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Vineyards of ‘Niagara Rosada’ have shown great productive potential. However, the grape production has been affected by factors related to climate adversities. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of plastic cover and bagging of bunches of ‘Niagara Rosada’, in Almirante Tamandaré, PR, Brazil. Plastic cover used was of polyethylene with 250 µm of thickness and bagging of the bunches with white non-woven fabric bags. The treatments were: without plastic cover over the vineyard and without bagging of bunches (control); with plastic cover over the vineyard and without bagging of bunches; with plastic cover over the vineyard and with bagging of bunches; and without plastic cover over the vineyard and with bagging of bunches. To determine the quality of the grapes, we evaluated weight of the bunches and berry, width and length of the bunch, number of berries per bunch, total soluble solids (SS), titratable acidity (TA), pH, and SS/TA ratio. In both crop seasons, treatments with the protected plants or bunches were superior in all evaluated traits. The plastic cover and bagging of bunches delayed maturation and improved the physical and chemical characteristics of bunches and berries of ‘Niagara Rosada’.

O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar o uso de fosfitos, iodo, calda sulfocálcica e Trichothecium roseum no manejo da Queima das flores e da Podridão-Parda do pessegueiro, doenças causadas por Monilinia fructicola, nas cultivares Granada e Chimarrita, em cultivo orgânico. Os tratamentos foram: 1) calda sulfocálcica + iodo (aplicada na floração e na pré-colheita); 2) alternância entre calda sulfocálcica + iodo, fosfito de CaB e T. roseum (aplicados na floração) e Fosfito de K e T. roseum (aplicados na pré-colheita); 3) T. roseum (aplicado na floração e na pré-colheita); 4) testemunha. Os tratamentos foram paralisados uma semana antes do início da colheita. A doença foi quantificada pela incidência da doença nas fases de floração, de frutos verdes, de colheita e de pós-colheita. A incidência da doença na testemunha, na fase de floração, variou de 22 a 72%; nos frutos verdes, de 19 a 30%, e na colheita, de 18 a 61%. Todos os tratamentos reduziram a doença nas fases de floração e de frutos verdes, em ambas as cultivares, na ordem de 49 a 73% na floração e de 57 a 84% na fase de frutos verdes em relação à testemunha. Resultados significativos foram obtidos também em pós-colheita, na cultivar Granada, com reduções da doença em 54% no tratamento 1, e 30% no tratamento 2. Nenhum dos tratamentos foi eficiente na redução da incidência da doença na colheita.

A queima das flores e a podridão parda, causadas por Monilinia fructicola, são as doenças mais importantes na cultura do pessegueiro. Este estudo teve como objetivo verificar a incidência de queima das flores e podridão parda latente em frutos verdes e na colheita sob condições naturais de infecção, em relação à posição dos ramos em pomar com cultivares de pessegueiro sob sistema de cultivo orgânico. As avaliações foram realizadas com as cultivares 'Aurora', 'Flordaking', 'Marli' e 'Della Nona' em 2006, e 'Aurora' e 'Marli' em 2007 e 2008 e conduzidas em sistema orgânico em Rio do Sul, Santa Catarina (SC). Foram monitorados semanalmente os conídios do patógeno em armadilhas tipo "cata-vento". A incidência média da doença na floração foi de 0,8 ('Della Nona') a 19,1% ('Marli'). A incidência na colheita foi de 15,4('Della Nona') a 65,7% ('Flordaking'). Correlações positivas e significativas foram verificadas entre número de conídios e fases fenológicas variando de 0,67 ('Flordaking) a 0,99 ('Aurora'). A posição do ramo no pomar, na linha ou na entrelinha não influenciou a incidência da doença nas flores e nos frutos. A maior concentração de conídios foi observada na fase de maturação dos frutos.The blossom blight and brown rot caused by Monilinia fructicola are the most important diseases of peach tree. This study aimed to verify the incidence of the blossom blight on flowers and latent brown rot in green fruits, and at harvest under natural infection, in relation to the position of branches in the orchard with peach cultivars under organic system. The evaluations were carried out with the cultivars 'Aurora', 'Flordaking', 'Marli' and 'Della Nona' in 2006, 'Aurora' and 'Marli' in 2007 and 2008 and conducted in an organic syste m in Rio do Sul, SC. Conidia were monitored weekly by "winddriven" traps. At flowering the average incidence was 0.8 ('Della Nona') to 19.1% ('Marli'). The incidence at harvest was 15.4 ('Della Nona') to 65.7% ('Flordaking'). It was observed positive and significant correlations between conidia numbers and phenological phases varying from 0.67 ('Flordaking') to 0.99 ('Aurora'). The position of the branch in the orchard, within-row, across-row, did not influence the incidence of disease in the flowers and fruits. The highest conidia concentration was observed during the ripening.

O uso de indutores de resistência em plantas representa um método alternativo e promissor no controle de podridões pós-colheita de frutos. Assim sendo, foi conduzido um experimento na Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná - Câmpus Dois Vizinhos - PR, no ano de 2004, com objetivo de avaliar a aplicação pré-colheita de quitosana e acibenzolar-S-metil (ASM) sobre o comportamento pós-colheita de frutos de morangueiro da cultivar Aromas. O efeito da aplicação de quitosana (0,5; 1,0 e 2,0%) e de uma dose de ASM (0,0025%) foi verificado em relação à testemunha (água destilada) e ao tratamento-controle com aplicação de fungicidas. A aplicação na pré-colheita de quitosana, nas três doses avaliadas, retardou a maturação dos frutos, manteve maior firmeza de polpa e acidez titulável e diminuiu a perda de massa. Esses tratamentos também diminuíram a produção de etileno, o teor de açúcares redutores e mantiveram mais elevado os teores de polifenóis totais. A aplicação de quitosana, nas três doses avaliadas, induziu maior resistência das plantas a patógenos, resultando na diminuição de podridão dos frutos em pós-colheita. No entanto, a concentração de 2% de quitosana causou dano aos frutos na pós-colheita, elevando a taxa respiratória e o teor de açúcares redutores. O ASM teve efeito na retenção da acidez titulável e na redução de podridões, similar ao tratamento com fungicidas. A aplicação de quitosana e ASM na pré-colheita não interferiu na qualidade organoléptica dos frutos em pós-colheita.The use of inductors of resistance in plants represents an alternative and a promising method to control fruit rots at post harvest. The experiment was carried out at Federal Technological University of Paraná - Dois Vizinhos - Campus, during 2004 with the objective to evaluate the induction of chitosan resistance and acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM) on strawberry plants. The treatments compared the effect of chitosan (0.5; 1.0 and 2.0%) and ASM (0.0025%) in relation to control plants (distilled water only) and those with fungicides application. The chitosan treatment in all three evaluated concentrations, delayed the fruit maturation, increased the flesh firmness and titratable acidity and decreased the mass loss. It was also observed reduction in the ethylene production and in the reduced sugars and increased the total polyphenol in strawberry fruits. The chitosan treatment in all three evaluated concentrations induced greater plant resistance to diseases with effect on the reduction of the fruit rots in the post harvest by Botrytis cindered. Although, chitosan treatment in the concentration of 2% caused damage to the fruits in the post harvest increased the respiration rate and the reduced sugar. The ASM had effect on the retention of the titratable acidity and acted efficiently on the rot reduction similar to the treatment with fungicides. The application of chitosan and ASM pre-harvest did not interfere in the organoleptic quality of the fruits in the post harvest.

Uma escala diagramática foi desenvolvida e validada para quantificar a severidade da mancha-de-dendrophoma do morangueiro, causada por Dendrophoma obscurans (Ell &Ev.)H.W. Anderson. A escala considerou os limites de severidade mínima e máxima da doença observados no campo e os níveis intermediários seguiram incrementos logarítmicos, obedecendo-se à "Lei do estímulo de Weber-Fechner". Inicialmente, a estimativa da severidade foi feita sem auxílio da escala em 25 folíolos com diferentes níveis de severidade, por oito indivíduos, sem experiência na avaliação da mancha-de-dendrophoma do morangueiro. Em seguida, os mesmos avaliadores utilizaram a escala diagramática proposta, com seis níveis: 0,9; 2,9; 9,1; 25,2; 53,3 e 79,5%. As avaliações com a escala diagramática obtiveram ótima precisão e alta acurácia para todos os avaliadores. A escala diagramática proposta foi considerada adequada para estimar a severidade de mancha-de-dendrophoma em morangueiro, podendo ser usada em estudos epidemiológicos e na avaliação de estratégias de controle desta doença.

A estaquia é o método de propagação vegetativa mais utilizado e apresenta como ponto crítico o início do desenvolvimento de um sistema radicular funcional. A estrutura anatômica da estaca pode interferir no processo de enraizamento de algumas espécies, todavia em videira não há informações a respeito. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a capacidade de enraizamento de estacas de cultivares de Vitis, com ênfase aos aspectos anatômicos. Os quatro cultivares estudados foram: Vitis labrusca L. cv. Bordô, V. rotundifolia Michx. cv. Topsail e os porta-enxertos híbridos entre V. berlandieri Planch. × V. riparia Michx., 'Kobber 5BB' e 'SO4'. Destes cultivares apenas 'Topsail' apresentou dificuldade de enraizamento. Após 77 dias do plantio das estacas, foi observada uma baixa capacidade de enraizamento do cv. Topsail em relação aos outros três cultivares analisados. Também observou-se uma alta porcentagem de estacas vivas, porém não enraizadas, e a ausência de calos neste cultivar. Esses dados podem indicar a existência de fatores endógenos do cv. Topsail que dificultam o enraizamento das estacas. As características anatômicas da base das estacas do cv. Topsail diferiram das demais por manter as calotas de fibras no floema primário, pela presença de floema secundário reduzido com faixas radiais de fibras. Desse modo, a dificuldade de enraizamento desse cultivar pode estar relacionada a barreiras anatômicas.Cutting is the most common method of vegetative propagation. A critical step in this process is the initial development of a functional root system. The anatomical structure of the cutting has been shown to affect the rooting ability of some species, but for grapevines this has not yet been investigated. The aim of this work was to evaluate the rooting ability of Vitis cuttings, with emphasis on the anatomical aspects. The four cultivars studied were: Vitis labrusca L. cv. Bordô, V. rotundifolia Michx. cv. Topsail and hybrid rootstocks of V. berlandieri Planch. × V. riparia Michx., 'Kobber 5BB' and 'SO4'. Of these cultivars, only 'Topsail' showed poor rooting ability; 77 days after planting the cuttings, poor rooting ability of cv. Topsail was observed in relation to the other three cultivars. A high percentage of live cuttings was observed, but they did not take root. There were no calluses on this cultivar. These data may indicate the presence of endogenous factors in cv. Topsail that make it difficult for cuttings to take root. The anatomical features of the base of the cv. Topsail cutting were different from those of the other cultivars in that they retained the fiber bundles of the primary phloem, and they also had reduced secondary phloem with radial fiber bands. Therefore, rooting difficulty in this cultivar may be related to anatomical barriers.

