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With high nutritional value, goji berry is an important fruit for human nutrition and health. Goji berry cultivation is done widely in many countries, farming has become widespread in recent years in Turkey. In study grown goji berry (Lycium barbarum L.) in Turkey are determined the physical and chemical characteristics of fruit (pH, titration acidity, dry matter content, ash content, water activity (aw) value, protein content, HMF content, total phenolic content, total sugar content, reducing sugar content, sucrose content, colour values, mineral contents, organic acid contents, amino acid contents and some plant hormone content). Goji berry fruits have pH value 5.18, titration acidity value 2.16%, dry matter content 89.40%, ash content 4.30%, water activity (aw) value 0.35, protein content 13.18%, HMF content 9.38 mg/kg, total phenolic content 9.05 mg GAE/g, total sugar content 59.26%, decreasing sugar content 57.35%, sucrose content 1.90%, L* value 40.33, a* value 22.97, b* value 33.00, C* value 40.21, H° value 55.15. In addition, the mineral content, organic acid content, amino acid content and some plant hormones of goji berry fruits were determined by analysis.

the developing world, the tendency towards natural antioxidants has increased due to the harmful effects of synthetic antioxidant use on the health. Hence, the researches on the antioxidant components in root, leaf and fruit of plant material are increasing day by day. Flavonoids and other phenolic compounds of plant origin have been reported as scavenger ROS, thus they are viewed as promising therapeutic drugs for free radical pathologies. The antioxidant activity of plant origin is dependent on the type and polarity of the extracting solvent as well as on the test system and the substrate to be protected by the antioxidant. The present study was undertaken to perform the screening of antioxidant properties of 3 medicinal plants (Lycium barbarum L,Morus nigra L and Inula helenium L grown in Turkey, and we selected 70% methanol and water as extract solvents which permits comparison of the antioxidant properties among the polarity based solvent extracts of medicinal plants. We used different extraction techniques, such as magnetic and ultrasonic stirrer, and the total phenolic content of the Lycium barbarum L., Morus nigra L. and Inula helenium L. extracts was determined by modified Folin-Ciocalteu method. The reducing power and radical scavenging activity of the extracts were also evaluated

Пригороды являются промышленными районами целевого направления, где наблюдается высокий прирост населения и перспективы расширения совместного сотрудничества с зарубежными инвесторами. В целях улучшения облика пригороды, создания благоприятного микроклимата в населенных пунктах путем расширения площадей внегородских зеленых площадей, имеет санитарно-гигиеническое значение. Данная тематика проводится в соответствии с Законом Республики Узбекистан №440.20 глава о повторном размножении растительного мира и его использованием. Сборник законодательства Узбекистана, 2016 й. направлена на выполнения пункта о мерах по исполнении президента Республики Узбекистан с 11 сентября 2017 года ПП-3262. «О мерах по совершенствованию системы озеленения и архитектурно-ландшафтного конструирования автомобильных работ» а также Соответствие стратегии развития Республики Узбекистан по одному из пяти важнейших направлений сельского хозяйства, по 164 пункту согласно пяти летнему сроку: 2018-2020 гг. Повышения продуктивности объема вырабатываемого меда -118,2% с гектара.

Progression of the vegetation period and change of year are associated with variations in general climatic parameters, such as temperature, atmospheric pressure, humidity, radiation, precipitation, wind speed and others. Only limited knowledge is available about the effects of these parameters on the characteristics of quality of fruits especially those with successive ripening such as goji berry. In our study, fruits of goji berry were characterised based on physico-chemical properties within four different harvest periods, in two consecutive years. Based on the obtained results, it was found that the pomological characteristics were superior at the beginning of the production season, while the phytochemical properties were better at the end. Fruit length, width and weight characteristics were noted to decrease from the first harvest to the last by 21%, 18% and 33%, respectively, while the total anthocyanin, phenol and antioxidant activity properties increased by 264%, 48% and 105%, respectively. There was a decrease in fruit weight, fruit length and fruit width up to 15.9%, 18.3% and 6%, respectively and were directly associated with yield due to sink competition among fruits. Providing high ripening index that ensures more acceptable fruits, with high soluble solid content (SSC) and titratable acidity (TA) seems to be a very important breeding objective to meet consumer demands thanks to superior organoleptic quality. According to correlations, the synthesis of phenolic compounds increased in parallel with SSC rise and TA, which improved pomological properties too. It is thought that the obtained results may indicate the cultural processes and evaluation methods to be used for the harvested fruits.

Background: Dyslipidemia is an important risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Lycium barbarum L. are widely used as medicinal and functional food and may be particularly beneficial for patients with dyslipidemia. This systematic review protocol is designed to be used to evaluate the effects of Lycium barbarum L. on plasma lipid concentration through systematic reviews and meta-analysis. Methods: The Following electronic databases will be searched from inception to October 2021: the China National Knowledge Infrastructure, PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Wan-fang database. All randomized controlled trial designs evaluated the effects of Lycium barbarum L. on plasma concentrations of lipids will be included. Two researchers will operate literature retrieval, screening, information extraction, quality assessment, and data analysis independently. The analysis will be conducted using Rstudio software (Version 1.4.1717). Results: The findings will be submitted to a peer-reviewed publication. Conclusion: This study will provide practical and targeted evidence in investigating the impact of Lycium barbarum L. on plasma lipid concentration in adults. Registration number: INPLASY2021110043

Given the standard substances of zeaxanthin and its homologues obtained from Lycium barbarum L. (LB) are extremely scarce and unstable, a novel quantitative analysis of carotenoids by single marker method, named QAMS, was established. Four carotenoids including lutein, zeaxanthin, β-carotene, and zeaxanthin dipalmitate were determined simultaneously by employing trans-β-apo-8′-carotenal, a carotenoid component which did not exist in LB, as standard reference. Meanwhile, β-carotene, another carotenoid constituent which existed in LB, was determined as contrast. The QAMS methods were fully verified and exhibited low standard method difference with the external standard method (ESM), evidenced by the contents of four carotenoids in 34 batches of LB samples determined using ESM and QAMS methods, respectively. HCA, PCA, and OPLS-DA analysis disclosed that LB samples could be clearly differentiated into two groups: one contained LB samples collected from Ningxia and Gansu, the other was from Qinghai, which was directly related to the different geographical location. Once exposed under high humidity (RH 75 ± 5%) at a high temperature (45 ± 5 °C) as compared with ambient temperature (25 ± 5 °C), from day 0 to day 28, zeaxanthin dipalmitate content was significantly decreased, and ultimately, all the decrease rates reached about 80%, regardless of the storage condition. Our results provide a good basis for improving the quality control of LB.

