Search

Objetivo: descrever o processo de condução de um caso com manifestação oftálmica pela mpox, destacando o trabalho da enfermagem na prevenção de complicações da doença. Método: relato de experiência da condução de um caso de mpox ocorrido em setembro de 2022 com manifestação oftálmica. Resultados: a pronta identificação da complicação oftálmica, com a presença de conjuntivite e edema palpebral, apresentada por um paciente com suspeita de mpox pela equipe de enfermagem da vigilância epidemiológica durante as ações de monitoramento, e o envolvimento da equipe com outras equipes de diversos níveis da assistência à saúde permitiram a instituição precoce do tratamento com antiviral recomendado pelo Ministério da Saúde, o que contribuiu para um melhor desfecho. Conclusão: é importante que se dissemine o conhecimento sobre as manifestações oftálmicas associadas à mpox para que a equipe de enfermagem, que atua nos diversos níveis de atenção à saúde, esteja atenta para implementar, de forma precoce, medidas de prevenção, diagnóstico e tratamento adequados.

After the Zika virus (ZIKV) epidemic in the Americas in 2016, both Zika and dengue incidence declined to record lows in many countries in 2017-2018, but in 2019 dengue resurged in Brazil, causing ~2.1 million cases. In this study we use epidemiological, climatological and genomic data to investigate dengue dynamics in recent years in Brazil. First, we estimate dengue virus force of infection (FOI) and model mosquito-borne transmission suitability since the early 2000s. Our estimates reveal that DENV transmission was low in 2017-2018, despite conditions being suitable for viral spread. Our study also shows a marked decline in dengue susceptibility between 2002 and 2019, which could explain the synchronous decline of dengue in the country, partially as a result of protective immunity from prior ZIKV and/or DENV infections. Furthermore, we performed phylogeographic analyses using 69 newly sequenced genomes of dengue virus serotype 1 and 2 from Brazil, and found that the outbreaks in 2018-2019 were caused by local DENV lineages that persisted for 5-10 years, circulating cryptically before and after the Zika epidemic. We hypothesize that DENV lineages may circulate at low transmission levels for many years, until local conditions are suitable for higher transmission, when they cause major outbreaks. ispartof: NATURE COMMUNICATIONS vol:12 issue:1 ispartof: location:England status: published

INTRODUCTION: This epidemiological household survey aimed to estimate the prevalence of the current and past SARS-CoV-2 infections in Ribeirao Preto, a municipality of southeast Brazil. METHODS: The survey was conducted in two phases using a clustered sampling scheme. The first phase spanned May 1-3 and involved 709 participants. The second phase spanned June 11-14, 2020, and involved 646 participants. RESULTS: During the first phase, RT-PCR performed on nasopharyngeal swabs was positive at 0.14%. The serological tests were positive in 1.27% of the patients during the first phase and 2.79% during the second phase. People living in households with more than five members had a prevalence of 10.83% (95%CI: 1.58-74.27) higher than those living alone or with someone other. Considering the proportion of the positive serological test results with sex and age adjustments, approximately 2.37% (95%CI: 1.32-3.42) of the population had been cumulatively infected by mid-June 2020, which is equivalent to 16,670 people (95%CI: 9,267-24,074). Considering that 68 deaths from the disease in the residents of the city had been confirmed as at the date of the second phase of the survey, the infection fatality rate was estimated to be 0.41% (95%CI: 0.28-0.73). Our results suggest that approximately 88% of the cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection at the time of the survey were not reported to the local epidemiological surveillance service. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study provide in-depth knowledge of the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil and are helpful for the preventive and decision-making policies of public managers.

After Zika virus (ZIKV) emerged and caused an epidemic in the Americas in 2016, both Zika and dengue incidence declined in the following years (2017-2018) to a record low in many countries. Following this period of low incidence, dengue resurged in 2019 in Brazil, causing ~2.1 million cases. The reasons for the recent fluctuations in dengue incidence and the maintenance of dengue virus (DENV) through periods of low transmission are unknown. To investigate this, we used a combination of epidemiological and climatological data to estimate dengue force of infection (FOI) and model mosquito-borne transmission suitability since the early 2000s in Brazil. Our estimates of FOI revealed that the rate of DENV transmission in 2018-2019 was exceptionally low, due to a low proportion of susceptible population rather than changes to ecological conditions. This supports the hypothesis that the synchronous decline of dengue in Brazil may be explained by protective immunity from pre-exposure to ZIKV and/or DENV in prior years. Furthermore, we sequenced 69 genomes of dengue virus serotype 1 (DENV-1) and DENV-2 circulating in Northeast and Southeast Brazil, and performed phylogeographic analyses to uncover patterns of viral spread. We found that the outbreaks in Brazil in 2019 were caused by DENV lineages that were circulating locally prior to the Zika epidemic and spread cryptically during the period of low transmission. Despite the period of low transmission, endemic DENV lineages persisted for 5-10 years in Brazil before causing major outbreaks. Our study challenges the paradigm that dengue outbreaks are caused by recently introduced new lineages, but rather they may be driven by established lineages circulating at low levels until the conditions are conducive for outbreaks.

