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Objectifs Etudier les valeurs absolues (ng/mL) de la morphine et de la codeine ainsi que leur ratio dans des urines de sportifs prelevees lors de competitions, afin de determiner s’ils sont conformes aux donnees pharmacogenetiques. En effet, la demethylation de la codeine en morphine par le CYP2D6 est l’objet de variations genetiques. On decompte chez les caucasiens 90–92 % de metaboliseurs rapides (genotype « sauvage »), 6–7 % de metaboliseurs lents et [1] . Introduction La morphine fait partie des substances interdites par l’Agence mondiale anti-dopage (AMA), mais l’usage de la codeine est autorise a condition que la concentration de morphine urinaire ne depasse pas une valeur seuil fixee a 1000 ng/mL. Le rapport M/C, qui depend de l’activite du CYP2D6, pourrait positiver des controles antidopage en cas de genotype ultra-rapide [2] . Le ratio M/C est aussi un indicateur d’usage de morphiniques : en medecine legale, un ratio M/C > 1 signe une consommation associee de morphine voire d’heroine [3] . Nous avons donc revu l’ensemble des resultats des dosages urinaires effectues ces 3 dernieres annees au laboratoire de l’AFLD afin de determiner la distribution des valeurs de M et C, et confronter les ratios M/C aux donnees cliniques liees aux profils pharmacogenetiques theoriques. Materiel et methodes Les urines sont prelevees, acheminees et conservees selon la procedure standardisee par l’AMA. Les dosages sont effectues par CG-SM en mode SIM (MSD5973 ou MSD5975 Agilent) apres hydrolyse acide puis extraction liquide-solide sur cartouche SPE HCX. Resultats Au total, 27 000 urines ont ete analysees en 3 ans. Quarante-cinq cas (1,67 %) presentent une morphine ≥ 1000 ng/mL. Dix pour cent des ratios M/C quantifiables sont 1. Discussion Par comparaison aux distributions de l’activite CYP 2D6 decrites dans la litterature (sujets non sportifs), notre distribution parait non conforme, avec un exces de M/C > 1. Cet exces inattendu de morphine urinaire est retrouve quand on dose la morphine lors du screening alors qu’elle n’est pas demandee (exemple recherche de steroides anabolisants). Conclusion Dans les cas ou la concentration de morphine urinaire depasse les valeurs maximales autorisees, nous devons nous assurer (i) qu’il y a un pic de codeine (i.e. surdosage) ou un mesusage d’opiaces (pholcodine, codethyline, heroine), et (ii) que le ratio est conforme ou non au statut de metaboliseur rapide. Pour les cas ou le ratio M/C est augmente avec une concentration therapeutique de C, un genotypage du CYP 2D6 pourrait argumenter la bonne foi du sportif.

The charge, velocity, and angular distributions of three coincident fragments measured for the system [sup 40]Ar on [sup 232]Th at an incident energy of 31 MeV/nucleon evidence a deep inleastic collision process followed by fission. The estimated total kinetic energy loss is about 600--800 MeV which represents roughly 60--80% damping of the initial kinetic energy.

Angular correlations between fission fragments induced by an 40Ar bombardment of 232Th targets at four energies, 31, 35, 39 and 44 MeV/u, have been measured as well as the energies, velocities and masses of both fragments. The characteristics of peripheral collisions remain about constant in the range studied, whereas the component attributed to the central collisions which shows a saturation in linear momentum transfer at 180 MeV/c per incident nucleon, has a cross section decreasing with bombarding energy which is correlated to an increase of the excitation energy of the fissioning nuclei.