The current mechanical harvesting methods of Lycium barbarum L. are labor intensive and cause too much damage, but vibrating and comb-brushing harvesting can increase the efficiency while minimizing the damage. However, optimizing the main factors and their parameter values of vibrating and comb-brushing harvesting is challenging. To achieve the high-efficiency and low-damage harvesting of L. barbarum, firstly, the mechanical models of the materials used in the experiments were established based on the physical tests. Then, the vibrating and comb-brushing harvesting simulations were conducted based on FEM to acquire the ranges of the parameter values. The effects of the rotating speed, material, and amplitude on the harvesting rate of ripe fruit and harvesting rate of unripe fruit, as well as the damage rate of ripe fruit were determined based on RSM. Finally, the optimized parameters were obtained and verified using the field experiments. The field experiments showed that the harvesting rate of ripe fruit was 85.8%, the harvesting rate of unripe fruit was 10.5%, and the damage rate of ripe fruit was 9.7%. The findings provided the optimal parameter values, which were a design basis for the vibrating and comb-brushing harvesters of L. barbarum.

This study administered the goji juice (20 mL/kg/d) fermented by Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus reuteri and Streptococcus thermophilus or unfermented juice for male mice for 30 days, then the effects on dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis were investigated. The results shown that intaking fermented or unfermented goji juice decreased the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) in serum and colon, while increased the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines, myeloperoxidase (MPO) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH). Additionally, intaking fermented or unfermented goji juices decreased intestinal permeability, and modulated gut microbiota at the phylums, family and genus level in ulcerative colitis mice. It is worth noting that the probiotics-fermented goji juice showed better anti-inflammatory effects than unfermented goji juice. These results demonstrated that probiotics-fermentation enhanced the anti-ulcerative colitis function of goji berry juice by regulating oxidative stress and inflammation markers and modulating gut microbiota.

When harvesting Lycium barbarum L., excess amounts of detachments of the half-ripe fruit, unripe fruit, flowers, and leaves significantly affect the yield and adversely affect the subsequent processing, such as drying and grading. Finite element method (FEM) simulations and experiments of detachments were performed to harvest more ripe fruit and less half-ripe fruit, unripe fruit, flowers, and leaves. Three-dimensional (3D) models of the ripe fruit, half-ripe fruit, unripe fruit, flowers, leaves, fruit calyxes (flower calyx), fruit stems (flower stem), and branches were constructed using a 3D scanner, and material mechanics models of the above parts were established based on physical tests with universal testing machines. Detachment simulations and experiments of the ripe fruit, half-ripe fruit, unripe fruit, flowers, and leaves were performed to determine the detachment mechanisms and sequences. The detachment forces of each set of two parts were obtained. The field experiments showed that the detachment force between the fruit and calyx of ripe fruit was the lowest value of these forces, and only the ripe fruit was the first to detach from the calyx when harvesting. The results provided data support on the mechanics properties of wood and the optimization basis for the harvesting method of L. barbarum.

Salt stress seriously affects yield and quality of crops. The fruit of Lycium barbarum (LBF) is extensively used as functional food due to its rich nutrient components. It remains unclear how salt stress influences the quality of LBF. In this study, we identified 71 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) and 1396 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) among ripe LBF with and without 300 mM of NaCl treatment. Pearson correlation analysis indicated that the metabolomic changes caused by salt stress were strongly related to oxidoreductases, hydrolases, and modifying enzymes, in particular, acyltransferases, methyltransferases and glycosyltransferases. Further analysis revealed that salt stress facilitated flavonoid glycosylation and carotenoid esterification by boosting the expression of structural genes in the biosynthetic pathways. These results suggested that salt stress prompts the modification of flavonoids and carotenoids to alleviate ROS damage, which in turn improves the quality of LBF. Our results lay a solid foundation for uncovering the underlying molecular mechanism of salt stress orchestrating LBF quality, and the candidate genes identified will be a valuable gene resource for genetic improvement of L. barbarum.

Goji berry (Lycium barbarum L.) exposure to elevated CO2 (eCO2) for long periods reduces their sugar and secondary metabolite contents. However, sugar accumulation in fruit depends on photosynthesis and photoassimilate partitioning. This study aimed to explore photosynthesis, sugar content, and sucrose metabolism-related enzyme activities in goji berry leaves and fruits under ambient and eCO2 levels, and identify the genes encoding L. barbarum acid invertase (LBAI), L. barbarum sucrose synthase (LBSS), L. barbarum sucrose phosphate synthase (LBSPS), and L. barbarum neutral invertase (LBNI), based on transcriptome profiling. Further, the characterization of four identified genes was analyzed including subcellular localization and expression patterns. In plants grown under eCO2 for 90 or 120 days, the expression of the above-mentioned genes changed significantly as the photosynthetic rate increased. In addition, leaf and fruit sugar contents decreased, and the activities of four sucrose metabolism-related enzymes increased in leaves, while acid and neutral invertase increased in fruits. Protein sequence analysis demonstrated that LBAI and LBNI contain a conservative structure domain belonging to the glycosyl hydrolases (Glyco_hydro) family, and both LBSS and LBSPS belonging to the sucrose synthase (Sucrose_synth) and glycosyltransferase (Glycos_transf) family. Subcellular localization analysis showed that LBAI, LBNI, and LBSS were all located in the nucleus, plasma membrane, and cytoplasm, while LBSPS was located in the plasma membrane. The expressions of LBAI, LBSPS, and LBNI were high in the stems, whereas LBSS was predominantly expressed in the fruits. Our findings provide fundamental data on photosynthesis and sugar accumulation trends in goji berries under eCO2 exposure.

