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In the article the results of researches on biological and economic efficiency of a new herbicide Uniko, CSC (fluroxypyr, 100 g/l + florasulam, 2,5 g/l) AO “Shchelkovo Agrokhim”, Russia production are presented. It is determined that by this herbicide application in spring wheat and barley at tillering stage, the biological efficiency has made more than 90,0 %, by crops weeding at flag leaf stage – the efficiency has made 80,0–85,0 %, for this, the reliable yield increase has made 80,0–85,0.

Evolution of the morphology of cellulose solutions in N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide during coagulation with a “soft” coagulant, isobutyl alcohol, at different temperatures is considered. Using optical interferometry and transmitted and scanning electron microscopy the mechanism of phase separation of the system to form a polymer phase is studied depending on the temperature of alcohol. It is shown that, in the case of a room temperature coagulant, a heterogeneous film with a droplet texture enlarging over thickness appears along the precipitation front. At a high temperature of alcohol the coagulation of the solution occurs in two stages. At the first stage the penetration of the coagulant into the jet of spinning solution leading to the formation of vacuoles occurs. The phase separation of the solution proceeds within the vacuoles as microreactors to form a polymer-concentrated shell and a polymer-diluted phase in the vacuole cavity. At the second stage the coagulant diffuses through the vacuole shell into the bulk of the solution and causes its uniform coagulation. The process of vacuole formation is visualized. The transverse cleavage of the film is analyzed by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The difference in the content of C, N, and O atoms on the walls of vacuoles and in the region of a film with a uniform cellular morphology is established.

The kinetics of formation of a three-dimensional structure in compositions based on butyl rubber and silicon-containing hyperbranched polymethylsilsesquioxanes and MQ copolymers is studied in comparison with compositions containing common dispersed phases: carbon black and silica. Features of the chemical structure of the synthesized organosilicon polymers make it possible to treat the morphology of their elementary particles as core–shell. The role of an inorganic “core” is played by silica structures, whereas methyl shells should ensure compatibility with the carbochain matrix of the rubber. Quinol ether is used as an agent of crosslinking via double bonds of the isoprene part of the rubber. The crosslinking process is carried out in the mode of continuous heating of compositions with registration of thermal effects by differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic moduli by oscillatory rheometry. The apparent activation energies of the process of chemical crosslinking under nonisothermal conditions are calculated in terms of various models. It is shown that the apparent activation energy of crosslinking is lower for filled systems. This indicates that rubber macromolecules are partially uninvolved in chemical crosslinking as a result of adsorption and loss of relaxation mobility. The adsorption activity of fillers is estimated from a difference in the activation energies of the initial rubber and filled compositions; this parameter is the lowest for polymethylsilsesquioxanes.

The treatment of old perineal ruptures in the last time, thanks to Lawson-Tait, who offered his own patchwork method and a critical assessment that appeared later, aroused the interest of the specialists again, which is why I decided to confide with my comrades with some information about a modified method of perineoplasty used prof. Winckel, moreover, this method has not yet been published, and I have the opportunity, thanks to my kindly given permission, to be the first to communicate this method to Russian collegs, for which I consider it my duty to express my deep gratitude to the esteemed professor.

Introduction. The paper focuses on the linguistic concepts of terminology and a term system, provides the views of linguists on the definition and differentiation of these terms, explains the semantics of the word and the term, as well as the role of the cognitive approach in modern terminology. The scientific work defines a concept and a category, and describes the role of the processes of conceptualization and categorization in English terminology. As more than 90 % of new words appearing in modern languages is vocabulary for special purposes, it is increasingly important to study the ways of their formation. The research is relevant since it provides a deeper understanding of the structure and content of concepts that underlie the formation of language categories, the mechanisms of interaction between cognitive and language structures in the process of forming the terminological meaning.Methodology and sources. In light of the cognitive approach to understanding the semantics of a word the authors emphasize anthropocentrist thinking, language picture of the world and lexical-semantic variants of the word. The cognitive approach allows us to reveal the causes and mechanisms of dynamic processes in the field of professional nomination, taking into account the changing cognitive and communication needs of people. The research is made using corpora data.Results and discussion. It has been found out, that cognitive categories are linked to conceptually defined prototypes that are crucial for the formation of categories. The necessary to define the central elements of prototypical categories has been proved, as they make the category logical, understandable and convenient, since all members of the category meet a given list of characteristics. As a result of the research it has been proved that in an investment terminological system a prototype turns out to be the best representative of a category.Conclusion. It has been concluded that the study of conceptualization and categorization processes is extremely important when analyzing terminological systems in general, and investment terminological system of English, in particular, because it allows to identify the basic concepts underlying the formation of terminological systems. The study of the principles and mechanisms of categorization of language units makes it possible to identify and analyze their prototypical semantics in terms of their common properties with the prototype of the category. This possibility is of paramount importance for research in the field of cognitive linguistics, since it is the prototypical semantics of language units that largely determines their use in a sentence to convey a particular meaning.

