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The unsaturated zone in the soil generally plays an important role in the transfer of water and pollutants in the underground environment. To simulate the water flow in this area, the relationships that express the variations of the water content and the hydraulic conductivity of the soil as a function of the pressure must be defined. In this context, determination of the hydrodynamic parameters constitutes an essential step for any study of the water and solutes transfers in the unsaturated zone. The purpose of this article is to identify the soil hydrodynamic parameters by direct method and inverse method, from the infiltration data by using the disc infiltrometer. These two methods of the characterization were applied on two plots: a plot of R’mel, sandy soil, and a M’risa plot, clay-loamy soil in northern Morocco. The results of the analytical and numerical modeling reproduced correctly the experimental measurements. A performance analysis of the models used was implemented to study the reliability of the estimated parameters. The values of RMSE ≈ 0.20 and R2 ≈ 0.90 show that the inverse method remains a robust and accurate method for determining the soil hydrodynamic parameters compared to other conventional methods.

Because soil hydraulic properties are indispensable for determining soil water retention and soil solute movement, their input for simulation models is essential. Many of these parameters cannot be estimated directly at the scale of interest, but can only be derived through inverse modeling. During this process, the parameters are generally adjusted using least-squares approach with Levenberg–Marquardt (LM) algorithms in which numerically simulated models are fitted to measured data. In this study we used a new inverse method to estimate the unsaturated soil hydro-dispersive properties from in-situ experiments. The method employs complex-variable-differentiation method (CVDM) to accurately predict of the hydraulic properties of the van Genuchten–Mualem models (θr, θs, α, ks, n). To the knowledge of the authors, it is first study use CVDM in soil physics. The optimization procedure was performed by using a continuous data set of daily in situ soil water content and bromide concentration measurements. Estimated parameters during the inversion showed high correlation (R2 = 0.88, RMSE = 0.013 and the model efficiency CE = 0.77) by using the CVDM-methods with the actual field measurements, compared with the traditional LM-algorithm (R2 = 0.81, RMSE = 0.021 and CE = 0.626). The results show that the new inverse analysis in the present work has the high accuracy, validity, uniqueness, and higher inversion efficiency. Meanwhile, the convergence and stability of the modified LM-algorithm are improved. Overall, it was concluded that the CVDM is promising method to estimate hydro-dispersive parameters in soil physics.

Determination of soil hydrodynamic parameters at field scale is of great importance for modeling soil water dynamics and for agricultural water management. The direct estimation of those parameters is time-consuming and afflicted with serious uncertainties. Inverse modeling is known to get efficient technique for solving non-linear problems in hydrology. Levenberg–Marquardt (LM) algorithm is a gradient-based method, which has been widely used for solving inverse soil water flow problems. In the LM algorithm, sensitivity coefficients are mainly evaluated by numerical differentiation methods. However, sensitivity coefficients are difficult to be precisely calculated by numerical differentiation methods, if transient states and non-linearities are involved. In this paper, a new approach is proposed for sensitivity analysis using the complex variabledifferentiation method (CVDM) to estimate simultaneously the hydraulic and dispersive properties of unsaturated soil from in-situ experiments. In this approach, the sensitivity coefficients can be determined in a more accurate way than the traditional finite difference method. The results show that the new inverse analysis method in the present work has high accuracy, validity, uniqueness and higher inversion efficiency, compared with the previous least-squares method. The simulated and measured water contents and tracer concentration were generally close. Overall, it was concluded that the CVDM is a promising method to estimate hydro-dispersive parameters in the unsaturated zone.

In this paper we analyze the minimum cardinality PARTIAL SET b-MULTICOVER problem in uniform and regular hypergraphs. The problem is defined as follows: Let k ϵ ≥1, b ≥ 2 and a hypergraph H = (V,E) with maximum vertex degree Δ and maximum edge size l, a PARTIAL SET b-MULTICOVER in H is a set of edges C ⊆ E such that every vertex in a subset U ⊆ V with |U |≥ k, belongs to at least b edges in C.PARTIAL SET b-MULTICOVER problem is the problem of finding a PARTIAL SET b-MULTICOVER of minimum cardinality.We present a randomized algorithm of hybrid type for this problem, combining LP-based randomized rounding with greedy repairing. We achieve an approximation ratio of α(n,k)n/k(Δ-b+1) with α(n,k) 1 can be proved unless P = NP. This was conjectured by Peleg, Schechtman and Wool (Algorithmica 1997).We present a randomized algorithm for SET b-MULTICOVER, and achieve an approximation ratio of (1 - 1/2√2√n) (Δ -- b+1) for hypergraphs with maximum edge size lϵO(n1/2). The results for both problems presented in this paper improve for large set of instances over the known results.

