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BackgroundHealth Promoting Schools (HPS) have emerged as a powerful framework to promote healthy behaviors in many countries. However, HPS still present several challenges, highlighting the excessive workload involved in the accreditation, design, implementation, and evaluation processes. In this sense, a resource to facilitate the implementation processes may have a positive impact on the support of HPS. ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to describe the co-design processes undertaken and resulting learnings to develop the Red Escuelas Promotoras de Salud (network of health promoting schools; REDEPS)-Gestion platform to facilitate the accreditation, design, implementation procedures, and evaluation processes of the Aragon's Health-Promoting School Network. MethodsThe Double Diamond Design Approach was used to co-design this web-platform. The different stakeholders that participated in this co-design, progressed through a 4-stage reflective phase, to discover, define, develop, and deliver the REDEPS-Gestion platform. ResultsParticipants agreed that the functions of the REDEPS-Gestion platform should permit the management of both the educational centers and the administration such as accreditation processes, definition and review intervention projects, and preparation and review of the different progress reports to evaluate the HPS. Despite co-design being a well-established approach to creative practice, especially within the public sector, some challenges emerged during the co-design process, such as engaging and facilitating stakeholders’ participation or the complexity of combining the interests of all stakeholders. This approach allowed us to identify the main barriers for future users and implement platform improvements. ConclusionsWe hope that the REDEPS-Gestion platform will therefore be able to contribute to facilitating the implementation of HPS. The Double Diamond Design Approach used to co-design this web platform was an efficient and feasible methodological design approach. The REDEPS-Gestion platform will facilitate HPS implementation in Aragon as well as all the processes involving HPS. Future work will determine its effectiveness in improving HPS implementation. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)DERR1-10.2196/52110

The choice of optional physical education could be conditioned by personal elements, such as goals or motivation, or contextual, such as perceived teaching behaviour. The aims of this study were to analyse the differences between students who chose (or not) Physical Education and to determine to what extent goal orientations, motivational regulations, and perceived teaching behaviors predict that decision. A sample of 756 adolescents from 14 public centres in Valencian Region enrolled in second grade of high school (Mage 17.06, SD = 0.75), of which 422 were girls (55.8%) participated in the study. Students who voluntarily chose Physical Education presented a different motivational profile, scored higher in all approximation goals (and avoidance), intrinsic motivation, identified and introjected and lower in amotivation. They also showed a marked profile in the teaching styles perceived in the subject in the past (support for autonomy and structured). Finally, the factor that best predicted this choice was the participatory behavior perceived by the student (teaching style supporting autonomy), followed by the orientation of the goal of approximation-task, dominant behaviors (negative), and intrinsic regulation.

Recientemente, se ha propuesto en el contexto educativo un modelo más integrador y detallado denominado enfoque circumplejo, que clasifica el estilo pedagógico (des)motivador en ocho enfoques (des)motivadores en función del grado de atención/frustración de las necesidades y de directividad. Sin embargo, hasta la fecha escasean los datos fácticos sobre el modo en que cada uno de los enfoques pedagógicos (des)motivadores puede estar relacionado con diferentes resultados (in)adaptados en el contexto de la EF. Sobre la base de este modelo circumplejo, el presente estudio pretende examinar las diferencias en el número de horas de EF deseadas por los alumnos en función de la percepción que estos tienen de los enfoques pedagógicos (des)motivadores. Una muestra intencional de 669 alumnos de secundaria (Medad= 14.65; DT = 1.47; 52 % chicas), con edades comprendidas entre los 12 y los 17 años, participó en este estudio transversal.Los resultados demuestran que los alumnos que desearían tener más y las mismas horas de EF que las habituales declararon percibir valores significativamente más altos en los enfoques participativo, sintonizador, orientador, aclarador y exigente de sus profesores de EF que los que deseaban menos horas de EF que las habituales. Además, los alumnos que afirmaron desear menos horas de EF de lo habitual percibían valores significativamente más altos del enfoque de abandono por parte de sus profesores de EF en comparación con los alumnos que deseaban una cantidad mayor o igual de horas de EF. Los resultados resaltaron la importancia de que los profesores de EF diseñen enfoques de refuerzo de la autonomía y estructuradores (participativos, sintonizadores, orientadores y aclaradores) y eviten los enfoques caóticos (enfoque de abandono) para fomentar los resultados afectivos de los alumnos adaptados.

