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Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el impacto de las estrategias de aprendizaje cooperativo en la interacción social y el rendimiento académico en estudiantes de educación básica. Se utilizó un diseño cuasi-experimental con dos grupos: un grupo experimental, que aplicó el aprendizaje cooperativo, y un grupo de control que continuó con métodos tradicionales. Los resultados mostraron que el grupo experimental mejoró significativamente en matemáticas y lengua, con un incremento promedio de 13 puntos en ambas materias, en comparación con el grupo de control, que solo aumentó en promedio 2 puntos. Además, se observó una mejora notable en la interacción social del grupo experimental, con una diferencia de 1.1 puntos entre el pretest y el postest, mientras que el grupo de control mostró una mejora mínima de 0.2 puntos. Estos hallazgos sugieren que el aprendizaje cooperativo no solo favorece el rendimiento académico, sino que también mejora las relaciones interpersonales en el aula. Este enfoque promueve la interdependencia positiva, la responsabilidad compartida y la interacción constante entre los estudiantes, lo que resulta en un aprendizaje más profundo y en un ambiente de aula más inclusivo. Las conclusiones refuerzan la importancia de integrar estrategias cooperativas en el aula como una alternativa eficaz a los métodos tradicionales de enseñanza.

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an interdisciplinary and reversible therapy that uses high-frequency electrical stimulation to correct aberrant neural pathways in motor and cognitive neurological disorders. However, the high frequency of the waves used in DBS can interfere with electrical recording devices (e.g., electrocardiogram, electroencephalogram, cardiac monitor), creating artifacts that hinder their interpretation. The compatibility of DBS with these devices varies and depends on factors such as the underlying disease and the configuration of the neurostimulator. In emergencies where obtaining an electrocardiogram is crucial, the need for more consensus on reducing electrical artifacts in patients with DBS becomes a significant challenge. Various strategies have been proposed to attenuate the artifact generated by DBS, such as changing the DBS configuration from monopolar to bipolar, temporarily deactivating DBS during electrocardiographic recording, applying frequency filters both lower and higher than those used by DBS, and using non-standard leads. However, the inexperience of medical personnel, variability in DBS models, or the lack of a controller at the time of approach limit the application of these strategies. Current evidence on their reproducibility and efficacy is limited. Due to the growing elderly population and the rising utilization of DBS, it is imperative to create electrocardiographic methods that are easily accessible and reproducible for general physicians and emergency services.

Esta revisión sistemática de literatura examina la relación entre la ecología de medios (Media Ecology), la memoria colectiva y el turismo cultural en la era digital. Se destaca el impacto de la tecnología en la forma en que pensamos, nos relacionamos y comunicamos, así como en la construcción de la identidad y la valoración de la cultura. Se exploran los posibles efectos negativos del turismo cultural, como la mercantilización y la banalización de la cultura, y se proponen soluciones utilizando herramientas digitales, como plataformas para la preservación de la memoria colectiva y la realidad aumentada para experiencias culturales auténticas. El estudio resalta la importancia de investigar esta relación y el potencial de las herramientas digitales en la construcción de memorias colectivas significativas.

Abstract The prevalence of Helicobacter pylori remains high in the older population. Specific age-related peculiarities may impact the outcomes of H. pylori treatment. The aim of the study was to evaluate the diagnostics and effectiveness of H. pylori eradication between the younger and older European populations. “European Registry on H. pylori Management (Hp-EuReg)” data from 2013 to 2022 were analyzed. Patients were divided into older (≥ 60 years) and younger (18–59 years) groups. Modified intention-to-treat (mITT) and per-protocol (PP) analysis was performed. 49,461 patients included of which 14,467 (29%) were older-aged. Concomitant medications and penicillin allergy were more frequent among the older patients. Differences between younger and older populations were observed in treatment duration in first-line treatment and in proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) doses in second-line treatment. The overall incidence of adverse events was lower in the older adults group. The overall first-line treatment mITT effectiveness was 88% in younger and 90% in the older patients (p

Coeliac disease (CD) is associated with alterations in gut microbiota composition. This study evaluated the effects of probiotics on gut microbiota composition and clinical symptoms of treated CD patients. In this double-blind, placebo-controlled trial study, 31 CD patients that were randomly classified as probiotics (n = 15) and placebo (n = 16) groups received 109 colony-forming units/capsule for 12 weeks. Fecal samples were collected before and after probiotics, or placebo administration and the changes in intestinal microbiota were assessed by quantitative real-time PCR. Probiotic administration improved the patients' clinical symptoms when compared to the placebo group. Fatigue score was significantly reduced by the intake of probiotic supplements (P = 0.02). Except for Staphylococcus spp., the relative abundances of Bacteroidetes, Lactobacillus spp., Bifidobacterium spp., Clostridium cluster I, Enterobacteriaceae, and Firmicutes were higher in probiotics group. Accordingly, a 12-week multi-strain probiotic treatment regimen may modify the composition of intestinal microbiota and improve GI symptoms in CD patients.

Antecedentes: La mastitis bovina, problema sanitario y económico a nivel global, tiene implicaciones para la salud animal y humana. Numerosos microorganismos involucrados en su etiología complican su prevención y control, como Mycoplasma bovis. Objetivo. Profundizar en la etiología bacteriana de la mastitis bovina en Zamora-Chinchipe, Ecuador, en cuyos rebaños se constató previamente la presencia de Mollicutes en leche de tanque. Materiales y métodos: Durante 2015 y 2016 se muestrearon 247 vacas en ordeño de rebaños bovinos lecheros en la provincia Zamora-Chinchipe, seleccionados en los conglomerados definidos en el territorio según sus características ecológicas. Las muestras de leche de cada vaca se investigaron mediante Prueba California para Mastitis (CMT), y para el diagnóstico microbiológico de Mollicutes se realizó Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa (PCR), así como el diagnóstico bacteriológico para la identificación de otros patógenos. Mediante comparación de proporciones se analizaron los resultados del diagnóstico de Mollicutes y CMT en vacas por cantones y entre los patógenos identificados en las vacas positivas a Mollicutes. A través de Chi Cuadrado se evaluó la relación entre los resultados del diagnóstico de Mollicutes y CMT, y de los patógenos identificados, y por regresión logística se comparó su Razón de Prevalencia (RP). Resultados: Se encontró elevada frecuencia de mastitis subclínica (81.4%) mediante CMT y una frecuencia de 33,2 % de vacas positivas a Mycoplasma spp. En el diagnóstico bacteriológico Streptococcus spp. (27,2%) y Staphylococcus aureus (22,1%) tuvieron las mayores frecuencias (P< 0,05). S. aureus se detectó con la mayor frecuencia en vacas positivas a Mycoplasma spp. (43,8%; P

Sexual orientation and gender identity are essential aspects of a person's life and are under the protection framework of human rights. However, both categories continue to present themselves as a repeated reason for acts of discrimination, violence, and oppression, even through normative subjection. Education must highlight values such as coexistence, diversity, cooperative learning, and empathy to prevent heterosexism. Teachers must have training that guarantees safe, trustworthy, and safe learning spaces for all students, where they have the right to develop and socialize without exclusion. That is why the study is focused on analyzing the consensus and acceptance of experts on the factors that affect gender identity in the educational field based on the analysis of the neutrosophic statistical method. It was concluded that a reform of the current regulations should be carried out and training programs on human rights should be implemented to eliminate entrenched prejudices.

