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The evolution of island systems is characterized by processes that result in extreme morphological diversity, high endemism and high extinction rates. These dynamics can make phylogenetic reconstruction difficult, i.e. the extinct flightless Dodo from Mauritius was assigned to the family of doves only through DNA analysis of subfossils. Many insect species on islands have gone extinct through habitat loss, and face similar challenges to decipher their evolutionary history, however historical specimens have not yet been harnessed for phylogenomic reconstructions. Here, we employed historical museum specimens from the Mascarene Islands to generate the first whole-genome based phylogeny of three presumably extinct species of the rhinoceros beetle genusOryctes. We compared their genomes with those of an extantOryctesspecies from the island of Réunion, as well as a flightless Réunion-based species previously placed into the supposedly unrelated genusMarronus. We found thatMarronus borbonicusbelongs instead to the genusOryctesand that the two Réunion-based species (O. borbonicusandM. borbonicus) are not sister taxa, suggesting two independent colonizations. The divergence time between them (M. borbonicusbecame flightlessin situ. Our study showcases the power of genomes from insect museum specimens to address evolutionary questions in light of increasing extinction rates.

Ten new species in the Phyllophaga Harris subgenus Cnemarachis Saylor (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae: Melolonthini) were discovered during a May 2013 field expedition in Cuba. These new species are Phyllophaga (Cnemarachis) andersoni Smith and Paulsen, Phyllophaga (Cnemarachis) bretti Smith and Paulsen, Phyllophaga (Cnemarachis) calai Smith and Paulsen, Phyllophaga (Cnemarachis) deleri Smith and Paulsen, Phyllophaga (Cnemarachis) falcata Smith and Paulsen, Phyllophaga (Cnemarachis) holguinensis Smith and Paulsen, Phyllophaga (Cnemarachis) manibota Smith and Paulsen, Phyllophaga (Cnemarachis) perfidia Smith and Paulsen, Phyllophaga (Cnemarachis) sarlacca Smith and Paulsen, and Phyllophaga (Cnemarachis) secessicola Smith and Paulsen. Each species is described, illustrated, and diagnosed. A checklist of the species of Phyllophaga in Cuba by province is given.

The 1042 species of Scarabaeoidea known to occur in Peru are listed with their taxonomic placement in families, subfamilies, and tribes.

Two new species of South American Glaresidae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea) are described: Glaresis smithi Paulsen, new species from Argentina, and Glaresis mondacai Paulsen, new species from Chile and Peru. The species are compared to their closest congener, Glaresis fritzi Martinez et al., and a key is provided for the known South American species of the genus Glaresis Erichson.

The genus Chiasognathus Stephens is revised and now consists of seven species, all of which are endemic to southern South America. The genus-level names Bomansodus Chalumeau & Brochier, Carmeniella Molino-Olmedo, and Ramireziella Molino-Olmedo are all confirmed to be synonyms of Chiasognathus. A new species of Chiasognathus is described from the Biobio Region of Chile. The species Chiasognathus mniszechii Thomson is removed from synonymy and is a valid species with Chiasognathus schoenemanni Kriesche as its junior synonym. In order to promote nomenclatural stability, a lectotype is designated for the name Chiasognathus reichei Thomson, and a neotype is designated for the name Chiasognathus pygmaeus Dallas.

The genus Sclerostomus Burmeister (Lucanidae: Lucaninae) of South America is redefined and restricted to species with a complex male genital capsule. Subgenera of Sclerostomus that lack this character are elevated to generic status, including Altitatiayus Weinreich with 5 species, Chileistomus Weinreich with 1 species, and Sclerostomulus Weinreich with 2 species. These genera are redescribed, and 2 new monotypic genera are created for species of Sclerostomus that cannot be accommodated into these existing genera. The subgenus Sclerostominus Weinreich is synonymized with Sclerostomus. Three species with simple male genitalic capsules are transferred to the genus Onorelucanus Bartolozzi & Bomans, resulting in the new combinations O. boileaui (Weinreich), O. marujae (Arnaud, Noguchi, & Bomans), and O. noguchii (Arnaud & Bomans). One species is transferred to Onorelucanus from the genus Scortizus Westwood, resulting in the combination O. pulverosus (Westwood). Scortizus ismaeli Fukinuki is placed in synonymy with O. pulverosus (Westwood).