In most self-determination theory (SDT) research, improving (de)motivating teaching styles provides numerous benefits for students and teachers, although there is less evidence of the latter. Although the recent circumplex model provides a fine-grained picture of the different (de)motivating teaching styles (i.e., autonomy support, structure, control, and chaos) that physical education (PE) teachers can use in their lessons, no previous motivational training programs have been based on this model. Moreover, all SDT-training programs have been implemented through different group sessions, but individual sessions have not been delivered. This study outlines the protocol of a motivational training program, derived from the circumplex model, designed to enhance motivating teaching styles (and prevent or decrease demotivating teaching styles) among PE teachers. Consequently, this program seeks to improve motivational variables and influence (mal)adaptive outcomes in both teachers and students. A randomised controlled trial design with a mixed-method approach. At least 16 secondary PE teachers will be assigned to either an experimental group or a control group, together with some of their students. The training program comprises four face-to-face group sessions and two follow-up sessions (one individual and one group session). PE teachers will learn how to support autonomy and provide structure, as well as to be less controlling and chaotic towards students. Over approximately five months, teachers will implement these motivational strategies during their PE classes. Different (de)motivating teaching styles, motivational variables, and (mal)adaptive outcomes will be assessed in both PE teachers and their students at three distinct points: before the training program (T1), during the intervention (T2), and at the end of the intervention (T3). Additionally, two discussion groups involving all experimental PE teachers will be held (one following the training program and another at the end of the intervention). The results from this study could be useful for developing motivational training programs for in-service PE teachers.Clinical trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier [NTC06479369].

Building upon the circumplex approach to (de)motivating styles defined by self-determination theory, this research aimed: (a) to analyse the extent to which physical education (PE) teachers' (de)motivating teaching approaches differ across gender, school level, and years of teaching experience, and (b) to test paths from PE teachers' need-based experiences to their (de)motivating teaching approaches, via motivation quality. A purposive and cross-sectional sample of 667 Spanish PE teachers (63.7% male; 54.7% primary; mean teaching experience = 10.77 years) participated. The overall results found that male, secondary school, and more experienced teachers scored lower on autonomy-supportive approaches, and higher on controlling and chaotic approaches. The findings also showed that, after controlling for gender, school level, and teaching experience, need satisfaction showed a direct significant effect on autonomous motivation and an indirect effect on participative, attuning, guiding, and clarifying approaches via autonomous motivation. Need frustration showed a direct significant effect on controlled motivation and amotivation and an indirect effect on demanding, domineering, abandoning, and awaiting approaches via controlled motivation and amotivation. Another noteworthy result is the positive relationship between need satisfaction and controlled motivation. Our results underscore the role that PE teachers' personal traits play in the adaptive motivational mechanisms underlying their variety of (de)motivating approaches to PE teaching.

Siguiendo la teoría de la autodeterminación, el objetivo del estudio fue analizar si la percepción del alumnado sobre el apoyo a las necesidades psicológicas básicas (autonomía, competencia y relación social) y el estilo controlador (interno y externo) del profesorado predicen las experiencias del alumnado en las clases de educación física. Participaron 942 estudiantes de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria (ESO) y Bachillerato (M = 14.37; DT = 1.55; 50.3% chicas y 49.7% chicos). Los resultados mostraron que el apoyo a la relación social predijo positivamente las experiencias del alumnado, mientras que el estilo controlador interno las predijo de forma negativa. El alumnado que experimentó experiencias “muy malas” y “malas”, mostró los valores más bajos de percepción de apoyo a las necesidades psicológicas básicas y los más elevados de estilo controlador interno y externo, mientras que lo contrario ocurrió en el alumnado que reportó experiencias “muy buenas”. Estos hallazgos subrayan la importancia de que el profesorado de educación física adopte un estilo motivacional en el que apoye las tres necesidades psicológicas básicas y evite el uso de un estilo controlador para generar experiencias más positivas en su alumnado.