Measurement(s) Pandemic- and epidemic-prone disease outbreaks Technology Type(s) Text mining using R Sample Characteristic - Organism Disease outbreaks Sample Characteristic - Environment spatiotemporal region Sample Characteristic - Location Global

Educational relevance is focused on linking the market with the graduate profile, in order to produce synergies of labor insertion once the professional training is completed. The duality of variables makes it possible to dimension the constitutive evidences of learning and the careful phenomenological description of the different competences acquired, prioritizing the configuration of thought atmospheres impregnated with the notion of organic fields for the modification of work ecosystems. This is qualitative-quantitative research, where three nuclei of analysis are added: the graduates, employers of graduates and teachers, where the issue of relevance in the market is addressed from the educational program (curriculum). The conclusion is that there is a lack of technical, methodological and theoretical information with greater rigor, frequency and consistency within the field of the Higher Education Institutions (HEI).

The international growing demand of the avocado (Persea americana Mill.) market, together with the expansion of its agricultural area, requires the increasing of its technification, which makes necessary to have information aboutnutrient absorption in relation to its phenology. Therefore, an experiment was conducted in a commercial avocado production field of the farm “Don Ricardo” located on the central coast of Peru, in order to characterize the dynamics of macronutrients (N, P, K, Ca and Mg). The methodology followed and the results obtained will be the main guide to improve and implement more efficient fertilization strategies that will lead to higher yields and lower production costs in this crop. The experiment included 5 production cycles, from 2014-15 to 2018-19, in 7 phenological stages, collecting according to the crop development, leaves, panicles and fruits. 40 randomized plants were selected from a total of 50 plants marked as sampling area. The results were analyzed using a descriptive statistic, with box diagrams of the concentration of each nutrient by phenological stage. Two graphs per element were generated to represent the leaf dynamic and the fruit dynamic, respectively, including the data taken from the flower. It was concluded that the highest nutrient requirements of avocado were during the flowering, the fruit set and in fruits from 10 mm to 30 mm in diameter. The most abundant form of nitrogen was nitric, and it was accumulated mainly in the productive organs. The phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium concentrations decreased as the fruit grew, and calcium and magnesium concentrations in leaves were higher than in fruits.

Un ensayo en macetas fue realizado en el campus de la Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, para evaluar el efecto de la ceniza de cascarilla de arroz, escoria básica de horno cuchara y silicato de potasio, en las propiedades químicas del suelo y en la biomasa del arroz (Oryza sativa L.) cv. ‘Fedearroz 60’, usando material de suelo procedente de un campo arrocero en Aucayacu, Huánuco, Perú. Las dosis fueron calculadas en base a la concentración de silicio biodisponible (SiA) de cada enmienda para lograr 100, 200 y 400 ppm (p / p) de SiA en suelo antes de la siembra, además de testigos sin aplicación de silicio. Se empleó un diseño completo al azar con arreglo factorial de 3 × 4 en el que se evaluó la absorción de Si en tejidos, disponibilidad de SiA al final de la campaña, volumen radicular, habilidad de macollamiento, panículas por planta y espiguillas por panícula promedio. Se registraron las variaciones semanales de salinidad y pH en el material de suelo empleado como sustrato, así como las variaciones diarias de temperatura e intensidad luminosa. Se encontró que el silicato de potasio a 200 ppm incrementó sostenidamente el SiA en suelos y el Si en tejido; sin embargo, no hubo influencia en los componentes del rendimiento. La escoria básica también incrementó el SiA en suelos, pero presentó reacciones tóxicas severas en las dosis de 200 ppm y 400 ppm. La ceniza de cascarilla de arroz no influyó significativamente en los parámetros de silicio, ni en los componentes de rendimiento. Se concluyó que para las condiciones de suelo y clima en la que se desarrolló el experimento, el incremento en la concentración de silicio en suelo y tejidos, no influyó en los componentes del rendimiento del arroz. Pese a ello, la escoria presenta una extraordinaria capacidad encalante y la ceniza una gran cantidad de P, K y micronutrientes.

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is caused by insufficient insulin secretion from pancreatic β cells. To identify candidate genes contributing to T2D pathophysiology, we studied human pancreatic islets from approximately 300 individuals. We found 395 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in islets from individuals with T2D, including, to our knowledge, novel (OPRD1, PAX5, TET1) and previously identified (CHL1, GLRA1, IAPP) candidates. A third of the identified expression changes in islets may predispose to diabetes, as expression of these genes associated with HbA1c in individuals not previously diagnosed with T2D. Most DEGs were expressed in human β cells, based on single-cell RNA-Seq data. Additionally, DEGs displayed alterations in open chromatin and associated with T2D SNPs. Mouse KO strains demonstrated that the identified T2D-associated candidate genes regulate glucose homeostasis and body composition in vivo. Functional validation showed that mimicking T2D-associated changes for OPRD1, PAX5, and SLC2A2 impaired insulin secretion. Impairments in Pax5-overexpressing β cells were due to severe mitochondrial dysfunction. Finally, we discovered PAX5 as a potential transcriptional regulator of many T2D-associated DEGs in human islets. Overall, we have identified molecular alterations in human pancreatic islets that contribute to β cell dysfunction in T2D pathophysiology.

