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ABSTRACTExtending the shelf life of fruits without altering their nutritional or sensory characteristics has led to the search for different preservation technologies. Strawberry (Fragaria ananassa) is prone to rapid decay after harvest. Aloe Vera Gel (AVG) provides antioxidants that help prevent rapid ripening; however, its hydrophilic nature can reduce the effectiveness of the coating. On the other hand, Carnauba wax (CWP) could decrease water vapor permeability and has not been previously used for strawberries. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the coating formed by different concentrations of AVG with CWP microparticles. The samples were immersed in the coating for different times, lyophilized and analyzed in the scanning electron microscope, with different resolutions, to establish the experimental conditions and confirmed the formation of the layer on the surface. A Completely Random Design was applied, with a 32 factorial arrangement: AVG (0%, 30%, 45% v/v) and CWP (0%, 0.3%, 0.4% w/v). Three repetitions and 27 experimental runs were carried out. The treatments that presented the best physicochemical and microbiological conditions were analyzed sensorially. The treatments with higher concentrations of the two components provided the least change in weight loss, pH, and ripening index (p ≤ .05), and the lowest values of the severity index caused by Botrytis cinerea. The coated samples were well accepted sensorially, with no significant difference with the uncoated strawberries (p > .05). The proposed coatings have the potential to extend the shelf life of strawberries and be applied in the fruit marketing chain.

Lignocellulose, the Earth’s most abundant biopolymer, is degraded by wood-decaying fungi, specifically white rot fungi (WRF) and brown rot fungi (BRF), which use different strategies. This study examines the expression profiles of the AA9 and CDH enzymes of three WRF species (Heterobasidion annosum, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, and Pleurotus ostreatus) and two BRF species (Fomitopsis pinicola and Rhodonia placenta) from the Agaricomycetes class, grown on poplar wood or glucose as the sole carbon source. Mycelia were collected between days 10 and 12, revealing distinct lignocellulose degradation strategies between WRF and BRF, evidenced by the upregulation of AA9 LPMO (lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases) and AA3_1 (Cellobiose Dehydrogenase) genes, with the co-occurrence of both types of transcripts at the time of mycelial collection. The genome analysis showed variability in the number of AA9LPMO genes between WRF and BRF, which were differentially regulated depending on the carbon source. WRF exhibited a significant upregulation of AA9 LPMO genes,. In Phanerochaete chrysosporium, only one AA9LPMO gene was homologous to Pleurotus ostreatus, which had the highest number of AA9LPMO genes among the WRF studied. Some AA9 LPMO genes in Pleurotus ostreatus were associated to transposable elements (TEs, mainly footprints of LTRs) and grouped in clustered. LTRs were found either in the flanking or within the gene coding regions with no effect on gene transcription. In silico analysis of the AA9LPMO proteins in WRF uncovered distinct features at their C-terminal ends. Most of them lacked an appended module, but those with a CBM1 were highly induced in poplar wood media. The proportion of AA9 proteins with a CBM1 module was similar in Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Heterobasidion irregulare, but lower in Pleurotus ostreatus, which contained more AA9LPMO genes overall. In Pleurotus ostreatus, AA9LPMO proteins were grouped into three clades based on their C oxidizing type, with each clade containing proteins with specific features. The abundance (redundancy) of AA9LPMO genes in WRF especially associated to footprints LTRs in Pleurotus ostreatus suggests these genes may have other roles beyond lignocellulose degradation.

Truffles are ascomycete hypogeous fungi belonging to the Tuberaceae family of the Pezizales order that grow in ectomycorrhizal symbiosis with tree roots, and they are known for their peculiar aromas and flavors. The axenic culture of truffle mycelium is problematic because it is not possible in many cases, and the growth rate is meager when it is possible. This limitation has prompted searching and characterizing new strains that can be handled in laboratory conditions for basic and applied studies. In this work, a new strain of Tuber borchii (strain SP1) was isolated and cultured, and its transcriptome was analyzed under different in vitro culture conditions. The results showed that the highest growth of T. borchii SP1 was obtained using maltose-enriched cultures made with soft-agar and in static submerged cultures made at 22 °C. We analyzed the transcriptome of this strain cultured in different media to establish a framework for future comparative studies, paying particular attention to the central metabolic pathways, principal secondary metabolite gene clusters, and the genes involved in producing volatile aromatic compounds (VOCs). The results showed a transcription signal for around 80% of the annotated genes. In contrast, most of the transcription effort was concentrated on a limited number of genes (20% of genes account for 80% of the transcription), and the transcription profile of the central metabolism genes was similar in the different conditions analyzed. The gene expression profile suggests that T. borchii uses fermentative rather than respiratory metabolism in these cultures, even in aerobic conditions. Finally, there was a reduced expression of genes belonging to secondary metabolite clusters, whereas there was a significative transcription of those involved in producing volatile aromatic compounds.