RésuméObjectifLe but de notre travail était de rapporter l’état des lieux du cancer du pénis dans le service d'urologie au CHU de Rabat et d’évaluer les résultats à long terme du traitement chirurgical de ce cancer.Patients et méthodesEntre 1989 et 2009 : 6 patients ont été traités pour cancer du pénis.Les 6 cas ont été revus rétrospectivement, et les données suivantes ont été relevées : mode de révélation, siège, bilan d'extension, stade TNM, traitement, évolution et survie.RésultatsL’âge moyen des patients était de 60.5ans (48 - 81ans). Tous les patients avaient des carcinomes épidermoïdes de la verge.Trois patients ont eu une amputation partielle du pénis, et deux patients ont subi une amputation totale.La taille médiane de la lésion était 4.4cm (1.5-8cm). Toutes les tumeurs avaient un siège distal (gland- Sillon balano-préputial), 4 étaient localisés et non invasives (PT1 – PT2) et 2 avaient infiltré l'urètre (PT3).Deux patients ont présenté une localisation ganglionnaire (N2 et N1).Un seul curage ganglionnaire bilatéral a été réalisé et s'est avéré positif d'un seul côté, avec un ganglion < 3cm, et absence de dépassement capsulaire.Deux patients ont été adressés pour chimiothérapie, l'un à visée néo-adjuvante à base de (Bléomycine - Méthotréxate-Cisplatine) l'autre dans un objectif palliatif.La médiane de suivi était de 33 mois (6 -72mois). Deux patients sont décédés dont un qui s’était présenté d'emblée avec un mode métastatique et l'autre suite à une décompensation cardio-vasculaire.Quatre patients étaient vivants aux dernières nouvelles sans récidive locale ni ganglionnaire.ConclusionLe cancer du pénis semble rare au Maroc si l'on se réfère au faible nombre pris en charge au sein de notre CHU. Son pronostic carcinologique et fonctionnel (sexuel et urinaire) dépend de la précocité de la prise en charge. La chirurgie d'exérèse avec curage ganglionnaire reste le traitement de référence.AbstractObjectiveTo report the state of the penile cancer in the urology department at the University Hospital of Rabat and evaluate long-term results of surgical treatment of this cancer.Patients and methodsBetween 1989 and 2009; six patients were treated for penile cancer. The six cases were reviewed retrospectively and the following data were recorded: mode of presentation, site, staging, TNM stage, treatment, evolution and survival.ResultsThe mean age of patients was 60.5 years (48-81 years). All patients had squamous cell carcinoma of the penis.Three patients had a partial amputation of the penis, and two patients underwent total amputation. The median size of the lesion was 4.4cm (1.5-8cm). All tumors had a distal location (glans, corona), 5 were localized and non-invasive (PT1 - PT2) and one had infiltrated the urethra (PT3).Two patients had a nodal involvement (N2 and N1).A single bilateral inguinal lymph node dissection was performed and was positive on one side, with a lymph node ≤ 3cm, and the absence of capsular extension.Two patients were referred for chemotherapy, one referred on a neo-adjuvant-basis (Bleomycin - Methotrexate, Cisplatin) and the other in a palliative goal.The median follow-up was 33 months (6-72 months). Two patients died, one of which was presented immediately with a metastatic mode and the other due to cardiovascular decompensation. Four patients were alive at last count without local recurrence or lymph node.ConclusionCancer of the penis appears to be rare in Morocco considering the small number managed in our hospital. Oncological and functional prognosis (sexual and urinary) depends on the timeliness of treatment. The surgical resection with lymphadenectomy remains the standard treatment.