Abstract Non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) frequently overlap. Although, gluten-free diet (GFD) and low fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides and polyols (FODMAP) improve the IBS clinical picture, many aspects remain unclear. Therefore, we designed a study to evaluate gluten tolerance, anxiety and quality of life in a specific study population. Fifty IBS patients were asked to follow a low FODMAP strict GFD for 6 weeks and were then randomly allocated to the following groups for a further 6 weeks: (A) receiving 8 g/day of gluten for 2 weeks; gluten-tolerating subjects received 16 g/day for 2 weeks and then 32 g/day for a further 2 weeks; (B) continuing to follow a low FODMAP strict GFD; and (C) receiving a gluten-containing diet. After the first 6 weeks, symptom scores significantly improved. Pain severity, bloating and total score were significantly decreased in the GFD and in the high-gluten groups, while the satiety score significantly increased in group C. Between-group analysis revealed significant differences for pain severity (p = 0.02), pain frequency (p = 0.04) and impact on community function (p = 0.02) at the end of the study. Our findings suggest that low FODMAP strict GFD could be prescribed in IBS patients and would reduce anxiety and improve the quality of life.

Highlights REVIVAL is a multicenter, open-label, randomized, controlled study to compare the standard low doses of intravenous dexamethasone with weight-adjusted low doses of intranasal dexamethasone. Intranasal dexamethasone can reach the respiratory tract more effectively than intravenous administration. Intranasal dexamethasone can reach the central nervous system in therapeutic concentrations, even at low doses. REVIVAL aims to reduce central failures and sequelae by controlling not only systemic inflammation but also neuroinflammation.

Fungal threats to public health, food security, and biodiversity have escalated, with a significant rise in mycosis cases globally. Around 300 million people suffer from severe fungal diseases annually, while one-third of food crops are decimated by fungi. Vertebrate, including livestock, are also affected. Our limited understanding of fungal virulence mechanisms hampers our ability to prevent and treat cattle mycoses. Here we aim to bridge knowledge gaps in fungal virulence factors and the role of melanin in evading bovine immune responses. We investigate mycosis in bovines employing a PRISMA-based methodology, bioinformatics, and data mining techniques. Our analysis identified 107 fungal species causing mycoses, primarily within the Ascomycota division. Candida, Aspergillus, Malassezia, and Trichophyton were the most prevalent genera. Of these pathogens, 25% produce melanin. Further research is required to explore the involvement of melanin and develop intervention strategies. While the literature on melanin-mediated fungal evasion mechanisms in cattle is lacking, we successfully evaluated the transferability of immunological mechanisms from other model mammals through homology. Bioinformatics enables knowledge transfer and enhances our understanding of mycosis in cattle. This synthesis fills critical information gaps and paves the way for proposing biotechnological strategies to mitigate the impact of mycoses in cattle.

La estabilidad de los regímenes democráticos se garantiza cuando el Estado de Derecho produce vías de comunicación horizontal para que los derechos humanos se ejerzan en plenitud, libertad gubernamental y en ecosistemas donde florezcan comunidades integradas, resilientes, participativas y gobernables. En este contexto, los espacios públicos son el entramado natural para modelos de inclusión derivados de la participación activa de los ciudadanos. No obstante, existe la posibilidad de convertir a los regímenes del consenso en plataformas para descalificaciones y polarizaciones ideológicas, todo ello como subproducto de un franco debate de libertades en donde diferentes posturas ideológicas incentiven la anomia. Anomia no es autoritarismo; tampoco subordinación a la voz de las mayorías; mucho menos alineaciones a regímenes social-demócratas o de extrema derecha. La anomia es una condición que subraya las ausencias de mecanismos regulatorios para impulsar reestructuraciones normativas a partir de colectivos que trazan sus prioridades desde una convivencia activa con diferencias. La anomia sobrepone al individuo a la ley y se normaliza una visión hobbesiana del hombre por el hombre sin Leviatán que los regule.

Objetivo: analisar o potencial de morbimortalidade por COVID-19 em comunidades quilombolas rurais. Métodos: estudo transversal, com 26 comunidades do Estado de Goiás. Utilizou-se o método Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) que hierarquiza critérios para estimar o índice de prioridade de morbimortalidade por COVID-19, sendo eles: sexo masculino, idade ≥ 60 anos, diabetes, câncer, hipertensão, tabagismo, dislipidemia e obesidade. Resultados: de 1.672 entrevistados, 52,0% eram homens, 19,0% ≥ 60 anos, 5,5% autor referiram diabetes, 19,6% hipertensão, 9,2% dislipidemia, 1,3% obesidade, 0,4% câncer e 13,9% tabagismo. Houve menor índice de prioridade na Comunidade Engenho 2, e maior em Buracão; sendo: idade ≥ 60 anos em Quilombo do Magalhães; sexo masculino em Kalunga dos Morros; diabetes e hipertensão em Tomás Cardoso; dislipidemia em Almeidas; obesidade em Buracão; câncer em Água Limpa; tabagismo em José de Coleto. Conclusão: houve diferentes potenciais de morbimortalidade por COVID-19, demonstrando qual comunidade apresenta maior/menor prioridade para ações estratégicas para enfrentamento da pandemia.

Objective: Ependymin-Related Protein 1 (EPDR1) was recently identified as a secreted human batokine regulating mitochondrial respiration linked to thermogenesis in brown fat. Despite that EPDR1 is expressed in human pancreatic β-cells and that glucose-stimulated mitochondrial metabolism is critical for stimulus-secretion coupling in β-cells, the role of EPDR1 in β-cell metabolism and function has not been investigated. Methods: EPDR1 mRNA levels in human pancreatic islets from non-diabetic (ND) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) subjects were assessed. Human islets, EndoC-βH1 and INS1 832/13 cells were transfected with scramble (control) and EPDR1 siRNAs (EPDR1-KD) or treated with human EPDR1 protein, and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) assessed by ELISA. Mitochondrial metabolism was investigated by extracellular flux analyzer, confocal microscopy and mass spectrometry-based metabolomics analysis. Results: EPDR1 mRNA expression was upregulated in human islets from T2D and obese donors and positively correlated to BMI of donors. In T2D donors, EPDR1 mRNA levels negatively correlated with HbA1c and positively correlated with GSIS. EPDR1 silencing in human islets and β-cell lines reduced GSIS whereas treatment with human EPDR1 protein increased GSIS. Epdr1 silencing in INS1 832/13 cells reduced glucose- and pyruvate- but not K+-stimulated insulin secretion. Metabolomics analysis in Epdr1-KD INS1 832/13 cells suggests diversion of glucose-derived pyruvate to lactate production and decreased malate-aspartate shuttle and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle activity. The glucose-stimulated rise in mitochondrial respiration and ATP/ADP-ratio was impaired in Epdr1-deficient cells. Conclusion: These results suggests that to maintain glucose homeostasis in obese people, upregulation of EPDR1 may improve β-cell function via channelling glycolysis-derived pyruvate to the mitochondrial TCA cycle.