Correlations between target fragments were measured in α- and 14N-induced reactions at 70, 250 and 800 MeV/u incident energies. The reaction mechanism is characterized by the linear momentum transfer and the excitation energy which were deduced from the kinematics and the mass distribution of the fission fragments. By selecting targets lighter than Th (Au and Ho) the yield from peripheral collisions is reduced by the increase in the fission barrier thus allowing events with the highest linear momentum transfer and excitation energy to be favoured. The results show that up to an incident energy of 800 MeV/u hot nuclei are formed which decay via normal binary fission. The linear momentum transfer is essentially constant over the covered energy range, but the excitation energy increases until the total incident energy is greater than 3 GeV. At this energy, independent of the projectile mass the fission probability of the heavy nuclei drops below 50%, while the emission of intermediate-mass fragments increases. The relative velocities between two intermediate-mass fragments exceed strongly the values of binary fission. Monte Carlo calculations show that the relative velocities between these fragments exclude a sequential emission from the recoil nucleus and support a simultaneous breakup mechanism.

Fragment-fragment correlations have been studied in α -induced reactions at incident energies from 70 to 800 MeV/u on Ag, Ho and Au targets. Even at the highest energy binary thermal fission is observed with excitation energies up to 800–900 MeV. In addition, events with mass number around 30 and relative velocities up to twice the values expected for thermal fission occur and are attributed to multifragmentation. The energy deposit rather than the projectile velocity seems to be parameter governing the appearance of the multifragmentation process which competes strongly with fission for imparted energies beyond 800 MeV.

Cross sections for evaporation residues following the complete fusion of the 12 C + 12 C, 14 N + 12 C and 15 N + 12 C systems have been measured with a E − ΔE counter telescope in a wide range of incident energies. They are fairly well reproduced by evaporation calculations based on the statistical theory. The total fusion excitation function of the 12 C + 12 C system shows strong structure, which is compared to the predictions of the reaction cross sections derived from coupled channel calculations and to the integrated inelastic cross sections. Critical angular momenta have been obtained from the fusion cross-section data and these values are discussed in the framework of compound nucleus and entrance channel effects. A striking difference is observed between the fusion cross sections of the 14 N + 12 C and 15 N + 12 C systems and shows the importance of the valence nucleons of colliding ions in the fusion process. A possible interpretation might be the influence of the yrast line of the compound nuclei.

This study presents a method of developing useful hydraulic properties in Basic Oxygen Steel Slags, by the addition of a synthetic slag forming flux during the normal steel making process. The transformation of a waste slag into a by-product at least equivalent to the best quality Blast Furnace Slags is achieved without change of technology or sacrifice in steel quality. The flux contains CaO - Al2O3 - MgO - Fe2O3 in proportions calculated from phase diagrams. Theoretical predictions are confirmed by laboratory experiments and by semi-industrial trials and show that the introduction of alumina in this manner leads to the formation of hydraulic calcium-alumino-ferrites and homogeneous slags containing < 4% free lime. The mineralogy of the slags is described and the results of calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, optical microscopy, electron microprobe analysis, and strength tests on non quenched ground slags are given to demonstrate hydraulicity.

The fusion cross sections of systems leading to s-d shell compound nuclei reveal a strong dependence upon the number of valence nucleons of the colliding ions. This striking feature is discussed in terms of entrance channel and compound nucleus effects.

The study of evaporation residue from the Ne + Ag system shows that there is qualitative change in the reaction mechanism in the Fermi energy domain. At 20 MeV/u the projectile is mostly absobered by the target, while at 30-37 MeV/u a continious range of mass transfer with a large transverse momentum is observed.

Elastic and inelastic scatterings of 160 on Ii6Sn were analyzed with the coupled channel program ECIS to obtain informations on optical mode1 and deformation parameters. Angular distributions of one and two proton transfers were measured and discussed in the frame- work of the DWBA. The importance of the two step process has been studied.

Angular distributions of levels observed in the 18O(12C, 10Be)20Ne, 26Mg(12C, 11B)27Al, 26Mg(12C, 10Be)28Si and 26Mg(12C, 9Be)29Si reactions have been measured at 46 MeV incident energy; some of them show a strong oscillating pattern. Spectroscopic factors extracted from a DWBA analysis of the (12C, 11B) 1p transfer with the LOLA code, are consistent with those derived from (3He, d). The influence of recoil effects on both the shapes of the angular distributions and the absolute magnitudes of cross sections have been studied for (12C, 11B) and (16O, 15N). The 2p transfer reactions leading to 20Ne and 28Si have been analyzed using realistic microscopic wave functions. Effects of configuration mixings on both the relative and the absolute cross sections are presented. The validity of approximating the 2p wave function by a 0s cluster component is discussed and some nuclear structure information is derived. The 26Mg(12C, 9Be)29Si reaction populates preferentially the same levels as the 28Si(d, p)29Si reaction. A DWBA analysis using a 3He cluster form factor gives relative spectroscopic strengths close to those derived from (d, p) stripping.