Uma escala diagramática com cinco níveis: 0,11; 0,51; 2,4; 10,2 e 34,9% foi desenvolvida e validada para quantificar a severidade da mancha-de-micosferela do morangueiro, causado por Mycosphaerella fragariae (Tul.) Lin. A escala considerou os limites de severidade mínima e máxima da doença observados no campo e os níveis intermediários seguiram incrementos logarítmicos, obedecendo-se à "Lei do estímulo de Weber-Fechner". Inicialmente, a estimativa da severidade foi feita sem auxílio da escala em 30 folíolos com diferentes níveis de severidade, por sete indivíduos, sem experiência na avaliação da mancha-de-micosferela do morangueiro . Em seguida, os mesmos avaliadores utilizaram a escala diagramática proposta. As avaliações com a escala diagramática foram mais precisas e acuradas nas estimativas de todos os avaliadores, não ocorrendo erro sistemático na superestimativa ou subestimativa da doença entre estes. A escala diagramática proposta foi considerada adequada para estimar a severidade de mancha-de-micosferela em morangueiro.A diagramatic scale with five levels of disease severity: 0.11; 0.51; 2.4; 10.2 and 34.9% was developed and validated to assess mycosphaerella blight in strawberry, caused by Mycosphaerella fragariae. The scale was developed considering the maximum and minimum limits of disease severity observed in the field and the intermediate values followed logarithmic increments according to the "Stimulus Law by Weber-Fechner". Initially the estimates of severity were performed without the use of the scale in 30 leaves with different levels of severity. Validation was carried out by seven appraisers, without previous pratice in assessing mycosphaerella blight in strawberry. Then, the appraisers estimated the severity of the same leaves previously assessed using the proposed diagrammatic scale. Assessments with the diagrammatic scale were of great precision for all raters and did not constitute systematic mistakes in over or underestimating the disease severity. The proposed diagrammatic scale was considered adequate to estimate mycospharela blight severity in strawberry.

A Lippia alba é uma planta medicinal nativa da América do Sul muito utilizada pela sua propriedade calmante. No presente trabalho estudou-se a propagação vegetativa dessa espécie, visando a obtenção de uma forma eficiente de formação de mudas. Foram testados diferentes tipos de estaca (medianas com 4 folhas, medianas com 2 folhas, medianas sem folhas e apicais), tamanhos de estacas lenhosas (5, 10, 15 e 20cm) e substratos (casca de arroz carbonizada, vermiculita, solo e Plantmax®). Todos os tipos de estaca apresentaram altas taxas de enraizamento, comprovando que a L. alba é uma espécie de fácil enraizamento. As estacas medianas com quatro folhas foram as que apresentaram o maior desenvolvimento radicial, ao contrário das estacas sem folhas. As estacas com duas folhas também apresentaram bom crescimento radicial, facilidade de manuseio e o dobro do rendimento no preparo das estacas em relação as com quatro folhas. Os substratos não afetaram a porcentagem de enraizamento, mas a maior massa de raízes foi obtida com casca de arroz carbonizada. O aumento do tamanho da estaca lenhosa proporcionou um aumento linear em todas as variáveis analisadas. Conclui-se que a produção de mudas de L. alba pode ser realizada com estacas semilenhosas com um par de folhas ou com estacas lenhosas com 20cm de comprimento em substratos porosos e sem necessidade de irrigação por nebulização.Lippia alba is a medicinal plant native of the South America it is used because of its sedative property. In this work the cutting propagation of this species was studied aiming at obtain an efficient protocol of plant production. Different types of cuttings were tested (middle with 4 leaves, middle with two leaves, middle without leaves and apical), length of hardwood cuttings (5, 10, 15 and 20cm) and substrates (carbonized rice hulls, vermiculite, soil and Plantmax®). All types of cuttings showed high rates of rooting, confirming that L. alba is an easy to root species. The middle cuttings with four leaves showed the largest root development, contrarily the cuttings without leaves. The cuttings with two leaves also showed good development, easy manipulation and the double of yield in the cutting preparation when compared with the cuttings with four leaves. The substrates did not affect the rooting percent, but the largest root mass was obtained in the carbonized rice hulls. The increase of hardwood cutting length caused a linear growth in all variables. It was concluded that L. alba can be propagated with semi-hardwood cuttings with one pair of leaves or with hardwood cuttings with 20cm of length, in porous substrate and without intermitent mist.

Minicutting has been used for several woody species, presenting greater efficiency than propagation by conventional cutting due to its high yield of propagative material and higher percentage of rooting in minicuttings. This work was carried out to evaluate the efficiency of minicutting techniques for the ‘Bluegem’ blueberry and find the best concentration of IBA for rooting the minicuttings. The minigarden was installed in pots using micropropagated plants. Four collections of minicuttings were carried out between 27 October 2020 and 12 April 2021, and received the following treatments: 0; 2000; 4000; 6000; and 8000 mg L−1 of IBA. The minicutting was carried out in a mist chamber and evaluated after 60 days. The yield of minicuttings increased from the first to the third collection, decreasing in the fourth collection when the plants began to enter dormancy. The rooting of the minicuttings was influenced by the collection time and the application of IBA. Increasing IBA concentration increased the percentage of rooted minicuttings and root dry mass to concentrations close to 5000 mg L−1 on almost all collection dates. High concentrations of IBA reduced the percentage of sprouted minicuttings and leaf retention and increased mortality. It is recommended for the ‘Bluegem’ blueberry minicutting to apply 5000 mg L−1 of IBA.

ABSTRACT Grapes for winemaking are harvested in months of high precipitation and temperatures that favor fungal infection. The cycle inversion technique promotes fall-winter harvesting with slower maturation and improved quality. However, the incidence of latent Botrytis cinerea Pers. in the berries and the susceptibility of cultivars under this pruning system have yet to be studied. We evaluated the incidence of latent B. cinerea in grape berries under cycle inversion at pre-ripening and the susceptibility of different cultivars to B. cinerea infection at maturity. The experiment was conducted in a commercial vineyard in São Roque, São Paulo. The red grape cultivars evaluated were Cabernet Franc, Malbec, Syrah, and Marselan, and the white grapes were Viognier and Sauvignon Blanc. The incidence of latent B. cinerea in the berries ranged from 1 % to 33 % in the different cultivars and harvest seasons evaluated. Artificially inoculated B. cinerea (10 5 conidia m L –1 ) did not cause disease in detached, unwounded ripe berries. However, berries from all cultivars showed symptoms of gray mold and signs of the pathogen when artificially inoculated with the same concentration of conidia plus the nutritional contribution of grape juice in a 1:1 ratio.

ABSTRACT Studies on the adaptability of raspberry cultivars to subtropical regions are needed since growth, yield, and fruit quality may differ from levels observed in temperate climates. This study evaluated the phenology, yield, physical-chemical attributes, and bioactive compounds of raspberries produced in a subtropical region of Brazil under an organic cropping system. The experiment was carried out in three production cycles 2018/2019, 2019/2020, and 2020/2021 in Pinhais, Paraná State, Brazil. We evaluated ten raspberry cultivars, eight primocanes (Alemãzinha, Autumn Bliss, Bababerry, Fallgold, Golden Bliss, Heritage, Indian Summer and Polana), and two floricane cultivars (Schoenmann and Willamette). Phenological evaluations were carried out weekly at the beginning and end of flowering and harvesting. The soluble solids content, titratable acidity, the pH, and bioactive compounds were analyzed. Primocane cultivars showed two flowering and fruiting periods, the first in spring/summer and the other in summer/autumn, except for the Indian Summer cultivar, which showed a floricane-fruiting behavior, bearing fruit only on one-year-old canes, like Schoenmann and Willamette cultivars. ‘Alemãzinha’ shows better adaptation to the region under study with higher yield and concentration of total polyphenols, but its fruits are small and acidic. ‘Heritage’ is also an option for cultivation in this region, even though it is less productive, as the fruits are larger, less acidic, and have high levels of bioactive compounds. Yellow cultivars Fallgold and Golden Bliss are good options for diversifying the color offer, with yields similar to ‘Heritage’ and with a high total soluble solids/titratable acidity ratio.

Root-knotting nematodes are found in vineyards and are associated with grapevine decline. This study aimed to evaluate the resistance of four new hybrids, obtained by crossing Vits labruscana and Vits rotundifolia (IBRE 421, IBBT 481, IBRK 504 and IBMG 631), to Meloidogyne javanica. This study also evaluated three rootstocks (IAC 766, Paulsen 1103, VR 043- 43), widely used and showing resistance levels to M. javanica. The plants were obtained from cuttings, then grown in pots, and inoculated with a population of M. javanica. One year after inoculation, the plants presented no galls on their fine roots. The root nematodes were extracted and quantified. The reproduction factor of M. javanica in all genotypes was close to zero. The tested hybrids are not good hosts for the multiplication of M. javanica. Thus, these new hybrids can be used as a genetic control strategy of M. javanica.