The aim of this work was to characterize biogenic amines (BAs) in different parts of Lycium barbarum L. using HPLC with dansyl chloride derivatization, and jointly, to provide referential data for further exploration and utilization of Lycium barbarum L. The linear correlation coefficients for all BAs were above 0.9989. The limits of detection and quantification were 0.015–0.075 and 0.05–0.25 μg/mL, respectively. The relative standard deviations for the intra-day and inter-day precision were 0.66–2.69% and 0.91–4.38%. The described method has good repeatability and intermediate precision for the quantitative determination of BAs in different parts of Lycium barbarum L. Satisfactory recovery for all amines was obtained (79.3–110.3%). The result showed that there were four kinds of BAs. The highest putrescine content (20.9 ± 3.2 mg/kg) was found in the flower. The highest histamine content (102.7 ± 5.8 mg/kg) was detected in the bark, and the highest spermidine (13.3 ± 1.6 mg/kg) and spermine (23.7 ± 2.0 mg/kg) contents were detected in the young leaves. The high histamine (HIS) content in the bark may be one of the reasons why all of the parts of Lycium barbarum L., except the bark, are used for medicine or food in China. Meanwhile, the issue of the high concentration of HIS should be considered when exploiting or utilizing the bark of Lycium barbarum L.

The gall mite Aceria pallida and the psyllid Bactericera gobica are serious Goji berry pests. The mite can be phoretic on the psyllid to overwinter, but it is unclear whether the vector can obtain benefits from the phoront during the growing season. After detachment, the mite shares the same habitat with its vector, so there are very likely to be interspecific interactions. To better understand whether the interactions are positive or negative, information on relationships between abundances of A. pallida and B. gobica on leaves is needed. Here, B. gobica abundance was represented by the egg abundance because the inactive nymphs develop on the same sites after hatching. (1) We found a positive linear relationship between the gall diameter and the mite abundance in the gall (one more millimeter on gall diameter for every 30 mites increase), which provided a way to rapidly estimate mite abundances in the field by measuring gall diameters. (2) There was a positive relationship between the abundance of mites and psyllid eggs on leaves. (3) Both species had positive effects on each other’s habitat selections. More importantly, the interactions of the two species prevented leaf abscission induced by B. gobica (leaf lifespan increased by 62.9%), increasing the continuation of the psyllid population. Our study suggests positive interactions between two pests during the growing season. The positive relationship between A. pallida and B. gobica egg abundances highlights the increasing need for novel methods for Goji berry pest management. In practice, A. pallida control can be efficient by eliminating its vector B. gobica. Both pests can be controlled together, which reduces chemical usage.

In a previously published study, to optimize the vibrating and comb-brushing harvesting, the main factors and their parameter values were obtained based on the FEM and RSM. However, the study was based on the extensive cultivation mode which need to be improve. To realize the mechanization of the harvesting of Lycium barbarum L., as well as to face the standardized hedge cultivation mode, a vibrating and comb-brushing harvester machine was designed, which was primarily composed of an execution system, a motion system, and a control system. The mathematical model between the harvest effect index and the operation parameters was established based on response surface methodology (RSM). The effects of various parameters on the harvest index were analyzed, and the best parameter combination was determined: a vibration frequency of 38.73 Hz, a brush speed of 14.21 mm/s, and an insertion depth of 26.07 mm. The field experiment showed that the harvesting rate of ripe fruit was 83.65%, the harvesting rate of unripe fruit was 7.22%, the damage rate of the ripe fruit was 11.49%, and the comprehensive picking index was 87.85. The findings provided a reference for the development of L. barbarum harvesting mechanization in a standardized hedge cultivation mode.

In this work, a membrane-based process for the purification and concentration of antioxidant compounds from aqueous Goji (Lycium barbarum L.) berry extracts was investigated. The aqueous extract was previously clarified with hollow fiber ultrafiltration (UF) membranes in order to remove suspended solids and &beta, carotene and to produce a clarified extract enriched in phenolic compounds. Then, three UF flat sheet polyamide membranes with a molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) in the range 1000&ndash, 3500 Da were tested to purify and concentrate phenolic compounds from the clarified extract. The effect of MWCO and transmembrane pressure (TMP) on the performance of selected membranes in terms of productivity and selectivity towards total dissolved solids (TDS), total phenolic compounds (TPC), total carbohydrates (TC) and total antioxidant activity (TAA) was evaluated. Experimental results indicated that the 2500 Da membrane exhibited a lower fouling index, higher cleaning efficiency, lower rejection towards carbohydrates (lower than 30%) and higher rejection towards phenolic compounds (higher than 50%) in comparison to the other investigated membranes. The inclusion of a diafiltration process in the treatment of the clarified extract with this membrane in a spiral-wound configuration improved the concentration of sugar compounds in the permeate stream and increased the purification of phenolic compounds in the retentate fraction.

In the present work, we investigated the effect of Lycium barbarum L. polysaccharides (LBPs) on L‐02 cells exposed to alcohol exploring the potential molecular mechanisms. Our results suggested that LBPs significantly prevented alcohol‐induced hepatotoxicity with dose‐dependent effect, indicated by both cell viability and diagnostic indicators of liver damage. Moreover, alcohol induced excessive oxidative stress, as evidenced by an increase of the malondialdehyde level and reactive oxygen species production, while reducing antioxidant enzymes (T‐SOD, CAT, and GPx) in liver, were inhibited by administration of LBPs. Furthermore, LBPs reversed the cell apoptosis and increased the mitochondrial membrane potential in alcohol‐treated liver cell. Studies of underlying mechanisms revealed that LBPs increased expression levels of Nrf2 expression, which in turn blocked proapoptotic signaling events, restoring the balance between proapoptotic Bax and antiapoptotic Bcl‐2 proteins, suppressing activities of cytochrome C (Cyto c), caspase‐3, and caspase‐9 in L‐02 cells stimulation by ethanol. In general, the results showed that the inhibition of alcohol‐caused liver damage by LBPs is due at least in part to its antioxidant and antiapoptosis activity via Nrf2 signaling pathway., In the present work, we investigated the effect of polysaccharides from Lycium barbarum (LBPs) on L‐02 cells exposed to ethanol exploring the potential molecular mechanisms. Our results suggested that the inhibition of ethanol‐induced apoptosis by LBPs is due at least in part to its antioxidant and antiapoptosis activity via Nrf2 signaling pathway.

