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Objective The objective of the study was to compare the effective rate, cure rate, adverse reaction rate, and effective time of three methods in the treatment of infantile hemangioma, hoping to provide reference for improving the clinical therapeutic effect. Methods This is a retrospective study of 307 infantile hemangioma patients admitted to the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, from January 2014 to October 2021. The patients were divided into three groups. In group A, timolol maleate solution was introduced by the nano-microneedle technique (97 cases); in group B, timolol maleate drops dipped in medical swabs were applied (107 cases); and group C patients took propranolol orally (103 cases). The effective rate, cure rate, adverse reaction rate, and effective time of treatment were recorded and compared. Results The total effective rate, total cure rate, and total adverse reaction rate of the three groups were 87.6, 65.2, and 9.4%, respectively. The results showed that the effective and cure rates of group A were higher than those of group B (92.8 and 76.3%, respectively; p Conclusion Timolol maleate introduced by nanometer microneedles is an effective and safe treatment for superficial hemangioma in infants with the highest effective and cure rates, lower incidence of adverse reactions, and the shortest effective treatment time.

BACKGROUND The two most prevalent mental health conditions are anxiety and depression and they often coexist (comorbidity) in an individual aggravating the person’s psychological or medical conditions. College students suffered from anxiety and depressive symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic, according to numerous studies. The lack of information on the comorbidity of anxiety and depression (CAD) among international medical students, however, makes it difficult to develop effective policies or strategies to support these students. OBJECTIVE The present research seeks to investigate the incidence of CAD among international medical students in China and to identify the variables that may be useful in predicting CAD. METHODS At China Medical University in Shenyang, China, a cross-sectional study was conducted for international medical students in November 2020. A total of 519 international students provided information on their demographics, stress related to the COVID-19 pandemic, generalized anxiety disorder assessment (GAD-7), patient health questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), simplified coping style questionnaire (SCSQ), perceived stress scale (PSS-10), the multidimensional scale of perceived social support (MSPSS), revised life orientation test (LOT-R), and resilience scale-14 (RS-14). To investigate the potential predictors of CAD, a chi-square test, a nonparametric test, and multinomial logistic regression analyses were carried out as appropriate. RESULTS The incidence of anxiety, depression, and CAD in the current study was 5.8%, 8.9%, and 22.7%, respectively. The predictors for students having symptoms of anxiety were observed to be the negative coping style (β=0.662, OR=1.938, CI:1.07-3.694) and perceived stress (β=0.167, OR=1.181, CI:1.076-1.297); the predictors for students having symptoms of depression were observed to be the COVID-19 pandemic-related stress (β=0.323,OR=1.382,CI:1.211-1.577), negative coping style (β=0.693,OR=2.000, CI:1.21-3.568), and perceived stress (β=0.135,OR=1.145,CI:1.050-1.248); whereas the predictors for students with CAD were observed to be staying up late (Yes VS No) (β=1.028,OR=2.794,CI:1.227-6.364), current place of residence (Other continents VS China) (β=-1.413, OR=0.243,CI:0.065-0.910), COVID-19 pandemic-related stress (β=0.371,OR=1.450,CI:1.284-1.636), negative coping style (β=1.092,OR=2.979,CI:1.706-5.203), and perceived stress (β=0.339,OR=1.403,CI:1.289-1.527). CONCLUSIONS Single anxiety and depressive symptoms were moderately prevalent among international medical students in China. However, CAD turned out to be the most prevalent mental health issue due to its relatively higher incidence. Negative coping style and perceived stress were the communal predictors of the three categories, whereas stress related to the COVID-19 pandemic was linked to both depression and CAD, and staying up late and in residential places were specific predictors for CAD. Study results suggest that COVID-19 pandemic-related stress was related to students’ CAD and depressive symptoms, and specific intervention measures with stress reduction, proper coping strategy, and a good lifestyle might be useful in improving the international students’ mental health status.