ABSTRACT: This study identified physiological and biochemical changes in ‘Fuyu’ persimmon buds during dormancy. Branches were collected between March and August 2015. Dormancy was evaluated by biological testing of isolated node cuttings at 25 °C and a photoperiod of 16 h. The variables analyzed were water content; reducing sugar content; respiratory activity; activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), guaiacol peroxidase (POD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) enzymes; hydrogen peroxide content (H2O2) and lipid peroxidation. At the end of March 2015, the plants were already dormant, and the leaves and fruits present indicated a paradormancy effect. Induction of endodormancy may have occurred in June 2015, when chilling hours (CH) below 7.2 °C and higher CH below 12 °C began to accumulate, which coincided with the period in which there was a decrease in water content and respiratory activity, an increase in reducing sugars, a decrease in SOD, CAT, APX and PPO and an increase in H2O2. After an accumulation of 553 CH below 12 °C, the budburst capacity increased, and the buds presented increased water content, decreased reducing sugars content, increased respiratory activity, low activity in SOD, CAT, APX and POD and high levels of H2O2.

Abstract Blueberry is an important fruit crop, with many health benefits. Despite its importance, much remains to be studied concerning the dormancy dynamics in rabbiteye cultivars growing in a mild winter climate. In this research, the dormancy in blueberry, rabbiteye cultivars ‘Bluegem’, ‘Climax’, ‘Delite’, and ‘Powderblue’, was studied in a mild winter region. The single-node cuttings biological test and the evaluation of the hydric status were performed in dormant winter reproductive buds. These experiments were performed during fall and winter in one year (2016). Moreover, chilling hours under or equal to 7.2 ºC were measured, and chill units were calculated according to Utah Model [1], Modified Utah Model [2], and Blueberry Model [3]. In conclusion, the four cultivars showed a similar pattern, revealing a dormant state in the initial sampling dates and a released dormancy in the final treatments, showing the decrease of dormancy in June and July. However, Delite was earlier than the other cultivars. Bluegem and Delite required 134.0 chilling hours, 127.0 chill units (Utah Model), 198.5 chill units (Modified Utah Model), and 971.5 chill units (Blueberry Model) for 50% of their green tip buds reach the opened bud stage. Climax required 44.0, -11.0, 56.5, and 440.5, respectively. And Powderblue required 44.0, 5.5, 77.0, and 725.0 respectively. This study can bring some insights into crop management and production of this important fruit crop, especially in a global climate-changing scenario, related to flowering and dormancy control, as well as helping to select suitable cultivars to a region, concerning chilling requirements.

A antropização de ambientes terrestres tem aumentado a produção de nutrientes e de compostos orgânicos e o aporte dos mesmos nas águas superficiais e no solo localizado nas margens das mesmas, ocasionado alterações na qualidade da água e do solo. Com o objetivo de avaliar o impacto da antropização no ambiente ciliar, foi realizada análise de fósforo, potássio e carbono na água, bem como de fósforo, potássio e matéria orgânica no solo, em 18 locais, respectivamente, na água do Ribeirão Petrópolis e no solo às suas margens, numa bacia hidrográfica na cidade de Lages, SC, Brasil. As coletas de amostras de água foram realizadas em agosto e dezembro de 2016, e em março e junho de 2017. As coletas de amostras de solo ocorreram apenas em agosto de 2016 e junho de 2017. Os locais amostrados situavam-se em áreas de floresta, campo nativo e área urbana. O fósforo e potássio dissolvido na água foram determinados conforme metodologia descrita por MURPHY & RILEY (1962), enquanto o carbono dissolvido em água foi mineralizado por combustão em forno a 800 ºC e determinado em TOC/TN Analytik Jena Multi N/C 2100. Já fósforo e potássio extraível do solo e matéria orgânica foram determinados conforme medologias descritas em TEDESCO et al. (1995). Observou-se que a concentração de fósforo, potássio e carbono dissolvido na água foi maior no trecho do rio que passava pela área urbana do que naquele que passava pelo campo e pela floresta, em praticamente todas as épocas do ano. O mesmo comportamento ocorreu com o fósforo e potássio no solo às margens do rio. Entretanto, o teor de matéria orgânica no solo foi menor no trecho que passava pela área da cidade. Os resultados dessa pesquisa apontaram que na área urbana, onde o tratamento de esgoto não era realizado, ou era deficitário, o lançamento de efluentes domésticos contendo detergentes fosfatados e sabões acarretaram no aumento do fósforo, potássio e carbono na água e de fósforo e potássio no solo.

Blueberries are valued for their taste and their high nutritional benefits, including their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. In vitro culturing is an alternative method for clonal propagation, and has been used in many biotechnological studies. Most blueberry research is concentrated on highbush and lowbush taxa (Vaccinium corymbosum and Vaccinium angustifolium respectively), with only limited investigations of rabbiteye cultivars (Vaccinium virgatum) that are more suitable for subtropical climates and regions with warmer winters as a result of climate change. There is therefore a need to determine in vitro protocols for that species and group of cultivars. We examined here adventitious shoot regeneration in the ‘Delite’ rabbiteye blueberry cultivar. Leaf explants were cultured in vitro in Woody Plant Medium (WPM), and the effects of different thidiazuron (TDZ) concentrations, the orientation of the leaf (adaxial or abaxial surface in contact with the medium), and two portions of the leaf segment (basal or apical) were examined. De novo shoot development was studied using light and scanning electron microscopy. All concentrations of TDZ used showed similar survival and regeneration rates; 0.5 μM TDZ showed high efficiency in regenerating adventitious shoots (100%, with 57 adventitious shoots/explant), as did the adaxial surface in contact with the medium using either the apical or the basal portion of the leaf (97% shoot regeneration, 47.5 adventitious shoots/explant). Anatomical analyses showed direct and indirect organogenesis. The shoots developed leaf primordia with stomata, trichomes, and well-developed vascular tissues, with further elongation and rooting of the plants. We therefore describe here a high-efficiency regeneration method through de novo shoot organogenesis using TDZ in foliar explants of rabbiteye blueberry, with direct and indirect organogenesis.

Despite the expansion of viticulture in Brazil, the lack of chilling hours is a factor that requires the use of growth inducers to promote sprouting. Erger™ is a product of low toxicity and efficient in the bud induction of apple. However, there is a lack of studies testing such a product on the grapevine. This research was carried out to evaluate the sprouting and phenological cycle of ‘Fiano’ grapevine after Erger™ and calcium nitrate application in comparison to hydrogen cyanamide, as well as characterizing its production in Brazil. The experiment was carried out in Campo Largo, PR, under a trellis system, with plants spaced at 1.25 × 2.7 meters. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with four replications and three plants per plot. Different concentrations of Erger™ and calcium nitrate (3%, 5%, 7%, and control) were tested compared to the standard dose of Dormex™ (4%) to induce sprouting in ‘Fiano’ grapevine, while phenological aspects of this cultivar were evaluated following the BBCH scale. Soluble solids content, titratable acidity, and pH were evaluated weekly after the beginning of berry maturation. The main biometric and qualitative characteristics of bunches were evaluated at harvest. All treatments presented satisfactory sprouting rates in 2014, but a lower cold accumulation was observed in 2015, and Erger™ application significantly increased sprouting when compared to the control. Plants treated with Erger™ had a delay in sprouting in the two years of study, requiring more time to reach a satisfactory percentage of open buds. The anticipation of sprouting was also observed in all treatments in the second agricultural season due to higher temperatures in relation to the previous year when the occurrence of low temperatures led to a longer time to start bud opening, which was related to ecodormancy. The cultivar Fiano is productive and adapted to the conditions of Campo Largo, PR, Brazil.

In plant micropropagation, the establishment stage is difficult, due to the presence of microorganisms in tissues from field-grown matrices, especially for bamboo. This study aimed to establish an efficient asepsis protocol for Bambusa oldhamii explants from field plants, as well as to carry out the molecular identification of a possible endophytic bacterial isolate. The explants were exposed to 70 % alcohol, 1 % sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), 0.1 % mercuric chloride (HgCl2), thiophanate-methyl (Cercobin®) and chlorhexidine digluconate (2 % Riohex®) in different combinations, and introduced into Murashige and Skoog culture medium (solid or liquid), supplemented or not with 4 mL L-1 of Plant Preservative Mixture (PPMTM), totaling seven treatments. The asepsis and immersion of the explants in the liquid culture medium containing 4 mL L-1 of PPMTM visually inhibited the bacterial and fungal growth, allowed the development of shoots with a mean length of 2.2 cm and posterior subcultures, being the best treatment used for the in vitro establishment of B. oldhamii. The molecular identification of an endophytic bacterium performed by 16S rDNA sequencing allowed to identify the bacterial isolate as Ralstonia sp., with 100 % of similarity, and the phylogenetic analysis grouped it with Ralstonia pickettii. In addition, the bacterial isolate showed to be sensitive to 4 mL L-1 of PPMTM by the minimum inhibitory concentration test.