La implementación por parte del entrenador de modelos pedagógicos centrados en la comprensión se ha asociado a una mejora del proceso motivacional de los deportistas. Sin embargo, existe un limitado número de estudios que hayan comparado diferentes modelos pedagógicos en variables motivacionales en deportistas en formación. Bajo el sustento de la teoría de la autodeterminación, el objetivo del estudio fue examinar, al final de la temporada deportiva, las diferencias percibidas por jugadores en formación de dos equipos diferentes acerca de las conductas de apoyo y de amenaza de las necesidades psicológicas básicas (NPB; autonomía, competencia y relaciones sociales) por parte del entrenador, la satisfacción y frustración de las NPB, la motivación, el compromiso deportivo y la diversión. Durante la temporada, un entrenador diseñó sus entrenamientos con un modelo técnico-tradicional, mientras que el otro basó su intervención en un modelo comprensivo, también conocido como teaching games for understanding (TGfU). Un total de 23 jugadores (M=16.42±0.50; 100% chicos) de fútbol sala en formación pertenecientes a dos equipos de categoría juvenil participaron en este estudio transversal. Los jugadores del equipo que entrenaban a través de un modelo comprensivo percibieron valores significativamente superiores en el apoyo de la autonomía por parte del entrenador, en la satisfacción de las NPB y en la motivación autodeterminada, e inferiores en la frustración de las NPB, en comparación con aquellos que entrenaban con un modelo técnico-tradicional. Teniendo en cuenta estos hallazgos, parece importante promover la formación específica de los entrenadores en el modelo de enseñanza comprensiva para favorecer los procesos motivacionales de los jóvenes jugadores. Abstract. The implementation by the coach of pedagogical models focused on the understanding has been associated with an improvement in the motivational process of athletes. However, there is a limited number of studies that have compared different pedagogical models on motivational outcomes in young athletes. Therefore, guided by self-determination theory, this study aimed to examine, at the end of the season, the differences perceived by youth players from two different teams about need-supportive and need-thwarting, need-satisfaction and need-frustration, motivation, sport commitment, and enjoyment. During the season, one coach designed his trainings with a technical-traditional model, while the other coach based his trainings on a comprehensive model, also known as teaching games for understanding (TGfU). A total of 23 youth futsal players (M= 16.42±0.50; 100% boys), belonging to two different U-18 teams, participated in this cross-sectional study. Players who received a TGfU model during the season perceived significantly higher values in coach autonomy support, need satisfaction, and self-determined motivation, and lower values in need frustration, compared to those who received a technical-traditional model. Considering these findings, it seems important to develop coach TGfU training to enhance the motivation of young players.

La Covid-19 ha provocado que el profesorado de Educación Física (EF), haya tenido que realizar adaptaciones en sus clases para garantizar su salud y la del alumnado. Por ello, el objetivo del estudio fue conocer la percepción del profesorado de EF sobre los cambios provocados por la Covid-19 en la enseñanza presencial de la EF. Participaron 10 docentes (Medad = 34.7; DT = 7.56) de EF de Educación Primaria y Secundaria de Aragón. Mediante 10 entrevistas individuales y semiestructuradas, se realizó un análisis temático reflexivo deductivo. Los temas identificados fueron: 1) contexto y normativa del centro, así como aspectos relacionados con la 2) programación, 3) metodología y 4) evaluación. Entre las medidas contextuales y de normativa del centro destacan las modificaciones vinculadas a los planes de contingencia, los cuales afectaron al uso de las instalaciones interiores y al uso y desinfección de los materiales. Destacan también cambios sustanciales en las programaciones o en las actividades, prevaleciendo aquellas relacionadas con el uso individual y autoconstruido del material, con distancia de seguridad, sin contacto físico y al aire libre. También, se observan cambios en los estilos de enseñanza, primando aquellos más reproductivos o autoritarios. Igualmente, los docentes manifiestan problemas acústicos a la hora de realizar las explicaciones. Por último, el profesorado afirma que no ha cambiado su forma de evaluar. En base a las modificaciones identificadas, se aportan algunas ideas y soluciones, basadas en evidencias científicas, las cuales pueden ayudar a impartir una EF de calidad durante la Covid-19. Abstract. Covid-19 has caused Physical Education (PE) teachers to have to make adaptations in their classes to guarantee their health and that of their students. Therefore, the aim of the study was to know the PE teachers' perception of the changes caused by Covid-19 in the in-person PE teaching. A total of 10 PE teachers (Mage = 34.7; SD = 7.56) of Primary and Secondary Education from Aragon participated. Through 10 individual and semi-structured interviews, a reflective deductive thematic analysis was carried out. The emerging themes were: 1) context and regulations of the school, as well as aspects related to 2) teaching programme, 3) methodology, and 4) evaluation. Among the contextual and regulatory measures of the school, the modifications related to the contingency plans stand out, which affected the use of the indoor facilities and the use and disinfection of the materials. Substantial changes in teaching programmes or activities also stand out, prevailing those related to the individual and self-constructed use of materials, with a safety distance, without physical contact, and in the outdoor. Changes are also observed in teaching styles, prioritizing those that are more reproductive or authoritarians. Likewise, the teachers show acoustic problems when making the explanations. Finally, the teachers state that their way of evaluating has not changed. Based on the modifications identified, some ideas and solutions are provided, based on scientific evidence, that can help to deliver a quality PE during Covid-19.