For the first time, the anatomical structure of lamina leaves of the species Lycium barbarum L. from spontaneous flora and five varieties of cultivated goji is investigated in order to highlight the drought resistance and to establish structural adaptive characteristics of the resistance in the adverse climatic conditions of the Republic of Moldova. This study highlights morpho-anatomical indices like: density of stomata and the presence of Ca oxalates, having an important role in adapting shrubs to the pedoclimatic conditions of the Republic of Moldova.

This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of modified atmosphere packaging on the quality parameters and the shelf-life of fresh goji berries. Fruits, placed in trays, were closed in passive modified atmosphere packaging (pMAP) using polypropylene bags or kept in open polyethylene bags (AIR) as control. Samples were analyzed just after harvest and during storage (5, 13 days) at 7°C for visual quality (VQ), color parameters, weight loss, dry weight, total soluble solids (TSS), antioxidant activity (AA) and total phenols (TP), while respiration rate (RR) was evaluated only after 5 days. Changes in gas composition in pMAP samples was measured daily. The use of pMAP allowed to reduce the RR of about 26% compared to fresh sample, to preserve the berries weight loss during storage and their marketability until 13 day at 7°C, while AIR samples were not edible after 5 days due to mold growth on the berries surfaces. No changes of color parameters, dry weight, TSS, AA and TP were observed during storage comparing treatments. In conclusion, the use of pMAP was able to extend the shelf-life of goji berries for 13 days at 7°C, 8 days more than berries stored in AIR., Advances in Horticultural Science, Vol. 34 No. 1S (2020): Special issue on postharvest

The study was conducted during the period 2017-2019 in the experimental base of the Department of Fruit Growing at the Agricultural University – Plovdiv. At the beginning of the experiment the plants of two varieties of goji berry (JB 1 and JB 2). were in the fifth vegetation. They are formed like trees with a stem height of 70 cm, leader branch, with seven fruiting shoulders and a supporting structure. The aim of the study is to trace the influence of different strength of pruning (winter) on the vegetative growth and fruiting of the studied varieties. For each variety, two variants of pruning were tested, respectively strong and weak. At the beginning of the experiment in the variant with strong pruning, the fruiting shoulders were shortened to 10 cm in length, and the shoots from the previous year on them were shortened to 5 cm each year. In the variant with weak pruning, the fruiting shoulders were left with a length of 30 cm, and the branches from the previous year on them are shortened to 10 cm each year. The observed indicators were: stem diameter, crown diameter, crown volume, mass of the cut wood, yield and mass of the fruit. It was not found influence of the strength of the pruning on the vegetative and reproductive manifestations of the trees. The average yield of fresh fruit (kg/tree) in the tested pruning variants from JB 1 is from 1.19 kg to 1.29 kg, respectively for strong and weak pruning and for JB2 for the same pruning options 0.89 kg and 0.88 kg. In the conditions of the experiment it was established that in both varieties the tested variants of pruning do not lead to significant difference in fruit yield and vegetative growth.

The aim of the study was to characterize the growth and reproductive characteristics of four in vitro propagated goji berry varieties (JB1, JB 2, JB 4, JB 10) of the species (Lycium barbarum L.) and antioxidant properties of their fruits.The experiment was set in 2014 in the experimental base of the Department of Fruit Growing at the Agricultural University - Plovdiv. The results are for the period 2017-2019. Growth and quality indicators were studied, as well as the amount of total polyphenols and total flavonoids responsible for the antioxidant activity of the fruit. On average for the study period, variety JB1 emerged as the most productive, and the lowest yields were obtained from JB10. The data were processed by the method of analysis of variance. There are differences in the content of total polyphenols and flavonoids in the fruits of the studied varieties, and hence in their antioxidant activity. Variety JB 10 is characterized by the highest content of total polyphenols - 278 mg/100g and the highest ORAC value - 89.7 μmol TE/g

WOS:000582626200003 PubMed: 33110362 Recent studies have indicated that polysaccharides, the main component of the Lycium barbarum L. fruit, have beneficial effects (e.g., anxiolytic, antioxidant, and neuroprotective) on humans and rodents. However, the effects of different dosages of such polysaccharides on ovariectomized rats and their underlying mechanisms in the brain have not been evaluated in the literature. Here, we aimed to evaluate the effects of the high and low doses of polysaccharides obtained from Lycium barbarum fruits (HD-LBP and LD-LBP, respectively) on anxious behaviors via behavioral (using the OFT and EPM), biochemical (using ELISA), and immunohistochemical (using immunohistochemical staining) measures in detail. Two weeks after ovariectomy, the rats were randomly assigned to either the treatment conditions [control (DW, 3 mL/kg, p.o., per day), LD-LBP (20 mg/kg, 3 mL/kg, p.o., per day), HD-LBP (200 mg/kg, 3 mL/kg, p.o., per day), 17 beta-ES (1 mg/kg, 3 mL/kg, p.o., per day), DZ(1 mg/kg, 3 mL/kg, p.o., per day)] or operation type [SHAM (pseudo-ovariectomized) and OVX (ovariectomized)]. The treatments were applied for 30 consecutive days, and then serum and brain tissue samples of all rats were collected. Biochemical (SOD, CAT, GPX, MDA, and 17 beta-ES) and immunohistochemical (BDNF, SER, and apoptosis) analyses of the samples were performed as well. The rats administered HD-LBP and LD-LBP were less anxious than the control groups. The HD-LBP-treated rats had high levels of SOD and low levels of MDA in their serum samples. Moreover, HD-LBP and drug-treated groups had a high number of SER receptors and BDNF-positive cells and a low number of TUNEL-positive cells in their hippocampal brain tissues. The HD-LBP treatments decrease anxious behavior by increasing antioxidant enzyme activities, hippocampal SER and BDNF neurotransmitter levels and decreasing the TUNEL-positive cell count of ovariectomized rats. Given these findings, we suggest that menopause-induced symptoms of anxiety can be reduced by polysaccharides obtained from goji berry fruits, and that these findings will be beneficial for the production studies of natural herbal-origin antianxiety (anxiolytic) drugs in the future.