The results of recovery of iron compounds in the mining tailings, located in a wetland of Coquimbo, Chile, are presented. The main elements found are iron 16.34%, aluminum 6.91%, calcium 3.41%, magnesium 1.39 and cobalt with 1.40%. Three chemical and two physical iron separation processes were carried out, the latter, through magnetic separation, obtaining 67.16% of magnetic components, the chemical processes were treating the tailings with 25% hydrochloric acid, removing 41.59% of the tailings material, obtaining a solution rich in iron and this, was subsequently treated with a solution of sodium hydroxide at pH 12, obtaining ferric hydroxide. In the processes it was not possible to selectively separate the iron, but mixtures were obtained that are economically important such as iron, cobalt, aluminum, which can subsequently be separated by traditional means. In addition, a decrease in tailings volume was achieved.

Este artículo examina los factores que condicionan el trato y la disposición preliminar de casos penales. Para esto estimamos modelos multivariados basados en la observación aleatoria de audiencias en Bogotá y Cali (N = 330), lo que incluyó la recolección de datos sobre el comportamiento de los jueces, sus decisiones y las características de las personas detenidas. Se demuestra que factores “extralegales”, como, por ejemplo, el tipo de defensa o el origen étnico o racial de los procesados, están asociados con la variación en el trato e imposición de la detención preventiva, además de criterios “legales” relacionados con la gravedad de los delitos y las condenas previas.

Con base en los postulados de Severo Sarduy, Alejo Carpentier, José Lezama Lima, Omar Calabrese, Mijaíl Bajtín y Julia Kristeva, se analiza la intertextualidad como recurso neobarroco en la novela El hombre, la hembra y el hambre (1998), de la escritora cubana Daína Chaviano. Mediante una lectura en filigrana, se hace un estudio comparativo entre Claudia —protagonista de esta obra literaria—, Papillon y McMurphy —personajes de los filmes Papillon (1973) y One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest (1975), respectivamente—. Por último, se propone la imaginación y la recuperación del pasado histórico como un camino hacia la libertad del individuo y la construcción de identidad de los pueblos.

Antecedentes: La inversión es clave para analizar el crecimiento de una economía, porque aumenta su capacidad productiva, por ampliación del capital o incorporación de nueva tecnología que hace más eficiente el proceso productivo. En Uruguay, la inversión se ha incrementado sustancialmente en los últimos años, tanto global como sectorialmente. Esto habría ocurrido como resultado del fuerte crecimiento en el periodo, con políticas gubernamentales de promoción de inversiones. El impacto de la inversión en el crecimiento y el empleo han sido estudiadas en profundidad, con resultados empíricos que apoyan que la inversión precede el crecimiento, como la causalidad inversa.Métodos: A través de un modelo de vectores con corrección de error (VECM por sus siglas en inglés) se analiza el PIB sin actividad primaria, la inversión y el empleo urbano en Uruguay.Resultados: Con base en este modelo, observamos que hay una relación positiva entre el PIB y las otras dos variables, y que en ella el PIB precede tanto a los trabajadores urbanos como a la inversión.Conclusiones: La relación entre el empleo y la inversión no es tan clara y, en algunos casos, parece ser negativa, lo que podría estar mostrando un fenómeno de inversión ahorradora de trabajo, o inversión en sectores menos intensivos en mano de obra. Uruguay, como una pequeña economía abierta depende de la IED para aumentar la inversión, y este tipo de inversión es atraído sobre todo por altas tasas de crecimiento económico.