Grounded in self-determination theory, an integrative and fine-grained circumplex model, based on teachers' autonomy support, structure, control, and chaos, has been proposed. The present study aimed to examine possible differences in students' perceptions of physical education (PE) teachers' motivating and demotivating styles and the eight different approaches, respectively, regarding students' socio-demographic variables, and different affective, cognitive, and behavioral outcomes. A sample of 669 Spanish secondary students aged 12-17 years (mean age (M[subscript age]) = 14.65; standard deviation (SD) = 1.47; 52% girls) participated in this cross-sectional study. Boys reported significantly higher values in the chaotic style and the domineering approach than girls. Second- and third-cycle students (Year 10, Year 11, and Year 12) reported significantly higher values in autonomy-supportive and structuring styles, and significantly lower values in the domineering approach than first-cycle students (Year 8 and Year 9). Second-cycle students (Year 10 and Year 11) reported significantly higher values in the demanding approach than first-cycle students (Year 8 and Year 9). Third-cycle students (Year 12) reported significantly lower values in the awaiting approach than the first-cycle students (Year 8 and Year 9). Finally, as a whole, students who reported positive experiences in PE, high learning, and high intention to participate in physical activity reported significantly higher values in autonomy-supportive and structuring styles, as well as the demanding approach, and significantly lower values in the chaotic style. The results highlight the importance of PE teachers adopting motivating styles and avoiding demotivating styles, especially with boys and lower grade levels, to promote meaningful experiences in PE and an active lifestyle.

This study aims to evaluate the development of a teacher intervention in a didactic unit and to check their effect on different motivational variables at both situational and contextual levels. It proposed an intra-group study during a sequence of two didactic units in physical education (PE) in which 97 students took part (M = 13.64, DT = 0.75). A series of strategies connected with TARGET areas were applied solely in the tagrugby unit. Motivational climate and basic psychological needs support were measured at the end of the two units to check the effectiveness of the intervention. Furthermore, different motivational variables were measured before and after the intervention in the tagrugby unit. The results showed greater task climate and support of the basic psychological needs in the tagrugby unit. Moreover, greater values were shown in perception of autonomy, introjected regulation and affective attitude in PE lessons, after the intervention in the tagrugby unit. Therefore, the application of strategies based on the TARGET areas may be effective on different motivational variables, in both content and in PE classes.

La ausencia del apoyo a la autonomía creado por el docente de Educación Física (EF) puede desencadenar en el alumnado conductas desinteresadas e indisciplinadas. Así, bajo el sustento de la teoría de la autodeterminación el objetivo del estudio fue testar un modelo que relacionaba el apoyo a la autonomía del profesorado de EF con la percepción de satisfacción y frustración de dicha necesidad, así como con la conducta de oposición desafiante del alumnado en las clases de EF. En el estudio participaron 196 alumnos (M edad = 13.32; DT = 1.38), 95 varones y 101 mujeres, pertenecientes al primer ciclo de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria, quiénes cumplimentaron los factores de autonomía de los siguientes cuestionarios: Cuestionario de Apoyo a las Necesidades Psicológicas Básicas (CANPB), la Escala de Medición de las Necesidades Psicológicas Básicas (BPNES) y la Escala de Frustración de las Necesidades Psicológicas (EFNP). Además se midió la oposición desafiante con una escala adaptada a la EF. El análisis de los resultados evidenció la importancia del apoyo a la autonomía para satisfacer y evitar la frustración de ésta. De igual modo, la frustración de la autonomía se configura como una variable influyente sobre la oposición desafiante. Estos hallazgos suscitan la necesidad de crear un clima orientado al apoyo a la autonomía en EF, alejado de un estilo más controlador, evitando de este modo la frustración de la autonomía en el aula y previniendo de esta manera las conductas desafiantes del alumnado. Abstract The lack of autonomy support created by the Physical Education (PE) teacher can trigger disinterested and undisciplined behaviors in students. Grounded in Self-Determination Theory, this study tested an integrated model that related autonomy supportive teaching with autonomy satisfaction and autonomy frustration, as well as oppositional defiance of PE students. 196 students (age = 13.32, SD = 1.38), 95 men and 101 women, from the first cycle of secondary school, answered the following questionnaires: Questionnaire to assess support of basic psychological needs (Spanish acronym CANPB), Basic Psychological Need Scale (BPNS) and Psychological Need Thwarting Scale (PNTS). For these questionnaires, only the items of autonomy factor were measured. Besides Oppositional Defiance was measured using a scale adapted to the PE. The results showed the importance of autonomy supportive teaching to satisfy autonomy and avoid this need frustration. Similarly, autonomy frustration is established as an influential variable on oppositional defiance. These findings raise the need to create an autonomy support climate in PE, away from a control teaching, to avoid autonomy frustration in the classroom and to prevent defiance behaviors of students.