O objetivo deste estudo qualitativo foi compreender a percepção do enfermeiro sobre a supervisão das atividades realizadas em sala de vacina de unidades de atenção primária à saúde. As salas selecionadas fizeram parte de estudo preliminar, com abordagem quantitativa, que analisou as melhores salas de vacina da Macrorregião Oeste de Minas Gerais, das quais 12 salas atenderam a 100% dos critérios estruturais. Foram entrevistados os enfermeiros responsáveis por essas salas e os dados obtidos submetidos à análise de conteúdo na modalidade temática. Os resultados demonstraram ausência de um processo de supervisão pelos enfermeiros, o que pode ter ocorrido pela quantidade de ações assumidas por eles. O enfermeiro necessita de atitude proativa com ações educativas e acompanhamento mais efetivo das atividades em sala de vacina, evitando a ocorrência de falhas nos procedimentos que podem acarretar reflexo na qualidade dos imunobiológicos, disponibilizados para a população. The objective of this qualitative study was to understand the nurse's perception of the supervision of vaccination activities carried out in Primary Care Centers. The vaccination rooms selected for this study were from a preliminary quantitative study which analyzed the best vaccination rooms in the macroregion of western Minas Gerais, Brazil, in which 12 rooms met 100% of the structural criteria. The nurses responsible for these rooms were interviewed and the data obtained was analyzed through thematic content analysis. The results show the lack of a supervision process by nurses, which might have occurred due to the quantity of actions under their responsibility. The nurses need a proactive attitude with educational actions and more effective monitoring of vaccination room activities, avoiding the occurrence of flaws in the procedures which might influence the quality of the immunobiological preparation made available for the population. El objetivo de este estudio cualitativo fue comprender la percepción de las enfermeras sobre la supervisión de actividades realizadas en las consultas de vacunación de las unidades de atención primaria de salud. Las consultas seleccionadas formaron parte de un estudio preliminar con abordaje cuantitativo, que analizó las mejores consultas de vacunación de la Macrorregión Oeste de Minas Gerais, Brasil, y de las cuales 12 consultas obtuvieron 100% de los criterios estructurales. Fueron entrevistados los enfermeros responsables de estas consultas, y los datos obtenidos fueron sometidos a un análisis temático de contenido. Los resultados demostraron que hay ausencia de un proceso de supervisión enfermera y que tal vez, eso ocurra por la cantidad de acciones asumidas por estos profesionales. El enfermero debe tener una actitud pro-activa con acciones educativas y un acompañamiento más efectivo de las actividades en consulta de vacunación, con el fin de evitar la ocurrencia de fallos en los procedimientos, los cuales pueden tener un impacto en la calidad de los preparados imunobiológicos disponibles para la población.

The fact that the diagnosis of infection with dengue virus is usually made by detecting IgM antibodies during the convalescent phase of the disease interferes with disease management and, consequently, with reducing mortality rates. This study evaluated the sensitivity and specificity of detection of NS1 in samples of patients suspected of acute dengue virus infection in Brazil. The results were used to institute treatment and the sensitivity and specificity of detection of NS1 were compared to the results of detection of IgM, virus isolation, and RT-PCR. Detection of NS1 yielded better results than RT-PCR and virus isolation. When considering IgM detection and RT-PCR positive results as "gold standards," the sensitivity and specificity of the NS1 assay were 95.9% and 81.1%, respectively. All patients enrolled in the study were treated promptly and had an uneventful course of the disease. The detection of NS1 provided better results than the diagnostic techniques used currently during the acute phase of disease (RT-PCR and virus isolation). Detection of NS1 is an important tool for the diagnosis of acute dengue infection, particularly in highly endemic areas, allowing for rapid treatment of patients and reduction of disease burden.