This research aimed to establish the relationship between carbon–nitrogen nutritional factors and copper sulfate on laccase activity (LA) by Pleurotus ostreatus. Culture media composition was tested to choose the nitrogen source. Yeast extract (YE) was selected as a better nitrogen source than ammonium sulfate. Then, the effect of glucose and YE concentrations on biomass production and LA as response variables was evaluated using central composite experimental designs with and without copper. The results showed that the best culture medium composition was glucose 45 gL−1 and YE 15 gL−1, simultaneously optimizing these two response variables. The fungal transcriptome was obtained in this medium with or without copper, and the differentially expressed genes were found. The main upregulated transcripts included three laccase genes (lacc2, lacc6, and lacc10) regulated by copper, whereas the principal downregulated transcripts included a copper transporter (ctr1) and a regulator of nitrogen metabolism (nmr1). These results suggest that Ctr1, which facilitates the entry of copper into the cell, is regulated by nutrient-sufficiency conditions. Once inside, copper induces transcription of laccase genes. This finding could explain why a 10–20-fold increase in LA occurs with copper compared to cultures without copper when using the optimal concentration of YE as nitrogen sources.

Abstract Background Coniophora olivacea is a basidiomycete fungus belonging to the order Boletales that produces brown-rot decay on dead wood of conifers. The Boletales order comprises a diverse group of species including saprotrophs and ectomycorrhizal fungi that show important differences in genome size. Results In this study we report the 39.07-megabase (Mb) draft genome assembly and annotation of C. olivacea. A total of 14,928 genes were annotated, including 470 putatively secreted proteins enriched in functions involved in lignocellulose degradation. Using similarity clustering and protein structure prediction we identified a new family of 10 putative lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase genes. This family is conserved in basidiomycota and lacks of previous functional annotation. Further analyses showed that C. olivacea has a low repetitive genome, with 2.91% of repeats and a restrained content of transposable elements (TEs). The annotation of TEs in four related Boletales yielded important differences in repeat content, ranging from 3.94 to 41.17% of the genome size. The distribution of insertion ages of LTR-retrotransposons showed that differential expansions of these repetitive elements have shaped the genome architecture of Boletales over the last 60 million years. Conclusions Coniophora olivacea has a small, compact genome that shows macrosynteny with Coniophora puteana. The functional annotation revealed the enzymatic signature of a canonical brown-rot. The annotation and comparative genomics of transposable elements uncovered their particular contraction in the Coniophora genera, highlighting their role in the differential genome expansions found in Boletales species.

Strain degeneration has been defined as a decrease or loss in the yield of important commercial traits resulting from subsequent culture, which ultimately leads to Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) production. Pleurotus ostreatus is a lignin-producing nematophagous edible mushroom. Mycelia for mushroom production are usually maintained in subsequent culture in solid media and frequently show symptoms of strain degeneration. The dikaryotic strain P. ostreatus (DkN001) has been used in our lab as a model organism for different purposes. Hence, different tools have been developed to uncover genetic and molecular aspects of this fungus. In this work, strain degeneration was studied in a full-sib monokaryotic progeny of the DkN001 strain with fast (F) and slow (S) growth rates by using different experimental approaches (light microscopy, malondialdehyde levels, whole-genome transcriptome analysis, and chitosan effect on monokaryotic mycelia). The results obtained showed that: (i) strain degeneration in P. ostreatus is linked to oxidative stress, (ii) the oxidative stress response in monokaryons is genotype dependent, (iii) stress and detoxifying genes are highly expressed in S monokaryons with symptoms of strain degeneration, (iv) chitosan addition to F and S monokaryons uncovered the constitutive expression of both oxidative stress and cellular detoxifying genes in S monokaryon strains which suggest their adaptation to oxidative stress, and (v) the overexpression of the cell wall genes, Uap1 and Cda1, in S monokaryons with strain degeneration phenotype indicates cell wall reshaping and the activation of High Osmolarity Glycerol (HOG) and Cell Wall Integrity (CWI) pathways. These results could constitute a hallmark for mushroom producers to distinguish strain degeneration in commercial mushrooms.