Objectif: Analyser les différents aspects épidémiologiques, cliniques, radiologiques, pathologiques et thérapeutiques du cancer du rein dans notre contexte. Patients et méthodes: Il s’agit d’une étude rétrospective à partir des dossiers des patients hospitalisés à notre service d’urologie pour tumeurs du rein entre 1990 et 2007. Sur les 155 dossiers consultés, 125 patients ont été traités chirurgicalement, et pour 30 patients, l’abstention a été justifiée par le stade évolué localement ou métastatique et/ou le mauvais état général. Les paramètres étudiés ont été : l’âge, la symptomatologie clinique, le bilan radiologique, le type d’intervention, les résultats anatomopathologiques et le stade histologique TNM. Tous les patients ont été revus avec un examen clinique, une échographie ou tomodensitométrie abdominale avec radiographie thoracique et une créatinémie. Résultats: Il s’agissait de 105 hommes et 50 femmes. L’âge moyen de découverte était de 60 ans (extrêmes : 18 et 85 ans). Le délai moyen entre l’apparition des symptômes et le diagnostic était d’environ 9 mois (extrêmes : 1 et 24 mois). L’hématurie était le signe révélateur le plus important noté chez 45,2% des cas. Le diagnostic a été basé sur le couple échographie – tomodensitométrie chez tous nos patients. La taille tumorale moyenne était de 10 cm (extrêmes 3 et 20 cm) lors du bilan initial. Le rein gauche était touché plus souvent que le rein droit (67% vs. 33%). Le bilan d’extension à distance était négatif chez 95 patients (61,3%), alors que 60 patients avaient des métastases viscérales et/ou ganglionnaires. Parmi ces derniers, 30 avaient un mauvais état général et/ou des métastases viscérales multiples ce qui a contre indiqué le geste opératoire. Les localisations métastatiques des 30 patients opérés étaient les suivantes: poumons (5 cas), ganglions (15 cas), os (2 cas), foie (8 cas). Plus de 80% des tumeurs étaient des carcinomes à cellules claires (carcinomes conventionnels). L’intervention a consisté à une néphrectomie totale élargie à ciel ouvert chez tous nos patients opérés. La médiane de suivi était de 62 mois (extrêmes: 6-72 mois). Trente patients ont été perdus de vue définitivement après l’intervention. Sur l’ensemble de la série, les taux respectifs de survie sans récidive à 3 ans et à 5 ans étaient de 78,4% et 47,2%. Conclusion: Le cancer du rein est une pathologie qui n’est pas rare. Sa symptomatologie est polymorphe. Le traitement de référence est la néphrectomie totale élargie. Les facteurs pronostiques les plus déterminants sont le stade (TNM) et le grade histologique de Fuhrman. Selon notre série, la néphrectomie élargie permet un taux de survie sans récidive supérieur à 85%, tous stades et types histologiques confondus.Mots clés: Cancer, rein, adulte

Etudier la place de la voie trans-symphysaire dans le traitement des ruptures post-traumatiques de l’uretre posterieur vues tardivement et en evaluer ses resultats. Cinq malades ayant une rupture complete post-traumatique de l’uretre posterieur (> 2,5 cm et/ou echec d’un traitement anterieur) ont ete traites dans notre service au stade de stenose uretrale. Tous les patients ont eu une uretrorraphie termino-terminale par voie trans-symphysaire seule. Une description technique et une evaluation clinique et paraclinique des resultats sur le plan mictionnel et sexuel ont ete realisees dans ce travail. Les resultats ont ete evalues avec un suivi median de 19 mois. Aucune complication post-operatoire immediate (saignement, fistule, douleur) n’a ete rapportee. Sur le plan mictionnel, on a constate dans tous les cas une miction satisfaisante, sans troubles de la continence et un cas de dysfonction erectile amelioree par le traitement medical. Aucun patient ne s’est plaint de troubles de la statique pelvienne. La voie trans-symphysaire constitue un excellent abord pour le traitement des lesions complexes de l’uretre posterieur vues tardivement. Cette technique permet d’avoir un abord direct sur l’uretre posterieur et de realiser une suture termino-terminale sans tension. Les resultats sont satisfaisants et les inconvenients sont plus theoriques que reels.

Objectif: Déterminer le profil épidémiologique, étiopathogénique, diagnostique, pronostique et thérapeutique des fistules urétéro-vaginales à travers une revue de 15 observations.. Patientes et méthodes: Entre septembre 1989 et janvier 2006 nous avons traité et suivi 15 patientes pour fistule urétéro-vaginale. Nous avons analysé les circonstances diagnostiques et étiologiques ainsi que les modalités de prise en charge et leurs résultats. Résultats : L’âge moyen était de 43,8 ans. L’étiologie était dominée par la chirurgie gynécoobstétricale dans 93% des cas. Le diagnostic a été posé sur les données de l’interrogatoire, le test d’étanchéité vésicale et l’examen gynécologique au speculum. L’urographie intraveineuse a permis de confirmer la lésion urétérale et d’évaluer le retentissement sur le haut appareil. Le traitement a consisté en une montée de sonde double J dans 2 cas, une réimplantation urétérovésicale dans 6 cas, une résection anastomose termino-terminale dans 6 cas (dont un après échec thérapeutique par sonde J) et une néphrectomie dans un cas. Un succès thérapeutique a été observé dans 83% lors de la résection anastomose termino-terminale, et 67% de la réimplantation urétérovésicale. Une patiente non opérée (fistule néoplasique) a été perdue de vue. Conclusion: La fistule urétéro-vaginale constitue une affection rare, pouvant survenir au cours d’une chirurgie gynécologique. Son traitement fait appel à plusieurs procédés, dont la résection anastomose termino-terminale après urétéroscopie préopératoire a obtenu les résultats les plus satisfaisants dans notre série.Mots clés : Fistule urétéro-vaginale, chirurgie pelvienne, sonde double J, réimplantation