El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar el efecto de un programa de Enseñanza Comprensiva sobre la toma de decisiones y ejecución del pase y de la conducción en el fútbol sala en un contexto educativo. Participaron 21 alumnos con edades comprendidas entre los 12 y los 14 años. Las variables independientes fueron el programa de intervención basado en el modelo Teaching Games for Understanding (TGFU) y la experiencia en fútbol sala federado. Las variables de toma de decisiones y ejecución fueron evaluadas a través del instrumento de observación Game Performance Evaluation Tool (GPET). Los resultados mostraron una mejoría significativa en la toma de decisión del pase en el grupo sin experiencia tras la aplicación del programa. Sin embargo, en el grupo con experiencia no fueron encontradas diferencias en ninguna de las variables. Los resultados destacan la necesidad de establecer adaptaciones e individualizar las tareas de aprendizaje en el contexto educativo, en función del nivel de habilidad de los alumnos.

The interpersonal style used by the teacher of Physical Education (PE) in their classes can trigger consequences for students inside and outside the classroom. Grounded in self-determination theory and achievement goal theory, the aim of the study was to analyze the relationship between motivational climate and support of the basic psychological needs (BPN) generated by the PE teacher in the teaching unit (TU) of futsal, with consequences of enjoyment and boredom, as well as the predisposition toward EF experienced by students. The sample was composed of 70 students (32 men and 38 women) year 4th of compulsory Secondary Education, aged 15 to 17 years (M age = 15.31, SD = 0.49). The variables measured at the end of the TU were: motivational climate (EPCM), support of the BPN (CANPB) and affective consequences (SSI) the content of futsal and the predisposition towards PE (PEPS). The results of correlation analysis showed that the task climate and support of the BPN in the TU futsal, correlated positively and significantly with enjoyment and some predisposing factors toward PE, while doing it in reverse with boredom. Therefore, given the relationship between what happens in the classroom and outside it, seems necessary that teachers of PE generates a task climate and support of the BPN in each of curricular content, to students adopt life-styles more active and healthy.

Numerosos estudios evidencian que los niveles de actividad física disminuyen en la adolescencia, siendo más pronunciado este descenso entre el género femenino. Por ello, y siguiendo la teoría de la autodeterminación, el objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar la influencia del género en variables motivacionales y consecuencias afectivas y cognitivas a lo largo de diferentes unidades didácticas de Educación Física. En el estudio participaron 66 alumnos (30 varones y 36 mujeres) entre los 15 y 17 años (M edad = 15.29; DT = 0.71). Al finalizar cada unidad didáctica se midieron distintas variables motivacionales situacionales: las necesidades psicológicas básicas (BPNES), la motivación autodeterminada (EMSI), las consecuencias afectivas de diversión y aburrimiento (SSI-EF) y la predisposición hacia la práctica del contenido (PEPS). Los resultados del análisis inter-grupo señalan que las chicas presentan una menor percepción de competencia que los chicos en fútbol sala (p

Physical inactivity is one of the most important problems that affect to our society due to the lack of student motivation in some school contents. The objective of this study was to study the relationship between motivational climate created by the Physical Education teacher in a teaching unit of rugby and basic psychological needs, self-determined motivation and affective consequences experienced by students. A total of 77 students (M age = 15.35, SD = 0.53) of an educational institution, belonging to 4th year Secondary Education, completed the following questionnaires: Perceived of Motivational Climate Scale (EPCM), Basic Psychological Needs in Excersice Scale (BPNES), Situational Motivation Scale (SIMS-14) and the Scale of Entertainment / Boredom in Physical Education (SSI-EF). The results showed that task climate predicted positively and significantly the three basic psychological needs and self-determined forms of motivation, while the ego climate predicted amotivation. In turn, the three basic psychological needs predicted positively intrinsic motivation, while the amotivation was negatively predicted by perceived competence and social relationships. Also, it was found a positive prediction between intrinsic motivation and enjoyment, and negatively with respect to boredom, which was also predicted by amotivation. The results suggest the idea that Physical Education teachers should create a task climate, favoring the satisfaction of the psychological mediators and developing a more self-determined motivation which could trigger affective consequences like enjoyment.