Chronic oral mucosal diseases have been a common problem, which affected individuals' health and social functions seriously. Although there has been a rigorous Chinese version of the Chronic Mucosal Diseases Questionnaire (COMDQ-26) to measure the quality of life of patients with chronic oral mucosal diseases, 26 items were so redundant to be a burden for patients. It was necessary to make a brief, practical, and easy-to-use tool in China. This study aimed to test the validity and reliability of the Chinese version of the short-form Chronic Mucosal Diseases Questionnaire (COMDQ-15).A total of 165 respondents from a tertiary stomatological hospital were recruited in this study from July to December, 2020. Internal consistency, test-retest reliability, criterion validity, confirmatory factor analysis, and exploratory factor analysis were used to evaluate the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of Chronic Mucosal Diseases Questionnaire-15.The total Cronbach's α of 0.841 and subscale ranging from 0.736 to 0.965 revealed good internal consistency of the reliability. The intraclass correlation coefficients exceeded 0.80 indicated excellent test-retest reliability. Compared with the Oral Health Impact Profile-14, the criterion validity was 0.549. The confirmatory factor analysis results supported acceptable validity of the Chinese version of Chronic Mucosal Diseases Questionnaire-15, and the exploratory factor analysis demonstrated that the 15 items were classified into four domains, with a cumulative proportion of 71.52%.The Chinese version of Chronic Mucosal Diseases Questionnaire-15 is a brief and low-burden tool, and has been proved reliable and valid to assess the quality of life of patients with chronic oral mucosal diseases in China (the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (no. ChiCTR2000031607).

Background: Infantile hemangioma is common and affects multidemensionally. Drug therapy is a commonly used method in clinical practice, but its effect needs to be improved. The main challenge derives from the drug penetration and safety. The emergence of nanometer microneedle technology seems to solve these problems. The proposed study aims to review the efficacy and safety of the nano-microneedle by comparing with other drug therapy methods.Methods: A retrospective study reviewed patients with infantile hemangioma who were admitted to a tertiary stomatological hospital from January 2014 to October 2021. The cases were divided into three groups according to the different drugs and the different methods of drug administration, namely timolol maleate solution introduced by nanometer microneedle technology (NM), timolol maleate drops dipped with a medical swab (MS), and propranolol orally (PO). The effective rate, the cure rate, the rate of adverse reactions, and the time for treatment to be effective were recorded and compared.Results：A total of 307 cases were reviewed in the study (NM=97, MS=107, PO=103). The total effective rate, total cure rate, total rate of adverse reactions were 87.6%, 65.2%, 9.4%, respectively. There was statistically significant difference in the effective rate, the cure rate, the rate of adverse reactions, the time for treatment to be effective between the three groups. The results of the pairwise comparison showed that the effective rate of NM was higher than that of MS (P＜0.05), the cure rate of NM was higher than that of MS (P＜0.05), the rate of adverse reactions of OP was higher than that of MS (P＜0.05), the time for treatment to be effective of NM was shorter than that of MS and OP (P＜0.05).Conclusions: Our study revealed that delivery timolol maleate via nanometer microneedle is an efficacy and safety in infantile with superficial hemangioma. It has the highest effective rate and cure rate, lower incidence of adverse reactions, and shortest time for treatment to be effective.

This paper presents a human indoor location design on improved credit and dynamic pruning algorithm in passive binary pyroelectric infrared (PIR) sensor tracking system. Compared with previous credit location and anti-logic location, the improved credit method can keep all effective measurement points of different human targets without extra logical judgment. It is more intuitive and less complex than the way of anti-logic with same accuracy. The dynamic pruning algorithm can separate different targets into different two-dimensional planes to reduce the number of measurement points and assign effective measurement points to correct targets according to the predicted position of targets. Multiple human location is then transformed into single human location. A small and flexible PIR sensor system is used to test the improved location algorithm in multiple human tracking. The simulation and experimental results indicate the algorithm works well.

The left and right recurrent laryngeal nerve(RLN) are asymmetrical, and the precise differences and metastasis risk stratifications based on preoperative CT scan between the left and right RLN lymph nodes have not yet been analyzed. In this study, we compared the anatomical characteristics and generated prediction models to predict the probability of left and right RLN lymph node metastasis using preoperative clinical data in patients undergoing thoracolaparoscopic esophagectomy with cervical anastomosis to guide clinical treatment. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the clinical data of 1660 consecutive patients with thoracic esophageal cancer who underwent esophagectomy with cervical anastomosis at the Department of Thoracic Surgery at our center between January 2015 and December 2020 and investigated the anatomical characteristics and risks of bilateral RLN lymph nodes according to preoperative CT scan and pathological examination findings. Results A total of 299 and 343 patients who underwent left(right) RLN lymph node dissection were included in the final analysis. By plotting ROC curves, we concluded that the cutoff values of the long and short axis to predict metastasis of the left (right) RLN lymph nodes were 10 (8 mm) and 7.5 (6.5 mm), respectively. The short axis rather than the long axis was significantly associated with left RLN lymph node metastasis. Correspondingly, the long axis was much more important than the short axis in regard to the right RLN lymph nodes. Conclusion There were different anatomical characteristics and precise metastasis risk stratifications between the left and right RLN lymph node metastases.