The status of Platycerus cribripennis Van Dyke, generally treated as a synonym of P. marginalis Casey, has been unclear. Here we recognize and redescribe P. cribripennis, which is endemic to the coastal mountains of California, as a valid species due to its unique morphology. A key to the Platycerus of California is presented, and the distributions of the recognized species are discussed.

Gene flow from transgenic crops can introduce novel traits into related spe- cies, but the ecological importance of this process is unknown. Here, we report the first empirical evidence that wild plants can benefit from a bacterial transgene under uncaged, natural conditions. Cultivated sunflower ( Helianthus annuus) is known to hybridize fre- quently with wild sunflower ( H. annuus) in the western and midwestern United States. We studied a crop-developed Bacillus thuringiensis(Bt) transgene, cry1Ac, in backcrossed wild sunflower populations. Lepidopteran damage on transgenic plants was strongly reduced relative to control plants at our two study sites, while damage by several weevil and fly species was unaffected. Our results suggest that reduced herbivory caused transgenic plants to produce an average of 55% more seeds per plant relative to nontransgenic controls at the field site in Nebraska. A similar but nonsignificant trend was seen at the site in Colorado (14% more seeds per plant). In a greenhouse experiment the transgene had no effect on fecundity, suggesting that it was not associated with a fitness cost. If Bt sunflowers are released commercially, we expect that Bt genes will spread to wild and weedy populations, limit damage from susceptible herbivores on these plants, and increase seed production when these herbivores are common.

While reviewing the literature, we discovered problems and confusion with three species of North American Lucanidae that require clarification and correction. The name Platycerus quercus (Weber, 1801) (Lucaninae: Platycerini) (formerly Platycerus virescens (Fabricius, 1775)) is revalidated since the Fabricius name is correctly classified as Temnochila virescens (Fabricius, 1775) (Coleoptera: Trogossitidae). Since there was much confusion over the classification of the name Temnochila virescens (Fabricius, 1775), a neotype is designated for this species. We use a reversal of precedence under Article 23.9.2 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature to give Lucanus piceusWeber, 1801 nomen protectum (now Ceruchus piceus (Weber, 1801), Syndesinae) precedence over the primary homonym Lucanus piceusBonsdorff, 1785nomen oblitum (now a junior synonym of Ceruchus chrysomelinus (Hochenwarth, 1785)). To clarify the author and date of Lucanus capreolus (Linnaeus, 1763) (Lucaninae: Lucanini), we detail the origin of the name. An updated checklist of the Lucanidae of North America north of Mexico is provided.

Podolasia diabla Smith and Paulsen, new species and Podolasia parapilosa Smith and Paulsen, new species (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae: Podolasiini) are described from dune habitats in Coahuila, Mexico. The new species are illustrated, and diagnostic characters are discussed to separate them from previously described species. Podolasia diabla is notable as the first species known from this tribe with head horns.

The endemic North American stag beetle tribe Platyceroidini Paulsen & Hawks (Coleoptera: Lucanidae: Lucaninae) is reviewed. All primary types were studied and the existing generic and species concepts are subsequently corrected. Based on study of the male genitalia and external morphology, the previously monotypic genus Platyceropsis Benesh is reduced to subgeneric status under Platyceroides Benesh, new status, and the species Platyceroides laticollis (Casey) and Platyceroides keeni (Casey) new combination are transferred to this subgenus . Praocerus, new subgenus, is created to contain the species Platyceroides latus (Fall), and P. viriditinctus (Benesh). In the nominal subgenus, confusion has resulted from the historic misapplication of the oldest available name, Platyceroides agassii (LeConte), resulting in significant underestimation of the number of extant taxa. Lectotypes are designated for four species-group names (listed in their original combinations): Platycerus latus Fall, Platycerus opacus Fall, Platycerus pacificus Casey, and Platycerus parvicollis Casey. Four new species ( Platyceroides barrae, P. infernus , P. pampinatus , and P. umpquus ) are described from California and Oregon, United States of America. The following species are valid and are removed from synonymy with P. agassii : P. pacificus (Casey), revised status, and P. californicus (Casey), revised status. The synonym Platycerus parvicollis Casey is transferred from Platyceroides agassii to P. californicus, new synonymy. With the addition of four new species and the correction of the mistaken synonymies the total number of species in the tribe Platyceroidini is now 16.