Evaluer les resultats d’une serie homogene de stenoses uretrales traitees de facon univoque par uretrotomie interne endoscopique (UIE) et d’etudier les elements a valeur predictive du resultat. Entre 1989 et 2007, 244 patients ont ete hospitalises pour stenose de l’uretre. Ils ont beneficie d’une UIE sous controle de la vue. Il y a eu 34,3% de bons resultats apres la premiere UIE. Le recul moyen etait de 3,5 ans. La mortalite etait nulle et la morbidite etait evaluee a 5%. Le resultat etait d’autant meilleur que le geste concernait une stenose courte (inferieure a 2 cm), unique sur l’uretre proximal. La duree moyenne du catheterisme post-operatoire a ete de 2 jours; maintenir ce catheterisme au dela n’a pas apporte d’amelioration significative. Les mauvais resultats (65,6%) ont ete rapportes dans les cas de stenose etendue, siegeant sur l’uretre distal ou concernant des patients âges. 62,5% ont ete gueris apres une deuxieme uretrotomie, les autres cas ont necessite des seances de dilatations uretrales d’entretien, voire un geste de plastie. L’UIE est une intervention simple, depourvue de morbidite majeure et ne necessitant qu’une hospitalisation courte. Avec un taux de succes stable de l’ordre de 75,4% a 3,5 ans, il nous parait licite de proposer l’UIE en premiere intention pour toute stenose uretrale courte, unique, proximale et qu’elle survient chez un sujet jeune, sans antecedents uretraux.

Resume But Discuter les problemes diagnostiques et pronostiques des fistules vesico-uterines (FVU) avec mise au point sur les particularites therapeutiques garantes du succes du traitement. Materiels et methodes Les auteurs rapportent une serie retrospective de 16 cas, colliges entre janvier 1989 et juin 2006, et en analysent les aspects cliniques, therapeutiques et pronostiques. Resultats Les malades etaient jeunes (29–40 ans) avec une parite moyenne de trois enfants. La cesarienne etait l’etiologie la plus frequente. Le motif de consultation etait une hematurie cyclique (cinq cas), une fuite urinaire par le vagin (huit cas) et l’association des deux signes (trois cas). Le diagnostic etait suspecte a l’anamnese et confirme par les analyses complementaires. Le traitement a ete chirurgical (fermeture des orifices fistuleux) dans 15 cas avec un recul moyen de 2,5 ans, les resultats sur le plan fonctionnel etaient satisfaisants marques par l’absence de fuites urinaires ainsi que l’hematurie cyclique. Sur le plan obstetrical, la survenue d’une grossesse, menee a terme, a ete notee chez une patiente quatre ans apres la cure de la fistule. Conclusion Les FVU sont peu frequentes et le plus souvent secondaires a une cesarienne ou a un accouchement dystocique. Leur traitement est essentiellement preventif en ameliorant la prise en charge obstetricale et en evitant les lesions vesicales au cours des cesariennes.

In this paper, we study second-order optimality conditions for multiobjective optimization problems. By means of different second-order tangent sets, various new second-order necessary optimality conditions are obtained in both scalar and vector optimization. As special cases, we obtain several results found in the literature (see reference list). We present also second-order sufficient optimality conditions so that there is only a very small gap with the necessary optimality conditions.

Recently, Hachimi and Aghezzaf defined generalized ( F , α , ρ , d ) -type I functions, a new class of functions that unifies several concepts of generalized type I functions. In this paper, the generalized ( F , α , ρ , d ) -type I functions are extended to nondifferentiable functions. By utilizing the new concepts, we obtain several sufficient optimality conditions and prove mixed type and Mond–Weir type duality results for the nondifferentiable multiobjective programming problem.

Recently Hachimi and Aghezzaf introduced the notion of (F,α,ρ,d)-type I functions, a new class of functions that unifies several concepts of generalized type I functions. Here, we extend the concepts of (F,α,ρ,d)-type I and generalized (F,α,ρ,d)-type I functions to the continuous case and we use these concepts to establish various sufficient optimality conditions and mixed duality results for multiobjective variational problems. Our results apparently generalize a fairly large number of sufficient optimality conditions and duality results previously obtained for multiobjective variational problems.

Recently Hachimi and Aghezzaf introduced the notion of (F, α, ρ, d)-type I functions, a new class of functions that unifies several concepts of generalized type I functions. In this paper, we extend the notion of (F, α, ρ, d)-type I functions to second order and establish several mixed duality results under second order generalized (F, α, ρ, p, d)-type I functions. Our results generalize the duality results recently given by Aghezzaf [Aghezzaf, B. (2003). Second order mixed type duality in multiobjective programming problems. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 285:97–106] and Hachimi and Aghezzaf [Hachimi, M., Aghezzaf, B. (2004). Sufficiency and duality in differentiable multiobjective programming involving generalized type I functions. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 296:382–392].