Angular correlations and angular distributions of the fission fragments produced in the bombardment of a 232 Th target with protons, deuterons and α-particles in the energy range between 35 and 1000 MeV/nucleon have been measured. From these measurements, the distributions of linear momentum imparted to fissioning nuclei have been deduced in the various energy regimes; dominating reaction mechanisms are classified according to the fraction of the available incident momentum transferred to the target. The experimental results are compared to the predictions of intra-nuclear cascade calculations. An optimum excitation energy supported by the fissioning nuclei could be the dominant limitation to momentum transfer at high incident energies. The angular distributions of the fission fragments were used to extract fission cross sections and upper limits of the angular momentum imparted to the fissioning nuclei.

Angular distributions have been measured for the elastic and inelastic scattering of 64 MeV 16 O ions on 116 Sn targets and analysed through coupled-equation calculations. The one-proton transfer has also been studied and the DWBA analysis gives results consistent with those derived from ( 3 He, d). The two-proton transfer has been analysed in the framework of both DWBA and CCBA; theoretical wave functions for Te isotopes have been tested and the importance of multistep processes is discussed.

Formation and decay properties of composite-like nuclei produced by 58 Ni projectiles bombarding 232 Th target nuclei are investigated at different energies by means of fission fragment angular correlation measurements. Experimental results are compared to the excition model and excitation energies in the fissioning nuclei are deduced. By comparing the present data with the results on other systems, the influences of entrance channel conditions and composite-like nuclei temperatures are discussed to explain the evolution of the high linear momentum transfer region. The coexistence of both massive transfer mmechanism and head-on collisions followed by preequilibrium is suggested.

Laser microprobe “MOLE” has been used to obtain Raman spectra of individual crystals of alite and belite from two industrial clinkers. Important differences are observed. Problems arising in the study of C 3 A, calcium alumino-ferrites and hydration are discussed.

States in 20 Ne have been studied through the 12 C( 14 N, 6 Li) 20 Ne reaction. Excitation functions have been measured from 20 MeV to 60 MeV in steps of 5 MeV at different angles for 20 Ne states up to 10 MeV excitation energy. States of 24 Mg have been also populated using the 12 C( 14 N, d) 24 Mg reaction; excitation functions of 24 Mg states up to 9 MeV excitation energies as well as angular distributions at 35 MeV bombarding energy have been obtained. Comparisons of data with Hauser-Feshbach calculations show clearly that the compound nucleus mechanism is the main process for both 12 C( 14 N, 6 Li) 20 Ne and 12 C( 14 N, d) 24 Mg reactions. Strong evidence has been provided for inhibition of the 26 Al compound nucleus formation for angular momenta higher than critical values. The location of the yrast line in the 26 Al nucleus is discussed.

Angular distributions for the scattering cross section of 14.6 MeV neutrons on sulphur have been measured by the time-of-flight technique. The measurements included elastically scattered neutrons and two inelastically scattered neutron groups, corresponding respectively to the 2.24 MeV level in S32 and to several levels between 4 and 5 MeV that are not resolved in the present experiment.

Single proton hole states in odd indium isotopes are investigated using the (d, 3 He) reaction on even tin isotopes at 22 MeV bombarding energy. DWBA calculations using the JULIE Code have been performed to assign l p values and to extract spectroscopic factors. A “ J -dependence” in the l p = 1 proton transfers has been observed; distorted wave calculations predict this effect. The level schemes of residual nuclei are discussed.