To complete each phase of the growing season, plants must accumulate thermal time at lower base temperature (Tb). Little information exists on Tb variation between either fruit species or cultivars of the same species. We therefore aimed to determine the lower base temperature for contrasting genotypes in precocity of peach, plum, grape, pear, and kiwi. Twigs 25-35 cm long for the following cultivars: peach, Tropic Beauty (TB) and Eragil (ER); plum, Gulf Blaze (GB) and Letícia (LE); grape, Chardonnay (CH) and Cabernet Sauvignon (CS); pear, Smith (SM) and Packham’s (PA); and kiwi, Golden King (GK) and Hayward (HA) were collected in orchards in Veranópolis, RS Estate, on 06/13/2014, with 0 h at temperatures ? 7.2°C (chilling hours; HC) in the field. Intact twigs packed in black plastic film were subjected to 1,008 HC at 0°C in incubators to overcome dormancy and then transferred to temperatures of 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12°C on single-node cuttings planted in phenolic foam to define effective heat temperature for the genotypes. Over 110 d, budburst of the buds was evaluated in 2-3-d intervals in the green-tip stage. The resulting inverse data of number of days to budburst (1/days to budburst) was inserted into regression curves to estimate Tb for each genotype. Historical phonological series comprised of 10 years for the analyzed cultivars and meteorological data of the cultivation sites were used to determine thermal time (degree-days) for the fruit trees during the growing season, considering different phenological phases. Temperate fruit species exhibited different Tb behaviors: Tb was lower for early cultivars (TB and GB = 2.2°C; CH = 2.1°C; SM = 4.4°C; GK = 4.3°C) and higher for late cultivars (ER = 6.3°C; LE = 6.2°C; CS = 4.3°C; HA and PA = 8.2°C) for all cultures. The Tb f fruit cultivars related directly with genotype chilling requirements: the higher the chilling requirement, the higher the Tb of the cultivar. Cultivars of the same fruit species yielded a sum of degree-days almost equal to finalize the growing season, regardless of the degree of precocity (TB = 1720; ER = 1801; GB = 1680; LE = 1718; CH = 2310; CS = 2369; SM = 2096; PA = 2003 GD; GK = 2775; HA = 2691). Regarding phenological phases, 82% of the assessed cases responded more to thermal time (degree-days) than to chronological time (d) to complete phenological steps. Differences in Tb between genotypes are a relevant factor for improving the accuracy and applicability of phenology models in agriculture.

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the flowering period and the physicochemical characteristics of peaches, aiming to find those most promising for the diversification of the peach crop in the Metropolitan Region of Curitiba, Paraná State. We evaluated 8 selections and three cultivars in Porto Amazonas and 10 cultivars in Araucaria for flowering period, fruit set, diameter and height of fruit, average fruit weight, the skin color, soluble solids (SS), titratable acidity (TA), ratio SS/ TA, hydrogen potential (pH). The flowering period occurred between late June and late September ranging from 16 to 25 days. The fruit set rate was greater than 50% for ‘Cascata 1513’, ‘Cascata 1429’, ‘Cascata 1577’, ‘Cascata 1743’ and for all cultivars in Araucaria. There were significant differences for the other variables assessed. It was concluded that in Araucária, ‘Charme’ and ‘Chimarrita’ are good planting options, have the same duration of the cycle (111 days), being ‘Charme’ a little later. Besides these, ‘Douradão’ and ‘Rubimel’ have good fruit size, moderate acidity and best SS/TA ratio, being earlier than the previous ones. ‘PS 25399’ is the earliest and showed reddish epidermis and great consumer interest. In Porto Amazonas, selections and cultivars tested produced little fruit of small size, being required more studies to be recommended in these area.

Abstract Studies on adaptation to the cultivation site are necessary for the recommendation of new cultivars. The aim of this study was to evaluate the phenological development, productivity and fruit quality of eight blueberry cultivars from the rabbiteye group (Aliceblue, Bluebelle, Bluegem, Briteblue, Climax, Delite, Powderblue and Woodard) and two from the highbush group (Georgiagem and O’Neal) under humid subtropical conditions in the 2012/2013, 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 cycles. Beginning and end of flowering, beginning and end of harvesting, fruit set, production, mass, diameter, pH, content of soluble solids, titratable acidity, ratio and coloring were evaluated. The evaluated cultivars presented flowering in the period from July to September, concentrating harvest in the months of November and December. The highest fruit set was observed in Delite, Climax, Briteblue and Powderblue cultivars. There were differences among cultivars regarding fruit mass, size, pH, content of soluble solids and acidity. The results showed that the cultivars exhibited blue color with few variations over the evaluation years. Cultivars with the best productive performance under humid subtropical climate conditions are Bluegem, Delite, Climax and Powderblue.

Araucaria angustifolia decreases its growth ratio during the fall and winter in response to adverse environmental conditions such as in temperate fruits where bud dormancy as a survival startegy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the dynamics of the respiratory activity of apical meristems of plagiotropic branches of Araucaria angustifolia . To determine the respiratory activity, samples with 0.4 g of apical buds of plagiotropic branches of young and adult plants were collected. These buds were maintained during two hours in 5 mL of 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (1.2%) in a growth room at 25 °C. Then, it was maintained during one hour in 4 mL of absolute ethyl alcohol and then the absorbance was determined by reading in spectrophotometer at 560 nm. The respiratory activity of apical meristems of plagiotropic branches of Araucaria angustifolia changed during the year, reducing in mid-spring and become lower in the winter in both young and adult plants. Adult plants remained with lower respiratory activity for a longer period, until the beginning of summer.

The minicutting is a promising vegetative propagation technique. This study makes a contribution to the advancement of knowledge in the propagation of Surinam cherry (Eugenia uniflora L.) (Myrtaceae), native tree of Brazil, with potential for ecological restoration, exploitation by food, cosmetic and medical industries, and can improve the life in rural communities. The aim of this study was to evaluate the viability of the minicutting technique in the vegetative propagation of Surinam cherry, through productivity and survival of ministumps, and rooting of minicuttings treated with different concentrations of indolebutyric acid (IBA) in the successive collections. Ministumps were obtained from seedlings produced by Surinam cherry seeds, which were grown in root plugs, and their tips were trimmed so as to stimulate shoot growth. From these ministumps eight successive collections of shoots (minicuttings) were made. A completely randomized experimental design was used in an 8 x 4 factorial arrangement (eight collection times of minicuttings and four concentrations of IBA), with four replications and 20 minicuttings as an experimental unit. The survival rate of the ministumps was 99.28% with mean yield of 362 minicuttings per m2 per month was obtained, considering 2.5 minicuttings per ministump per collection every 51 days. The greatest mean production of minicuttings occurred in the collection 4 (summer) and the least in the collection 8 (winter). Adventitious rooting was observed ranging from 57.2 (collection 6) to 97.2% (collection 1). The minicuttings derived from the first five collections made up to 247 days after installation of minigarden exhibit significantly greater rooting indices than those derived from the last three collections, in addition to the better quality of the root system. The rooting of minicuttings from seminal origin of Surinam cherry is enhanced with the use of IBA at concentrations of around 2,500 mg L-1.

The knowledge of phenological stages and thermal requirement are important in vineyard management because provides information for production and quality of the grapes. This study had the objective to evaluate phenology and thermal demand of the grape cultivars Bordô, Concord, and BRS Carmem on rootstocks Paulsen 1103, IAC 766, and VR 043-43. The experiment was conducted in a family owned vineyard in Campo Largo, Paraná State, Brazil. The vineyard was carried out on ridges with semi-trellis in ‘T’ systems conducting (Geneva Double Curtain trellis). The evaluations were assessed during the production cycles of 2011/2012 and 2012/2013. The phenology was evaluated with a scale of 13 phenological stages. The thermal demand was defined by calculating the degree-days accumulation (DD) from bud swelling until harvest stage. The cultivar BRS Carmem had the longest cycle, being influenced by the rootstock, IAC 766 e Paulsen 1103 showed opposite results for cycle time. The cultivar Concord was more stable; there was no influence of rootstock on the cycle or of the thermal demand on the two harvests. The duration of the phenological cycle in 2012/2013 was lower than on the first harvest. Thermal requirement of ‘BRS Carmem’ was influenced by tree different rootstocks, ‘Concord’ was not influenced, and the results to ‘Bordô’ were not consistent.

ABSTRACT: Evaluation of yield performance is important to find the most adapted blueberry cultivars in a particular region. This research aimed to evaluate the flowering and hasvesting periods, the production per plant, and fruit quality of eight rabbiteye blueberry cultivars (Aliceblue, Bluebelle, Bluegem, Briteblue, Climax, Delite, Powderblue, and Woodard) and two highbush blueberries (Georgiagem and O’Neal), in mild winter conditions in Pinhais-PR. Flowering and harvesting periods, production, berry weight, size, pH, soluble solids, titratable acidity, ratio and color of the fruits were evaluated in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 growing seasons, when the plants had two and three years old, respectively. Cultivars flowered from August to September, and harvest was concentrated in November and December. Berry weight, size, pH, soluble solids and acidity varied among the cultivars. The average ratios of 14.97 and 13.39 for each crop proved that the cultivars have good fruit quality. There was little variation in fruit color in the two years evaluated. Blueberry cultivars showed the staining characteristics and physical and chemical attributes of quality compatible to blueberry from other traditional regions. Under mild winter conditions, young plants of rabbiteye blueberry cultivars, Climax, Delite, Bluegem and Powderblue, are the most productive, while the highbusch cultivars bear few fruits.