En los últimos años la fibra de aramida, comercialmente denominada Kevlar®, ha sido utilizada en los tratamientos del soporte textil en pintura de caballete. Este material, presente en distintos formatos, tiene una serie de cualidades fisicoquímicas y morfológicas que lo hacen de interés para la consolidación local o general de los lienzos. En el siguiente trabajo se ha utilizado el hilo de Kevlar® 49 para confeccionar diferentes retículas que sirven como refuerzo puntual en la intervención de rasgados en los soportes de tela pintados. A través de 24 maquetas se han estudiado diferentes tipos de retículas que han sido sometidas a envejecimiento acelerado. Finalizados los ensayos se ha desestimado uno de los modelos testados debido a la rigidez del refuerzo realizado. Sin embargo, se han destacado las cualidades del resto de pruebas, demostrando que este material y la metodología de aplicación propuesta suponen un buen método de consolidación del soporte textil.

En México el tema migratorio es muy complejo, al desarrollarse en él diversos tipos o flujos migratorios como son: la migración de origen, destino y retorno. Según información de la Organización Internacional para la Migraciones (OIM), el corredor migratorio México-Estados Unidos es el más transitado del mundo, al ser Estados Unidos de América el principal destino de la migración mundial actualmente. En este artículo abordaremos la migración en tránsito. La metodología utilizada en la investigación es de corte cuantitativo, por medio de un cuestionario estructurado a migrantes del Área Metropolitana de Guadalajara. Se detecta un nuevo fenómeno: migración de larga estancia en ciudades no fronterizas.

Background and aims: Several methods are available to diagnose Helicobacter pylori infection. Our objective was to evaluate the tests used for both the initial diagnosis and the confirmation of eradication after treatment in Europe. Methods: The European Registry on the management of Helicobacter pylori infection is an international, multicentre, prospective, non-interventional registry aiming to evaluate the management of Helicobacter pylori-infected patients in Europe. Countries with at least 100 cases registered from June 2013 to April 2021, and with a validated diagnostic method were analysed. Data were quality reviewed. Results: A total of 34,920 adult patients from 20 countries were included (mean age 51 years; 61% women). To establish the initial diagnosis, invasive tests were performed in 19,801 (71%) patients, non-invasive in 11,369 (41%), and both in 3437 (12%). The most frequent were histology (n = 11,885; 43%), a rapid urease test (n = 10,636; 38%) and an urea breath test (n = 7577; 27%). According to the age, invasive tests were indicated in 11,179 (77%) ≥50 years, and in 8603 (65%)

Abstract Background Given that psychopharmacological approaches routinely used to treat mood-related problems may result in adverse outcomes in mood dysregulated adolescents at familial risk for bipolar disorder (BD), Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Children (MBCT-C) provides an alternative effective and safe option. However, little is known about the brain mechanisms of beneficial outcomes from this intervention. Herein, we aimed to investigate the network-level neurofunctional effects of MBCT-C in mood dysregulated adolescents. Methods Ten mood dysregulated adolescents at familial risk for BD underwent a 12-week MBCT-C intervention. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was performed prior to and following MBCT-C. Topological metrics of three intrinsic functional networks (default mode network (DMN), fronto-parietal network (FPN) and cingulo-opercular network (CON)) were investigated respectively using graph theory analysis. Results Following MBCT-C, mood dysregulated adolescents showed increased global efficiency and decreased characteristic path length within both CON and FPN. Enhanced functional connectivity strength of frontal and limbic areas were identified within the DMN and CON. Moreover, change in characteristic path length within the CON was suggested to be significantly related to change in the Emotion Regulation Checklist score. Conclusions 12-week MBCT-C treatment in mood dysregulated adolescents at familial risk for BD yield network-level neurofunctional effects within the FPN and CON, suggesting enhanced functional integration of the dual-network. Decreased characteristic path length of the CON may be associated with the improvement of emotion regulation following mindfulness training. However, current findings derived from small sample size should be interpreted with caution. Future randomized controlled trials including larger samples are critical to validate our findings.

La historia, antropología y arqueología de nuestro país son incomprensibles sin el trabajo del maestro Matos Moctezuma, quien aceptó brindarnos la siguiente entrevista con motivo de la entrega del mencionado Premio “Hugo Gutiérrez Vega“.

This article aims to analyze the concepts and relationships of the Triple Helix Model (THM) proposed by Etzkowitz & Leydesdorff as applied to international security and defense and the contribution of THM to the development of knowledge-based economies. The method used was a qualitative, descriptive analysis, reviewing reliable scientific sources and official web pages of countries and organizations such as the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and the European Union (EU). The results showed that the generation of capacities in Science, Technology, and Innovation lead to assets in security and defense and the systemic development of products and innovative initiatives, creating a virtuous circle that allows universities, states and firms, to evolve basing their growth on the development of knowledge. Finally, as a conclusion it was found that investment in research and development in defense and security, articulated with the actors of the Triple Helix, is a driver of technological change that strengthen the concept of knowledge-based economies in the countries that achieve this articulation, as evidenced in the cases analyzed.

Academic moralization, which has been internalized through educational institutions with teacher supervision at schools, now falls into a decline in line with the implementation of distance education due to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. This article aims to show that an educational system that does not offer in-person teaching leads to students ignoring the values of academic morality, such as plagiarism, discipline, and responsibility. This article employs a qualitative descriptive method by relying on online news mapping data as a secondary source and verified data from interviews with elementary school students as the primary source. The results of this study indicate that online education as a learning solution during the pandemic has caused students to plagiarize, cheat, rely on others to complete their tasks, and lose an overall sense of discipline and responsibility. This study suggests a new direction of moral education that does not only rely on teacher supervision but rather builds the wisdom of students' independence upon learning.

La implantación de la red 5G es la causa de uno de los enfrentamientos diplomáticos más graves de cuantos se han vivido en los últimos años. La guerra comercial que mantienen Estados Unidos y China por liderar el desarrollo de la quinta generación de Internet móvil se está librando, entre otros campos de batalla, en las redes sociales. La presente investigación realiza un análisis del papel de dichas herramientas de comunicación en el marco de este conflicto internacional. Para ello, se examina el uso de las redes sociales y el valor de estas en el desarrollo de lo que se conoce como ciberdiplomacia. Al mismo tiempo, se analizan las decisiones tomadas por ambos Estados encaminadas a la prohibición de la actividad de determinadas redes sociales en sus respectivos territorios. El estudio plantea la importancia de las redes sociales en la transmisión de mensajes entre las partes contendientes y cómo estas son utilizadas por parte de los gobiernos de ambos países para llevar a cabo sus acciones de ataque y defensa en dicha guerra.