A new method is developed for the production of composite fibers based on cellulose and vinyltriethoxysilane and formed from N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide solutions. Introduction of the organosilicon additive promotes the activation of cellulose pyrolysis processes, and its choice relies on the presence of a double bond in vinyltriethoxysilane, which can be opened when the temperature rises. Mixed solutions are emulsions with labile droplets of the organosilicon liquid that easily change their shape under deformation. The study of the rheological behavior of the mixed solutions of cellulose with vinyltriethoxysilane reveals an unusual character of a change in viscosity with the concentration of vinyltriethoxysilane—with a minimum at 10–15%. From joint solutions by the dry-jet wet method, composite fibers are spun in an aqueous coagulation bath at a rate of 50–70 m/min. The study of their thermal properties shows that in thermolysis vinyltriethoxysilane additives catalyze condensation processes in cellulose and lead to an increase in char yield. Using IR spectroscopy, the combined chemical transformations of cellulose and vinyltriethoxysilane at all stages of the heat treatment of composite fibers up to 1200°C are analyzed for the first time. It is found that during thermolysis the chemical interaction of vinyltriethoxysilane with cellulose occurs and carbon fibers “crosslinked” by silicon carbide fragments are formed.

The article discusses a bench that allows you to monitor the change in the dynamic characteristics of the medium when various types of defects appear in the connection lines. The setting makes it possible to select the optimal method for recording the measured values. The experimental stand was created as close as possible to the real conditions of the pipeline operation. To detect damage to the air circuit, the integration of technical developments with a software algorithm based on the use of the multiple signal classification method (MUSIC) was applied. The developed stand opens up opportunities for conducting practical experiments and obtaining experimental data directly when detecting pipeline defects.

The process of film formation including the initial treatment of thin layers of cellulose solutions in N-methylmorpholine N-oxide with isobutanol followed by washing with water is investigated in detail, and the structural and morphological features of the obtained films are examined. The phase state of the N-methylmorpholine N-oxide–isobutyl alcohol system is studied by differential scanning calorimetry and optical interferometry, and a diagram describing the crystalline equilibrium and allowing determination of the temperature–concentration “window” of compatibility of components is constructed. The dependence of viscosity of N-methylmorpholine N-oxide solutions in isobutanol on temperature confirms the phase composition of the system. The process of film formation is modeled by analyzing the diffusion zone of the cellulose solution–isobutyl alcohol system. The IR study of the interaction of N-methylmorpholine N-oxide containing 13.3% water with isobutanol shows that the affinity of isobutanol for water is much higher than that for N-methylmorpholine N-oxide. For this reason, when the spinning solution is brought in contact with isobutanol, the redistribution of water between the interacting components occurs and the structure of the heterogeneous gel-like complex cellulose–N-methylmorpholine N-oxide–isobutanol “is frozen,” as proved by the X-ray diffraction study of the films. Complete removal of the solvent and isolation of cellulose from this film proceed only upon subsequent washing with water. The X-ray diffraction and optical interferometry study of the effect of temperature on the interaction of a hot cellulose solution with cold isobutanol suggests that at room temperature the film obtained from solution contains inclusions of the vitrified N-methylmorpholine N-oxide. Under isothermal conditions (at a temperature of 90°С), the rate of interdiffusion grows appreciably and the solution preserves the homogeneous structure. Thus, the precipitation of cellulose from the bicomponent solvent N-methylmorpholine N-oxide–water upon contact first with isobutanol and then with water proceeds via two stages: initially the system undergoes phase separation and a concentrated solution is formed in the isobutanol-N-methylmorpholine N-oxide blend, from which cellulose precipitates upon interaction with water. When the process of primary interaction of the solution with alcohol is conducted under the conditions of compatibility of isobutanol with N-methylmorpholine N-oxide, a more homogeneous morphology of the films can be obtained.