This study aimed to investigate the structural features and antioxidant activity in vitro of crude blackened jujube polysaccharides (BJPs) and five purified polysaccharides based on the activity-oriented approach. The crude BJPs exhibited dose-dependent radical scavenging activity and total reducing capacity, and provided excellent protective effects against H

BACKGROUND: There are no effective preoperative diagnostic measures to predict the probability of left and right recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) lymph node (LN) metastasis using preoperative clinical data in patients undergoing thoracolaparoscopic esophagectomy with cervical anastomosis. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the clinical data of 1,660 consecutive patients with thoracic esophageal cancer who underwent esophagectomy with cervical anastomosis at the Department of Thoracic Surgery at the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University between January 2015 and December 2020. RESULTS: A total of 299 and 343 patients who underwent left (Cohort 1) and right (Cohort 2) RLN LN dissection were included in the final analyses. The analyses were conducted within each cohort. Among the 299 patients in Cohort 1, left RLN LN involvement was found in 41 patients (13.7%). A multivariable analysis showed that age, tumor location, and short axis were significantly associated with RLN LN metastasis (all P

The Zhuxi W deposit in Jiangxi, South China, with a resource of 2.86 Mt W and an average grade of 0.54% WO3, is the largest W deposit in the world. The deposit occurs at the contact between a late Mesozoic granitic intrusion and Carboniferous – Permian carbonate rocks and Neoproterozoic metamorphic rocks. The ores are divided into three types: skarn ore (dominant), sulfide ore and greisen ore. Based on occurrences and petrographic relationships, scheelite (the dominant ore mineral) is classified into three types, i.e. type I (greisen), type II (skarn, specifically in the retrograde stage), and type III (hydrothermal sulfides). Type I and type II are time equivalent but spatially separated, whereas type III is later. The different types of scheelite have distinctly different REE and trace element compositions. Type I scheelite is characterized by an average ΣREE of 67.9 ppm, LREE/HREE ratio of 24.4, δEu of 8.5, Mo of 0.1 ppm and Sr of 1058 ppm, whereas type II scheelite features an average ΣREE of 48.1 ppm, LREE/HREE ratio of 10.6, δEu of 0.67, Mo of 1892 ppm and Sr of 90.1 ppm. Type III scheelite has an average ΣREE of 53.9 ppm, LREE/HREE ratio of 4.8, δEu of 17.5, Mo of 92.9 ppm and Sr of 37.1 ppm. The extremely high concentrations of Sr and highly positive Eu anomalies in type I scheelite are likely related to release of these elements from plagioclase in the granite during greisenization, whereas the extremely low concentrations of Mo may be related to the reducing and high-temperature nature of the magmatic fluid – Mo probably was mainly in the Mo4+ state and could not replace W6+ in the scheelite lattice. In contrast, the negative Eu anomalies and high Mo concentrations in type II scheelite suggest that the mineralizing environment in the retrograde alteration stage was relatively oxidizing, causing Eu to exist mainly as Eu3+, which is difficult to replace Ca2+ in scheelite, and Mo mainly as Mo6+, which is easy to replace W6+ in scheelite. In the sulfide mineralization stage, the fluid became relatively reducing again, and Eu2+ could easily replace Ca2+ in scheelite causing positive Eu anomalies, whereas Mo mainly exists as Mo4+ and precipitated as molybdenite, and so has limited substitution for W6+ in scheelite. The REE and trace element compositions of the dominant W mineral (type II scheelite), characterized by high concentrations of Mo, high LREE/HREE ratios and negative Eu anomalies, indicate that the ore-forming materials were mainly derived from the granitic intrusions. The variation of REE and trace elements in scheelite in time and space reflects a complex magmatic-hydrothermal mineralization process involving various fluid-rock reactions within the intrusion and in the country rocks. The formation of the Zhuxi W deposit is linked with a large fertile granitic intrusion, which delivered a large amount of W to the site of mineralization through convection within the magma chamber, and W precipitation in the skarn was largely caused by an abrupt drop in temperature and increase in pH of the ore-forming fluid.

