations observed in the EL formation. CH4 presents the best energy resolution despite the EL yield being the lowest. The results obtained with xenon admixtures are extrapolated to the operational conditions of the NEXT-100 TPC. CO2 and CH4 show potential as molecular additives in a large xenon TPC. While CO2 has some operational constraints, making it difficult to be used in a large TPC, CH4 shows the best performance and stability as molecular additive to be used in the NEXT-100 TPC, with an extrapolated energy resolution of 0.4% at 2.45 MeV for concentrations below 0.4%, which is only slightly worse than the one obtained for pure xenon. We demonstrate the possibility to have an electroluminescence TPC operating very close to the thermal diffusion limit without jeopardizing the TPC performance, if CO2 or CH4 are chosen as additives.[Figure not available: see fulltext.], The NEXT Collaboration acknowledges support from the following agencies and institutions: the European Research Council (ERC) under the Advanced Grant 339787-NEXT; the European Union’s Framework Programme for Research and Innovation Horizon 2020 (2014-2020) under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Grant Agreements No.674896, 690575 and 740055; the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad of Spain under grants FIS2014-53371-C04, the Severo Ochoa Program SEV-2014-0398 and the María de Maetzu Program MDM-2016-0692;the GVA of Spain under grants PROMETEO/2016/120 and SEJI/2017/011; the Portuguese FCT under project PTDC/FIS-NUC/2525/2014, under project UID/FIS/04559/2013 to fund the activities of LIBPhys, and under grants PD/BD/105921/2014, SFRH/BPD/109180/2015 and SFRH/BPD/76842/2011; the U.S. Department of Energy under contracts number DE-AC02-07CH11359 (Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory), DE-FG02-13ER42020(Texas A&M) and DE-SC0017721 (University of Texas at Arlington); and the University of Texas at Arlington. DGD acknowledges Ramon y Cajal program (Spain) under contract number RYC-2015-18820. We also warmly acknowledge the Laboratori Nazionalidel Gran Sasso (LNGS) and the Dark Side collaboration for their help with TPB coatingof various parts of the NEXT-White TPC.

This paper explores relationships between roads and vehicles in the Bolivian context during the last couple of decades. Based on a broad depiction of levels and tendencies of: a) public investment in transport networks and b) the extent of those road networks as well as the access to automobiles of Bolivian households, this paper aims to identify correspondences and/or contradictions between: expansion of road networks, vehicle’s availability and public investment. The study confirms that road networks are increasing significantly and this is happening in correspondence with the increase in vehicles’ access. These tendencies support the mobility transition model developed by Zelinsky, which assumes that more development implies greater mobility. However, there also seems to be a contradiction between the already mentioned tendencies and the patterns of public investment. Finally, it is possible to verify that interactions between political, institutional context and infrastructural contexts have considerable impacts on economic, social and cultural processes, which in turn affect development dynamics in Bolivia.

Transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) are renowned for their rich and varied properties. They range from metals and superconductors to strongly spin-orbit-coupled semiconductors and charge-density-wave systems, with their single-layer variants one of the most prominent current examples of two-dimensional materials beyond graphene. Their varied ground states largely depend on the transition metal d-electron-derived electronic states, on which the vast majority of attention has been concentrated to date. Here, we focus on the chalcogen-derived states. From density-functional theory calculations together with spin- and angle- resolved photoemission, we find that these generically host type-II three-dimensional bulk Dirac fermions as well as ladders of topological surface states and surface resonances. We demonstrate how these naturally arise within a single p-orbital manifold as a general consequence of a trigonal crystal field, and as such can be expected across a large number of compounds. Already, we demonstrate their existence in six separate TMDs, opening routes to tune, and ultimately exploit, their topological physics., 10 pages, 4 figures

[EN] Xe-CO2 mixtures are important alternatives to pure xenon in Time Projection Chambers (TPC) based on secondary scintillation (electroluminescence) signal amplification with applications in the important field of rare event detection such as directional dark matter, double electron capture and double beta decay detection. The addition of CO2 to pure xenon at the level of 0.05-0.1% can reduce significantly the scale of electron diffusion from 10 mm/root m to 2.5 mm/root m, with high impact on the discrimination of the events through pattern recognition of the topology of primary ionization trails. We have measured the electroluminescence (EL) yield of Xe-CO2 mixtures, with sub-percent CO2 concentrations. We demonstrate that the EL production is still high in these mixtures, 70% and 35% relative to that produced in pure xenon, for CO2 concentrations around 0.05% and 0.1%, respectively. The contribution of the statistical fluctuations in EL production to the energy resolution increases with increasing CO2 concentration, being smaller than the contribution of the Fano factor for concentrations below 0.1% CO2. (C) 2017 The Author. Published by Elsevier B.V., The NEXT Collaboration acknowledges support from the following agencies and institutions: the European Research Council (ERC) under the Advanced Grant 339787-NEXT; the Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad of Spain under grants FIS2014-53371-C04 and the Severo Ochoa Program SEV-2014-0398; the GVA of Spain under grant PROMETEO/2016/120; the Portuguese FCT under project PTDC/FIS-NUC/2525/2014; the U.S. Department of Energy under contracts number DE-AC02-07CH11359 (Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory) and DE-FG02-13ER42020 (Texas A & the University of Texas at Arlington. C.A.O.H., E.D.C.F., C.M.B.M. and C.D.R.A. acknowledge FCT under grants PD/BD/105921/2014, SFRH/BPD/109180/2015, SFRH/BPD/76842/2011 and SFRH/BPD/79163/2011, respectively.