In the present study, the effects of two CaCl2.2H2O levels (440 and 1320 mg L-1) and two subcultures were evaluated on in vitro shoots of Lavandula angustifolia cv. Provence Blue. Ca2+ content of the apical, middle and basal portion of shoots was determined. Increasing CaCl2.2H2O level in the culture medium increased tissue Ca2+ content and decreased hyperhydricity. Shoot-tip necrosis also decreased with 1320 mg L-1 CaCl2.2H2O, but it did not occur in the second subculture. The middle and basal portion had higher Ca2+ content than apical portion. In non-hyperhydric tissues, there were smaller and more juxtaposed cells. Scanning electron microscopy of the leaves demonstrated that trichomes from in vitro leaf surface occurred in smaller quantities.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the dormancy dynamic of Imperial Gala apple tree buds and Hosui pear tree buds in a region of low chill occurrence. Experiments were conducted between April and August in 2007 and 2008. Branches were collected every two weeks from an orchard at Porto Amazonas (Paraná State, Brazil). On the last sampling day, an additional set of branches was collected and refrigerated between 4°C and 7°C for 1,440 hours. Dormancy was evaluated using a biological test of single node cuttings isolated in growth chambers (GC) at 25°C with 16 hours of light exposure. The number of chill hours (CH) and chill units (CU) for the region were recorded. The two species were evaluated in separate experiments. We used 11 completely randomized treatments with four replicas for each species. The peak of endodormancy for the Imperial Gala apple tree buds occurred in early June 2007 and from middle June to early July in 2008. The endodormancy of the Hosui pear tree buds oscillated between April and August in 2007 and peaked between June and early July in 2008.

Ten grapevine cultivars were genotyped at eight microsatellite loci to characterize their identity and genetic diversity. Of these, nine cultivar profiles matched with those of databases and ‘Magoon’ matched with ‘Regale’ in the present study and ‘Regale’ in the University of California (Davis) database, implicating a likely error in planting. The number of alleles ranged from 5 (VVM5) to 9 (VVMD31), and the observed heterozygosity ranged from 37.14 (VVMD5) to 97.14% (VVMD27), with no significant differences in relation to the expected values for any of the loci, with the exception of VVMD5. The polymorphism information content values were observed to be above 0.25 in more than 85% of the loci analyzed, and VVMD31 was the most informative. The UPGMA analysis clustered the cultivars into two distinct groups. Within each group, the most divergent cultivars were ‘Bountiful’ (V. rotundifolia) and ‘Goethe’ (V. labrusca), also exhibiting the largest number of private alleles, 4 and 7, respectively. When comparing the two groups, the most divergent accessions were ‘Bountiful’ and ‘Bordo’, with the highest Nei distance. It was demonstrated that there is sufficient genetic variability in the cultivars used in this study to support breeding programs.

Micropropagation is an important technique for clonal mass propagation and a tool for in vitro studies. One of the first steps to overcome in this process is the establishment of new explants in vitro. ‘Delite’ rabbiteye blueberry was cultured in vitro with four cytokinins (zeatin (ZEA), 6-(γ-γ-dimethylallylamino)-purine (2iP), 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), and kinetin (KIN)) at eight concentrations (0, 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 µM). Additionally, nine combinations of nitrogen salts were tested, using Woody Plant Medium (WPM) and a modified WPM as the basic medium. ZEA and 2iP showed better responses, but ZEA was superior at lower (2.5 µM) concentrations (89.7% survival, 81.3% shoot formation, 1.3 shoots, 13.8 mm shoot length, 10.0 leaves). BAP and KIN showed very low responses. In the combinations of salts with modified WPM, no differences were observed. However, the original WPM with treatments of 0.5 × NH4NO3 and 1 × Ca(NO3)2, 0.5 × NH4NO3 and 0.5 × Ca(NO3)2, and the modified WPM alone showed the lowest rates of survival and shoot formation and the shortest shoot lengths. The highest shoot lengths were observed in treatments with the original WPM, 1.5 × NH4NO3 and 0.5 × Ca(NO3)2, and 1.5 × NH4NO3 and 1.5 × Ca(NO3)2. This initial study with ‘Delite’ can be the basis for further experiments with different combinations of salts, 2iP, and ZEA.

The aim of this work was to study the influence of sucrose and glucose, amino acids and BAP (6-Benzylaminopurine) levels on in vitro shoot regeneration of fox grape cv. Bordô and grapevine cv. Chardonnay. The nodal segments from micropropagated material were used as explants and half-strength MS medium as the basal medium. Sucrose and glucose at 15, 30 and 45 g.L-1 were tested as a carbon source and the supplementation of adenine, asparagine, alanine, glycine, cysteine, glutamine, arginine was tested at 40 g.L-1. The BAP levels (1 and 5 μM) in solid and double-phase media were evaluated and compared with a control medium without BAP. Bordô had best in vitro growth than Chardonnay. Sucrose was a better carbohydrate source than glucose for both the cultivars. Bordô and Chardonnay had different amino acid preferences for some parameters. In conclusion, for in vitro shoot regeneration from the nodal segments, culture on solid medium with 5 μM BAP, 15 g.L-1 sucrose for Bordô and 45 g.L-1 sucrose for Chardonnay showed better results. Similarly, the supplementation of 40 g.L-1 arginine for Bordô and 40 g.L-1 arginine or glycine for Chardonnay showed better results.

Piper hispidinervum C.DC. is a plant native to the Amazon region, produces an essential oil rich in safrole. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different methods of drying biomass in chemical composition of the essential oil of P. hispidinervum cultivated in Morretes (PR). The treatments were: fresh leaves; natural drying for 6 and 12 days; oven drying at 40°C for 6 and 12 days. The essential oil was extracted by hydrodistillation from samples of 50 g of each treatment in triplicate. The chemical composition of essential oil was performed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometer (GC/ MS). The experimental design was completely randomized design with three replication and four plants per plot. Data were subjected to analysis of variance. The type and drying time changes the chemical composition of the essential oil of P. hispidinervum. The dried at 40°C for 12 days reduce the amount of essential oil components, but with increasing content of safrole. Piper hispidinervum C.DC. é uma planta nativa da Amazônia, produtora de óleo essencial rico em safrol. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes métodos de secagem da biomassa folia de pimenta longa (P. hispidinervum), cultivada em Morretes (PR), na composição química do óleo essencial. Os tratamentos avaliados foram: folhas frescas; secagem natural por 6 e 12 dias; secagem em estufa à 40°C por 6 e 12 dias. O óleo essencial foi extraído por hidrodestilação a partir de amostras de 50 g de cada tratamento em triplicata. A determinação da composição química do óleo essencial foi realizada por cromatografia gasosa acoplada ao espectrômetro de massa (GC/MS). O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com três repetições e quatro plantas por parcela. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância. O tipo e tempo de secagem alteram a constituição química do óleo essencial de pimenta-longa. A secagem em estufa a 40°C durante 12 dias reduziu a quantidade de constituintes do óleo essencial, porém com aumento do teor de safrol.

Lavandula angustifolia Mill. é uma importante planta produtora de óleos essenciais, que apresenta dificuldade de propagação pelo enraizamento de estacas, sendo a produção de mudas realizada nesse trabalho pela técnica de micropropagação, em que foram avaliadas algumas condições do cultivo in vitro. As mudas produzidas pela micropropagação foram cultivadas em São Joaquim (SC). O óleo essencial das inflorescências foi extraído por hidrodestilação, e analisado quanto a sua composição por GC/MS, em dois anos de colheita. O meio de cultura LS apresentou melhor resposta no desenvolvimento das brotações, não sendo observadas brotações com necrose apical. Meios de cultura mais diluídos como o ½ MS e o WPM, apresentaram altas taxas de hiperidricidade e necrose apical das brotações. A citocinina BAP influenciou a multiplicação das brotações, sendo a qualidade mantida com 1,0µM ao longo de quatro subcultivos. A sobrevivência das plantas na aclimatização foi de 80%. Os teores de óleo essencial foram de 4,0% e 5,25%, na primeira e segunda colheita, respectivamente. Os compostos majoritários foram o linalol (46,88% e 37,25%) e acetato de linalila (10,09% e 12,24%).Lavandula angustifolia Mill. is an important producer of essential oil, which presents the difficulty of propagation stem cuttings. In this work the propagation of plant was carried out by micropropagation technique, in which certain conditions were evaluated in vitro. The micropropagated plants were grown in São Joaquim (SC). The essential oil of the inflorescences was extracted by hydrodistillation and analyzed for their composition by GC/MS in two years of harvest. The culture medium LS showed a better response in the development of shoots. Culture media more diluted as the 1/2 MS and WPM showed high rates of hyperhrydricity and apical necrosis. The BAP influenced the shoot multiplication and the quality being maintained with 1.0 mM over four subcultures. The survival in the acclimatization of plants was 80%. The content of essential oil were 4.0% and 5,25% in the first and second harvest, respectively. The major compounds were linalool (46.88% and 37.25%) and linalyl acetate (10.09% and 12.24%).

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da aplicação de concentrações do ácido indolbutírico (AIB) e do aquecimento do substrato sobre o enraizamento de estacas caulinares das cultivares de mirtilo Bluebelle, Bluegem e Powderblue, nas quatro estações do ano. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com arranjo fatorial 4x5x2 (estações x concentrações de AIB x com e sem aquecimento do substrato), com 4 repetições e 20 estacas como unidade experimental. Foram avaliadas as percentagens de estacas enraizadas, mortas, vivas e com calo, e o número e o comprimento médio de raízes. As maiores percentagens de enraizamento foram 57,1% na 'Bluegem', no verão, 30% na 'Bluebelle', na primavera, com aquecimento, e 63% na 'Powderblue', no verão, com aquecimento. O AIB na concentração de 2.000 mg L-1 aumentou o enraizamento de estacas das cultivares Bluegem e Powderblue. O aquecimento do substrato melhora o enraizamento das estacas coletadas no outono e no inverno, em todas as cultivares e, também, das estacas coletadas no verão e na primavera, na cultivar Bluebelle.