Las experiencias del alumnado en Educación Física es- tán determinadas por la intervención del docente, que puede ejercer su labor desde un extremo controlador hasta otro basado en el soporte de autonomía (Moreno- Murcia, Conde & Sáenz-López, 2012). En este sentido, el presente estudio pretende evaluar la influencia del soporte de autonomía en Educación Física durante una unidad didáctica de orientación deportiva, sobre la autonomía percibida por los alumnos, la diversión y el aburrimiento. Participaron 113 alumnos de 3º de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria de un centro público ( M edad = 14.83, DT = 0.72). Las variables estudiadas e instrumentos utilizados fueron el soporte de autonomía a través del cuestionario ASCQ (Conde, Sáenz-López, Carmona, González-Cutre, Martínez & Moreno, 2010) adaptado a la Educación Física, la autonomía percibida a través del factor autonomía de la escala BPNES (More- no, González-Cutre, Chillón & Parra, 2008), y la diversión y el aburrimiento experimentados a través de la escala CDPD (Cecchini, González, Carmona & Contreras, 2004). Los resultados señalan que en este contenido existe una relación directa del “interés en la opinión del alumna- do” sobre la diversión y el aburrimiento. Asimismo, la “valoración del comportamiento autónomo” incide sobre la autonomía percibida, y ésta sobre la diversión y el aburrimiento de manera positiva y negativa respec- tivamente. De este trabajo se desprende la importancia del soporte de autonomía generado por el docente y la necesidad de implementar estrategias específicas para cada contenido curricular.

Evaluar factores psicológicos en adolescentes, como la percepción de competencia, es importante para desarrollar estrategias en la escuela para incrementar los niveles de actividad física en las clases de educación física y la adherencia a la actividad física. El principal objetivo del estudio fue medir los niveles de actividad física y la percepción de competencia en relación con el género y los contenidos de la educación física desarrollados en un curso escolar. Se realizó un estudio longitudinal durante un curso escolar completo con 20 sujetos de 1º de la ESO (12 chicos y 8 chicas). Los niveles de actividad física se evaluaron mediante acelerometría y la percepción de competencia mediante el cuestionario PSDQ (Marsh, Marco y Abcy, 2002). Los resultados indicaron que la percepción de competencia y la actividad física moderada y vigorosa durante las clases de educación física fueron superiores para los chicos. También se observó que los niveles de actividad física varían en función de los contenidos estudiados siendo superiores en la unidad de baloncesto con respecto a los demás contenidos, tanto en el género masculino como femenino. La percepción de competencia obtuvo diferencias significativas en función de los contenidos únicamente en las chicas, con valores superiores en la unidad de combas. Las diferencias encontradas muestran la importancia del nivel contextual y señalan la necesidad de implementar intervenciones adaptadas al género del alumnado para incrementar la percepción de competencia y, por lo tanto, la adherencia a la actividad física extraescolar. Abstract The assessment of psychological factors in adolescents, such as perceived competence, is important to develop strategies at school to increase physical activity levels in physical education classes and adhere to physical activity. The main objective of the study was to measure gender-related physical activity levels and perceived competence, and the physical education contents developed during the school year. A longitudinal study was conducted throughout one whole school year with twenty 1st year secondary school level students (12 boys and 8 girls). The physical activity levels were assessed via accelerometer and perceived competence via the PSDQ questionnaire (Marsh, Marco and Abcy, 2002). The results indicated that perceived competence and moderate to vigorous physical activity during physical education classes were higher for boys. It was also observed that physical activity levels vary depending on the contents studied. These levels were higher in the basketball unit with respect to other contents, both in males and females. Perceived competence only obtained significant differences depending on the contents in girls, with higher values in the jumping-rope unit. The differences found show the importance of the contextual level and highlight the need to implement student gender-adapted interventions to increase perceived competence and, therefore, adherence to out-of-school physical activity.

Building upon self-determination theory and the circumplex approach, the objective of this study was to adapt the Situations-in-School-Physical Education (SIS-PE) questionnaire and to gather validity and reliability evidence in the Spanish PE context. Three samples of 1441 students (46.43% girls), 473 in-service teachers (35.73% women), and 654 pre-service teachers (50.31% women) participated. Multidimensional scaling analyses indicated that (de)motivating styles (autonomy support, structure, control, and chaos) were graphically depicted by a two-dimensional circular structure differing into need-supportiveness (horizontal axis) and teacher directiveness (vertical axis). Eight specific approaches (two per stye) were additionally identified (participative, attuning, guiding, clarifying, demanding, domineering, abandoning, and awaiting) drawing an ordered pattern of correlations. Bifactor exploratory structural equation modeling additionally supported four overarching styles and eight specific approaches. Reliability and external validity were met in the three samples. The Spanish versions of the SIS-PE questionnaire are valid and reliable measures to assess students', in-service, and pre-service teachers' perceptions of (de)motivating styles.