The (t, α) reactions on even tellurium isotopes ( fA = 122 to 130) have been studied at an incident triton energy of 12 MeV. Alpha angular distributions of transitions leading to states of antimony nuclei have been compared to DWBA calculations. Angular momentum transfers and spectroscopic factors have been obtained. Present results show significant configuration mixing of the proton wave function in the tellurium targets. Proton hole states in Sb isotopes have been located and the two-particle-one-hole interaction is discussed.

The (1 4N, 6Li) reaction on 1 zC, 14C. 1 6 0 , and 24Mg targets has been studied at 45 MeV incident energy and at some forward angles. Spectra obtained are compared with those observed by the (7Li, t) or (6Li, d) reactions. Multiparticle configurations of some states of residual nuclei are discussed. Recent work on the (I4N, 6Li) reaction [I] has shown some evidence of the usefulness of this reaction for the direct transfer of eight nucleons. Moreover the comparison between spectra of nuclei excited via the (7Li, t) o r (6Li, d) reactions and the (14N, 6 ~ i ) reaction is very promising a s a new and powerful spectroscopic probe to study nlultiparticle excited states. In this paper we report on some results obtained from the (l4N, 6 ~ i ) reaction on "C, I4C, 1 6 0 and 24Mg targets. All these experiments were performed using a 45 MeV 14N(5+) beam from the Saclay FN Tandem Accelerator. The l2C(I4N, 6Li)20Ne reaction. Outgoing 6Li particles were detected a t 30, 50 and 100 using a Buechner magnetic spectrograph with eight position-sensitive detectors in the focal plane. The overall energy resolution was 40 keV mainly due t o the 10-12 pg/cm2 target thickness. Spectra were also obtained a t 1 5 O (Fig. 1) and 20° using a AE.E telescope counter. FIG. I . 6Li spectra obtained at Is0 laboratory by bombarding a I2C target (upper part) and a 14C target (lower part) with a nitrogen beam of 45 MeV incident energy. Known levels from previous works are indicaded. Blackened peaks (lower part) arise from the contribution of 12C contaminant. Article published online by EDP Sciences and available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jphyscol:1971631 C6-170 M. CONJEAUD, S. HARAR, E. DA SILVEIRA AND C . VOLANT Same experiments have been performed recently at Heidelberg [ l ] and Brookhaven [2] at 52 and 60 MeV incident energy respectively. General features are very similar to those observed in the present experiment at 45 MeV. The comparison of relative yield of transitions to 20Ne via the transfer of four [3] and eight nucleons reveals the following features : i) The members of the ground state band are strongly populated in both reactions. ii) The members of the K = 2band (based on the 4.97 MeV, 2state) are much more strongly excited by the (14N, 6Li) reaction than by the (7Li, t) reaction. This suggests that the structure of this band involves an 1 6 0 excited core. iii) Tewari et al. [4], and Arima et al. [4] have suggested the possible existence of a 8p-4h band or [220] quartet configuration around 7 MeV. The O+ states at 6.72 MeV and 7.20 MeV are two candidates for such structures with the corresponding 2' states a t 7.43 MeV and 7.84 MeV. The (14N, 6Li) reaction does not excite preferentially one of them. But recently strong evidence for such quartet states at 7.20 and 7.84 MeV have been reported by Middleton et al. [5]. The 14C(14N, 6Li)22Ne reaction. Spectra have been obtained at two angles (100 and 15O) using a AE.E telescope counter. Targets of 25 pg/cm2 were made using a method described elsewhere [6]. The 14C(14N, 6Li)22Ne spectrum figure lb, does not exhibit a strong selectivity as observed in the I2C(l4N, 6~i)20Ne. The sum of cross sections for all transitions up to 15 MeV excitation energy is 3 times weaker than for ON^. In the 14C(14N, 6Li)22Ne reaction the same yield of 7Li relative to 6Li is observed. On the contrary, a factor of 10 has been found for the ratio 6Li/7Li in the case of 12C target. This difference can be explained by Q-value considerations (Q = 23.8 MeV for (14N, 7Li) reaction on 12C and 3.3 MeV on 14C). More data are necessary to try a reliable comparison with the 180('Li, t)22Ne reaction [7]. The 160(14N, 6 ~ i ) 2 4 M g reaction. Spectra at 30, 50,100 have been obtained using the Buechner magnetic spectrograph. The overall energy resolution is about 100 KeV mainly due to the 40-50 pg/cm2 thickness of SiO targets. Some data have been also recorded on nuclear emulsion plates and with a telescope counter. Peaks arise up to 20 MeV excitation with comparable strengths in the whole spectrum. The study of the 2 0 ~ e ( 6 ~ i , d)24Mg has shown [8] that the transitions up to 8 MeV are much weaker than the transitions at upper energies. Relative yields of peaks observed in 24Mg by transferring four or eight nucleons are schematically represented in the figure 2 ; they are normalized on the FIG. 2. Diagram of relative yields of the 20Ne(6Li7 d)ZJMg reaction (upper part) and of the 160(14N, 6Li)24Mg reaction (lower part). 6.00 MeV 4' state. The comparison reveals the following features : i) The ground state band members (up to the 6+ state) are the most prominent peaks of the spectra and their strengths are nearly proportional to (2 J + 1). The 20Ne(6~i , d)24Mg reaction does not exhibit such selectivity. The ground state band might have a large overlap with the 1 6 0 0 structure. Akiyama et al. [9] found that, the (84) SU3 representation of the [44] symmetry corresponds to about 75 % of the wave function of the ground state band. ii) The 0' state at 6.44 MeV and the 2' at 7.35 MeV are described [9] mainly with the (46) SU, representation. These levels are more excited by the transfer of four nucleons than by the transfer of eight. They might have an appreciable overlap with the 2 0 ~ e @ 1 quartet structure. The 24Mg(L4N, 6Li)32S reaction. Some measurements have been done for this reaction. Preliminary results indicate that the cross sections integrated over the whole spectrum is roughly one order of magnitude weaker than the one observed in the 12C(14N, 6Li)20Ne. The drastic decrease of cross sections when increasing target mass is similar to the observations made for the (6Li, d) and ('Li, t) reactions [5]. In both cases, a break up process of the lithium ion could explain this aspect.