In the present work, we investigated the effect of Lycium barbarum L. polysaccharides (LBPs) on L-02 cells exposed to alcohol exploring the potential molecular mechanisms. Our results suggested that LBPs significantly prevented alcohol-induced hepatotoxicity with dose-dependent effect, indicated by both cell viability and diagnostic indicators of liver damage. Moreover, alcohol induced excessive oxidative stress, as evidenced by an increase of the malondialdehyde level and reactive oxygen species production, while reducing antioxidant enzymes (T-SOD, CAT, and GPx) in liver, were inhibited by administration of LBPs. Furthermore, LBPs reversed the cell apoptosis and increased the mitochondrial membrane potential in alcohol-treated liver cell. Studies of underlying mechanisms revealed that LBPs increased expression levels of Nrf2 expression, which in turn blocked proapoptotic signaling events, restoring the balance between proapoptotic Bax and antiapoptotic Bcl-2 proteins, suppressing activities of cytochrome C (Cyto c), caspase-3, and caspase-9 in L-02 cells stimulation by ethanol. In general, the results showed that the inhibition of alcohol-caused liver damage by LBPs is due at least in part to its antioxidant and antiapoptosis activity via Nrf2 signaling pathway.

Background Lycium barbarum (wolfberry) has been widely cultivated in China, particularly in northwest regions. However, the fruit size and taste of L. barbarum from different habitats are quite different. Traditionally, only the fruit of L. barbarum produced in Ningxia province is recorded as an authentic herb, although the detailed mechanism responsible for this remains obscure. Polysaccharides are considered major active ingredients in L. barbarum which is crucial for its quality evaluation. Methods In this study, we assessed the yield, monosaccharide composition, molecular weight, and conformation of L. barbarum polysaccharides (LBPs) collected from different regions of China. The antioxidant and immune activities of LBPs were also determined as its quality indicator. Results Our results showed that the similarity values of monosaccharide composition were larger than 0.926, and the Mw of the two fractions (peaks 1–2) in LBPs were ranging from 1.36 × 106 to 2.01 × 106 (peak 1), and 6.85 × 104 to 10.30 × 104 (peak 2) which indicated that the structure of LBPs were similar. In addition, results showed that there was no significant difference in antioxidant and immune activities of nine LBPs from different regions. However, the yield of LBPs from Qinghai Province (low atmospheric temperature, high altitude) was significantly lower (p Conclusions These data suggested that the L. barbarum produced in Ningxia and Xinjiang maybe more suitable as materials for medicines and functional foods. This study also provides a reference for improving the quality control standard of LBPs.

The yield and quality of goji (Lycium barbarum L.) fruit are heavily dependent on fertilizer, especially the availability of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (N, P, and K, respectively). In this study, we performed a metabolomic analysis of the response of goji berry to nitrogen fertilizer levels using an Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography–Electrospray Ionization–Tandem Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS) method. There was no significant difference in the fruit yield or the commodity grade between N0 (42.5 g/plant), N1 (85 g/plant), and N2 (127.5 g/plant). The primary nutrients of the goji berry changed with an increasing nitrogen fertilization. Comparative metabolomic profiling of three nitrogen levels resulted in the identification of 612 metabolites, including amino acids, flavonoids, carbohydrates, organic acids, and lipids/alcohols, among others, of which 53 metabolites (lipids, fatty acids, organic acids, and phenolamides) demonstrated significant changes. These results provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms of the relationship between yield and quality of goji berry and nitrogen fertilizer.

Background Lycium barbarum (wolfberry) has been widely cultivated in China, particularly in northwest regions. However, the fruit size and taste of L. barbarum from different habitats are quite different. Traditionally, only the fruit of L. barbarum produced in Ningxia province is recorded as an authentic herb, although the detailed mechanism responsible for this remains obscure. Polysaccharides are considered major active ingredients in L. barbarum which is crucial for its quality evaluation. Methods In this study, we assessed the yield, monosaccharide composition, molecular weight, and conformation of L. barbarum polysaccharides (LBPs) collected from different regions of China. The antioxidant and immune activities of LBPs were also determined as its quality indicator. Results Our results showed that the similarity values of monosaccharide composition were larger than 0.926, and the Mw of the two fractions (peaks 1–2) in LBPs were ranging from 1.36 × 106 to 2.01 × 106 (peak 1), and 6.85 × 104 to 10.30 × 104 (peak 2) which indicated that the structure of LBPs were similar. In addition, results showed that there was no significant difference in antioxidant and immune activities of nine LBPs from different regions. However, the yield of LBPs from Qinghai Province (low atmospheric temperature, high altitude) was significantly lower (p