The Melaleuca alternifolia is a Myrtaceae tree of great medicinal importance. Its essential oil is widely used both in human and in veterinary medicine, having great antiseptic power. It is a difficult plant in the process of rooting cuttings. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of different concentrations of NAA and IBA on the rooting of M. alternifolia. Melaleuca cuttings with 10 cm in length were submitted to treatments with two regulators, NAA and IBA, in the following concentrations: 0 (control), 1000, 2000 and 4000 mg L-1. Evaluation occurred at 97 days throughout the live and dead cuttings rooted, medium length, volume and mass of roots. The growth regulator NAA at a concentration of 4000 mg L-1 showed to be phytotoxic to the cuttings of melaleuca; the use of IBA in comparable with NAA at concentration of 4000 mg L-1 provided a higher percentage of rooting and root length increases.A Melaleuca alternifolia é uma árvore da família Myrtaceae, de grande importância medicinal. Seu óleo essencial é muito utilizado tanto na medicina humana quanto na medicina veterinária, tendo grande poder antiséptico. É uma planta de difícil enraizamento no processo de estaquia. Assim, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a eficiência de diferentes concentrações de ANA e AIB, no enraizamento de estacas de M. alternifolia. Foram utilizadas estacas com 10 cm de comprimento, submetidas ao tratamento para enraizamento com dois reguladores vegetais ANA e AIB, nas seguintes concentrações: 0 (testemunha); 1000; 2000 e 4000 mg L-1. Aos 97 dias foram avaliados a porcentagem de estacas enraizadas, vivas e mortas, o comprimento, o volume e a massa seca de raízes. O regulador vegetal ANA na concentração de 4000 mg L-1 demonstrou ser fitotóxico para as estacas de melaleuca e o uso de AIB em relação ao ANA, na concentração de 4000 mg L-1, proporcionou maior porcentagem de estacas enraizadas e maior comprimento radicial.

O objetivo da pesquisa foi determinar um índice de dormência (ID) de gemas de fruteiras de clima temperado para a avaliação do teste biológico de estacas de nós isolados. Os testes biológicos foram realizados no período de abril a setembro dos anos de 2007 e 2008, com ameixeira, pessegueiro, caquizeiro, quivizeiro e videira. Com base nos valores de tempo médio para brotação (TMB), taxa final de brotação (TF), velocidade de brotação (VB), taxa de brotações vigorosas (TBV) e suas correlações, foi desenvolvido o ID para as cinco espécies. As classes de interpretação de dormência foram separadas em profunda, intensa, moderada, fraca e ausente. O ID desenvolvido para a avaliação do teste biológico de dormência de gemas de fruteiras de clima temperado demonstrou ser uma importante ferramenta para interpretação dos resultados com maior precisão.

Lavandula angustifolia Miller (lavender), considered a hard to root species, is comprised of many varieties and horticultural forms, and genotypes from different provenances may present variance in rooting capacity. The objective of this experiment was to test different concentrations of indol-3-butyric acid (IBA) on rooting of eight (G1 to G8) L. angustifolia genotypes from different provenances. Cuttings were treated with different doses (0 to 2000 mg L-1) of IBA. Rooting percentage (RP), root number (RN), and length of the longest root (RL) were evaluated. The different accessions presented very diverse response to IBA application. IBA did not exert influence on rooting of G1, G2, and G7; was benefic to G3 until 700 mg L-1; was benefic to G4 and G6; and was prejudicial to G5 and G8; the same IBA dose which promoted better rooting on G3 (700 mg L-1) was toxic to G5; 1500 mg L-1 of IBA promoted better rooting, greater root number and length on G6 but was completely and significantly detrimental to G8. G1 and G3 presented high rooting percentages, in spite of L. angustifolia being considered a hard to root species. G4, G5 and G6, however, presented very poor rooting, compared to the other genotypes. Necessity of auxin application and adequate dose may not be generalized to L. angustifolia different accessions. Its use should be incentivized when the genotype is recalcitrant to root and auxin concentration should be adjusted to it.A Lavandula angustifolia Miller (alfazema), considerada de difícil enraizamento, apresenta muitas variedades e formas horticulturais, e genótipos de diferentes procedências podem apresentar variação na sua capacidade de enraizamento. O objetivo deste experimento foi testar diferentes concentrações de ácido indol butírico (AIB) no enraizamento de oito genótipos (G1 a G8) de L. angustifolia de diferentes procedências. Estacas foram tratadas com diferentes doses (0 a 2000 mg L-1) de AIB. Porcentagem de enraizamento (RN), número de raízes (RN) e comprimento da maior raiz (RL) foram avaliados. Os diferentes acessos apresentaram diferentes respostas à aplicação de AIB, que não influenciou no enraizamento de G1, G2 e G7; foi benéfica para G3 até 700 mg L-1; benéfica para G4 e G6; e prejudicial para G5 e G8; a mesma dose de AIB que promoveu melhor enraizamento em G3 (700 mg L-1) foi tóxica para G5; 1500 mg L-1 de AIB promoveu melhor enraizamento, maior número e comprimento de raízes em G6 mas foi completamente e significativamente prejudicial para G8. G1 e G3 apresentaram altas taxas de enraizamento, apesar da L. angustifolia ser considerada espécie de difícil enraizamento. G4, G5 e G6, todavia, apresentaram enraizamento deficiente quando comparados aos outros genótipos. A necessidade de aplicação de auxina e a dose adequada não podem ser generalizadas para diferentes acessos de L. angustifolia. O uso de auxinas deve ser incentivado quando o genótipo é de difícil enraizamento e a dose deve ser ajustada para o genótipo de interesse.

The blueberry is a temperate fruit, with great potential for increasing crop in Brazil. However, among the obstacles to expansion in the country is the difficulty of vegetative propagation. Seeking to provide higher quality and speed of propagation of blueberry plants, the objective of this experiment was to evaluate different concentrations and forms of application of indolebutyric acid (IBA) on rooting of semihardwood cuttings of two cultivars, collected in march 2009. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse, and each cutting was 10-12 cm long, with two half leaves. Cuttings were treated with different concentrations of IBA (0, 1000, 2000, 4000 and 8000 mg L-1) in alcohol solution in two forms of application (liquid and powder), placed in plastic pots of 53cm3 containing commercial substrate Plantmax HT®. The experimental design was completely randomized with four replications and twelve cuttings per plot. After 150 days it was evaluated the rooting and sprouting percentage, average length of roots and dry weight of roots per cutting. ‘Climax’ rooted and sprouted more than ‘Florida’, and in both cultivars the increasing concentration of IBA resulted in higher percentage of rooting. ‘Clímax’ showed increases in dry weight of roots per cutting with increasing concentration of IBA. The percentage of rooting of cultivars Climax and Florida subjected to treatment with doses of IBA in liquid form was superior to talc.O mirtileiro é uma frutífera de clima temperado, com grande potencial de aumento de cultivo para ser desenvolvido no Brasil. Dentre os entraves à expansão da cultura no país está a dificuldade de propagação vegetativa da espécie. Visando proporcionar maior qualidade e rapidez na produção de mudas, objetivou-se, testar diferentes concentrações e formas de aplicação de ácido indolbutírico (AIB) no enraizamento de estacas semilenhosas de duas cultivares de mirtileiro, coletadas em março de 2009. O trabalho foi conduzido em casa de vegetação com estacas de 10 a 12 cm de comprimento e um par de folhas com área reduzida pela metade. As estacas foram tratadas com diferentes concentrações de AIB (0, 1.000, 2.000, 4.000 e 8.000 mg L-1) em solução alcoólica de duas formas (líquido e talco), plantadas em tubetes de 53cm3 contendo o substrato comercial Plantmax HT®. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições e doze estacas por parcela. Após 150 dias foi avaliada a porcentagem de estacas enraizadas e, brotadas, o comprimento médio de raízes, e a massa seca de raízes por estaca. A cultivar Clímax enraizou e brotou mais do que a Flórida, sendo que, em ambas as cultivares quanto maior a concentração de AIB, mais elevada foi a porcentagem de estacas enraizadas. Para a cultivar Clímax houve aumento da massa seca de raízes por estaca com a elevação da concentração de AIB. A porcentagem de enraizamento das estacas das cultivares Clímax e Flórida submetidas ao tratamento com concentrações de AIB via líquida foi superior a talco.

Araucaria angustifolia is an endangered conifer species of South America that has been over exploited for timber. To incentivize Araucaria angustifolia planting is essential and may play a key role on the conservation of this species and the ecosystems that depend on it. Hence, techniques that allow the production of seedlings with attributes that may entice farmers to plant A. angustifolia trees are very important. Grafting may permit the selection of female trees and the production of precocious plants that will produce high quality seeds. The aim of this study was to determine the best season of the year to graft. Three-year-old seedlings were used as rootstock and orthotropic branches of young plants were used for scion collection. The technique used for the grafting was the bark patch. This procedure was carried out in the beginning of each season in 2007 and 2008, with a total of 160 grafted plants. Grafting carried out in the beginning of autumn had a 50 % success rate. Grafting success was negligible for all remaining seasons. In conclusion, grafting through bark patching is a viable technique for the production of A. angustifolia seedlings. Future research should be carried out to produce grafted seedlings in large-scale.

The objective of this work was to assess the potential of interspecific hybridization of Vitis labruscana and Muscadinia rotundifolia by using artificial cross-pollinations. Microsatellite markers were used to confirm interspecific hybridizations and the identity of the parental genotypes. In crosses in which M. rotundifolia was used as the female parent, no true hybrids were obtained. In the reciprocal crosses, 114 seedlings were identified as true V. labruscana x M. rotundifolia hybrids. Self pollination occurred in direct and in reciprocal crosses. The crossings between 'Bordo' x 'Carlos', 'Magnolia', 'Regale' and' Roanoke', and between' Isabel' x 'Bountiful', 'Carlos', 'Magnolia', 'Regale' and 'Roanoke' were confirmed. The 15 markers evaluated showed that two M. rotundifolia parental genotypes had the same fingerprint profile, indicating a like lyplanting error. The success of hybridization depends mainly on the species and on the cultivar used as the female parent. Microsatellite markers are efficient to confirm the paternity of interspecific F1 hybrids and to determine the correct identity of M. rotundifolia cultivars.