The main objective of this study was to analyze the perception of soccer pre-service coaches about training activities that promote skills acquisition of soccer players. 76 pre-service coaches participated (M age = 24.6 years old). This perception was assessed through a valid questionnaire used in previous studies whose results show that for these pre-service coaches, the best activity to improve performance are competition matches. This result highlight highlights the need to develop training activities simulating competition requirements. Also it was found that exist a great relationship between effort and concentration required in training activities to contribute to the athletes performance. Concentration and effort should be features that need to be present continuously in training activities to develop expertise.

ResumenEl objetivo de este estudio fue analizar las propiedades psicométricas de un cuestionario para la evaluación del conocimiento procedimental en el deporte. La muestra de esta investigación fue de 489 sujetos, de edades comprendidas entre los 13 y los 16 años, con diferentes contextos de práctica deportiva, años de experiencia y género. Los resultados obtenidos demostraron que el instrumento posee una validez y consistencia interna evidentes, hallándose un modelo factorial compuesto por un factor principal (conocimiento procedimental) y dos factores secundarios (pensar y comprender), con pesos factoriales adecuados, siendo muy elevados entre los factores secundarios y el factor principal. Igualmente, es interesante destacar que uno de los ítems fue eliminado del cuestionario inicial, al poseer un peso factorial muy bajo. El análisis de la validez de contenido y de la validez concurrente reforzaron positivamente los resultados obtenidos. Por ello, se puede concluir diciendo que el cuestionario planteado es un instrumento adecuado para su utilización en el contexto deportivo, aunque una mayor profundidad en el estudio de este constructo puede ser favorable para continuar aportando nuevas averiguaciones.AbstractThe purpose of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of a questionnaire to evaluate the procedural knowledge in sport. The sample of this investigation was 489 subjects, of 13 to 16 years old, with different contexts of sports practice, experience and gender. The results revealed satisfactory validity and internal consistency of the instrument, obtaining a factorial model made up a main factor (procedural knowledge) and two subscales (thinking and understanding), with suitable factor loadings, being very high between main factor and two subscales. Equally, it is interesting to emphasize that one of the items was eliminated of the initial questionnaire, so the factor loading was very low. The analysis of the content and concurrent validity reinforced these results. So, it is possible to conclude saying that this questionnaire is an instrument adapted for its utilization in the sports context. To make a careful study of this construct can be favourable to continue contributing new inquiries.http://dx.doi.org/10.5232/ricyde2013.03103

Resumen. Siguiendo la teoría de la autodeterminación, el objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la asociación entre la percepción de apoyo a las necesidades psicológicas básicas (i.e., autonomía, competencia y relaciones sociales) y la predisposición hacia el contenido (i.e., actitud cognitiva y afectiva) que tiene el alumnado. El estudio fue desarrollado en tres unidades didácticas de Educación Física, donde participaron 77 alumnos en el contenido de fútbol sala, 75 en acrosport y 78 en rugby, pertenecientes a 4º de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria. Los resultados de los análisis de correlación y los análisis predictivos señalan una relación positiva entre la percepción del apoyo de las tres necesidades psicológicas y la predisposición hacia el contenido que tienen los alumnos, adquiriendo uno u otro mediador más importancia en función del contenido curricular impartido. En base a ello, se destaca la importancia de apoyar las tres necesidades psicológicas básicas mediante estrategias de intervención que deben ser diseñadas y adaptadas para cada contenido curricular. Todo ello puede redundar en una mayor predisposición del alumnado hacia cada uno de los contenidos curriculares que integran la Educación Física, suponiendo una mayor adherencia hacia la práctica de actividad física. Abstract. Grounded on the self- determination theory, the aim of the study was to analyze the association between perceived support of basic psychological needs (i.e., autonomy, competence and relatedness) and predisposition toward the content (i.e., cognitive and affective attitude). The study was developed in three Physical Education teaching units. The sample was comprised of 77 football, 75 acrosport and 78 rugby 4th- year compulsory Secondary Education students. The results of the correlation and predictive analysis indicate a positive relationship between perceived support of the three psychological needs and predisposition to the content. The importance of each psychological need was different depending on the teaching unit. The usefulness of supporting the three basic psychological needs through intervention strategies was highlighted. These strategies should be designed and adapted for any curricular content. This can result in a greater predisposition of students to each of the units that integrate Physical Education. It can also lead to greater adherence to participation in physical activity.