Rare congenital malformation, bladder exstrophy is usually treated soon after birth. Based on three cases report of bladder exstrophy in adulthood (two men and one women aged from 21 to 25 years), the authors emphasize the importance of psychological, sexual, and social disorders caused by this affection treated at this age. Urinary problems were excluded of this study. The authors stress the necessity of an early management of this malformation, if possible at birth in order to minimize these consequences.

We have investigated the magnetic and electronic properties of diluted magnetic semiconductors (DMS) Cd 1-x Mn x Te and Zn 1-x Mn x Te. The magnetic phase diagrams have been determined by the replica method in the framework of the Ising model using the variational principle. The obtained results are in agreement with the experimental ones. A spin glass state has been obtained for x x c is discussed in relation with the published magnetic results.

The replica method and the variational principle are applied to the XY spins in diluted B-spinel A x A 1− x B 2 X 4 . The exchange integration of diluted systems is obtained using a particular distribution function of probability adapted of the nature of dilution problem in B-spinel lattice. The magnetic phase diagrams on the T – x plane with competing nearest neighbour interaction J 1 (x) and the next-nearest-neighbour super-exchange interaction K (x) are obtained for the particular compounds Cd x Zn 1− x Cr 2 S 4 and Cd x Zn 1− x Cr 2 Se 4 . A spin glass phase is predicted for intermediate range of concentration. The obtained results are in agreement with experimental ones obtained by magnetic measurements.

Phase diagrams of diluted mixed spin XY magnetic systems on 3D cubic lattice are investigated by the use of the variational principle and the replica method. The results are given with the consideration of the different nearest-neighbour interactions between randomly occupied magnetic sites. Dilution and competition are found to be responsible of the spin glass phase. The range of dilution in which this phase may appear depends on the spin number, the sign and strength of magnetic interactions. The experimental phase diagrams of the particular 3D hexagonal Fe p Mn 1− p TiO 3 and the planar system K 2 Cu p Mn 1− p F 4 are well represented by the obtained results.

The authors report two cases of endoscopic treatment of vesico-ureteral reflux by submeatic injection of autologous fat. We describe the technique of prelevement and injection. The immediate results confirm the efficacity of this procedure. The long-term follow-up will allow us to adopt it and to give it some modifications.

We are concerned with nonlinear multiobjective programming problem with inequality constraints. We introduce some classes of nonconvex functions by relaxing the definitions of invex and preinvex functions. Examples are given to shows relationship between them. Various first and second order sufficient optimality theorems are obtained. Moreover, we prove duality and converse duality results for Mond-Weir type dual.

Resume Buts – preciser les particularites cliniques et therapeutiques des fistules vesicovaginales complexes. Materiel et methodes – 55 cas de fistules vesicovaginales complexes sont rapportes. Apres le diagnostic clinique, toutes les patientes ont eu une urographie intraveineuse (UIV). Les fistules ont ete classees selon la classification de Benchekroun. Resultats – l'âge moyen etait de 34 ans (17–70 ans). Le diagnostic a ete clinique chez toutes les patientes. Treize patientes avaient des anomalies a l'UIV. Le traitement s'est fait par voie vaginale chez 45 patientes, par voie abdominale chez trois patientes et par voie mixte chez deux patientes. Quatre patientes ont eu une derivation urinaire et une a refuse tout traitement. Parmi les 50 fistules traitees, la continence a ete retablie chez 44 (88 %) patientes dont 26 (52 %) apres une seule intervention, 15 (30 %) apres deux interventions et trois (6 %) apres trois interventions. Conclusion – les FVV complexes comme toutes les FVV sont diagnostiquees cliniquement. L'UIV est indispensable pour rechercher une lesion ureterale associee. Le traitement est chirurgical et necessite souvent l'interposition de tissus bien vascularises.

Resume Les auteurs decrivent la technique de reparation des fistules vesicovaginales selon le procede de Martius. C'est-a-dire par interposition entre la vessie et le vagin, d'un lambeau graisseux preleve au niveau d'une grande levre. Sur 16 malades traitees selon cette technique, 13 ont ete gueries. Dans un cas, une suspension type Guittes a ete necessaire, alors que dans deux cas l'echec a ete considere comme definitif.