Cerasomes are hybrid organic-inorganic nanoparticles (NPs) that could be considered as liposomes with rather durable silicon shell. In this study, several cerasome-forming lipoamino acids (CFLA) were synthesized and used as structural blocks for cerasome preparation. Pure cerasomes which contained only CFLA, and mixed cerasomes based on a mixture of CFLA with a disintegrating dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) lipid were fabricated and characterized in terms of morphology, mean size, ζ-potential, stability at storage. All obtained cerasome samples were found to be much more stable at storage than conventional liposomes (120 and 10 days, respectively). The cerasomes were loaded with doxorubicin (DOX) and tested in vitro using human breast adenocarcinoma MCF-7. Effects of the lipid composition on the physical-chemical properties and cellular uptake of the cerasomes both in 2D (monolayer culture) and 3D (multicellular tumor spheroids) were studied. The biggest accumulation efficiencies as well as the highest cytotoxicity level were found for the mixed cationic cerasomes. These cerasomes could be proposed as promising drug delivery system for cancer treatment.

Solid–state dissolution in N–methylmorpholine N–oxide was used to obtain solutions of mixtures derived from cellulose and various organosilicon additives, namely, tetraethoxysilane, vinyltriethoxysilane, and bis (trimethylsilyl)acetylene. Optical study of the phase composition and morphology of these solutions showed that they are two–phase emulsions with a rather broad size distribution of particles of the dispersed phase. The nature of the flow of the mixed systems in continuous and dynamic deformation when the rheological behavior is monotypic depends to a certain extent on the nature of the organosilicon additive. Dry wet–jet spinning was used to obtain composite fibers. The structure and morphology of these fibers were studied as well as their mechanical and thermal properties. Analysis of the x–ray patterns diffractograms of the cellulose and composite fibers showed that the introduction of organosilicon additives into the cellulose matrix leads to less structural ordering of the cellulose. The mechanical characteristics of the composite fibers show some decrease in the strength and deformation characteristics with an increase in the elastic modulus in comparison with the cellulose fibers. Heat treatment of the cellulose and composite fibers up to 1000°C revealed a significant increase in the mass of carbon residue, whose amount depends on the type of additive.

Replacing the aqueous coagulation bath with an alcoholic one during spinning cellulose fibers (films) from solutions in N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide leads to a radical restructuring of the hydrogen bonds net of cellulose and, as a result, to a change in the structure and properties of the resulting material. By the method of optical interferometry, it was possible to identify the intrinsic features of the interaction of the solvent and isomeric alcohols and to construct phase diagrams of binary systems describing the crystalline equilibrium. Knowledge of the phase states of the system at different temperatures renders it possible to exclude the process of solvent crystallization and conduct the spinning in pseudo-homogeneous conditions. The structure and morphology of samples were studied using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy methods for a specific coagulant. When the solution under certain conditions is coagulated at contact with alcohol, the solvent may be in a glassy state, whereas, when at coagulation in water, an amorphous-crystalline structure is formed. The structural features of cellulose films obtained by coagulation of solutions with water and alcohols help to select potential engineering or functional materials (textile, packaging, membranes, etc.), in which their qualities will manifest to the best extent.

The downtime of ball-rolling mills is largely associated with the replacement of worn rollers. In the present work, the degree and location of critical roller wear are studied: the greatest wear is observed at the flanges in the billet-capture zone. The conditions required for billet capture and successful rolling are determined analytically. Variation in roller speed during billet supply is proposed. Tests are conducted with linear and quadratic variation in roller speed. The familiar formulas for the mean deformation rate are modified for linear and quadratic variation in roller speed. Experiments are conducted on the ball-rolling mill of AO EVRAZ Nizhnetagil’skii Metallurgicheskii Kombinat (NTMK), in rolling 60-mm ШЗГsteel grinding balls on a 40–80 rolling mill. In the experiments, the roller speed is varied manually according to a specified program, with billet capture by the rollers. It is found that speed variation significantly affects the mean pressure at the instant of billet capture. Time dependences of the torque and the mean contact pressure are plotted on the basis of calculation results and experimental data. Empirical characteristics with linear and quadratic variation in roller speed are presented. The permissible agreement of the calculated and empirical results is determined. The installation of a thyristor converter is proposed, so as to decrease the roller speed before billet capture and restore the speed to the rated value in specified fashion after capture. That yields a uniform distribution of the mean contact pressure over the roller length during automatic operation of the mill in different conditions. As a result, the roller wear is decreased, without loss of mill productivity. That reduces roller consumption and the mill downtime for roller replacement.