Bu tez çalışması Pamukkale Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri tarafından 2018 FBE 048 nolu proje ile desteklenmiştir. Goji berry meyvesinin olgunlaşması süresince çeşitli fizyolojik ve kimyasal değişimler meydana gelmektedir. Bu çalışmanın birinci aşamasında, Denizli bölgesinde yetişen goji berry meyvesinin üç ayrı olgunluk evresinde (yeşil olum, renk dönüm, tam olgunluk) fiziksel olarak 200 tane ağırlığı ve kimyasal olarak pH, suda çözünen kuru madde, titrasyon asitliği, toplam fenolik madde ve karotenoid içeriği belirlenmiştir. Çalışmanın ikinci aşamasında ise tam olgun goji berry meyleri 50, 60 ve 70 °C de kurutma fırınında kurutularak karotenoid içeriğindeki değişimler ortaya konulmuş ve bu değişimlere ait kinetik parametreler hesaplanmıştır. Tam olgun goji bery meyvelerinde karotenoidlerin parçalanmasının birinci derece kinetik modele uygun olduğu saptanmıştır. Reaksiyonun sıcaklığa bağımlılığı Arhenius eşitliğiyle belirlenmiş, bu sayede k , t1/2, Q10, Ea ve D değerleri hesaplanmıştır. Goji berry meyvesinin olgunlaşma süresince ve kurutulması ile içeriğindeki karotenoid konsantrasyonlarında meydana gelen değişimler Yüksek Performans Sıvı Kromatografisi cihazı (HPLC-DAD) kullanılarak tespit edilmiştir. Goji berry meyvesinde olgunlaşmayla birlikte suda çözünür kuru madde içeriğinde artış, titrasyon asitliğinde azalma meydana gelmiştir. Farklı olum aşamalarında analiz edilen karotenoidlerden -kriptoksantin palmitat ve zeaksantin dipalmitat yeşil olum, lutein, violaksantin, anteraksantin, neoksantin, tam olgun aşamasında, klorofil a ve klorofil b’nin ise hem renk dönüm hemde tam olgunluk aşamasında detekte edilebilir limitin altında olduğu saptanmıştır. Goji berry meyvesi yeşil olumdan tam olgunluk aşamasına doğru ilerledikçe lutein, zeaksantin, zeaksantin dipalmitat, -karoten, violaksantin, neoksantin, anteraksantin, klorofil a ve klorofil b azalış, -kriptoksantin palmitat ise artış göstermiştir. Kurutma fırınında 50, 60 ve 70 °C de farklı sürelerde kurutulan tam olgun goji bery meyvelerinde zeaksantin ve -karoten, -kriptoksantin palmitat ve zeaksantin dipalmitat konsantrasyonunda ise azalma saptanmıştır. Various physiological and chemical changes occur during the ripening of goji berry fruit. In the first stage of this study, the physical (200 kernel weight) and chemical (pH, water solublematter, dry matter, titratable acidity, total phenolic content and carotenoid content) properties of goji berry fruit grown in Denizli region in three different stages of maturity (green death, color turning, full maturity) were determined. In the second stage of the study, the ripe goji berry fruits were dried at 50, 60 and 70 °C in a drying oven and the changes in carotenoid content and kinetic parameters were determined. The degradation of carotenoids was determined on fully ripe goji berries is a first order reaction. The temperature dependence of the reaction was determined by the arhenius equation, whereby k, t1 / 2, Q10, Ea and D values were calculated. The concentration of carotenoids in goji berry during ripening and oven drying were carried out using the high performance liquid chromatography and diode array detector (HPLC-DAD). An increase for pH and total soluble solids, and decrease in titrable acidity existed in goji berry in relation to maturity stages. The cryptoxanthine palmitat, zeaxanthin dipalmitat and esters of carotenoids at green maturation stage; lutein, violaxanthin, anteraxanthin and neoxanthin at fully mature stage; and chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b both in discolorotion and fully mature stages were determined under the detection limit. As the goji berry fruit progressed from green to full maturity stage, while lutein, zeaxanthin, zeaxanthin dipalmitat, -carotene, violaxanthin, neoxanthin, anteraxanthin, chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b decreased, -cryptoxanthine palmitat increased. Decrease at zeaxanthin, -cryptoxanthine palmitat, zeaxanthin dipalmitat and -carotene concentrations in fully maturated goji berries dried at 50, 60 and 70 °C for different periods were determined.

Both Lycium barbarum L. polysaccharides (LBP) and zinc have protective effects on liver injuries. In this paper, LBP and ZnSO4 were combined to study the effects on the prevention of alcoholic liver injury. The rats were divided into six groups, the normal group, alcohol group, zinc sulfate group, LBP group, low‐dose group of ZnSO4, and high‐dose group of ZnSO4 and LBP, used to explore the impact of LBP and ZnSO4 complex on liver lipid metabolism of alcohol, alcohol‐metabolizing enzymes, oxidative damage, and inflammation of the liver. The experimental model was established by gavage treatment, observation, and determination of indexes of rats. The results showed that the combination of LBP and ZnSO4 could significantly decrease the levels of triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), tumor necrosis factor‐α(TNF‐ɑ), malondialdehyde (MDA), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and the activity of enzyme subtype 2E1 (CYP2E1). It also significantly increased the activities of total superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px), glutathione peptide (GSH), and alcohol dehydrogenase, effectively improved the liver tissue lesion. What is more, the combination of LBP and ZnSO4 had a synergistic effect on the remission of alcoholic fatty liver, and alleviated chronic alcoholic liver injury by promoting lipid metabolism, inhibiting oxidative stress, controlling inflammatory responses, and regulating the expression and activity of alcohol‐metabolizing enzymes in rats.