Visando à produção de vinho e suco de uva de melhor qualidade, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi aumentar a relação de sólidos solúveis totais/acidez total titulável (SST/ATT), conhecida como flavor, da uva 'Bordô', com o uso de reguladores vegetais e avaliar os efeitos destes produtos nas demais características físico-químicas dos frutos. O trabalho foi realizado durante duas safras, 2009/2010 e 2010/2011, em Bocaiuva do Sul-PR. As variáveis físicas analisadas foram: comprimento e largura dos cachos; diâmetro das bagas; número de bagas por cacho; massa dos cachos e bagas; e número de sementes por baga. As variávies químicas foram: sólidos solúveis totais (SST); acidez total titulável (ATT); pH e SST/ATT. A aplicação de GA3 a 100 mg L-1 propiciou melhoria da qualidade dos frutos para a produção de vinho e suco de uva, além de maior desenvolvimento dos frutos.

A eliminação da etapa de enraizamento in vitro na micropropagação de plantas é desejável do ponto de vista econômico, além de proporcionar a melhoria na qualidade do sistema radicial formado. Dois experimentos foram realizados com os objetivos de avaliar diferentes concentrações (0; 2,5; 5,0 e 10mM) de ácido indolbutírico (AIB) no enraizamento ex vitro de lavanda (L. angustifolia), cv. 'Provence Blue' e avaliar a capacidade de enraizamento ex vitro das cultivares 'Vera', 'Provence Blue', 'English' e 'Elegance Ice'. Após 30 dias, foi avaliado o número de microestacas enraizadas, comprimento das raízes principais, porcentagem de enraizamento e porcentagem de sobrevivência. A concentração de 5,0mM de AIB foi mais efetiva para o comprimento de raízes e porcentagem de enraizamento das microestacas de lavanda cv. 'Provence Blue', apesar de reduzir o número de raízes formadas. Entre as cultivares estudadas, a porcentagem de sobrevivência das plantas variou de 82% a 100%. As cultivares apresentaram diferenças no enraizamento ex vitro das microestacas, sendo as maiores médias de porcentagem de enraizamento registradas na 'Provence Blue' e 'Elegance Ice'. Conclui-se que a microestaquia pode ser uma técnica eficiente para a propagação de lavanda, pelo tratamento das microestacas com 5,0mM de AIB, por proporcionar alta porcentagem de enraizamento e sobrevivência das plantas.Two experiments were carried out aiming to evaluate the ex vitro rooting of L. angustifolia cv. 'Provence Blue' treated with different concentrations (0, 2.5, 5.0 and 10mM) of indolebutyric acid (IBA) with talc as a vehicle to evaluated the ex vitro rooting of 'Vera', 'Provence Blue', 'English' and 'Elegance Ice' lavender cultivars. The experiments were carried out in a greenhouse using three concentrations of AIB plus control. After the 30th day, it was evaluated: surviving microcuttings percentage, percentage of rooted microcuttings, roots number, roots length. It was concluded that the microcutting can be an efficient technique for lavender plantlets production, by using micropropagated plants as explants donor. The concentration of 5.0mM IBA was more effective on root length and rooting rate of microcuttings lavender cv. 'Provence Blue', despite reducing the number of roots. Among the cultivars the percentage of plant survival ranged from 82% to 100%. The lavender cultivars evaluated showed differences in ex vitro microcuttings rooting. The cultivars 'Provence Blue' and 'Elegance Ice' achieved higher percentage of rooting. The cultivars had no influence on the percentage of microcuttings survival. It was concluded that the microcuttings can be an efficient technique for the propagation of lavender since microcuttings treated with 5.0mM IBA have higher survival and rooting percentage of rooting and survival.

Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, estudar a indução da organogênese em segmentos foliares e internódios de videira cv. Merlot, utilizando diferentes tipos e concentrações de citocininas. O meio de cultura usado foi o MS com redução da metade dos sais e vitaminas, suplementado com 1 µM de ácido naftalenoacético (ANA). Os tratamentos consistiram das concentrações de 2,5; 5,0 ou 10 µM de 6-benzilaminopurina (BAP) ou 1-fenil-3-(1,2,3,-tiadiazol-5-il) uréia (TDZ). Foram avaliados o porcentual de formação de gemas, calos, oxidação e raízes, além do número de raízes e gemas. Aos 60 dias de cultivo in vitro foi observado que concentrações de 2,5-10 µM de BAP e TDZ permitem que segmentos foliares oxidem e não induzam à oxidação nos internódios. O nível de 5 µM de TDZ favore o maior porcentual de formação de gemas em internódios e segmentos foliares não apresentam capacidade para formar gemas nos níveis de 2,5-10 µM de BAP ou TDZ. O uso de BAP nas concentrações de 2,5 e 5 µM favorece altos porcentuais de enraizamento em internódios. O uso de TDZ no nível de 2,5 µM promove elevada taxa de formação de calos em internódios. Os internódios apresentaram maior capacidade organogênica do que os segmentos foliares.The objective of this work was study the induction of organogenesis on leaf segments and internodes of grapevine cv. Merlot using different types and concentrations of cytokinins. MS half strength culture medium supplemented with 1 µM naftalenoacetic acid (NAA) was used. The treatments consisted of the concentrations of 2.5; 5.0 or 10 µM 6-benzilaminopurine (BAP) or thydiazuron (TDZ). The percentage of buds, callus, oxidation and roots as well as the number of roots and buds were evaluated. After 60 days of in vitro culture it was observed that the concentrations of 2.5-10 µM BAP or TDZ oxidize leaf segments and do not induce oxidation in the internodes. The level of 5 µM TDZ promote the largest formation of buds from internodes and leaf segments do not have capacity to form buds at the levels of 2,5-10 µM BAP or TDZ. The use of BAP at the concentrations of 2.5 and 5 µM promote high rooting percentage of internodes. TDZ at the level of 2.5 µM promotes high rate of callus formation in internodes. Internodes presented larger organogenic capacity than leaf segments.

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi determinar a dinâmica da dormência de gemas de videira cv. Niagara Branca e de quivizeiro cv. Bruno, em região de baixa ocorrência de frio. Os experimentos foram realizados nos anos de 2007 e 2008, com coletas de ramos a cada duas semanas, em pomares localizados em Pinhais-PR. Na última coleta, um grupo adicional de ramos foi coletado e mantido em refrigerador a temperatura de 4 a 7º C, por 1.440 horas. A avaliação da dormência foi realizada por meio do teste biológico de estacas de nós isolados em sala de crescimento, à temperatura de 25º C e fotoperíodo de 16 horas. Foi realizada a quantificação de horas de frio (HF) e de unidades de frio (UF) ocorridas na região. As duas espécies foram avaliadas como experimentos distintos. O delineamento experimental adotado foi o completamente casualizado, com doze tratamentos em 2007 e onze tratamentos em 2008, ambos com quatro repetições e dez estacas por unidade experimental. A endodormência de gemas de quivizeiro 'Bruno' instala-se a partir de abril e atinge maior intensidade do final de maio à segunda metade de junho. A saída da endodormência pode ocorrer naturalmente até o fim de agosto, mas com variações entre os anos. A endodormência de gemas de videira 'Niagara Branca' instala-se em abril e mantém-se intensa até maio. A saída natural da endodormência ocorre da metade de agosto ao início de setembro.

The goal of this work was to evaluate physical and chemical cluster characteristics of eight Vitis rotundifolia cultivars: Topsail, Magnolia, Noble, Roanoke, Magoon, Regale, Bontiful and Dixie. The evaluated clusters were collected from a preexistent Vitis rotundifolia orchard located at the Canguiri Experimental Station of the Federal University of Parana, in Pinhais-PR. The following variables were evaluated for the 2004 and 2005 crops: total cluster mass, berry mass per cluster, rachis mass, number of berries per cluster and berry diameter. A completely random design with 50 replications was used and each cluster has been considered as a parcel. The chemical characteristics of the juice were evaluated: pH, acidity and total soluble solids. For these analyses, a completely random design with 10 replications was used with 5 clusters per plot. The cultivar Noble stood up from the rest in terms of total soluble solids content for both crops (2004 and 2005) with 12.7° and 13.7° Brix respectively. The cultivar Dixie presented the highest pH (3.04) in 2004 and the cultivar Magnolia in 2005, which present the lower acid content in both years. The cultivars Magnolia and Roanoke stood up in 2004 and 2005 respectively in total cluster mass, mass of berries and rachis mass. In terms of number of berries per cluster, the cultivars Roanoke and Magnolia presented the highest numbers in 2004 while in 2005 the highest numbers were presented by the Roanoke, Regale and Noble cultivars. In 2004, the average berry mass of the cultivars Magnolia and Topsail was superior to the others being the last cited cultivar also superior in this variable in 2005. The cultivar Noble presented the smallest diameter of berries. It was possible to conclude that Vitis rotundifolia cultivars, due to their low total soluble solids content, high acidity and low pH are not recommended for fresh consumption but present potential for juice, jam and jelly production. Furthermore, the cultivars presented small clusters with few berries, being considered inferior than clusters from other american grapevines.Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar as características físicas e químicas dos cachos de oito cultivares de Vitis rotundifolia. As cultivares estudadas foram as seguintes: Topsail, Magnolia, Noble, Roanoke, Magoon, Regale, Bontiful e Dixie. Os cachos utilizados para as análises foram colhidos da coleção de cultivares de Vitis rotundifolia existente na Estação Experimental do Canguiri, da Universidade Federal do Paraná, em Pinhais-PR. Foram avaliadas duas safras, 2004 e 2005, pelas seguintes variáveis: massa total do cacho, de bagas por cacho e do engaço; número de bagas por cacho; massa média das bagas; e diâmetro de baga. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente ao acaso, com 50 repetições, sendo cada parcela constituída de um cacho. Também foram avaliadas as características químicas do suco: pH, acidez e teor de sólidos solúveis. O delineamento foi inteiramente ao acaso, com 10 repetições, sendo cada parcela constituída pelo suco de cinco cachos. Quanto ao teor de sólidos solúveis totais, a cultivar Nobel destacou-se em ambas as safras (2204 e 2005), com 12,7° e 13,7° Brix respectivamente. A cultivar Dixie apresentou o maior valor de pH (3,04), em 2004 e a cultivar Magnólia em 2005 foi superior às outras e ao mesmo tempo apresentou a menor acidez nos dois anos. As cultivares Magnólia e Roanoke se destacaram em 2004 e 2005, respectivamente, quanto a massa total do cacho, de bagas e do engaço. Para o número de bagas, em 2004, as cultivares Roanoke e Magnólia apresentaram valores superiores. Já em 2005, as cultivares Roanoke, Regale e Noble foram superiores. A massa média das bagas, em 2004 foi superior nas cultivares Magnólia e Topsail, sendo que esta última cultivar também se destacou em 2005. A cultivar com menor diâmetro das bagas foi a Noble. Conclui-se que as cultivares de Vitis rotundifolia por apresentarem baixo teor de sólidos solúveis, elevada acidez e baixo pH, não são recomendadas para consumo in natura, mas apresentam potencial para o processamento de sucos e geléias. Essas cultivares também apresentam cachos pequenos e com poucas bagas, bastante inferiores aos cachos de outras videiras americanas.