Randomly diluted frustrated helimagnetic and ferromagnetic systems with spinel structure, ZnCr2xAl2−2xS4 and CdCr2xln2−2xS4, respectively, were studied in the framework of the XY model. Using the replica method, the variational principle and taking into account exchange integrals up to the fourth nearest neighbour (nn), J4 in the case of HM and up to the second (nn) J2 in the case of FM, the T vs. x magnetic phase diagrams were established. The dramatic effect of frustration is evidenced, which leads to the disappearance of long-range order and the appearance of spin-glass state for great dilution. The obtained results are in agreement with those obtained by magnetic measurements.

New classes of generalized (F, ρ)-convexity are introduced for vector-valued functions. Examples are given to show their relations with (F, ρ)-pseudoconvex, (F, ρ)-quasiconvex, and strictly (F, ρ)-pseudoconvex vector-valued functions. The sufficient optimality conditions and duality results are obtained for multiobjective programming involving generalized (F, ρ)-convex vector-valued functions.

We study the magnetic properties and the critical behaviour of the B-spinel Zn x Hg 1− x Cr 2 Se 4 in the concentration range 0⩽ x ⩽1. Using the mean field theory and the probability distribution of the interactions, the exchange integrals were calculated up to second nearest neighbours. The critical region is studied by the high-temperature series expansion extrapolated with the Pade approximants method. The critical temperatures the critical exponents associated with the magnetic susceptibility ( γ ) and the correlation length ( ν ) are obtained. The values of T c and T N obtained by this method are in accordance with those predicted by magnetic measurements. The values of γ and ν are sensitive to the dilution ratio x . For the compounds situated in the long-range order (LRO) region (0⩽ x ⩽0.4 and 0.6⩽ x ⩽1), they are close to those of 3D Heisenberg model. For a concentration situated in the perturbed phase ( x =0.5), γ and ν deviate rapidly from the values predicted by this model and approach the values found in re-entrant systems.

We give a suitable example to show a gap between multiobjective optimization and single-objective optimization, which solves a problem proposed in Refs. 1–2.

Resume Objectifs – L'approche pragmatique du traitement de la gangrene de Fournier. La physiopathologie et les etiologies sont rappelees. Methodes – Les auteurs rapportent une serie de 51 cas de gangrene perineoscrotale, traites de 1989 a 1998, l'âge de nos patients etait de 19 a 89 ans. Pour chaque patient nous avons analyse les circonstances de decouverte, les donnees de l'examen physique. Le traitement a consiste en l'excision chirurgicale large de tous les tissus necroses, associe a une reequilibration hydroelectrolytique et antibiotherapie parenterale a large spectre. Resultats – Pour 20 malades, aucune etiologie n'a ete retrouvee (39 %). Par ailleurs, la cause potentielle etait dans 33 % des cas, une stenose uretrale, une infection anorectale dans 28 %, et inconnue dans 19 %. La duree moyenne d'hospitalisation a ete de un mois. Trois patients ont eu une orchidectomie unilaterale, six patients une colostomie. Un catheter sus-pubien a ete mis en place dans 17 cas. L'evolution a ete fatale dans 19 cas (18 %), cette mortalite etant essentiellement associee a l'existence de tares et aux complications toxi-infectieuses. Conclusion – La gangrene de Fournier est une reelle urgence urologique, potentiellement letale, qui necessite une antibiotherapie agressive associee a une excision chirurgicale large de tous les tissus necroses.

We describe a cheap and simply technique of percutaneous nephrostomy which can be used anywhere. It consists, under local anesthesia, of insertion of a drain into renal cavity using only a needle, a sheat and dilatator. With this technique, we placed 81 PCN with 97% of success, without complication.

Inflammatory pseudotumors are uncommon benign tumors of unknown etiology which may develop at several anatomical sites, e.g., the airways and gastrointestinal tissues, soft tissues, the orbit, the spleen, or the lymph nodes. The renal site is extremely rare, and presents the problem of differential diagnosis as the clinical and radiological aspects of this tumor are similar to those of an adenoma or an angiomyolipoma, and suggest the presence of a carcinoma, in particular a cystic renal carcinoma which is also a rare form of tumor. There is therefore a risk that this benign lesion could be misdiagnosed. Due to the good prognosis associated with this type of tumor, in cases where the definitive diagnosis has been established no surgical procedure is necessary. However, the difficulty in making this diagnosis preoperatively means that in general the organ has to be surgically removed so that a histological analysis can be made and the negative or positive findings confirmed. In the present study, the case of an inflammatory pseudotumor of the kidney has been described. In this instance, radical nephrectomy of the left kidney was carried out as the disease was presumed to be renal cell adenocarcinoma. However, the histopathological analysis was negative as regards malignancy, and indicated the presence of an inflammatory pseudotumor. This article raises the question of the problem in establishing a preoperative definitive diagnosis, as a correct diagnosis is often only confirmed following nephrectomy (in cases where the contralateral kidney is healthy).

Resume L'exstrophie vesicale est une pathologie malformative dont l'incidence est estimee a 3,3/100 000 naissances. Elle est habituellement prise en charge dans les premieres heures de la vie. Les auteurs rapportent trois cas d'exstrophie vesicale traites a l'âge adulte par une derivation externe continente type vessie ileocaecale de Benchekroun (VICC). Apres une revue de la litterature sur la prise en charge actuelle de l'exstrophie vesicale, ils precisent les particularites cliniques et therapeutiques de l'exstrophie chez l'adulte.

In this paper, we are concerned with the multiobjective programming problem with inequality constraints. We introduce new classes of generalized type I vector-valued functions. Duality theorems are proved for Mond–Weir and general Mond–Weir type duality under the above generalized type I assumptions.

In this paper, we develop second-order necessary and sufficient optimality conditions for multiobjective optimization problems with both equality and inequality constraints. First, we generalize the Lin fundamental theorem (Ref. 1) to second-order tangent sets; then, based on the above generalized theorem, we derive second-order necessary and sufficient conditions for efficiency.

Resume Les auteurs rapportent une serie de trois cas de syndrome de Youssef colliges sur une periode de 10 ans. Les fistules etaient toutes secondaires a une cesarienne. Le diagnostic a ete pose par l’examen clinique dans un cas. L’urographie intraveineuse (UIV) a ete realisee chez toutes les patientes et n’a visualise la cavite uterine que dans un cas. Dans les cas restants, le diagnostic a ete pose par l’urethrocystographie retrograde et mictionnelle (UCRM). Le traitement a ete chirurgical pour deux patientes, la 3 e patiente a refuse l’intervention chirurgicale. Avec un recul moyen de 15 mois, le resultat juge sur la disparition des signes cliniques a ete bon chez les deux patientes operees. Le but de ce travail est d’etudier les aspects etiopathogeniques, diagnostiques et therapeutiques du syndrome de Youssef.

La variete de corps etrangers introduits dans l’appareil genito- urinaire defie l’imagination et peut confronter l’urologue aux difficultes de leur extraction. Si leur presence releve souvent d’une pratique douteuse d’origine psychiatrique, il faut noter la possibilite d’une migration a partir des espaces perivesicaux lors d’une chirurgie de voisinage ainsi qu’une introduction accidentelle durant une intervention transvesicale. Les symptomes du bas appareil urinaire, non specifiques, sont les circonstances fortuites de decouverte de corps etrangers intravesicaux. Bien que le pronostic vital ne soit pas engage, l’extraction chirurgicale ou endoscopique s’avere necessaire du fait de l’inflammation severe associee aux dommages vesicaux secondaires a ce corps etranger. Nous rapportons le cas d’un jeune patient admis aux urgences chez qui on trouve une broche d’osteosynthese compliquee d’une lithiase situee dans la vessie.

Resume Nous rapportons un cas de liposarcome retroperitoneal traite par la chirurgie et la radiotherapie. A travers une revue de la litterature nous discutons les aspects diagnostiques et therapeutiques.

We are interested in proving optimality conditions for optimization problems. By means of different second-order tangent sets, various second-order necessary optimality conditions are obtained for both scalar and vector optimization problems where the feasible region is given as a set. We present also second-order sufficient optimality conditions so that there is only a very small gap with the necessary optimality conditions. As an application we establish second-order optimality conditions of Fritz John type, Kuhn-Tucker type 1, and Kuhn-Tucker type 2 for a problem with both inequality and equality constraints and a twice differentiable functions. At the end, a very general second-order necessary conditions for efficiency with respect to cones is present and it is applied to smooth and nonsmooth data.

To discuss the diagnostic and the prognostic problems of vesicouterine fistulas (VUF) emphasizing on the therapeutic characteristics that lead to successful treatment.The authors retrieve retrospective series of 16 cases, collected between 1989 and June 2006, and they analyze the clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects.The patients were young (29-40 years) with an average having three children. Cesarean was the most frequent etiology. The presentation symptoms were hematuria (in five cases), a urinary incontinence through the vagina (in eight cases) and both of them (in three cases). The diagnosis was suspected from the history and confirmed by the additional analyses. The treatment was surgical (excision of the fistulas) in 15 cases with an average follow-up of 2.5 years, the results on the functional aspect were satisfactory hence they were marked by the absence of urinary incontinence as well as the hematuria. On the obstetric aspect, the occurrence of pregnancy was noted in a patient at four years post-VUF repair.Vesicouterine fistulas are not very frequent and most often secondary to a cesarean or to consequences of difficult delivery. The treatment is essentially preventive by improving the obstetrical techniques through avoiding the bladder injuries during the cesareans.