Historicamente, o Sistema de Informações de Doenças de Notificação Compulsória tem sido o principal instrumento da Vigilância Epidemiológica. As doenças que vêm compondo este Sistema têm sido aquelas que podem colocar em risco a saúde das coletividades e, tradicionalmente, vem se restringindo às doenças transmissíveis, ainda que no Guia vigente estejam incorporados outros agravos e algumas doenças crônico-degenerativas, como câncer e diabetes. As subnotificações se constituem em uma das principais dificuldades para a Vigilância Epidemiológica, com causas variadas que apontam sobretudo para a forma de organização dos serviços de saúde. A discussão e implantação de novos modelos assistenciais podem contribuir para esta problemática, à medida que atenderem à proposta de transformação dos atuais sistemas de atenção a doenças, num sistema de vigilância da saúde, conseqüentemente de atenção a vida. A rede básica de saúde, como o local que se constitui na principal porta do sistema de saúde, onde se destaca de forma crescente, não só a prestação de assistência médica, mas sua organização em modalidade de pronto- atendimento, se constitui também no local de atendimento das doenças de notificação compulsória. Assim, para a realização deste estudo, elegemos o trabalho na Unidade Básica de Saúde, buscando analisar como se conforma a prática da Vigilância Epidemiológica na Unidade Básica de Saúde no contexto do SUS, segundo o entendimento dos trabalhadores do nível local. Foram escolhidas cinco Unidades Básicas de Saúde, segundo o critério de produção de atendimentos e foram utilizadas entrevistas semi-estruturadas para apreensão do objeto de estudo junto aos trabalhadores escolhidos por sorteio, sendo um médico, um enfermeiro, um trabalhador do nível médio e o gerente de cada local de estudo escolhido, totalizando 20 sujeitos. Não houve agrupamento por categoria profissional. Os resultados evidenciaram dois significados para a prática da vigilância epidemiológica: controlar e prevenir, das doenças e agravos infecciosos, e a compreensão como uma prática de assistir e vigiar, quando a identifica como uma prática necessária aos serviços de saúde, que possibilita um outro modo de agir em saúde, contribuindo para a integralidade da atenção preconizada pelo Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) e implicando numa mudança na forma de organização da atenção à saúde. Apontamos para a implementação da descentralização das ações de vigilância epidemiológica para o nível local, como perspectiva desse novo modo de agir em saúde, pautado num permanente “vigiar", para articular ações promocionais, preventivas e curativas, redefinindo o processo de trabalho em saúde. Historically, the Information System of Compulsory Notification Diseases has been the main instrument of Epidemiological Surveillance. The diseases that are part of this system have been those that can cause risk to the collective health and, traditionally, are restricted to the transmissible diseases, even though that in the present Guide other circumstances and some chronic degenerative diseases such as cancer and diabetes are incorporated. The sub notifications are one of the main difficulties faced by Epidemiological Surveillance, with varied causes that especially indicate the organization of health services. The discussion and implementation of new care models can contribute to overcome this problem, while adopting the proposal of transforming the present health care system to a system of Health Surveillance, and consequently a system of life care. The Basic Health Network is the place that represents the main access to the health system and where is growing the emphasis not only on medical care but also on its organization as emergency care. Therefore, the Network is the place of care and compulsory notification of diseases as well. Thus, this study was developed in Basic Health Units. The purpose of this work is to analyze how the practice of Epidemiological Surveillance, in Basic Health Units, is performed according to the understanding of local workers. Five Basic Health Units were chosen in the Municipal Health System of the city of Ribeirão Preto, considering the criterion of care production. To achieve this goal, the author used semi-structured interviews conducted with the workers, such as a doctor, a nurse, a nursing assistant and a manager chosen at random in every place of the study, totalizing 20 subjects. They were not divided in professional categories. Results evidenced two meanings to the practice of Epidemiological Surveillance: to control and to prevent, when surveillance is understood as a restricted action to control infectious diseases; and the understanding of care and vigilance, when they are identified as necessary practices to health services, contributing to an integral care, as it is recommended by the Unified Health System in Brazil (SUS), implying a change in the organization of health care. The author recommended the decentralization of the epidemiological Surveillance actions in a local space, as a perspective for that new way of acting in health, guided by a permanent “vigilance" and the communication of promotion, prevention and curative actions, redefining the health work process.