Background Resilience has been linked to psychological adaptation to many challenging life events. The present study aims to explore the level of resilience in oral cancer patients and the key factors associated with resilience, and to evaluate the relationship between resilience and anxiety. Methods A multiple center cross-sectional study was carried out for Chinese patients with oral cancer between May 2016 and October 2017 in the Stomatology Hospital of China Medical University and Department of Stomatology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University. Two hundred and thirty oral cancer patients replied to the questionnaires on resilience, hope, perceived social support, optimism, perceived stress and anxiety which were measured with Resilience Scale-14 (RS-14), Herth Hope Index (HHI), Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), Revised Life Orientation Test (LOT-R), Perceived Stress Scale-10 (PSS-10) and Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), respectively. Univariate one-way ANOVA/t-test, Pearson’s r and hierarchical linear regression analysis were conducted to explore the influence factors of resilience and the relationship between resilience and anxiety. Results The level of resilience was 67.93 ± 12.65. Resilience was positively correlated with hope, optimism and perceived social support, and negatively correlated with perceived stress. Hierarchical linear regression analysis showed that hope (β = 0.386, P

Human tracking has attracted extensive attention by using low-cost pyroelectric infrared sensor network in recent years. This paper presents a location ambiguity resolution and tracking method for human targets in wireless, distributed and binary infrared sensor network. The tracking system can detect the human targets in the detection space, and activate the sensor detection lines dynamically. A bearing-crossing location method is designed. The intersections of all activated detection lines are called primary measurement points for human location, and some of them are false measurement points. The ambiguity of this bearing-crossing location method is discussed and a two-level bearing-crossing algorithm is proposed based on quartic K-means clustering and joint cost function. For the first level, an anti-logic algorithm is designed to get the initial effective measurement points, then these points are assigned to different targets using K-means clustering. For the second level, the final effective points are obtained by using a special joint cost function, and they are assigned to different targets using K-means clustering once again to get the final locating results. The cost value is used as a weight to adjust the covariance parameter in Kalman filter for target tracking as well. The experimental results show that the average tracking error of human targets is less than 0.8 m in a 10 m × 10 m space, which verify the proposed location ambiguity resolution and tracking method.

Background: Rain classroom teaching (RCT) is a current teaching method to increase the interaction between teachers and students. This paper aims to investigate the influence of rain classroom teaching and traditional teaching on the self-directed learning ability (SDLA) of nursing undergraduates.Methods: This was a randomized controlled study. The research enrolled two classes of junior nursing undergraduates who were randomly divided into two groups. The content and time of stomatology courses were the same. The control group (n = 32) adopted the traditional teaching method and the experimental group (n = 31) used the RCT method. SDLA, satisfaction and teaching quality were evaluated by questionnaire. A final examination was used to estimate the quality of learning.Results: The complete data showed that the rain classroom group had better results than the traditional group. The rain classroom group had higher SDLA, satisfaction, teaching measures, teaching effectiveness and final examination scores.Conclusion: The rain classroom teaching method is more effective than the traditional teaching method in promoting SDLA and teaching quality for undergraduate nursing students in stomatology.

EGFR fusions are rare genomic events in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and a total of nine types have been previously reported in lung adenocarcinoma: EGFR-RAD51, EGFR-PURB, EGFR-ANXA2, EGFR-ZNF713, EGFR-YAP1, USP42-EGFR, EGFR-SEPTIN14, EGFR-TNS3, and EGFR-ZCCHC6. EGFR fusion mutations combined with EGFR amplification are even rarer in NSCLC. The EGFR-intergenic region (IGR) fusion mutation is unreported, and thus, there are no studies targeting this fusion together with EGFR amplification in lung adenocarcinoma. Our brief study provides clinical evidence that combined targeted therapy with gefitinib and cetuximab could result in a significant antitumor response in patients with the EGFR-IGR fusion and EGFR amplification. KEY POINTS: EGFR fusion mutations are rare, and EGFR fusion mutations combined with EGFR amplification are even rarer in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). To the authors' knowledge, there is no previous report on the coexistence of the EGFR-intergenic region (IGR) fusion and EGFR amplification. This is the first report of a patient with NSCLC with the EGFR-IGR fusion and EGFR amplification who achieved a significant antitumor response from treatment with gefitinib combined with cetuximab.