Age-related hearing loss (ARHL) is a major and increasingly prevalent health problem worldwide, causing disability and social isolation in the people who present it. This impairment is caused by genetic and environmental factors. Nutritional status has been identified as a related risk associated with hearing loss (HL). This scoping review aimed to characterize the links between HL and nutritional status. PubMed, Embase, Cochrane and Scopus databases were searched up to December 2019. Studies examining the relation between nutrition and dietary habits and HL were included. After screening 3510 citations, 22 publications were selected for inclusion in the current review, all of which were published between 2010 and 2019. Diets rich in saturated fats and cholesterol have deleterious effects on hearing that could be prevented by lower consumption. Conversely, greater consumption of fruit and vegetables, and of polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3) and anti-oxidants in the form of vitamins A, C, and E, prevent the development of ARHL. The current literature suggests a possible association between nutritional status and hearing loss. More studies are needed to better characterize the clinical consequences of this association.

Objetivo: Identificar los desafíos de las Instituciones de Educación Superior (IES) en la pertinencia de la oferta educativa y su concordancia con los gustos y preferencias de las nuevas generaciones con las carreras universitarias que son necesarias para el mercado laboral.Método: Esta discusión es relevante y pertinente debido a los hallazgos de la aplicación de una metodología cuantitativa con un estudio de intervención-acción a profundidad que arrojan indicadores que se fundamentan en las percepciones de 600 estudiantes de bachillerato.Originalidad/aporte: Considerados como generación Z, a quienes se sintetiza como nuevas generaciones, sin incluir a propósito, la generación T por su edad y nivel de escolaridad.Estrategias/recolección de información: Se tomó en cuenta a 100 empleadores y/o emprendedores del sector privado en Guadalajara, Jalisco.Conclusiones: Se logran identificar las carreras universitarias necesarias para este sector, respecto a 44 carreras que actualmente se ofrecen en la IES del Área Metropolitana de Guadalajara (AMG).

Currently, the right to food for children and adolescents is constituted as the duty imposed and recognized by the Law to provide the necessary resources for integrity protection. The control of the economic resources assigned as alimony represents a sensitive task to be insured by The State. This investigation proposes a solution to the posed problem through the implementation of a method for the control of the economic resources assigned as alimony. The method we recommend operates through a multicriteria approach with the use of the Neutrosophic Analytic Hierarchy Process.

Tal y como se concibe actualmente, la noción de transparencia ofrece diferentes implicaciones que, con el devenir del tiempo, se han ido amplificando y complejizando cada vez más. Lo que comenzó con la primera regulación mundial en materia de transparencia (la ley sueca de 1766), que apuntaló un embrionario derecho de acceso a la información gubernamental, ha germinado en aplicaciones más recientes ligadas al movimiento Open Data, así como al establecimiento de gobiernos abiertos que desbordan la mera rendición de cuentas tradicional.

Abstract Neuromyelitis Optica (NMO) is an autoimmune disease with a higher prevalence in non-European populations. Because the Mexican population resulted from the admixture between mainly Native American and European populations, we used genome-wide microarray, HLA high-resolution typing and AQP4 gene sequencing data to analyze genetic ancestry and to seek genetic variants conferring NMO susceptibility in admixed Mexican patients. A total of 164 Mexican NMO patients and 1,208 controls were included. On average, NMO patients had a higher proportion of Native American ancestry than controls (68.1% vs 58.6%; p = 5 × 10–6). GWAS identified a HLA region associated with NMO, led by rs9272219 (OR = 2.48, P = 8 × 10–10). Class II HLA alleles HLA-DQB1*03:01, -DRB1*08:02, -DRB1*16:02, -DRB1*14:06 and -DQB1*04:02 showed the most significant associations with NMO risk. Local ancestry estimates suggest that all the NMO-associated alleles within the HLA region are of Native American origin. No novel or missense variants in the AQP4 gene were found in Mexican patients with NMO or multiple sclerosis. To our knowledge, this is the first study supporting the notion that Native American ancestry significantly contributes to NMO susceptibility in an admixed population, and is consistent with differences in NMO epidemiology in Mexico and Latin America.

Esta investigación se desarrolla en el contexto educativo de formación del profesorado en la Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, de Chile, tiene como objetivo conocer la percepción del estudiantado de pedagogía con respecto a la asignatura Filosofía de la Educación. La metodología utilizada parte de un diseño descriptivo, cualitativo, a través de un estudio de caso. Se elaboraron entrevistas en profundidad las cuales permitieron construir un relato sobre la percepción y establecer relaciones entre variables asociadas al objetivo. Las respuestas fueron analizadas a través de categorías y se complementó con el uso del software Nvivo 11. Los resultados más relevantes indican que el déficit está asociado a un problema motivacional por parte de los estudiantes hacia el estudio de la filosofía en general. Sin embargo, muestran una percepción positiva hacia la necesaria presencia filosófica en el proyecto curricular para la formación, señalan la necesidad de perfeccionar los recursos didácticos que emplea el personal docente, así como estrategias de enseñanza que ayuden de modo concreto a los estudiantes de pedagogía a desarrollar habilidades reflexivas; se reconoce la necesidad de proponer una didáctica específica de la Filosofía.

Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder (NMOSD) is a demyelinating autoimmune disease of the central nervous system, more prevalent in individuals of non-European ancestry. Few studies have analyzed genetic risk factors in NMOSD, and HLA class II gene variation has been associated NMOSD risk in various populations including Mexicans. Thymopoietin (TMPO) has not been tested as a candidate gene for NMOSD or other autoimmune disease, however, experimental evidence suggests this gene may be involved in negative selection of autoreactive T cells and autoimmunity. We thus investigated whether the missense TMPO variant rs17028450 (Arg630Cys, frequent in Latin America) is associated with NMOSD, and whether this variant shows an interaction with HLA-class II rs9272219, previously associated with NMOSD risk. A total of 119 Mexican NMOSD patients, 1208 controls and 357 Native Mexican individuals were included. The HLA rs9272219 “T” risk allele frequency ranged from 21 to 68%, while the rs17028450 “T” minor allele frequency was as high as 18% in Native Mexican groups. Both rs9272219 and rs17028450 were significantly associated with NMOSD risk under additive models (OR = 2.48; p = 8 × 10–10 and OR = 1.59; p = 0.0075, respectively), and a significant interaction between both variants was identified with logistic regression models (p = 0.048). Individuals bearing both risk alleles had an estimated 3.9-fold increased risk of NMOSD. To our knowledge, this is the first study reporting an association of TMPO gene variation with an autoimmune disorder and the interaction of specific susceptibility gene variants, that may contribute to the genetic architecture of NMOSD in admixed Latin American populations.