Objectives Vaginoplasty for congenital atresia, a component of the Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster syndrome, or for gender confirmation may be achieved by several techniques. This report focuses on the efficacy of rectosigmoid neocolporrhaphy (RSNC) for primary vaginal replacement. Patients and Methods From 1990 to 2002 we evaluated six patients 16 to 33 years old (average age 23 years) who required vaginal replacement. The diagnosis included the Mayer-Rokitansky syndrome in two cases, classic bladder exstrophy in one and male pseudohermaphrodism in three cases. The vagina was reconstructed using a 15-cm isolated sigmoid segment placed between the bladder and the rectum and anastomosed to the introitus in four patients. The Frank procedure was used in two patients. Results A minimum of one year follow-up (mean: 32 months) was available in 5/6 patients. The patients treated with sigmoid vaginoplasty had a functional neovagina with excellent cosmetic results and without excessive mucus production or the need for routine dilation. Stenosis at the mucocutaneous junction in one patient with a sigmoid vagina was treated with Y-V plasty. In two patients managed by nonoperative perineal self-dilation, little success could be noted, and they became candidates for surgery. Conclusion Our limited experience with this group of patients leads us to believe that the isolated sigmoid segment provides a self-lubricating neovagina with a low rate of failure and revision, with very good cosmetic results and without the need for routine dilation. L'Utilisation du colon sigmoїde dans le remplacement vaginal chez les jeunes adultes Objectifs : La vaginoplastie pour atresie congenitale, un element du syndrome de Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster, ou la confirmation du sexe peut etre accompli par plusieurs techniques. Cette etude demontre l'efficacite de la neocolporrhaphie du rectosigmoїde premiere (RSNC) dans le remplacement vaginal. Patients et Methodes De 1990 a 2002 nous avons evalue six malades âges de 16 a 33 ans (âge moyen 23 ans) chez qui on a realise un remplacement vaginal. Le diagnostic a inclu le syndrome Mayer-Rokitansky dans deux cas, exstrophie vesicale classique dans un cas et pseudo-hermaphrodisme viril dans trois cas. Le vagin a ete reconstruit en utilisant un segment du sigmoide isole long de 15 cm place entre la vessie et le rectum et anastomose a l'introitus chez quatre patients. La procedure de Frank a ete utilisee chez deux patients. Resultats Un suivi minimum d'un an chez 5 patients a ete observe (moyenne de 32 mois). Les patients traites par vaginoplastie sigmoidienne avaient un neovagin fonctionnel avec d'excellents resultats esthetiques, sans secretions muqueuses excessives et ne necessitant pas de dilatations iteratives repetees. Trois cas de stenose de la jonction mucocutanee ont ete traites par plastie Y-V chez un patient et par des autodilatations chez deux patients avec peu de succes et les deux patients sont devenus candidats pour une dilatation chirurgicale. Conclusion Notre experience limitee avec ce groupe nous permet croire que ce procede de neovaginoplastie sigmoїdienne permet d'avoir un neovagin autolubrifie, un taux d'echec et de revision bas, avec de tres bons resultats esthetiques et sans recours aux dilatations. African Journal of Urology Vol.10(2) 2004: 96-100

The authors report a series of three cases of Youssef syndrome observed over a 10 year period. All the fistulas were secondary to cesarian section. The diagnosis was established on clinical findings in one case. The intravenous urography was performed in all the cases and visualised the uterine cavity in one case. In the remaining cases the diagnosis was established by the retrograd cystography. The treatment was surgical for two patients and the third one refused any treatment. With a mean recoil of fifteen months the results judged on the disappearance of the clinic signs were good in the two patients opered. The objective of this study is to analyse the aetiological, diagnosis and therapeutic aspects of this pathology.

Rare congenital malformation, bladder exstrophy is usually treated soon after birth. Based on three cases report of bladder exstrophy in adulthood (two men and one women aged from 21 to 25 years), the authors emphasize the importance of psychological, sexual, and social disorders caused by this affection treated at this age. Urinary problems were excluded of this study. The authors stress the necessity of an early management of this malformation, if possible at birth in order to minimize these consequences.

The authors report two cases of endoscopic treatment of vesico-ureteral reflux by submeatic injection of autologous fat. We describe the technique of prelevement and injection. The immediate results confirm the efficacity of this procedure. The long-term follow-up will allow us to adopt it and to give it some modifications.

The York Mason approach appears to be one of the most suitable techniques for the treatment of prostato-rectal fistulas, as it provides a maximum chance of success with no morbidity, as no cases of anal incontinence have been reported to date. The authors report a case of prostato-rectal fistula secondary to transurethral resection of the prostate for benign prostatic hyperplasia treated by the YORK MASON posterior trans-anosphincteric approach.