Transposable elements (TEs) are exceptional contributors to eukaryotic genome diversity. Their ubiquitous presence impacts the genomes of nearly all species and mediates genome evolution by causing mutations and chromosomal rearrangements and by modulating gene expression. We performed an exhaustive analysis of the TE content in 18 fungal genomes, including strains of the same species and species of the same genera. Our results depicted a scenario of exceptional variability, with species having 0.02 to 29.8% of their genome consisting of transposable elements. A detailed analysis performed on two strains of Pleurotus ostreatus uncovered a genome that is populated mainly by Class I elements, especially LTR-retrotransposons amplified in recent bursts from 0 to 2 million years (My) ago. The preferential accumulation of TEs in clusters led to the presence of genomic regions that lacked intra- and inter-specific conservation. In addition, we investigated the effect of TE insertions on the expression of their nearby upstream and downstream genes. Our results showed that an important number of genes under TE influence are significantly repressed, with stronger repression when genes are localized within transposon clusters. Our transcriptional analysis performed in four additional fungal models revealed that this TE-mediated silencing was present only in species with active cytosine methylation machinery. We hypothesize that this phenomenon is related to epigenetic defense mechanisms that are aimed to suppress TE expression and control their proliferation.

The presence of xerostomia and hyposalivation is frequent among diabetes mellitus (DM) patients. It is not clear if the presence of xerostomia and hyposalivation is greater in DM than non-DM patients. The aims of this systematic review are (1) to compare the prevalence rates of xerostomia, (2) to evaluate the salivary flow rate, and (3) to compare the prevalence rates of hyposalivation in DM versus non-DM population. This systematic review was conducted according to the PRISMA group guidelines by performing systematic literature searches in biomedical databases from 1970 until January 18th, 2016. All studies showed higher prevalence of xerostomia in DM patients in relation to non-DM population, 12.5%–53.5% versus 0–30%. Studies that analyzed the quantity of saliva in DM population in relation to non-DM patients reported higher flow rates in non-DM than in DM patients. The variation flow rate among different studies in each group (DM/CG) is very large. Only one existing study showed higher hyposalivation prevalence in DM than non-DM patients (45% versus 2.5%). In addition, quality assessment showed the low quality of the existing studies. We recommend new studies that use more precise and current definitions concerning the determination and diagnosis of DM patients and salivary flow collection.

Saber cómo llegar y para quién se escribe sin perder el nivel de complejidad, sacándolo del metalenguaje científico y haciéndolo comprensible, es una ardua tarea que aprovecha las plataformas tecnológicas y diferentes estrategias de comunicación para lograr el acceso al conocimiento, de esta forma y siendo coherentes con la responsabilidad social que tienen las Instituciones de Educación Superior de llevar la educación a todas partes, y en congruencia con su función sustantiva y sus ejes misionales: docencia, investigación y extensión; con miras a cumplir el objetivo, las instituciones gestionan procesos editoriales con el fin de consolidar y potenciar una propuesta de visibilidad Institucional, más que de rentabilidad.

Meat products have a broad market in Ecuador; however, jerky (dry meat) is rarely known and there are no products preserved using osmotic dehydration (OD). OD improves organoleptic characteristics of meat, thus it allows to use less economically valued meat cuts. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of drying time on three beef cuts, regarding the physicochemical characteristics (Moisture Content, Moisture: Protein Relation, MPR, and Water Activity Aa) and sensory characteristics in the elaboration of jerky that was previously dehydrated by OD, employing a 60° Brix hypertonic solution.OD procedure was considered to be finished when a moisture content of 55g/100g of product was achieved for all treatments. During the air drying stage, a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with factorial arrangement 32 was used (Time: 4h, 5h, and 6h and muscle cut: Infraspinatus, Rectusfemoris, Pectoralisprofundus) at constant temperature (68.5°C). Five hours drying time treatments (T2, T5 and T8) presented better results for all three muscles types on physicochemical characterization and were evaluated by 65 consumer panelists through a preference test, in which no significant difference among treatments was observed. Pectoralis profundus is considered to have lesser market value compared to the other two muscles, hence its use for this type of products is highly recommended.