We demonstrate robust p-type doping of Cu2O using low/medium energy ion implantation. Samples are made by controlled oxidation of annealed Cu metal foils, which results in Cu2O with levels of doping close to intrinsic. Samples are then implanted with nitrogen ions using a kinetic energy in the few keV range. Using this method, we are able to produce very high levels of doping, as evidenced by a 350 meV shift in the Fermi level towards the VB maximum. The robustness of the nitrogen implanted samples are tested by exposing them to atmospheric contaminants, and elevated temperatures. The samples are found to survive an increase in temperature of many hundreds of degrees. The robustness of the samples, combined with the fact that the materials used are safe, abundant and non-toxic and that the methods used for the growth of Cu2O and N+ implantation are simple and cheap to implement industrially, underlines the potential of Cu2O:N for affordable intermediate band photovoltaics.

We present the results of the first in-beam studies of a medium size (10$\times$10 cm$^2$) Resistive-Plate WELL (RPWELL): a single-sided THGEM coupled to a pad anode through a resistive layer of high bulk resistivity ($\sim$10$^9 \Omega$cm). The 6.2~mm thick (excluding readout electronics) single-stage detector was studied with 150~GeV muons and pions. Signals were recorded from 1$\times$1 cm$^2$ square copper pads with APV25-SRS readout electronics. The single-element detector was operated in Ne\(5% $\mathrm{CH_{4}}$) at a gas gain of a few times 10$^4$, reaching 99$\%$ detection efficiency at average pad multiplicity of $\sim$1.2. Operation at particle fluxes up to $\sim$10$^4$ Hz/cm$^2$ resulted in $\sim$23$\%$ gain drop leading to $\sim$5$\%$ efficiency loss. The striking feature was the discharge-free operation, also in intense pion beams. These results pave the way towards robust, efficient large-scale detectors for applications requiring economic solutions at moderate spatial and energy resolutions., Comment: Accepted by JINST

The stability and lifetime of materials proposed for photovoltaic applications are important parameters, because such devices should offer long-term reliable performance whilst operating in a harsh environment. In this work, we present a powerful approach to accelerate and study the degradation mechanisms of molybdenum oxide, a material which has shown promise for next generation photovoltaics, and for enhanced hole extraction in organic photovoltaics. We use UV and soft x-rays to drive accelerated ageing, boosting the ageing time by a factor of up to 1000. Using this method, we find that molybdenum oxide does not offer reliable performance in environments in which heating or ionising radiation are present, because of its propensity to reduce, thus strongly modifying its electronic properties. We estimate that ≈100 d of unfiltered sunlight exposure would be sufficient to reduce this material into metallic MoO2. We also show that a very similar degradation can be driven by thermally, and that in both cases, the creation of oxygen vacancies is responsible. A lack of robustness to harsh operating conditions (i.e. UV and/or heat) brings the suitability of unprotected molybdenum oxide in photovoltaic applications into question.

The in situ thermal migration of alloying agents in an Al–Mg–Si–Li alloy is studied using surface sensitive photo-electron and electron diffraction/imaging techniques. Starting with the preparation of an almost oxide free surface (oxide thickness = 0.1 nm), the relative abundance of alloying agents (Mg, Li and Si) at the surface are recorded at various stages of thermal annealing, from room temperature to melting (which is observed at 550 ◦C). Prior to annealing, the surface abundances are below the detection limit Lt1%, in agreement with their bulk concentrations of 0.423% Si, 0.322% Mg and 0.101% Li (atomic %). At elevated temperatures, all three alloying agents appear at drastically increased concentrations (13.3% Si, 19.7% Mg and 45.3% Li), but decrease again with further elevation of the annealing temperature or after melting. The temperature at which the migration occurs is species dependent, with Li migration occurring at significantly higher temperatures than Si and Mg. The mechanism of migration also appears to be species dependent with Li migration occurring all over the surface but Mg migration being restricted to grain boundaries.

The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioral Disorders is being accepted by most countries and by the World Psychiatric Association as the international standard in the field for statistical reporting and for clinical care and research. Emerging now, however, is the need to harmonize international communication with recognition of cultural diversity and specific local requirements. Latin American psychiatrists hold a long-standing commitment to the formulation of a reliable and valid diagnostic system in international psychiatry. Examples of important Latin American contributions include the pioneering use of explicit operational criteria in diagnostic methodology by Horwitz and Marconi in Chile, and the proposal of a multiaxial diagnostic formulation by Leme-Lopes in Brazil. In recent times, two main Latin American efforts at developing diagnostic adaptations to the international classification in psychiatry have emerged. One is the Cuban Glossary of Psychiatry, already in its third edition, and the second is a more ambitious project to develop the Latin American Guide for Psychiatric Diagnosis (GLADP). Departing from the experience gained by the Cuban psychiatry and keeping ICD-10 as the basis for nosological organization of mental disorders, the GLADP is being developed with the contributions of psychiatrists and other mental health professionals from most countries in Latin America. The GLADP comprises 4 parts: (I) historical and cultural framework of Latin American psychiatry; (II) a comprehensive diagnostic process and formulation, (III) psychiatric nosology (including ICD-10 major classes of disorders and Latin American cultural syndromes); and (IV) appendixes (including, a lexicologic glossary, concepts and proposals for future study, and bibliography). This is an overview of the basic principles and dimensions for psychiatric diagnosis in Latin America, with an emphasis on its cultural framework.

The stressful nature of Residency training has been largely discussed in the literature. The aim of this paper is to present some data about the stress of training and its effects on residents and on the quality of patient's care. The magnitude of stress results from the interaction of three categories of stresses: professional, situational and personal. The main behavioral disturbances and professional dysfunctions are described and the importance of these data for planning, organization and evaluation of Residency programs is emphasized.