UIES (UIES) refers to the integrated energy system in which the main energy components are distributed in the city. In UIES, because of the coupling of many subsystems, such as power, heat, air conditioning, transportation, natural gas and communication system, in order to maintain stable production and operation, urban energy system must collect complex and multi-sources of data. In addition, the coupling characteristics between energy subsystems also bring difficulty to UIES. In this paper, the coupling model of UIES composed of different energy subsystems is studied, then the multi-source data composition of UIES is analyzed, and then the reliability evaluation of individual energy subsystem is discussed. Finally, taking the power-natural gas coupling system as an example, the types of multi-source data to be considered in the reliability evaluation of integrated energy system are analyzed. Through the review and analysis of the latest literature, it is expected to provide a reference for the reliability evaluation of UIES.

This paper proposes an infrared sensor human target locating system for the Internet of Things. In this design, the wireless sensor network is designed and developed to detect human targets by using 6LoWPAN protocol and pyroelectric infrared (PIR) sensors. Based on the detection data acquired by multiple sensor nodes, K-means++ clustering algorithm combined with cost function is applied to complete human target location in a 10m×10m detection area. The experimental results indicate the human locating system works well and the user can view the location information on the terminal devices.

BackgroundAnxiety and depression are common mental health problems among patients with cancer. While many psychological variables have been proven to influence anxiety and depressive symptoms, the variables are not mutually exclusive and their integrated effects on patients with oral cancer are yet unknown. The present study aims to explore the prevalence of anxiety and depressive symptoms among patients with oral cancer, to find out key potentially predictive factors associated with anxiety and depressive symptoms.MethodA cross-sectional study was carried out for Chinese patients with oral cancer between May 2016 and October 2017 in two Grade-A Tertiary Hospitals in Shenyang, China. Two hundred thirty patients with oral cancer were interviewed with questionnaires on demographic variables, Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), Herth Hope Index (HHI), Social Impact Scale, Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), Revised Life Orientation Test (LOT-R), Perceived Stress Scale-10 (PSS-10), and General Perceived Self-efficacy Scale(GSE). Chi-square test, nonparametric test, t-test and logistic regression analyses were conducted where appropriate to explore predictive factors of anxiety symptoms and depressive symptoms.ResultsThe prevalence of anxiety symptoms and depressive symptoms in the sample population was 36.96% (85/230) and 65.21% (150/230), respectively. Social isolation dimension of stigma (β = 0.436, OR = 1.547, CI:1.211 ~ 1.975), optimism (β = − 0.276, OR = 0.759, CI:0.624 ~ 0.922), and perceived stress (β = 0.217, OR = 1.243, CI:1.092 ~ 1.414) were predictors of anxiety symptoms. Marriage (β = 1.648, OR = 5.198, CI:1.427 ~ 18.924), positive readiness and expectancy dimension of hope (β = − 0.505, OR = 0.604, CI:0.395 ~ 0.923), social isolation dimension of stigma (β = 0.314, OR = 1.368, CI:1.054 ~ 1.776) and perceived stress (β = 0.273, OR = 1.314, CI:1.134 ~ 1.524) were predictors of depressive symptoms among oral cancer patients.ConclusionThe prevalence of anxiety symptoms and depressive symptoms was high among oral cancer patients in China. The communal predictors of anxiety and depressive symptoms in patients with oral cancer were levels of perceived stress and social isolation of stigma. In addition, optimism was a predictor of anxiety symptoms and hope was a predictor of depressive symptoms.Trial registration2015–16, registered 20 Dec 2015.

To explore the macroscopic characteristics of geological block boundaries, Mesozoic magmatic rocks, and various ore deposit distributions in South China, we processed large-scale stream sediment geochemical data covering the entire South China region. Two unsupervised data mining algorithms, cluster analysis and correlation analysis, were used to identify the geochemical distribution patterns. The combined geochemical patterns of nine major elements show two gradient lines that divide the South China region into three blocks. These gradient lines reveal the eastern and western boundaries of the intracontinental orogenic belts between the Yangtze and Cathaysia blocks. We suggest that the Nanning-Pingxiang segment is located on the southern end of the Yangtze-Cathaysia block boundary, and the Jishou-Kaili segment is a part of the boundary between the Yangtze block and the eastern orogenic belt. In the Mesozoic, the distribution of magmatic rocks migrated from the inland to the southeast coast. Meanwhile, the mantle-derived compatible elements were gradually depleted, whereas the crust-derived incompatible elements were gradually enriched. The migration and enrichment of geochemical elements provide material sources for the formation of various ore deposits. High-temperature metallogenic deposits related to Mesozoic magmatic activity are widely developed in eastern South China, while low-temperature metallogenic, sedimentary, and metamorphic deposits are more developed in inland South China. The regional geochemical patterns indicate the distributions of deposits to varying degrees.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the number of lymph nodes dissected predicts prognosis in surgically treated elderly patients with pN0 thoracic esophageal cancer. We searched the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database and identified the records of younger (