El presente estudio pretende evaluar el desarrollo de una intervención docente en una unidad didáctica y comprobar su efecto sobre diferentes variables motivacionales a nivel situacional, a partir de las premisas de la teoría de las metas de logro (Nicholls, 1989) y de la teoría de la autodeterminación (Ryan & Deci, 2002). Se realizó un estudio cuasi-experimental a lo largo de una secuencia de tres unidades didácticas integradas en la programación didáctica anual del profesor de EF. En la unidad experimental de salto con combas se aplicaron una serie de estrategias vinculadas a las áreas TARGET (Ames, 1992) y en las dos unidades control no hubo ningún tipo de manipulación en la intervención. En el estudio participaron un total de 92 alumnos de 1º de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria, con edades comprendidas entre los 11 y 14 años. Los instrumentos utilizados midieron al final de las tres unidades didácticas distintas variables situacionales: el clima motivacional, las necesidades psicológicas básicas, la motivación autodeterminada y la diversión. Los resultados mostraron en la unidad didáctica experimental, respecto a las unidades control, una mayor percepción del clima tarea, una mayor satisfacción de las necesidades psicológicas básicas, una mayor motivación autodeterminada y una mayor diversión en el alumnado. Por tanto, la eficacia de esta intervención refleja la importancia de implementar estrategias relativas a las áreas TARGET en las clases de Educación Física para generar un clima tarea, influyendo de esta forma en la motivación y diversión de los alumnos. Palabras clave: intervención docente; motivación del alumnado; necesidades psicológicas básicas; diversión; educación física; áreas TARGET. Abstract: This study aims to evaluate the development of a teacher intervention in a didactic unit and to check their effect on different motivational situational variables, based on the achievement goal theory (Nicholls, 1989) and the self-determination theory (Ryan & Deci, 2002). We proposed a quasi-experimental study during a sequence of three didactic units which belong to the physical education program. A series of strategies connected with TARGET areas were applied in the experimental jumping rope unit and there wasn´t any kind of manipulation in the intervention in the two control units. In this study, 92 Physical Education 1st year compulsory secondary education students, aged between 11 and 14 years, were involved. The instruments measured different situational variables at the end of the three didactic units: motivational climate, basic psychological needs, self-determined motivation and enjoyment. The results in the experimental unit, respect to control units, showed greater task climate, greater satisfaction of basic psychological needs, greater self-determined forms of motivation as well as greater enjoyment of the students. Therefore, the effectiveness of this intervention reflects the importance of the implementation of strategies related to TARGET areas in the physical education lessons to improve the task climate, so it influences student motivation and enjoyment of the students. Key words:teacher intervention; student motivation; basic psychological needs; enjoyment; physical education; TARGET areas.

In this article, we have tried to establish the practical implications of instructional strategies in sport teaching. Firstly, we have highlighted the importance of the Teaching Game for Understanding as a teaching model that is fundamentally based on the use of modified games, whose purpose is for students to learn the tactical aspects of a certain sport, by way of modified versions of the real game. Later on, we have gone further into depth into a new way of understanding the teaching-learning process in sport, non-Linear Pedagogy, which is based on manipulating the relevant determining factors (task, environment and individual) to increase information sources and thus be able to guide students towards obtaining their objectives. Within non-linear pedagogy, verbal instruction (e.g., questioning) is considered to be a determining factor that attempts to channel the search for tactical solutions within a learning environment. Finally, we end the article with a section that refers to practical applications, where we purport to give a series of guidelines on how to implement questioning as a didactical resource whose aim is to improve students’ tactical action capacity.

The importance within sport expertise of cognitive factors has been emphasised in many research studies. Adaptations that take place in athletes' long-term memories are going to condition their decision-making and performance, and training programmes must be developed that improve these adaptations. In our study, we provide a tactical-cognitive training programme based on video-feedback and questioning in order to improve tactical knowledge in tennis players and verify its effect when transferred to athletes' decision-making. 11 intermediate tennis players participated in this study (12.9 ± 0.7 years old), distributed into two groups (experimental, n = 5; control, n = 6). Tactical knowledge was measured by problem representation and strategy planning with a verbal protocol. Decision-making was measured by a systematic observation instrument. Results confirm the effectiveness of a combination of video-feedback and questioning on cognitive expertise, developing adaptations in long-term memory that produce an improvement in the quality of tactical knowledge (content, sophistication and structure). This, in turn, is transferred to the athletes' decision-making capacity, leading to a higher percentage of successful decisions made during game play. Finally, we emphasise the need to develop effective programmes to develop cognitive expertise and improve athletes' performance, and include it in athletes' formative stages.