The purpose of this application, under Article 23.9.5 of the Code, is to conserve the specific names Scarabaeus ferrugineus Olivier, 1789 (currently Metacatharsius ferrugineus) (Scarabaeidae) and Scarabaeus ferrugineus Palisot de Beauvois, 1809 (currently Bradycinetulus ferrugineus) (Geotrupidae). Although Scarabaeus ferrugineus Olivier, 1789 and Scarabaeus ferrugineus Palisot de Beauvois, 1809 are primary homonyms, they have not been treated as congeneric for almost 180 years and were both transferred out of the genus Scarabaeus Linnaeus, 1758 by 1845. Both names have been treated as valid since they were proposed. It is proposed that Scarabaeus ferrugineus Palisot de Beauvois, 1809 be conserved by ruling that it is not invalid by reason of being a junior homonym of Scarabaeus ferrugineus Olivier, 1789.

The species of the Hawaiian stag beetle genus Apterocyclus Waterhouse (Coleoptera: Lucanidae) are reviewed following an examination of all primary types. Although the continued existence of the species is unknown and some possibly are extinct there are five recently extant species, including one species that is described here as new. The holotypes for all available names are pictured, and synonymies discussed and updated. Lectotypes are designated for Apterocyclus honoluluensis Waterhouse and A. munroi Sharp. A key to species and a revised catalog for the genus are provided.

The Ochodaeidae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea) of Argentina are revised. Previously, two species of Ochodaeinae were known from the country, both in the genus Parochodaeus Nikolajev: P. campsognathus (Arrow) and P. cornutus (Ohaus). An additional 7 species of Parochodaeus from Argentina are described here as new. In addition, Gauchodaeus patagonicus, new genus and new species in the subfamily Chaetocanthinae, is described. "is is the #rst record of the subfamily Chaetocanthinae in South America. Redescriptions, diagnoses, and maps are provided for each species. We also provide a key to genera and a key to species of Parochodaeus of Argentina. With this work, the number of ochodaeid species known from Argentina is increased from 2 to 10. Fil: Paulsen, M. J.. University of Nebraska; Estados Unidos Fil: Ocampo, Federico Carlos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas. Provincia de Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas; Argentina

Training wastewater treatment facility operators is a crucial function because of their responsibility for keeping treatment plants operational and running efficiently. On-the-job training carries the risk of upsetting plant operations and jeopardizing effluent quality, because operators being trained will make mistakes during the learning process. One training method that can reduce this risk is to train new operators on a computer simulator. OPTRAIN, developed for the State of Massachusetts, and now in use at other locations, is one such tool that has been used successfully in training sessions that bridge the gap between textbook teaching methods and apprenticeship learning. The purpose of this presentation is to describe the simulator and to show how it has helped train operators successfully.

We examine the taxonomic placement of the South American stag beetles of the tribe Ceratognathini Sharp, 1899 that were previously placed in the genus Ceratognathus Westwood. We compared the South American species with specimens from 13 species of Australasian Ceratognathini using morphological characters of the legs, mandibles, genitalia, and elytra. Based on generic limits proposed by Holloway for the Australasian Ceratognathini, the South American species differ from the three Australasian genera (Ceratognathus, Mitophyllus Parry, and Holloceratognathus Nikolajev) sufficiently to establish a new genus, Hilophyllus n. gen. The South American taxa are transferred to the new genus, resulting in two new combinations: Hilophyllus argentinensis (Martínez) and H. penai (Martínez). During our study of the Neotropical species we discovered a third species (H. martinezi, n. sp.), which is described here as new. To maintain nomenclatural stability we designate a neotype for H. argentinensis, the holotype of which is lost. The two previously known species of Hilophyllus are redescribed and a key to Hilophyllus species is provided.