The disease severity of COVID-19, especially in the elderly and patients with co-morbidities, is characterized by hypercytokinemia, an exaggerated immune response associated with an uncontrolled and excessive release of proinflammatory cytokine mediators (cytokine storm). Flavonoids, important secondary metabolites of plants, have long been studied as therapeutic interventions in inflammatory diseases due to their cytokine-modulatory effects. In this review, we discuss the potential role of flavonoids in the modulation of signaling pathways that are crucial for COVID-19 disease, particularly those related to inflammation and immunity. The immunomodulatory ability of flavonoids, carried out by the regulation of inflammatory mediators, the inhibition of endothelial activation, NLRP3 inflammasome, toll-like receptors (TLRs) or bromodomain containing protein 4 (BRD4), and the activation of the nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), might be beneficial in regulating the cytokine storm during SARS-CoV-2 infection. Moreover, the ability of flavonoids to inhibit dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4), neutralize 3-chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro) or to affect gut microbiota to maintain immune response, and the dual action of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) may potentially also be applied to the exaggerated inflammatory responses induced by SARS-CoV-2. Based on the previously proven effects of flavonoids in other diseases or on the basis of newly published studies associated with COVID-19 (bioinformatics, molecular docking), it is reasonable to assume positive effects of flavonoids on inflammatory changes associated with COVID-19. This review highlights the current state of knowledge of the utility of flavonoids in the management of COVID-19 and also points to the multiple biological effects of flavonoids on signaling pathways associated with the inflammation processes that are deregulated in the pathology induced by SARS-CoV-2. The identification of agents, including naturally occurring substances such as flavonoids, represents great approach potentially utilizable in the management of COVID-19. Although not clinically investigated yet, the applicability of flavonoids against COVID-19 could be a promising strategy due to a broad spectrum of their biological activities.

El presente artículo analiza la importancia del cartel publicitario como documento para la comprensión y contextualización del consumo y la cultura durante el periodo histórico comprendido entre los años 1900 y 1936. La investigación utiliza una metodología mixta, cuantitativa y cualitativa, combinando métodos de investigación del análisis de contenido de los carteles publicitarios y entrevistas en profundidad a un panel de expertos del sector para conocer cuáles fueron los carteles más representativos de cada periodo y el papel que desempeñaron en la comunicación publicitaria. La muestra está conformada por 200 piezas de la colección Carulla, elegidas por su representatividad, correspondientes al periodo histórico y divididas en cuatro subperiodos temporales (1900-1910, 1911-1920, 1921-1930 y 1931-1936) para permitir un análisis más pormenorizado y poder comprender la evolución de los fenómenos de consumo. Los resultados permiten trazar un retrato certero de las relaciones socioculturales y de consumo en la época y arrojan datos sobre la producción de cartel publicitario como soporte de comunicación comercial, la proliferación de artistas vinculados a la publicidad, las categorías de producto más anunciadas, el tipo de relato utilizado como argumento para la venta, la utilización del color o el blanco y negro, los estilos de vida representados y la clase social a la que dirigían sus mensajes.

Background: Randomized clinical trials and meta-analyses, primarily from Asian countries, have reported good effectiveness with high-dose dual therapy (HDDT) including a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) and amoxicillin when prescribed as H. pylori first-line or rescue treatment. However, combining amoxicillin with PPIs in the 1990s in several European countries yielded suboptimal results. Methods: An international, multicenter, prospective non-interventional Registry (Hp-EuReg) aimed to evaluate the decisions and outcomes of H. pylori management by European gastroenterologists. All infected adult cases treated with HDDT were registered at e-CRF AEG-REDCap platform until June 2021. Sixty patients were prescribed with HDDT (98% compliance), 19 of them received a first-line therapy and 41 a rescue treatment (second- to sixth-line). Results: Overall HDDT effectiveness was 52% (per-protocol) and 51% (modified intention-to-treat). First-line and rescue treatment lines were equally effective, but the effectiveness was worse when patients had previously received metronidazole, tetracycline, or rifabutin. Adding bismuth to HDDT in rescue treatment did not yield better results. The incidence of adverse events was 30%, diarrhea being the most common (20% of patients); no serious adverse events were reported. Conclusion: Although HDDT is safe and has good compliance, it is not a good option in European first-line or rescue H. pylori treatment, even when adding bismuth.

En la actualidad los medios de comunicación tradicionales han perdido seguidores en favor de los contenidos a la carta y de las redes sociales. Este es el principal motivo por el que los inluencers se han convertido en los líderes de opinión del siglo XXI. Sin embargo, las marcas han detectado un enfrentamiento entre las acciones pagadas o patrocinadas de los influencers en las redes sociales con su comportamiento habitual dentro de su día a día. Esto ha llevado a las agencias de publicidad y a las marcas a buscar soluciones, creando los llamados influencers Virtuales. Se trata de avatares creados gracias a la realidad aumentada, y que en los últimos meses están ganando terreno a los influencers tradicionales entre el público más joven. Con esta nueva forma de comunicación, las marcas lanzan los mensajes en forma de cápsulas informativas lo que nos permitirá concluir que las estrategias de comunicación se encuentran mucho más controladas. Nuestra investigación considera pertinente utilizar una metodología multimétodo que consta principalmente del uso de la investigación científica cualitativa y cuantitativa para conseguir analizar estas estrategias comunicativas y sus posibilidades comerciales en el actual contexto digital

Este trabajo parte de la reflexión teórica sobre la necesidad de un cambio en el sistema educativo que apueste por la inclusión, en el que se contemple la igualdad y desigualdad, las tecnologías y el factor relacional, y que ponga en funcionamiento metodologías que permitan dar respuesta a las diferentes necesidades de una población heterogénea. Desde este planteamiento, se formulan unos objetivos dirigidos a conseguir un modelo inclusivo que contemple los valores, las tecnologías y las relaciones interpersonales y se define una metodología teórica, actitudinal y experimental. Para ello, se realiza un proyecto educativo experimental en Educación Primaria que aborda el uso de las tecnologías de la información y los valores sociales. Tomando como eje vertebrador la música, se diseñan todas las actividades con la finalidad de mejorar el clima del aula y centro, así como el respeto y valoración de la diversidad asociada a nacionalidades, minorías, diversidad funcional… entre el alumnado. La evaluación del proyecto ofrece resultados cualitativos y cuantitativos satisfactorios, tanto en la adquisición de contenidos teóricos como en los procedimientos, valores y normas sociales, lo que permite concluir sobre la necesidad de establecer un modelo de Educación inclusiva donde tenga cabida todo el alumnado.