Water kefir is a homemade fermented drink, to which certain probiotic properties are attributed. In this study, changes in acidity and oBrix of Ecuadorian homemade water kefir, elaborated with three different types of sweeteners (brown sugar, honey and granulated sugar) and at different fermentation times (24, 48 and 72 hours), were determined. The treatments arranged in a completely randomized block design (factorial 32) was applied. A focus group evaluated and selected three prototypes due to their sensory characteristics, also acidity and oBrix were measured for chemical specifications. According to the weighting of the variable of response for microbiological count, two treatments were chosen. The treatment with the greatest acceptance due to their chemical, microbiological and sensory characteristics was the sample fermented with honey at 48 h. A phenotypic and genotypic characterization (16S DNAr) of microbiota showed the presence of Leuconostoc holzapfelii, Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which could be attributed to water kefir probiotic properties.

The use of modified atmospheres for bakery products has increased in recent years high-lighting the use of gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrogen (N2). Products such as short pastry have great importance due to its wide application in the preparation of salty and sweet meals. This study evaluated the change in physicochemical, organoleptic and microbiological characteristics of a precooked sweet pastry using different storage atmospheres (air, vacuum, 60% CO2/40% N2, 70% CO2/30% N2 and 100% CO2) at different storage periods (1, 2 and 4 weeks). Treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design with a 5x3 factorial arrangement. It was determined that there is no significant difference in the physicochemical and microbiological characteristics for all types of atmospheres, as well as, for the storage periods. However, through sensory analysis, it was determined that the atmospheres that kept the initial organoleptic characteristics of the product were the samples stored in air, 70% CO2/30% N2 and 100% CO2. Considering the economic factor, it was concluded that the best storage atmosphere for this is air.

BACKGROUND: The basidiomycete Pleurotus ostreatus is an efficient producer of laccases, a group of enzymes appreciated for their use in multiple industrial processes. The aim of this study was to reveal the molecular basis of the superiority of laccase production by dikaryotic strains compared to their parental monokaryons. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We bred and studied a set of dikaryotic strains starting from a meiotic population of monokaryons. We then completely characterised the laccase allelic composition, the laccase gene expression and activity profiles in the dikaryotic strain N001, in two of its meiotic full-sib monokaryons and in the dikaryon formed from their mating. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Our results suggested that the dikaryotic superiority observed in laccase activity was due to non-additive transcriptional increases in lacc6 and lacc10 genes. Furthermore, the expression of these genes was divergent in glucose- vs. lignocellulose-supplemented media and was highly correlated to the detected extracellular laccase activity. Moreover, the expression profile of lacc2 in the dikaryotic strains was affected by its allelic composition, indicating a putative single locus heterozygous advantage.

La supervisión Educativa en Paraguay, es ejercida por Supervisores/as de Control y Apoyo Administrativo y Supervisores/as de Apoyo Técnico Pedagógico, sus funciones abarcan los sectores públicos y privados así como el ámbito escolar y extraescolar de todos los niveles y programas.

Aim: To study the relation between burnout and resilience and to identify the profile of nurses presenting this quality. Background and Introduction: Healthcare professionals are subject to high rates of burnout. Resilience could be an important factor in preventing or alleviating this condition. Methods: The PubMed, ProQuest, Scopus and ScienceDirect databases were consulted in February 2022 using the equation 'burnout AND resilience AND nurs*'. The inclusion criteria applied were that the texts should describe quantitative studies, be published in English or Spanish, in any year, and be directly related to the question considered. The meta‐analysis was performed using StatsDirect statistical software. Results: Analysis of the 29 studies shows that among the dimensions of burnout, nurses are especially prone to emotional exhaustion, and are less affected by depersonalisation and low personal accomplishment. Those who score highly for resilience tend to have longer service experience, acceptable salaries and less work overload. Meta‐analysis reveals an inverse correlation between resilience and burnout (r = −0.41; n = 2750), exhaustion (r = −0.27; n = 6966) and depersonalisation (r = −0.23; n = 6115). Conclusion: Many nurses present low levels of resilience and suffer from burnout syndrome. The application of programmes to enhance their resilience would help prevent burnout and optimise the potential to provide quality health care. Implications for nursing and health policy: Resilience is inversely correlated with burnout, depersonalisation and emotional exhaustion. Accordingly, healthcare organisations should develop and implement evidence‐based programmes to foster nurses' resilience and thus reduce their susceptibility to burnout. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]