Researchers studying oil-in-water emulsions practically always deal with the oil and water purified of mineral admixtures. In reality, a water/crude oil emulsion obtained from a well contains solid clay- and sand particles, which may act as surfactants. In the present work, the solid particles’ effect on the morphology and rheological behavior of heavy crude oil emulsions are studied. Water-in-oil emulsions are fluids with the weakly non-Newtonian behavior and viscosity exceeding that of the crude oil. Solid particle admixtures have practically no effect on the viscosity of these emulsions. Oil-in-water emulsions, on the contrary, are viscoplastic systems, the yield stress of which increases with silica- and clay admixture content. The transition from water emulsions to the oil ones was realized using surfactants (cetrimonium bromide, sodium dodecyl sulfate, Tween 85, and Triton X-100), the success of the phase inversion depending on the hydrophilic-lipophilic balance of a surfactant. The effective viscosity of the oil-in-water emulsions is demonstrated to depend on the shear rate and solid particle- and surfactant concentrations, this providing the opportunity to optimize the compositions of crude oil emulsions for transportation.

Carbon—silicon-carbide fibers were produced from cellulose and triethoxyvinylsilane and spun using the solid-phase NMMO-process. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy studies, energydispersive x-ray spectrometry, and x-ray structure analysis of composite carbon fibers established and identified the structure and morphology of carbon fibers that varied from an isotropic shell to regularly organized lamellae of graphite-like layers of the fiber core. Distributions of chemical elements were plotted. The nano-sized dimensions of silicon-carbide regions in the carbon fibers were determined.

AbstractWe performed numerical self-consistent solution of Schrödinger and Poisson equations for GaAs/InGaAs/AlGaAs pHEMT structures with quantum well. Based on the results we calculated optical transition matrix elements and photoluminescence spectra of such structures with the same design and different parameters (such as doping level and epitaxial layers width). In the photoluminescence spectra calculations three fitting parameters have been used. These parameters are GaAs/InGaAs valence band offset in strained quantum well, hole quasi Fermi level and inhomogeneous broadening. The PL peaks amplitudes and positions dependencies on the structure parameters were established. These dependencies can be used as the basis for pHEMT structure non-destructive diagnostics.

We discuss several drive mechanisms for the working stand in periodic cold-rolled pipe mills. This paper focuses on identifying opportunities to increase mill capacity and modernize existing periodic cold-rolled pipe mills. We provide a comparative analysis of a variety of systems for equilibration of the dynamic forces in the working-stand drive mechanism.

In this study, explores the use of web technologies as a way to ensure that medical waste transportation is undertaken in a proper and safe way. Insofar as an incorrect waste sorting is regarded as a source of an epidemiological threat within further transportation, is proposed a synthesis of a waste sorting model. The model is based on a natural science approach to managerial decision-making. The model enables to identify and prove violations concerning medical waste sorting. Described four interconnected components of the model: an initial stage, when vaccination processes are not taking place; the vaccination is completed and medical waste is sorted according to the rules; the vaccination is completed, but the rules of medical waste sorting are violated; all the problems related to medical waste sorting are solved, so its transportation is possible.

Composite fibers were prepared by solid-state dissolution of cellulose in N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide with added tetraethoxysilane (TEOS). It was shown that adding TEOS to the cellulose matrix increased up to 16% the fiber carbon residue during heat treatment. Bonds formed between Si and C during their high-temperature treatment according to IR spectra of the composite cellulose fibers. The thermal behavior of the fibers was studied using TGA and TMA. The fiber morphology and the structure of the Si-containing additive particles were examined using SEM and TEM. The mechanical properties of carbon fibers prepared from cellulose-hydrate and composite fibers were compared.

We studied the rheological properties of heavy oil-in-water emulsions with the final goal of decreasing the high viscosity of oil in pipeline transportation. The emulsions containing 3% silica or 5% montmorillonite were stabilized by Triton X-100. All emulsions were viscoplastic media and also demonstrated viscoelasticity. At low shear stresses, emulsions are in gel-like state that was reflected by the independence of the elastic modulus from frequency. The yield stress of basic emulsion is rather low (∼1 Pa), while the introduction of solid particles leads to a remarkable increase of the yield stress. It was shown that direct transition of the rheological data for oil emulsions measured in a rotational device to capillary rheometer appeared impossible. The apparent viscosity of the samples estimated in tubes (as a model of a capillary viscometer) was not correlated with the shear viscosity measured on a rotational rheometer and overall was dependent on the tube/capillary diameter. The reason for these effects may be related to the stratified flow through a tube consisting of near-wall slippage or the existence at the stream periphery of a low-viscosity layer. This phenomenon should be taken into account in designing pipe transportation lines when viscometric data are obtained in the other conditions of flow.