O consumo de frutos de goji (Lycium barbarum L.) tem vindo a aumentar exponencialmente, não só devido às suas características nutricionais, mas também ao seu teor em compostos fenólicos, altamente correlacionados com os seus efeitos benéficos para a saúde. No entanto, com o crescente consumo deste fruto, surge a oportunidade de maximizar o potencial de utilização dos seus pedúnculos como um bio-resíduo com propriedades funcionais [1]. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi determinar o perfil fenólico e comparar a atividade antibacteriana de extratos hidrometanólicos obtidos a partir dos frutos de goji e dos seus pedúnculos, um subproduto com potencial para ser valorizado economicamente. O perfil fenólico foi determinado por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência acoplada a um detetor de díodos e a um espetrómetro de massa (HPLC-DAD-ESI/MSn). A atividade antibacteriana foi testada utilizando um painel de cinco bactérias Gram-negativo e quatro bactérias Gram- positivo, obtidas a partir de isolados clínicos com perfis de resistência conhecidos. Foi calculada a concentração mínima inibitória (CMI) de cada um dos extratos, determinada por microdiluição com o método colorimétrico de cloreto de p-iodonitrotetrazólio (INT). A concentração total de compostos fenólicos não revelou diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre frutos e pedúnculos, no entanto quando se compararam as famílias de compostos, os frutos apresentam maior quantidade de derivados de ácidos fenólicos (32,7 mg/g vs 17,2 mg/g nos pedúnculos) e os pedúnculos de flavonóis (48,5 mg/g vs 27,6 mg/g nos frutos). Ambas as amostras estudadas apresentaram melhores resultados (valores de CMI mais baixos) para as bactérias Gram-positivo testadas, com valores de CMI entre 2,5 e 10 mg/mL. Os valores mais baixos de CMI foram determinados em E. faecalis e S. aureus (2,5 mg/mL). Quanto às bactérias Gram-negativo, os pedúnculos revelaram os valores de CMI mais baixos para A. baumannii (20 mg/mL), K. pneumonia (10 mg/mL) e P. aeruginosa (10 mg/mL). Os resultados obtidos permitem, por um lado, a obtenção de novos agentes antimicrobianos, para combater o uso indiscriminado de antibióticos de largo espetro e, consequentemente, o alto nível de tolerância dos microrganismos aos mesmos. Por outro lado, permite verificar a potencialidade do uso dos frutos e pedúnculos de L. barbarum como fontes de compostos bioativos, de interesse para a indústria alimentar e farmacêutica na substituição de compostos sintéticos tão amplamente utilizados. FCT e FEDER sob o Programa PT2020 pelo apoio financeiro ao CIMO (UID/AGR/00690/2019), bolsa individual de doutoramento de T.C.S Pires (SFRH/BD/129551/2017) e aos contratos de M.I. Dias e L. Barros (através de fundos nacionais da FCT, no âmbito da celebração do contrato-programa de emprego científico institucional). Ao FEDER-Interreg España- Portugal pelo financiamento ao projeto 0377_Iberphenol_6_E e TRANSCoLAB 0612_TRANS_CO_LAB_2_P; FEDER através do Programa Operacional Regional Norte 2020, no âmbito do Projeto Mobilizador Norte-01-0247-FEDER-024479: ValorNatural®. Governo espanhol pelo apoio ao GIP-USAL (AGL2015-64522-C2-2-R). info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Впервые выделены полярные липиды из плодов дерезы обыкновенной, интродуцированной в условиях НИИ Биотехнологии Горского ГАУ (г. Владикавказ, РСО-Алания) и определен их жирнокислотный состав. Установлено, что плоды дерезы обыкновенной содержат 3,4% полярных липидов (% от веса воздушно-сухих плодов) с массовой долей полиненасыщенных жирных кислот 54,8% в сумме жирных кислот. Мажорными жирными кислотами полярных липидов являются диеновая линолевая кислота (18:2), насыщенная пальмитиновая (16:0) и моноеновая олеиновая (18:1) кислоты. Содержание каротиноидов в плодах L. barbarum составляет 44 мг/г. Показано, что плоды дерезы обыкновенной имеют богатый состав жирорастворимых и водорастворимых витаминов., For the first time the isolated polar lipids from the fruits of Lycium vulgaris, introduced in the conditions of the Research Institute of Biotechnology of Gorsky State Agrarian University (Vladikavkaz, RSO-Alania) and their fatty acid composition was identified. It was found that the fruits of Lycium barbarum L. contain 3.4% polar lipids (% by weight of air-dry fruits) with a mass fraction of polyunsaturated fatty acids 54.8% in the amount of fatty acids. Major fatty acids of polar lipids are diene linoleic acid (18:2), saturated palmitic acid (16:0) and monoene oleic acid (18:1). The content of carotenoids in fruits of L. barbarum L. is 44 mg/g. It is shown that the fruits of Lycium barbarum L. have a rich composition of fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins., №129 (2018)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of goji berry fruit-based pharmaceutical powders obtained from three pharmaceutical laboratories. The product A was tested at concentrations of 0.012; 0.025 and 0.05 g mL -1 , and B and C at concentrations 0.02; 0.04 and 0.08 g mL -1 . It was also evaluated the tea of the dried goji berry fruit (non-additives) in the concentrations 0.035; 0.07 and 0.14 g mL -1 for comparison to the results obtained with powdered goji berry. Tea concentrations in the two exposure times did not cause inhibition of cell division nor cellular alterations to meristem tissues. For the industrialized goji products, all concentrations analyzed caused significant antiproliferative effect to the tissues evaluated at the shortest time of analysis. There were no significant cellular changes in tissues exposed to industrialized goji. Therefore, under the conditions of analysis, goji berry powder, at the three concentrations evaluated, was cytotoxic to root meristems.

Lycium barbarum L. (LBL) has beneficial effects on gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) but the related mechanism remains unclear. Polysaccharides of LBL (LBLP) are the main bioactive components of LBL. miR-33, ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) and sterol regulatory element-binding transcription 1 (SREBF1) affect lipid profiles, which are associated with GDM risk. LBLP may exert protective against GDM by affecting these molecules. Four LBLP fractions: LBLP-I, LBLP-II, LBLP-III, and LBLP-IV were isolated from LBL and further purified by using DEAE-Sephadex column. The effects of purified each fraction on pancreatic beta cells were comparatively evaluated. A total of 158 GDM patients were recruited and randomly divided into LBL group (LG) and placebo group (CG). miR-33 levels, lipid profiles, insulin resistance and secretory functions were measured. The association between serum miR-33 levels and lipid profiles were evaluated by using Spearman’s rank-order correlation test. After 4-week therapy, LBL reduced miR-33 level, insulin resistance and increased insulin secretion of GDM patients. LBL increased the levels of ABCA1, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and reduced miR-33, SREBF1, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and malondialdehyde. Homeostatic model assessment of β-cell function and insulin resistance was lower in LG than in CG, whereas homeostatic model assessment of β-cell function and insulin secretory function was higher in LG than in CG. There was a strong positive association between miR-33 level and TG, or TC and or LDL-C, and a strong negative association between miR-33 level and HDL-C. The levels of miR-33 had negative relation with ABCA1 and positive relation with SREBF1. ABCA1 has negative relation with TG, TC, and LDL-C and positive relation with HDL-C. Inversely, SREBF1 had positive relation with TG, TC, and LDL-C and negative relation with HDL-C. The main bioactive compound LBLP-IV of LBL increased insulin secretion of beta cells and the levels of ABCA1, and reduced miR-33 levels and SREBF1 in beta cells. However, LBLP-IV could not change the levels of these molecules anymore when miR-33 was overexpressed or silenced. LBLP-IV had the similar effects with LBL on beta cells while other components had no such effects. Thus, LBLP-IV from LBL improves lipid profiles by upregulating ABCA1 and downregulating SREBF1 via miR-33.