Paulsen, M.J. (2006): A new species of Aphodius Illiger (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae) from the central United States. Zootaxa 1185: 61-68, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2646031, {"references":["Gordon, R.D. & Salsbury, G.A. (1999) Studies on the genus Aphodius of the United States and Canada (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). IX. A new species from Kansas and Texas. Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 107, 64-67.","Harold, E. von (1863) Beitrage zur Kenntnis eingier coprophagen Lamellicornien. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift, 7, 326-389.","Ratcliffe, B.C. (1991) The scarab beetles of Nebraska. Bulletin of the University of Nebraska State Museum, 12, 1-333.","Samuelson, A., Evenhuis, N. & Nishida, G. (2001) The Insect and Spider Collections of the World Web Site. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, HI. Available from: http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/ codens/codensearch.html (accessed 22 AUG 2005).","Skelley, P.E. & Gordon, R.D. (1995) A new species of Aphodius (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) from Alabama pocket gopher burrows. Insecta Mundi, 9, 217-219.","Skelley, P.E. & Gordon, R.D. (2001) Scarab beetles from pocket gopher burrows in the southeastern United States (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Insecta Mundi, 15, 77-93.","Skelley, P.E. & Woodruff, R.E. (1991) Five new species of Aphodius (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) from Florida pocket gopher burrows. Florida Entomologist, 64, 517-536.","Wheeler, Q.D. & Platnick, N.I. (2000) The phylogenetic species concept (sensu Wheeler and Platnick). In: Wheeler, Q.D. & Meier, R., (Eds.), Species Concepts and Phylogenetic Theory, a Debate. Columbia University Press, New York City, pp. 55-69."]}

Four species of stag beetles in the genus Sclerostomus Burmeister from southern South America (composing the subgenera Chileistomus Weinreich and Sclerostomulus Weinreich) are redescribed: S. cucullatus (Blanchard), S. nitidus Benesh, S. tuberculatus (Solier), and S. varasi Nagel. A key to the southern South American genera of Lucanidae and species of Sclerostomus are provided to facilitate identification. The classification of the genus within the Lucanidae is discussed. Nomenclatural problems within Sclerostomus are resolved, and the generic concept is fixed through a lectotype designation for the type species, S. costatus [Westwood]. Lectotypes are also designated for S. cucullatus (Blanchard) and S. tuberculatus (Solier). A neotype is designated for S. varasi, a validly described but heretofore misidentified species.Cuatro especies de los ciervos volantes del sur de Sudamerica en el genero Sclerostomus (componiendo los subgeneros Chileistomus Weinreich y Sclerostomulus Weinreich Burmeister) son redescritas: S. cucullatus (Blanchard), S. nitidus Benesh, S. tuberculatus (Solier) y S. varasi Nagel. Se proporcionan claves para los generos de Lucanidae del sur de Sudamerica y para el genero Sclerostomus para facilitar su identificacion. Se discute la posicion del genero dentro de Lucanidae. Se resuelven los problemas nomenclaturales en Sclerostomus y el concepto del genero con la designacion del lectotipo para la especie tipo, S. costatus [Westwood]. Se designan tambien lectotipos para S. cucullatus (Blanchard) y S. tuberculatus (Solier). Un neotipo se senala para S. varasi, una especie valida pero hasta ahora incorrectamente identificada.

A new species of stag beetle, Nicagus occultus n. sp., is described from the Monahans Sandhills of western Texas. Previously, the genus Nicagus contained only two species: N. obscurus (LeConte) from the eastern and central United States and southern Canada, and N. japonicus Nagel from Japan. The discovery of N. occultus represents both an unexpected range extension and an unusual habitat (unvegetated sand dunes) for the family Lucanidae. A synopsis (diagnosis and distribution) for each Nicagus species is given, including detailed distributional information for N. obscurus.

Replacement Names for the Genera Batesiana Erwin (Coleoptera: Carabidae) andMetabolus Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae)While curating scarab beetles in the University of Nebraska State Museum collection, wediscovered two generic names that are homonyms. As this renders these names invalid, we hereinpropose replacement names for the junior homonyms as follows.Erwiniana Paulsen and Smith new genus¼Batesiana Erwin, 1994:581.Batesiana Erwin, 1994 (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Bembidiini) is a junior homonym of BatesianaChalumeau, 1983 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae). We propose Erwiniana new genus asa replacement name and an objective synonym of Batesiana Erwin as delineated in Articles 60.3and 72.7 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (1999). The name Erwiniana(gender feminine) honors Terry L. Erwin (Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. U.S.A.) whodescribed many of the 57 currently recognized species in the genus. The type species of Batesiana(Xystostomus gruti Bates by original designation) automatically becomes the type species ofErwiniana. The species of Batesiana listed in Erwin (1994) are thus placed in a new combinationwith the valid name Erwiniana.Ablotemus Paulsen and Smith new genus¼Metabolus Fairmaire, 1887:107.Metabolus Fairmaire, 1887 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae) is a junior homonymof Metabolus Bonaparte, 1854 (Aves: Passeriformes: Monarchidae). We propose the nameAblotemus new genus as a replacement name and an objective synonym of Metabolus Fairmaire.The etymology of the name Metabolus (gender masculine) remains unclear, thus we have chosenthe replacement name Ablotemus (gender masculine), an anagram of the original generic name.The type species of Metabolus (M. tumidifrons Fairmaire bymonotypy) automatically becomes thetype species of Ablotemus. The species currently considered to be in the genus Metabolus arehereby transferred to the genus Ablotemus.This publication was supported by NSF/PEET grants DEB-9712447 to B. C. Ratcliffe and MaryLiz Jameson and DEB-0118669 to M. L. Jameson and B. C. Ratcliffe.Literature CitedBonaparte, L. 1854. Notes sur les collections rapporte´es en 1853, par M. A. Delattre, de sonvoyage en Californie et dans le Nicaragua. Comptes Rendus Hebdomaire des Seances del’Academie des Sciences 38:650–665.Chalumeau, F. 1983. Batesiana et Martinezia, nouveaux genres d’Eupariini (Coleoptera:Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae) du nouveau monde. Bulletin Mensuel de la Socie´te´ Linne´ennede Lyon 52:142–153.Erwin, T. L. 1994. Arboreal beetles of tropical forests: the Xystosomi group, subtribeXystosomina (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Bembidiini). Part I. Character analysis, taxonomy,and distribution. Canadian Entomologist 126:549–666.Fairmaire, L. 1887. Cole´opte`res de l’inte´rieur de la Chine. Annales de la Socie´te´ Entomologiquede Belgique 31:107–136.International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. 1999. International Code ofZoological Nomenclature, Fourth Edition. International Commission on ZoologicalNomenclature, The Natural History Museum, London. 306 pp.M. J. Paulsen and Andrew B. T. Smith, Division of Entomology, University of Nebraska StateMuseum, Lincoln, NE 68588-0514, U.S.A. E-mails: mpaulsen@unlserve.unl.edu, asmith@unlserve.unl.edu(Received 19 November 2002; accepted 19 December 2002. Publication date 12 September 2003.)254

The southern South American genus Apterodorcus Arrow is revised (Coleoptera: Lucanidae: Lucaninae). The genus contains two species, A. bacchus (Hope in Westwood, 1845) and A. tristis (Deyrolle in Parry, 1870). Apterodorcus tristis is reinstated as a valid species, having previously been treated as a junior synonym of A. bacchus. Both species are redescribed and illustrated, and information on biology and geographic distribution are included.Se revisa el genero Apterodorcus Arrow (Coleoptera: Lucanidae: Lucaninae) de America del Sur Austral. El genero contiene dos especies, A. bacchus (Hope en Westwood, 1845) y A. tristis (Deyrolle en Parry, 1870). Apterodorcus tristis es reinstalada como una especie valida, la cual previamente habia sido tratada como sinonimo menor de A. bacchus. Se redescriben e ilustran ambas especies, y se incluye informacion sobre la biologia y distribucion geografica.