Este trabajo de investigación se lo realizó en base a la necesidad de conocer el proceso evolutivo de la balanza comercial durante el período 2009 – 2016, para lo cual se describió los aspectos teóricos sobre los componentes de la balanza comercial, se aplicó el método de investigación bibliográfico para extraer la información concerniente a al período en estudio y aplicar un análisis estadístico sobre el proceso evolutivo de la balanza comercial del Ecuador, iniciando en los factores que la componen como son las exportaciones y las importaciones, obteniendo como resultado la construcción de las conclusiones que se manifiestan dentro de este documento. PALABRAS CLAVE: Importaciones; Exportaciones; Balanza comercial; Comercio exterior. ANALYSIS OF THE EVOLUTION OF THE ECUADOR TRADE BALANCE, PERIOD 2009 - 2016 ABSTRACT This research was carried out based on the need to know the evolutionary process of the trade balance during the period 2009 - 2016, for which the theoretical aspects on the components of the trade balance were described, the research method was applied Bibliographical to extract the information concerning the period under study and to apply a statistical analysis on the evolutionary process of the trade balance of Ecuador, starting in the factors that compose it as they are the exports and the imports, obtaining as a result the construction of the conclusions Which are manifested within this document. KEYWORDS: Imports; Exports; Trade balance; Foreign trade.

The goal of this research was to assess alternatives of biofertilization with Fosfotic, Safer-mycorrhiza, and their combination in the potato variety Superchola under semi-controlled conditions. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse and the substrate used was a typical Andisol of the region. A Completely Randomized Design was used with three replications. These alternatives and their combinations with the NPK dose that is used in the region and with different reductions of it, were evaluated, forming a total of 23 treatments. The best integral results were obtained with the treatments in which mineral fertilization is combined with some of the biofertilization alternatives (Fosfotic and Safer-mycorrhizas), with which it is suggested that these studies be continued under field conditions in the Andisols of Carchi -Ecuador. It is demonstrated that both the inoculations with Fosfotic and Safer-mycorrhizas, as well as their joint inoculation, can constitute viable alternatives in the cultivation of potatoes in these soils. However, the reduction of the mineral fertilizers without combine that with biofetilizers implies a reduction of the production, so it is not recommendable.

En este artículo se aborda el estudio de un cabinet de laca británica del siglo XVIII que forma parte de una colección privada andaluza, con el propósito de demostrar su posible pertenencia al “Lote de Lazcano”, consistente en un emblemático conjunto de muebles que llegó a España entre finales de los años treinta e inicios de los cuarenta del siglo XVIII procedente del taller londinense del famoso ebanista Giles Grendey (1693- 1780). Con esta finalidad se han llevado a cabo estudios histórico -artísticos y técnico-científicos para conocer el proceso constructivo y decorativo del referido cabinet. Dichos exámenes se han complementado con un análisis comparativo, tanto técnico como estilístico, con otros ejemplares de la misma tipología, atribuidos a este mismo artífice y conservados en colecciones de distintos países; haciendo hincapié en dos burós de Grendey, custodiados en el Museo Nacional de Artes Decorativas de Madrid.

Esta investigación se efectuó con la finalidad de conocer los antecedentes de la moneda electrónica a nivel mundial, la forma es que es empleada en otros países, y su funcionamiento en el ámbito del Ecuador, para esto se estableció la estructura teórica que permitió identificar las diferentes divisas de este tipo creadas para realizar transacciones comerciales mediante el uso de diversas plataformas que pueden ser online u offline; de igual manera se pudo establecer mediante la aplicación de la encuesta a la población el nivel de preparación que existe para la adopción de esta moneda electrónica en el sistema financiero ecuatoriano, determinando que la mayoría de la población concibe un gran nivel de incertidumbre y desconfianza con respecto a su uso, por otra parte la plataforma para poder emplear el dinero electrónico aunque es de fácil acceso, el nivel cultura de la población no permite que se tenga la confianza necesaria para el uso de esta divisa. PALABRAS CLAVE: Moneda electrónica; finanzas públicas; Banco Central; divisas. THE ELECTRONIC CURRENCY IN THE ECUADORIAN FINANCIAL SYSTEM ABSTRACT This research was carried out with the purpose of knowing the antecedents of the electronic currency at the world level, the form is that it is used in other countries, and its operation in the ambit of Ecuador, for this was established the theoretical structure that allowed to identify the different Currencies of this type created to carry out commercial transactions by the use of diverse platforms that can be online or offline; In the same way, it was possible to establish through the application of the survey the population the level of preparation that exists for the adoption of this electronic currency in the Ecuadorian financial system, determining that the majority of the population conceives a great level of uncertainty and distrust with respect to its use, on the other hand the platform to be able to use the electronic money although it is of easy access, the level culture of the population does not allow that the confidence is necessary for the use of this currency. KEYWORDS: Electronic currency; public finance; Central Bank; currencies.

Statins could increase the effectiveness of Helicobacter pylori eradication therapies due to their anti-inflammatory effect. The aim of this study was to analyze the impact of this therapeutic association in real life. This is a multicenter, prospective, non-interventional study aimed at evaluating the management of H. pylori by European gastroenterologists. Patients were registered in an e-CRF by AEG-REDCap from 2013 to 2020. The association between statin use and H. pylori eradication effectiveness was evaluated through multivariate analysis. Overall, 9988 and 705 patients received empirical and culture-guided treatment, respectively. Overall, statin use was associated with higher effectiveness in the empirical group (OR = 1.3; 95%CI = 1.1–1.5), but no association was found with first-line treatment effectiveness (N = 7738); as an exception, statin use was specifically associated with lower effectiveness of standard triple therapy (OR = 0.76; 95%CI = 0.59–0.99). In the rescue therapy empirical group (N = 2228), statins were associated with higher overall effectiveness (OR = 1.9; 95%CI = 1.4–2.6). However, sub-analyses by treatment schemes only confirmed this association for the single-capsule bismuth quadruple therapy (OR = 2.8; 95%CI = 1.3–5.7). No consistent association was found between statin use and H. pylori therapy effectiveness. Therefore, the addition of statins to the usual H. pylori treatment cannot be currently recommended to improve cure rates.

Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an example of an inflammation-related cancer. Matrix metalloproteases (MMP) are known to be associated with both processes. The aim of the study was to compare the expression of MMP-7, MMP-14 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteases-1 (TIMP-1) in sporadic CRC- and IBD-associated CRC, and to compare the expression in inflamed and non-inflamed colonic tissue samples from IBD patients without or with associated CRC. An immunohistochemical study of MMP-7, -14 and TIMP-1 was performed on sporadic CRC (n = 86), IBD-associated CRC (n = 23) and colorectal mucosa of non-tumor samples from IBD patients without (n = 47) and with (n = 23) associated CRC. These factors were more frequently expressed by cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF) from IBD-associated CRC than by CAF from CRC not associated with IBD. Regarding the inflamed tissue of IBD patients, Crohn’s disease (CD) patients with CRC development showed a higher expression of MMP-14 by fibroblasts and by mononuclear inflammatory cells (MICs) than CD patients without CRC development. In non-inflamed tissue samples, MMP-7 associated with fibroblasts and MICs, and TIMP-1 associated with MICs, were more frequently expressed in CD patients with CRC development than in CD patients without CRC development. Our data suggest that these factor expressions by stromal cells may be biological markers of CRC development risk in IBD patients.

El presente trabajo se desarrolla debido a la necesidad de conocer cómo influye en el desarrollo social y económico de la población ecuatoriana la ejecución del cambio de la matriz energética del Ecuador, en base a esta problemática se analizaron las descripciones específicas de los proyectos ejecutados por el Gobierno Central, entre los que se encuentran las plantas de generación hidroeléctrica y eólica como fuentes de energía renovables, con la finalidad de eliminar la dependencia que actualmente existe por la exportación de petróleo y el consumo de los derivados de esta materia prima; en base a la bibliografía consultada se expresa el monto de ahorro que obtendrá el Ecuador a través esta iniciativa, así como también se analizó la opinión de expertos en materia económica acerca del beneficio que otorga a la población el uso de energía renovables cuyo consumo no es perecible; dando como resultado que el beneficio es alto y aunque en principio no se alcanzarán los beneficios esperados en medida que se efectivicen las inversiones realizadas en un largo plazo de logrará cumplir con los objetivos planteados en el Plan Nacional del Buen Vivir, logran un óptimo desempeño energético y aumentando el nivel de desarrollo socioeconómico de la ciudadanía ecuatoriana. PALABRAS CLAVE: matriz energética; fuentes hidroeléctricas; fuentes eólicas; energías renovables; desarrollo sostenible. THE CHANGE OF THE ENERGY MATRIX IN ECUADOR AND ITS INCIDENCE IN THE SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE POPULATION ABSTRACT The present work is developed due to the need to know how the implementation of the change of the energy matrix of Ecuador influences the social and economic development of the Ecuadorian population, based on this problem, the specific descriptions of the projects executed by the Central Government, including hydroelectric and wind power plants as renewable energy sources, with the aim of eliminating the current dependence on oil exports and consumption of the derivatives of this raw material; Based on the bibliography consulted the amount of savings that Ecuador will obtain through this initiative is expressed, as well as the opinion of experts in economic matters about the benefit that the population is given the use of renewable energy whose consumption is not Perishable; Giving as a result that the benefit is high and although in principle the expected benefits will not be reached as long as the investments made in the long term of achieving the objectives set out in the National Plan for Good Living achieve an optimum energy performance And increasing the level of socioeconomic development of Ecuadorian citizens. KEYWORDS: Energy matrix; hydroelectric sources; wind power; renewable energy; sustainable development.

La presente investigación se ha desarrollado con la finalidad de establecer la incidencia en la economía de los comerciantes de la provincia de Manabí con respecto a las medidas tributarias implementadas sobre los productos importados, mediante la aplicación de encuestas a los comerciantes cuya actividad se basa en el expendio de artículos importados se ha podido establecer el nivel de impacto que dichas medidas han tenido sobre sus finanzas, al punto de tener que reducir costos principalmente en lo que respecta al personal, provocando una alza en la tasa de desempleo, con los resultados obtenidos a través de la investigación de campo se pudieron elaborar las respectivas conclusiones originadas sobre la realidad que afecta al comercio de los productos extranjeros en la provincia de Manabí. Palabras clave: importaciones, comercio internacional, tasas arancelarias, salvaguardas.

Esta investigación nace de la necesidad de analizar los efectos que tiene el pago del anticipo del impuesto a la renta en la liquidez de los microempresarios de la ciudad de Manta, para esto se recabó información bibliográfica con respecto a la base legal de dicha obligación tributaria así como también se realizó la respectiva investigación de campo a través de los formularios de encuesta para obtener la opinión de los contribuyentes con respecto a esta medida impositiva, de igual forma se estableció el análisis del método de cálculo con lo cual se definieron las respectivas conclusiones que permitieron verificar que esta basa su cálculo porcentual desde cuatro aspectos contables cuyo fundamento se encuentra relacionado en varias cuentas por igual, además el perjuicio económico se denota en cuanto a la negatividad de que dicho valor cancelado como pago anticipado pueda ser utilizado como crédito tributario en caso de que este sea superior al impuesto generado al cierre del período fiscal. PALABRAS CLAVE: Pago anticipado, Servicio de Rentas Internas, contribuyentes, impuesto a la renta, tributación. THE PAYMENT OF THE ADVANCE TAX TO THE INCOME AND ITS INCIDENCE IN THE LIQUIDITY OF THE MICROENTERS OF THE CITY OF MANTA ABSTRACT This research arises from the need to analyze the effects of the payment of the advance of the income tax on the liquidity of micro entrepreneurs in the city of Manta. For this, bibliographical information was collected regarding the legal basis of such tax obligation As well as the respective field investigation through the survey forms to obtain the opinion of the taxpayers with respect to this tax measure, likewise established the analysis of the method of calculation with which they defined the respective conclusions that Allowed to verify that it bases its percentage calculation from four accounting aspects whose basis is related in several accounts alike, in addition the economic damage is denoted as the negativity that said value canceled as advance payment can be used as tax credit in case That it is higher than the tax generated at the end of the fiscal period. KEYWORDS: Prepayment, Internal Revenue Service, taxpayers, income tax, taxation.