A large number of non-linear devices has been used nowadays. Therefore, the power quality problem on the user side is becoming significantly prominent. The power distribution room is the end of the power system, which is directly connected to the users. But distribution room has noneffective power quality monitoring system established due to difficulties of data measuring and installation. In this paper, based on micro distributed sensor with coil energy acquisition and wireless communication technology, a distributed power quality monitoring system is developed in distribution room, which can be implemented quickly and complete the monitoring and analysis of power quality information in the distribution room. The system realizes the function of design requirement through field test.

In the inertial sensing unit based indoor positioning systems, the gyroscope drift is the primary source of heading error. To reduce this error, we proposed that the heading drift and the real heading change can be distinguished by the similarity of the gait pattern in the same movement model. It use the curve fitting method to find out the gait pattern in walking straightly. The Frechet distance is used to discriminate the gait of walking in turn and walking straightly. Experiments show that this method can recognize the walking in turn successfully with no mistake and the rate of mismatch walking in straight to walking in turn is less than 17.39%. Although there are some mistakes of match the walking in straight to walking in turn model, it will have few impact because heading drift is little in a short time. The result of test two shows that it get the best result compared with the other two methods when doing heading correction. It indicates that the proposal can promote the performance of heading correction and reduce the effect of sensor drift.

A reliable and robust zero velocity points (ZVPs) detection approach is important to restrain the accumulative error in the pedestrian inertial navigation systems. A novel recursive zero-velocity detection (RZVD) approach for smartphone based pedestrian dead reckoning systems is proposed in this paper. It combined the adaptive threshold and context information of the vertical velocity to verify the correctness of ZVP detection and fixed the incorrect ZVPs recursively. The test results show that the performance of the proposed approach is better than original method. It indicates that the proposed approach is helpful to eliminate the serious estimation error caused by false detection of ZVPs.

Using microbial fuel cells (MFCs) to power a capacitive deionization (CDI) process enables simultaneous removal of salinity and organic matter in wastewater. The desalination performance of an MFC-CDI system can be influenced by not only the capacity of individual components but also the arrangement and operation of the MFC-CDI circuit. Five typical circuits (consisting of serial- or parallel-connected MFCs or CDIs) and two ion-desorption modes (short-circuit and reverse-voltage desorption) were compared. Results showed that the MFC-CDI system could be reasonably modeled (R2 > 0.967) by a first-order resistor–capacitor circuit. The optimal arrangement of the MFC-CDI circuit depended on the electrical characteristics of selected MFCs and CDIs as well as operating conditions. When the system was powered by two MFCs of a larger internal resistance (146 Ω), the highest salt removal after 60 min (m60; 7.5 mg) was achieved by paralleling the two MFCs; with MFCs of a smaller resistance (12 Ω) being used, the highest m60 (16.5 mg) was obtained when the two MFCs were connected in series. Further analysis revealed that the MFC's internal resistance and open-circuit voltage, along with the CDI's internal resistance and capacitance, were the chief factors affecting the charge transfer and accordingly desalination on the CDI electrodes.

Aviation bus is the communication highway for the airborne terminal systems. ARINC 664 is the new generation of aviation bus standard. Compared with the former ARINC 429 bus, it uses Virtual Links to replace the electric cables. The Avionics Full Duplex Switched Ethernet (AFDX) is built on the protocol of ARINC 664. The communication function of ARINC 664 should be tested before application. This paper introduces a PXI-based ARINC 664 bus test system using C# language and NI Measurement Studio. The hardware includes a PXI-1042 case, a PXI-8115 controller and a PXI-C664 simulation card. Considering the AFDX and Ethernet have the similar basic structure, we use Ethernet card to analyze the data frames of AFDX. Using the Ethernet card of PXI-8115, the data frames can be extracted from the AFDX. After analyzing the structure of the frames, fault frames can be generated to test the communication function of AFDX. Some fault frames are injected into the network. The test results have shown that the ARINC 664 bus function test based on Ethernet card is practicable.