Este estudo tem por objetivo analisar o conceito de vacinação contra influenza (VCI) em idosos. A análise do conceito, segundo Rodgers (2000) permite definir o conceito, identificar seus atributos essenciais, os eventos antecedentes, conseqüentes e fatores relacionados, bem como, os avanços e dificuldades na adesão dos idosos a essa vacina. Integrado a essa análise a revisão integrativa da literatura (Whittemore e Knafl, 2005), identifica o problema, adesão dos idosos à vacinação contra influenza, que orienta a coleta dos dados na literatura, cuja amostra é avaliada quanto à sua qualidade, e submetida à análise e apresentação dos resultados pertinentes ao conceito em questão. A busca nas bases de dados LILACS, PUBMED e Biblioteca Cochrane, originou 40 artigos que foram eleitos para este estudo. Os atributos da VCI em idosos são explicitados pela periodicidade anual e tipos de vírus que a compõe, que estão atrelados aos atributos dos idosos, evidenciados pela idade (grupo etário), sexo, raça e etnia, grupo de risco, suscetibilidade e vulnerabilidade à influenza e imunossenescência. Como eventos antecedentes à VCI constam: aumento da morbidade e moratalidade, surtos, epidemias ligados à influenza e probabilidade de ocorrer nova pandemia; presença de co-morbidades; percepção da severidade da influenza; fatores sócio-econômicos e demográficos; percepção da própria saúde; conhecimentos, crenças, atitudes frente à VCI; informações e experiência prévia com a VCI e/ou influenza; estado vacinal; intenção de vacinar; consulta médica recente; acesso ao serviço de saúde; e não recomendação dessa vacina pelo profissional da saúde. Dentre os eventos conseqüentes da VCI destacam-se o aumento das taxas de cobertura vacinal; ampliação das metas a alcançar na VCI; redução das taxas de morbidade e moratalidade em idosos; eficácia e efetividade da VCI e eventos adversos. Os fatores relacionados são referidos pelas campanhas anuais da VCI, recomendação da VCI (por profissionais da saúde, mídia e familiares e amigos), uso de protocolos, monitoramento do vírus influenza e conscientização profissional sobre a importância da recomendação da VCI. Destacam-se entre os elementos fortemente associados à adesão da VCI os idosos com mais de 65 anos, presença de co-morbidades (hipertensão e diabetes), informações corretas sobre a VCI, facilidade de acesso e uso dos serviços de saúde, consultas médicas recentes, VCI prévia, aumento da morbidade e mortalidade causada pela influenza e suas complicações. Entre as barreiras que comprometem a aceitação da VCI constam o medo dos eventos adversos e a não recomendação dessa vacina pelo profissional da saúde. Apesar das taxas de cobertura vacinal contra influenza estarem aumentando nos últimos anos, ainda estão aquém da meta preconizada pela OMS para 2010: vacinar 75% dos idosos. Acredita-se que investir em ações educativas para fortalecer a responsabilização dos profissionais e usuários dos serviços públicos de saúde, possa influenciar na adesão de idosos à VCI, e avançar em políticas públicas com estratégias destinadas à promoção da saúde e prevenção de doenças na população idosa, em franco crescimento no mundo atual. This study aimed to analyze the concept of vaccination against influenza (VCI) in elderly people. Rodgers (2000) concept analysis permits to define the concept, identify its essential attributes, previous and consequent events, and the related factors, as well as the advances and difficulties in the adherence of elderly people to this vaccination. The integrative literature review (Whittemore and Knafl, 2005) identifies the problem, adherence of elderly people to vaccination against influenza, which orients data collection in literature. The sample was assessed regarding its quality and subject to analysis and presentation of results pertinent to the concept at issue. Searches in LILACS, PUBMED and Cochrane Library resulted in 40 articles elected to this study. The VCI attributes in elderly people are expressed by the annual periodicity and types of viruses that form it, which are related to the attributes of elderly people, evidenced by age (age group), gender, race and ethnic group, risk group, susceptibility and vulnerability to influenza and immunosenescence. Previous events to VCI were: increase in morbidity and mortality, outbreaks, epidemics related to influenza and probability of new pandemic; presence of co-morbidities; perception of influenzas severity; socioeconomic and demographic factors; perception of own health; knowledge, beliefs and attitudes regarding VCI; previous information and experience with VCI and/or influenza; immunization status; intention to vaccinate; recent medical appointment; access to health services; and non-recommendation of this vaccine by health professionals. Among the events resulting from VCI, the increase of immunization coverage rates; increase of goals targeted in VCI; reduction of morbidity and mortality rates in elderly people; efficacy and effectiveness of VCI and adverse events are highlighted. The related factors are referred by annual VCI campaigns, recommendation of VCI (by health professionals, media, relatives and friends), use of protocols, monitoring of the influenza virus and professional awareness about the importance and recommendation of VCI. Elements strongly associated to adherence to VCI are elderly people with more than 65 years of age, the presence of co-morbidities (hypertension and diabetes), correct information about VCI, access facility to health services, recent medical appointments, previous VCI, increase in morbidity and mortality caused by influenza and its complications. Among the barriers that compromise the acceptance of VCI are the fear of adverse events and the non-recommendation of the vaccine by health professionals. Despite the increase of immunization coverage rates against influenza in the last years, they are still below the target recommended by the WHO (World Health Organization) for 2010: to vaccinate 75% of the elderly. It is believed investing in educational actions to strengthen the responsibility of professionals and users of public health services can influence the adherence of elderly people to VCI. It can also permit advances in public policies with strategies targeting health promotion and the prevention of diseases in the elderly population, which is increasing worldwide.