14.5-Mev neutrons have been scattered by /sup 32/S. Angular distributions have been measured for inelastic scattering (Q = 0, Q =-2.24Mev, and Q =-4 to-5 Mev), by the timeof-flight method with the associated particle. The results are compared with the theoretical predictions for transition 0/sup +/ yields 2/sup +/, E approximates 2 Mev, A approximates 30. The experimental curves Q =-2.24 Mev and approximates =--4 to -5 Mev are very similar. (auth)

Deuteron angular distributions from the (3He, d) reaction on the even Sn isotopes leading to states of the corresponding odd Sb isotopes (A = 113 to 125) have been studied at an incident 3He energy of 18 MeV. DWBA calculations using the JULIE code have been performed to assign lp values and extract spectroscopic factors. On the basis of this analysis, levels were found carrying large fractions of the 1g72, 2d52 and 1h112 proton single-particle strength. The splitting of the 2d32 and 3s12 strength in many levels is more pronounced. Spacings and spectroscopic factors for the low-lying states are in fair agreement with calculations of Kisslinger and Sorensen.

Expérience GANIL; Angular correlations between fission fragments induced by 1760 MeV 40Ar bombarding 197Au and 232Th targets have been measured. Energies, velocities and masses have been obtained for both fragments. The momentum transfer and energy deposited were deduced from an event-by-event analysis. The recoil velocity and total mass spectra show that mass transfer is still a dominating process. Momentum transfer of at least 6.5 GeV/c and 900 MeV excitation energy are deduced.

Preliminary results of the reactions 115119In66 (3He,d) 11650Sn66 are presented. We observe that proton particle-hole components of the ground state and first excited levels of 11650Sn66, are weak. Around an excitation energy of 3.6 MeV, a gross structure appears.

Proton states in the odd Sb isotopes have been observed by means of the (3He, d) reaction on the even Sn isotopes at 18 MeV. The assignment of spins and parties to levels up to one MeV energy and preliminary results relative to the spectroscopic factors are presented.