The article considers methods of predicting passenger flows. The main attention of the authors focuses on the forecasting of passenger traffic that can be used as a basis for planning and determining the most effective system of action, providing the population with quality services related to transportation, and is an integral part of a complex process of development of systems of urban passenger transport. Identified and the necessity of sharing of mathematical model of forecasting of passenger flows taking into account regional features and untransformed effect. On the basis of the study the authors can conclude that the transport mobility of the population, the average distance they travel increases with the growth and development of the city and its population. In the Krasnodar territory in the last 4 years saw an increase in the needs of the residents use public transport, but in the period of 2014 by public transportation were transported 449, 9 million, which is 1.4 million less than in 2013. This suggests that it is necessary to improve the quality of public transport services urban public transport in the Krasnodar region.

A method for producing cellulose-based composite fibers with the addition of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) with a high degree of dispersion of the additive in the cellulose matrix through a “solid phase” dissolution step of the cellulose in N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide (NMMO) is proposed. Investigation of the phase state and morphological features of mixtures of cellulose solutions with TEOS additives in NMMO has shown that in the entire range of concentrations studied, the solutions are biphasic emulsions, and their dispersity and the shape of dispersed phase droplets depend on the prehistory of solution preparation. It is established that the rheological behavior of cellulose solutions with TEOS additives varies depending on the amount of the additive. A theory about a mechanism for changing the rheological behavior of cellulose solutions with TEOS is formulated. X-ray diffraction analysis, scanning and transmission microscopy and IR spectroscopy were used to characterize the structure and morphology of composite fibers. The mechanical properties of composite cellulose fibers with TEOS are investigated.

Gelatin is usually used as an excipient in drug preparations and more rarely as an active ingredient. Domestic quality standards regulating gelatin used in drug production were enacted over 20 years ago. A comparative analysis of quality requirements for gelatin in domestic and foreign pharmacopoeias seemed timely in order to justify national pharmacopoeial quality requirements for gelatin (quality parameters, analysis methods, norms) and to compose a pharmacopoeial monograph for gelatin in the RF State Pharmacopoeia.

The article discusses the main criteria for assessing the design of vehicles in the field of passive safety. Road safety is influenced by a large number of factors, among the most negative factors are road accidents and their consequences. All categories of the population die and get injured in road accidents, which entails a decrease in the population of the country and the level of health, life expectancy, length of the working period, and distortion of the age pyramid. Existing methods for assessing measures to improve passive safety do not fully allow establishing a correspondence between the characteristics of vehicle structural elements that ensure its passive safety and the severity of the consequences in an accident. This situation is mainly due to the impossibility of assessing the passive safety of the car as a whole, by one indicator, since the applied assessment is based on the requirements of regulatory documents. In this case, the most optimal analysis will be the analysis of the consequences of real road accidents, which allows to identify the most dangerous conditions of road accidents and traumatic elements of the structure of vehicles. The result of the assessment of measures to improve passive safety is an accurate assessment of the severity of human injury in an accident and the risk of an accident. The existing and prospective criteria governing passive safety indicators cover a small number of all types of road accidents. Therefore, expanding the scope of application of safety criteria to the widest possible range of types of road accidents and taking into account the anthropological parameters of a person is the most significant potential way to reduce the number and severity of injuries in road accidents.

Currently, there is a high activity in the construction of multi-storey residential buildings in large cities. This causes an increase in pedestrian flows and traffic intensity in various areas of cities, but most streets and roads are not designed for a given number of pedestrians and vehicles. In turn, this leads to a decrease in the safety of pedestrian traffic in these areas.

The article discusses the functioning of the image classifier. The results of the process of research and implementation of the food freshness classifier using mobile phones to obtain product images are presented. Comparison of other approaches to reducing the risk of food poisoning is given. Provides research information on the collection of images for the classification of food and the classification of their freshness. A workable android application for recognizing the freshness of food has been implemented. Based on the analysis of the results of the training sample, the objects under study are ranked in order to determine the freshness of the product.