A micropropagação possibilita a propagação massal e pode contribuir para atender à demanda de plantas-matrizes e mudas de qualidade genética e sanitária comprovadas de videira. Diferentes meios de cultura, acrescidos ou não de reguladores vegetais, tem sido usado com freqüência para auxiliar na indução de brotações. O trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar os meios de cultura MS e GZ completo ou com metade da concentração de sais acrescidos de BAP para indução de multibrotação em videira da cv. Bordô. O experimento foi realizado em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 4 x 4, com quatro meios de cultura (MS, MS/2, GZ, GZ/2) e quatro concentrações de BAP (0; 2,5; 5 e 10 μM), com quatro repetições. Avaliaram-se aos 30 dias o número de brotos por micro-estaca, número de novas microestacas por broto, número de folhas por broto, comprimento médio dos brotos, número de raízes por microestaca e comprimento da raiz principal. O meio de cultura mais eficiente para indução de multibrotação em videira cv. Bordô e o desenvolvimento da parte aérea é o meio MS acrescido de 2,5 μM de BAP.The Micropropagation allows mass propagation and may contribute to meet the demands of mother plants and seedlings of proven genetic quality and health of the vine. Different culture media plus or absence of plant growth regulators has been used frequently to assist in the induction of shoots. The study aimed to evaluate the means of culture and GZ and MS full or half the concentration of salts plus BAP for induction of multiple on the grapevine cv. Bordo. The experiment was conducted in a randomized design in a factorial 4 x 4, with four culture media (MS, MS/2, GZ, GZ/2) and four concentrations of BAP (0, 2.5, 5 and 10 μM) with four replications. It was evaluated at 30 days the number of micro-shoots per cutting, number of new micro-cuttings per shoot, number of leaves per shoot, mean length of shoots, number of roots by micro-cutting and length of the main root. The culture medium for more efficient induction of multiple in grapevine cv. Bordo and the development of the shoot is the MS medium plus 2.5 μM of BAP.

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi determinar a endodormência de gemas de pessegueiro cv. Chimarrita e ameixeira cv. Poli Rosa em uma região de baixa ocorrência de frio. Os ramos foram coletados em um pomar situado no município de Fazenda Rio Grande, Paraná, no período de abril a agosto dos anos de 2007 e 2008. Na última coleta, um grupo adicional de ramos foi coletado e mantido em refrigerador à temperatura de 4 a 7°C, por 672 horas. A avaliação da endodormência foi realizada por meio do teste biológico de estacas de nós isolados, que foram mantidas em condições controladas de temperatura (25°C) e fotoperíodo (16 h). Foi realizada a quantificação das horas de frio (HF) e das unidades de frio (UF) ocorridas na região. As duas espécies foram avaliadas separadamente, como dois experimentos distintos. O delineamento experimental adotado foi o completamente casualizado, com nove tratamentos para o pessegueiro e 11 tratamentos para a ameixeira, ambos com quatro repetições. Os dois anos foram analisados individualmente. A endodormência mais intensa das gemas de pessegueiro cv. Chimarrita ocorreu no mês de maio, nos dois anos avaliados. A endodormência mais intensa de gemas de ameixeira cv. Poli Rosa ocorreu no mês de maio em 2007 e se estendeu até o mês de junho em 2008.The objective of this research was to evaluate the dormancy dynamic of peach tree 'Chimarrita' and plum tree 'Poli Rosa' buds in a region of low chill occurrence. The stems were collected in an orchard in Fazenda Rio Grande, State of Parana, Brazil, from April to August of 2007 and 2008. In the last date, an additional group of stems was collected and maintained in a refrigerator (4 to 7°C) by 672 hours. The evaluation of dormancy was observed by the biological test of single node cuttings under controlled conditions of temperature (25°C) and photoperiod (16 h). The quantification of chilling hours (CH) and the chilling units (CU) occurred in the region were performed. The two species were evaluated separately, as two separate experiments. The experimental design was completely randomized, with 9 treatments for peach tree buds and 11 treatments for plum tree buds, both with four replications. The two years were analyzed individually. The more intense endodormancy period of peach tree buds occurred in May 2007 and 2008. The more intense endodormancy period of plum tree buds occurred in May 2007, and it was extended until June 2008.

Vegetative propagation of lavender offers several advantages over sexual propagation, among them crop homogeneity and yield of higher quality essential oil. However, Lavandula species have been propagated mostly by seeds and are said to be recalcitrant to rooting when propagated by cuttings. During cutting propagation, one of the important variables that influence the rooting capacity of cuttings is the leaf retention. The objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of leaf retention on rooting of L. dentata cuttings. Apical cuttings of L. dentata of 10 cm in length, keeping approximately 1/3, 1/2 or 2/3 of their leaves were planted in commercial substrate Plantmax HT® under intermittent mist. After two months, averages of root number, length of the longest root, root fresh and dry weights, and the survival percentage were evaluated. Root length and fresh weight were statistically greater with 2/3 of leaf retention and when fewer leaves were kept on the cuttings, lower means of root dry weight was observed. Under the conditions applied in this study, greater leaf retention was better for rooting of L. dentata cuttings.

The pre-acclimatization stage can be used to improve micropropagation protocols and increase the yield of produced plants. The influence of sucrose and photon flux density (PFD) levels on the acclimatization of in vitro-grown 'VR043-43' (Vitis vinifera x Vitis rotundifolia) grapevine rootstocks was evaluated. Rooted shoots were obtained from 4-week-old in vitro shoots cultivated in QL (Quoirin and Lepoivre, 1977) culture medium supplemented with 15, 30 and 45 g L-1 of sucrose. The experiment was kept in a 25 ± 2ºC growth room, under 16-h photoperiod and PFD of 18 µmol m-2 s-1 or 43 µmol m-2 s-1. Plants were transferred to an intermittent misting system greenhouse for 10 d followed by 20 d of once-a-day watering routine using a handheld hose. Plant height was influenced by sucrose concentration, and shoots produced on media supplemented with 30 g L-1 sucrose were the tallest (5.0 cm). The largest leaf area was obtained with 31.3 g L-1 of sucrose, under the PFD of 43 µmol m-2 s-1 (13.3 cm²). Absence of sucrose in the culture medium led to a significant reduction in leaf area at both PFDs. Shoot (aerial part) dry matter was largest when 30 or 45 g L-1 of sucrose (17.5 and 16.7 mg per plant, respectively) were used. Microcuttings rooted in all sucrose concentrations tested. The highest survival percentage (100%) during ex vitro acclimatization was obtained for shoots cultured in media supplemented with 45 g L-1 of sucrose under both PFDs tested.A fase de pré-aclimatização pode ser utilizada para aperfeiçoar os protocolos de micropropagação e aumentar o rendimento na produção de mudas. Avaliou-se a influência da sacarose e níveis de densidade de fluxo de fóton (DFF) in vitro, na sobrevivência das mudas do porta-enxerto de videira 'VR043-43'(Vitis vinifera x Vitis rotundifolia), na fase de aclimatização. Microestacas obtidas de brotações in vitro foram cultivadas em meio de cultura QL suplementado 15, 30 e 45 g L-1 de sacarose. O experimento foi mantido em sala climatizada com temperatura de 25 ± 2ºC, fotoperíodo de 16 horas e DFF de 18 µmol m-2 s-1 ou 43 µmol m-2 s-1. As plantas foram transferidas para uma câmara de nebulização intermitente por 10 d e mantidas durante 20 d em casa de vegetação com irrigação manual. A altura das plantas foi influenciada pelas concentrações de sacarose, sendo a maior altura (5,0 cm) obtida com a concentração de 30 g L-1 de sacarose. A maior área foliar foi obtida com 31,3 g L-1 de sacarose na DFF de µmol m-2 s-1 (13,3 cm²). A ausência de sacarose no meio de cultura promoveu redução significativa na área foliar nas duas DFFs testadas. A matéria seca da parte aérea foi maior quando o meio de cultura foi suplementado com 30 ou 45 g L-1 de sacarose (17,5 e 16,7 mg por planta, respectivamente). Houve enraizamento das microestacas em todas as concentrações de sacarose testadas. Alta porcentagem de sobrevivência (100%) durante a aclimatização ex vitro foi obtida quando as brotações foram cultivadas no meio de cultura suplementado com 45 g L-1 de sacarose em ambas DFFs testadas.