In order to evaluate the influence of an abrasive pre-treatment and drying at 50 °C, 60 °C, 70 °C of goji fruits (Lycium barbarum L.), changes in colour and carotenoids were studied. An extraction method was modified and adapted to assay the main carotenoid esters and saponified carotenoids of goji berries, before and after treatments. Goji berries were confirmed as a high source of zeaxanthin, with zeaxanthin-dipalmitate at about 2 g/kg dry weight. The reliability of the analytical method was confirmed by the high quantitative recoveries, about 100%, a higher repeatability than reference methods and a good reproducibility (lower than 5%). After drying, significant but small carotenoid losses (15–20%) were observed in both pre-treated and treated samples. The xanthophyll esters confirmed to be more stable than free carotenoids. The drying process significantly modified colour, in both pre-treated and untreated samples, however, pre-treatment reduced drying time and thus better preserved the colour of the goji berries for a drying temperature up to 60 °C. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd

The consumption of red berries has increased considerably in recent years. The fruits of Lycium barbarum L., traditionally known as goji are associated with health benefits in the liver, kidney, vision, and immune functions, but also in the circulatory system and longevity [1]. In the present study, the fruits and stems of L. barbarum were characterized for their nutritional profile (AOAC procedures), free sugars (HPLC-RI), fatty acids (GC-FID), organic acids (UFLC-PDA), tocopherols (HPLC-FP) and phenolic compounds (LCDAD- ESI/MS). Carbohydrates were the most abundant macronutrient found in fruits and stems (87 and 78.1 g/100 g dw, respectively). The stems also presented the highest levels of ash, protein and fat (9.9, 7.4 and 4.6 g/100 g dw, respectively), while the fruits had protein as the second main macronutrient (5.3 g/100 g dw), followed by fat and ash (4.1 and 3.21 g/100 g dry weight, respectively). Glucose was the most abundant sugar found in both samples, followed by fructose and sucrose. As expected, the fruits had higher content in sugars (27.9 g/100 g dw) than the stems (1.08 g/100 g dw). Regarding organic acids, the samples showed different profiles, while fruits revealed citric, succinic and oxalic acids (1.29, 0.77 and 0.010 g/100 g dw, respectively) as the main compounds, malic, oxalic and quinic acids (0.899, 0.65 and 0.53 g/100 g dw, respectively) were the major ones found in stems. Oxalic acid was the only common organic acid found in both samples. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) predominated in the fruit samples due to the presence of high levels of linoleic acid (53.4%), while in the stems saturated fatty acids (SFA) predominated with very similar percentages of palmitic (15.94%) and lignoceric (15.3%) acids. The highest tocopherols content was determined in the stems (3.59 mg/100 g dw), mainly due to the presence of α-tocopherol (3.37 mg/100g dw). Sixteen phenolic compounds were identified in goji fruits, while eleven compounds were detected in the stems. Quercetin-3-O-rutinoside was the major phenolic compound in stems (48 mg/g dw) and fruits (16.6 mg/g dw), followed in these latter case by p-coumaric acid (12.3 mg/g extract). This study demonstrates the high potential of goji stems and fruits as sources of bioactive compounds, which could be used in nutritional formulations, or incorporated into foods with functional properties. FCT (Portugal) and FEDER for financial support to CIMO (UID/AGR/00690/2013), T.C.S.P. Pires (SFRH/BD/129551/2017) and L. Barros contract. GIP-USAL (AGL2015-64522-C2-2-R) and the FEDER-Interreg España-Portugal for financial support to 0377_Iberphenol_6_E. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

The increasing awareness of the possible health benefits of berry fruits (Lycium barbarum L.) has led to a higher consumption of this type of food products. One of the many examples are the fruits from Lycium genus, traditionally used due to their beneficial properties and health benefits associated with liver, kidney, eyesight, immune system, circulation and longevity disorders. In the present study fruits and stems of Lycium barbarum L. (goji) were characterized in terms of nutritional profile, sugars, organic acids, fatty acids and tocopherols. Furthermore, a phenolic characterization of their hydromethanolic extracts was performed and correlated with bioactive properties such as antioxidant, hepatotoxic and antibacterial activities. Stems presented higher values of energy, MUFA (monounsaturated fatty acids), tocopherols and flavonols. Stems also showed greater antioxidant and antibacterial (against Gram-negative bacteria) activities. Otherwise, fruits revealed higher contents of sugars, PUFA (polyunsaturated fatty acids) and hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, and greater activity against Gram-positive bacteria. This is an innovative study that shows the high potential of goji stems and fruits as sources of bioactive compounds, which could be used in nutraceutical formulations, or incorporated into food products with functional properties. Furthermore, the use of stems could bring industrial sustainability as a valuable by-product, which has been scarcely reported. The authors are grateful to the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal) and FEDER under Programme PT2020 for financial support to CIMO (UID/AGR/00690/2013), T.C.S.P. Pires (SFRH/BD/129551/2017) grant and L. Barros contract. The GIP-USAL is financially supported by the Spanish Government through the project AGL2015-64522-C2-2-R. The authors are grateful to FEDER-Interreg España-Portugal programme for financial support through the project 0377_Iberphenol_6_E. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion