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The carpal and cubital tunnel syndromes are the most common compression neuropathies of the upper extremity. Although the diagnosis and management of these neuropathies have evolved over the past few decades, the ideal primary surgical treatment has not yet been established and management of recurrence remains a challenge. Revision surgery with simple repeated nerve decompression even accompanied by neurolysis does not always result in satisfactory clinical outcomes. Coverage with soft tissue or wrapping of the nerve with biologic or synthetic protective barriers can be used as an ancillary technique in the revision surgery to enhance nerve healing, preventing perineural scarring and adhesions. Future randomized larger trials combined with better understanding of nerve biology may be necessary to optimize primary and revision surgical treatment for carpal and cubital tunnel syndrome.

The minimal medial epicondylectomy is a reliable alternative surgical technique for the management of primary or recurrent cubital tunnel syndrome. This technique can address the compressive and tensile forces on the ulnar nerve without excessive devascularization of the ulnar nerve as compared to other ulnar nerve transposition techniques. Sensory and motor impairments for patients with cubital tunnel can be improved after minimal medial epicondylectomy. However, it is important to preserve the anterior band of the medial collateral ligament by excising less than 20% of medial epicondyle in the coronal plane to avoid the potential complication of medial elbow instability.

Treatment of scarred peripheral nerves remains a challenging problem and many solutions have been tried with variable success. It is generally accepted that after revision neurolysis of the scarred nerve, soft tissue coverage of the segment of the scarred nerve is essential to prevent cicatrix reformation. The autologous vein wrapping technique can be used as an adhesion barrier for management of scarred peripheral nerves that occur after trauma and most commonly after failed surgical decompression for entrapment neuropathies. Although the mechanism still remains unclear, experimental and clinical studies have shown that the autologous vein wrapping can prevent epineurial scar formation (extrinsic and intrinsic), improve nerve gliding during motion of the adjacent joint and promote the functional recovery of the nerve. Several studies have reported good results after wrapping scarred nerves with autologous saphenous vein graft. Donor site morbidity was minimal. Autologous vein wrapping is an effective supplementary technique for the multiply operated patient with recurrent entrapment neuropathies secondary to excessive scarring of the nerve.

We retrospectively reviewed the results of 89 patients with proximal pole scaphoid nonunion, 58 with avascular necrosis, treated with a capsular-based vascularized distal radius graft. Seventy-one male and eighteen female patients with symptomatic nonunion at the proximal pole of the scaphoid were included in this study. No patient had a humpback deformity. In all patients, the vascularized bone graft was harvested from the dorsum of the distal radius and was attached to a capsular flap of the dorsal wrist capsule. After fixation of the scaphoid with a small cannulated screw, the graft was inserted press-fit into the scaphoid trough in the nonunion site. Supplementary fixation of the graft with a microsuture anchor into the scaphoid was used in 66 patients. At a mean time of 12.3 weeks (range 6–24) after surgery, solid union was achieved in 76 of 89 patients (49 of 58 with avascular necrosis). Eleven patients had persistent nonunion and two fibrous union as determined by CT scan. Sixty-six of the patients with solid bone union were completely pain free, and ten complained of slight pain with strenuous activities. No donor site morbidity was observed. The capsular-based vascularized bone graft from the distal radius is a reliable alternative technique for scaphoid nonunions. It is a simple and expedient harvesting technique without the need for a microsurgical anastomoses. The supplemental fixation with a microsuture anchor eliminates the risk of graft displacement.

Cubital tunnel syndrome is the most common cause of symptomatic ulnar neuropathy. The unique anatomic course of the ulnar nerve around the elbow makes it particularly vulnerable at a location far from its terminal destination. The natural progression of cubital tunnel syndrome allows patients who have mild symptoms to be adequately treated nonsurgically. Minor changes in activity combined with appropriate splinting may acceptably alleviate symptoms. Surgical intervention is recommended for patients who have more severe symptoms. Current data confirm that in situ ulnar nerve decompression, partial medial epicondylectomy, and anterior transposition result in equal success rates; however, more invasive techniques may increase the risk for complications. If primary surgical intervention fails, revision surgery can provide good results. Modern techniques for revision surgery incorporate the placement of a protective circumferential barrier around the pathologic nerve to mitigate cicatrix formation. Although several attractive options are currently available for the management of cubital tunnel syndrome, further research is necessary to guide treatment.

Athletes place an elevated demand on their biceps during and in preparation of competition. The biceps contribution to flexion and supination strength increases as the forearm approaches higher degrees of rotation. Maximum biceps function is required for strength training, contact sports, as well as racket/club sports. Whether completing a tackle, swinging a club, or getting extra movement on a curve ball, a biceps deficit arm can considerably hinder performance. Improved understanding of native anatomy and advances in surgical technique allows us to successfully treat our patients and get them back in the game. This chapter will cover primary surgical repair of partial biceps ruptures in athletes.

Surgical intervention can successfully treat chronic distal biceps ruptures when conservative management fails. If inadequate tissue quality prevents primary repair, tendon reconstruction should be pursued. Tendon allograft remains a viable alternative to autograft for reconstruction and avoids donor site morbidity. Studies have documented significant improvement in flexion and supination strength that approaches the uninjured contralateral limb following distal biceps tendon reconstruction.

Radial tunnel syndrome is a painful syndrome caused by compression of the posterior interosseous nerve at the proximal forearm. There are no specific radiologic or electrodiagnostic findings. Nonsurgical treatment is recommended initially; if not successful, surgical decompression is indicated, releasing all the potential sites of entrapment. Surgical treatment has usually good outcomes; however, workers’ compensation patients or those who have coexisting lateral epicondylitis have less successful results.

Background: Extra-articular ulnar shortening osteotomy is a common procedure for the surgical treatment of ulnar impaction syndrome. Several techniques for this osteotomy have been developed to avoid the morbidity associated with a standard transverse osteotomy. However, these techniques require special instrumentation and are expensive. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the outcome of step-cut ulnar shortening osteotomy without special jigs for ulnar impaction syndrome. Methods: A retrospective study of 164 consecutive patients who underwent step-cut ulnar shortening osteotomy between 2000 and 2010 was performed. The long arm of the step-cut osteotomy was oriented in the coronal plane parallel to the long axis of the ulna. The short arms of the osteotomy were perpendicular to the long axis in the axial plane. Fixation was performed with a palmar 3.5-mm standard neutralization plate and a lag screw. The goal of the osteotomy was to reduce ulnar variance, which was assessed in all patients with pronated grip-view radiographs preoperatively and postoperatively. Preoperative ulnar variance ranged from +1 to +6 mm. Results: All patients were followed for at least 24 months. Union of the osteotomy site was achieved at a mean of 8.2 weeks. The union rate was 98.8%. There were 2 cases of nonunion, which required additional surgery. The mean postoperative ulnar variance was +0.2 mm (range, −1 to +1.5 mm) after a mean overall ulnar shortening of 2.5 mm. All patients returned to their previous work, in a mean of 4 months. The plate was removed from 12 patients because of plate-related symptoms. No other complications were encountered. Conclusions: The step-cut ulnar shortening osteotomy provides ample bone-to-bone contact and simplifies control of rotation. Stable internal fixation with standard techniques allowed an early return to functional activities. Palmar placement of the plate diminishes the need for plate removal. This is a simple and less expensive technique for ulnar shortening that does not require the use of special instrumentation in patients with ulnar impaction syndrome. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

The aim of the present technical report is to describe the alternative solutions for the reconstruction of scaphoid nonunions with pedicled vascularized bone grafts from the distal radius. The surgical technique for the reconstruction A. of proximal scaphoid nonunions with pedicled bone grafts (based on the 1,2 or on the 2,3 intercomparmtental arteries) or with capsular bone grafts from the dorsal distal radius and B. of waist nonunions of the scaphoid with grafts from the palmar distal radius, pedicled on the palmar carpal arch, is presented. Vascularized bone grafts from the adjacent radius are used for the treatment of scaphoid nonunions to enhance union and to revascularize a nonviable proximal pole. The most suitable graft is selected according to the location of the nonunion (at the waist or the proximal pole of the scaphoid) and to the previous procedures/scars at the wrist level.

Currently, there are many techniques used in the surgical release of elbow contracture, but no single technique has gained widespread acceptance. The purpose of this study was to report the outcomes of a lateral-column approach combined with a mini-open triceps-splitting technique for elbow contracture release.Thirty-six patients with a mean age of 39 years were included in the study. All patients underwent a combined lateral and minimal posterior triceps-splitting open elbow contracture release. Elbow range of motion and visual analog scale pain scores were recorded. The Mayo Elbow Performance Score was used to assess functional outcome.The mean follow-up period was 38 months. Mean pain levels decreased from 7.59 preoperatively to 0.44 postoperatively (P .05). The total arc of elbow motion increased from 52° preoperatively to 109° postoperatively, with an improvement of 57° (P .05). The Mayo Elbow Performance Score improved from 44.17 preoperatively to 90.83 postoperatively (P .05).This study shows that a combined lateral and mini-open triceps-splitting approach is a safe and effective alternative technique for the treatment of elbow contractures.

Purpose To determine whether the triceps sling reconstruction technique is a safe and effective treatment of intraoperative ulnar nerve subluxation after in situ decompression. Methods Twelve patients who underwent a triceps sling reconstruction for intraoperative ulnar nerve subluxation after in situ release were retrospectively reviewed. The triceps sling technique consists of harvesting a small, distally based strip of triceps tendon and suturing the proximal end of the strip to the posterior aspect of the released Osborne ligament. Thus, a sling is created between the medial epicondyle and the olecranon, preventing the nerve from subluxating. Patients were clinically evaluated before and after surgery. Visual analog scale pain scores, static 2-point discrimination, strength, and Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand score were assessed. Results At a mean follow-up of 31 months (range, 24–38 months), there was a significant improvement in mean visual analog pain scores from 8.6 to 0.2. Static 2-point discrimination was improved from a mean of 9.1 mm before surgery to 5.7 mm afterward. Strength improved by a mean of 33% and 30% with grip and pinch, respectively. Mean Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand score improved from 45.9 to 3.7. No subluxation of the ulnar nerve was noted after surgery. No other complications were noted. No reoperations were required during the follow-up period. Conclusions Triceps sling reconstruction is a safe treatment in patients with intraoperative ulnar nerve subluxation after in situ decompression. Type of study/level of evidence Therapeutic IV.

Purpose To evaluate the clinical results of revision neurolysis and wrapping with porcine extracellular matrix (AxoGuard Nerve Protector, AxoGen Inc., Alachua, FL) for cubital tunnel syndrome after one previous surgical decompression. Methods Twelve patients with recurrent cubital tunnel syndrome were treated with decompression, porcine extracellular matrix nerve wrap, and minimal medial epicondylectomy (if not previously performed). The average follow-up period was 41 months (range, 24–61 mo). All patients had recurrent symptoms after having previously undergone one surgical decompression. The mean patient age was 45 years (range, 30–58 y). All patients were evaluated subjectively and objectively (pain, satisfaction, static 2-point discrimination, grip strength, and pinch strength). Results A significant improvement was demonstrated in postoperative pain levels (from 8.5 to 1.7), grip strength (from 41% to 86% of the unaffected side), and pinch strength (from 64% to 83% of the unaffected side). Static 2-point discrimination improved from an average 10.4 mm preoperatively to 7.6 mm postoperatively. Eleven of 12 patients demonstrated 2 mm or more improvement in 2-point discrimination postoperatively. There were no complications related to the use of the porcine extracellular matrix for nerve wrapping. Conclusions This study found that secondary decompression combined with porcine extracellular matrix nerve wrapping was an effective and safe treatment for patients with recurrent cubital tunnel syndrome. Type of study/level of evidence Therapeutic IV.

[Introduction][1] The step-cut ulnar shortening osteotomy for the treatment of ulnar impaction syndrome is a safe, reliable, and less expensive technique that uses a 7-hole 3.5-mm standard neutralization plate and a lag screw for fixation, thus avoiding the need for the special instrumentation that other ulnar shortening techniques require. [Indications & Contraindications][2] [Step 1: Preoperative Planning][3] Perform a physical examination and obtain imaging studies to identify all associated abnormalities. [Step 2: Wrist Arthroscopy][4] ([Video 1][5]) Verify the diagnosis of ulnar impaction syndrome and treat concurrent intra-articular abnormalities. [Step 3: Incision for the Ulnar Shortening Osteotomy][6] ([Video 2][7]) Make a longitudinal skin incision along the distal third of the ulna. [Step 4: Design the Step-Cut Ulnar Shortening Osteotomy][8] ([Video 2][7]) Design the step-cut ulnar shortening osteotomy. [Step 5: Perform the Step-Cut Ulnar Shortening Osteotomy][9] ([Video 2][7]) Create the step-cut ulnar shortening osteotomy using an oscillating saw. [Step 6: Fixation of the Osteotomy][10] ([Video 3][11]) Fix the osteotomy with a lag screw and volar plate. [Step 7: Wound Closure][12] Meticulously close the wound in layers. [Step 8: Postoperative Care][13] Protect the affected arm for the first 6 weeks. [Results][14] In our original study, 164 patients with symptomatic ulnar impaction syndrome were treated with a step-cut ulnar shortening osteotomy using a volar 3.5-mm standard neutralization plate and a lag screw[14][15]. [Pitfalls & Challenges][16] [Introduction][1] The step-cut ulnar shortening osteotomy for the treatment of ulnar impaction syndrome is a safe, reliable, and less expensive technique that uses a 7-hole 3.5-mm standard neutralization plate and a lag screw for fixation, thus avoiding the need for the special instrumentation that other ulnar shortening techniques require. [Indications & Contraindications][2] [Step 1: Preoperative Planning][3] Perform a physical examination and obtain imaging studies to identify all associated abnormalities. [Step 2: Wrist Arthroscopy][4] ([Video 1][5]) Verify the diagnosis of ulnar impaction syndrome and treat concurrent intra-articular abnormalities. [Step 3: Incision for the Ulnar Shortening Osteotomy][6] ([Video 2][7]) Make a longitudinal skin incision along the distal third of the ulna. [Step 4: Design the Step-Cut Ulnar Shortening Osteotomy][8] ([Video 2][7]) Design the step-cut ulnar shortening osteotomy. [Step 5: Perform the Step-Cut Ulnar Shortening Osteotomy][9] ([Video 2][7]) Create the step-cut ulnar shortening osteotomy using an oscillating saw. [Step 6: Fixation of the Osteotomy][10] ([Video 3][11]) Fix the osteotomy with a lag screw and volar plate. [Step 7: Wound Closure][12] Meticulously close the wound in layers. [Step 8: Postoperative Care][13] Protect the affected arm for the first 6 weeks. [Results][14] In our original study, 164 patients with symptomatic ulnar impaction syndrome were treated with a step-cut ulnar shortening osteotomy using a volar 3.5-mm standard neutralization plate and a lag screw[14][15]. [Pitfalls & Challenges][16] [1]: #sec-14 [2]: #sec-15 [3]: #sec-18 [4]: #sec-19 [5]: #media-1 [6]: #sec-20 [7]: #media-2 [8]: #sec-21 [9]: #sec-22 [10]: #sec-23 [11]: #media-3 [12]: #sec-24 [13]: #sec-25 [14]: #sec-26 [15]: #ref-14 [16]: #sec-27

Recurrence of symptoms of compression of the median nerve in the carpal tunnel is usually secondary to cicatrix surrounding the nerve. Treatment of recurrent carpal tunnel syndrome remains a challenging problem, and many solutions have been tried with variable success. Experimental and clinical studies have shown that the autologous vein graft wrapping can prevent adhesion around the nerve, improve the gliding of the median nerve during wrist motion, and promote the functional recovery of the nerve. Autologous vein wrapping is an effective technique for patients with recalcitrant carpal tunnel syndrome, multiple operations, and excessive scarring of the median nerve.

Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) affects 1% of the general population and 5% of the working population. Consequently, carpal tunnel release (CTR) is one of the most common procedures performed on the hand. Median nerve entrapment symptoms at the carpal tunnel after CTR can be defined as either failed (persistent or new symptoms) or recurrent CTS. Recurrent CTS is characterized by a symptom-free interval after surgery. The cause of recurrent carpal tunnel is thought to be due to progressive constriction of the nerve via scar formation.

Background: Currently, no technique has met general acceptance for the restoration of forearm longitudinal stability in chronic Essex-Lopresti injuries. The purpose of this study is to present an alternative treatment method for chronic Essex-Lopresti lesions by radial head replacement and ulnar shortening osteotomy. Methods: Seven patients with a mean age of 42.4 years were included in the study. Five patients had a staged approach, and 2 underwent both procedures simultaneously. The pain level was assessed with the use of a visual analog scale. Elbow, forearm, and wrist range of motion was evaluated. The Mayo Elbow Performance Score and Mayo Wrist Score were used to assess the postoperative outcomes. Results: The mean follow-up time was 33 months. The mean pain level was reduced from 8.4 points preoperatively to 3.3 points postoperatively (P

Purpose To determine the outcome of an alternative treatment for wrists with stages I to III scaphoid nonunion advanced collapse using a closing-wedge osteotomy of the distal radius and a vascularized bone graft for scaphoid reconstruction. Methods Twelve patients with scaphoid nonunion advanced collapse (stage I, 3; stage II, 7; stage III, 2) treated with a vascularized bone graft interposition for the scaphoid and a closing-wedge osteotomy for the distal radius were retrospectively reviewed. Data were obtained and analyzed from the radiographs, and we assessed the pre- and postoperative range of motion, grip strength, visual analog scale pain score, as well as the Mayo and Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) functional scores. Results Follow-up ranged from 2 to 11 years. All scaphoid nonunions united after an average of 9 weeks, and all osteotomies united after an average of 8 weeks. Although there was radiographic progression of the scaphoid nonunion advanced collapse stage in 5 of 12 cases, there was major improvement in visual analog scale pain score (from 6.1 to 0.8) and in both Mayo (from 64 to 85) and DASH (from 40 to 9) functional scores. The range of motion remained unchanged, and grip strength trended toward minor improvement. The carpal height was preserved, and the dorsal intercalated segmental instability was corrected. Conclusions Scaphoid reconstruction with vascularized bone graft combined with closing-wedge distal radius osteotomy preserved wrist function for scaphoid nonunion advanced collapse. The method offers pain relief and does not compromise wrist motion or grip strength. Type of study/level of evidence Therapeutic IV.

Elbow contractures from both extrinsic and intrinsic factors result in functional disability and are challenging to treat. Several surgical approaches have been suggested for treatment, although the optimal method is still debated. Nonsurgical management is generally considered for up to 6 months after the onset of the contracture. Surgical treatment is guided by the etiology and severity of the contracture, patient age, and functional demands. Arthroscopic or open release is generally recommended for young and active patients. In cases with primary osteoarthritis, which are often associated with pain at extremes of motion and relative preservation of articular cartilage, arthroscopic osteocapsular debridement and open ulnohumeral arthroplasty are viable management options. Total elbow arthroplasty is considered for low-demand and older patients with pain throughout the range of motion.

An elbow dislocation associated with radial head and coronoid process fractures, the terrible triad injury, has an unpredictable outcome in adults and is rare in children. We present 2 such injuries in children, 1 combined with an olecranon fracture, and both with good early clinical outcomes. However, in 1 of the 2 cases, avascular necrosis of the proximal radius was evident on radiographs.

The major complications of distal ulna resection, the Darrach procedure, are radioulnar impingement and instability. High failure rates have been reported despite published modifications of the Darrach procedure. Several surgical techniques have been developed to treat this difficult problem and to mitigate the symptoms associated with painful convergence and impingement. No technique has demonstrated clinical superiority. Recently, implant arthroplasty of the distal ulna has been endorsed as an option for the management of the symptomatic patient with a failed distal ulna resection. However, there are concerns for implant longevity, especially in young, active adults. Resection interposition arthroplasty relies on interposition of an Achilles tendon allograft between the distal radius and the resected distal ulna. Although this technique does not restore normal mechanics of the distal radioulnar joint, it can prevent painful convergence of the radius on the ulna. Achilles allograft interposition arthroplasty is a safe and highly effective alternative for failed distal ulna resections, especially for young, active patients, in whom an implant or alternative procedure may not be appropriate.

Purpose To determine whether open cheilectomy and debridement of the distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint is a safe and effective alternative to joint arthrodesis for the treatment of symptomatic osteoarthritis. Methods Seventy-eight patients with symptomatic DIP joint osteoarthritis and with a minimum follow-up of 24 months were retrospectively reviewed. Preoperative radiographs were graded. Open cheilectomy and debridement of the DIP joint was performed in all patients. The DIP joint was immobilized for 4 weeks after surgery. Patients were evaluated clinically and radiographically. Visual analog scale pain scores and range of motion were assessed. Results At a median final follow-up of 36 months (minimum, 24 months), there was a significant improvement in mean visual analog scale pain scores from 8 to 1. Distal interphalangeal joint flexion contracture was improved by a mean of 6° and DIP joint range of motion was improved by a mean of 20°. No postoperative infections or other complication were noted. No reoperations were required/performed during the follow-up period. Conclusions Open DIP joint cheilectomy is a safe and effective alternative to DIP joint arthrodesis in patients with symptomatic osteoarthritis who wish to preserve joint motion. Type of study/level of evidence Therapeutic IV.

Complex regional pain syndrome type I (CRPS-I) is a known complication after surgery or trauma to the upper extremity and is difficult to treat. A simple and easily tolerated method of treatment that includes intravenous regional anaesthetic block with lidocaine and methyloprednisolone is presented. One hundred and sixty-eight patients with CRPS-I of the upper extremity were treated in a 5-year period. At the end of treatment 88% of the patients reported minimal or no pain. After a mean follow-up of 5 years (range 28 months to 7 years) complete absence of pain was reported by 92% of patients. The symptoms of the acute phase of the syndrome were reversed. Early recognition and prompt initiation of treatment is very important for the course of the disease as symptoms can be reversible when treatment starts early. Permanent results with a functional upper extremity and very satisfactory pain relief can be anticipated.

Monoblock trabecular metal cups are made of a novel porous material intended to enhance ingrowth and improve fixation. We prospectively followed 223 consecutive patients with 245 trabecular metal acetabular cups implanted during primary total hip arthroplasties to determine the overall survivorship of the implant, and any association of survivorship to primary diagnosis and age, and to determine the fate of polar gaps and cysts. Minimum followup was 36 months (mean, 60 months; range, 36-112 months). Patients were assessed with the Harris Hip score and the Oxford questionnaire and radiographically with standardized serial radiographs. At last followup, all cups were radiographically stable with no evidence of migration or progressive radiolucencies. The survivorship with reoperation as the end point was estimated at 98.75% with a 95% confidence interval. Three reoperations occurred during the first 36 months. The Harris hip score increased from 48 to 94 and the Oxford score was 16.4 at the last examination. We observed no difference in terms of survivorship among patients with osteoarthritis, osteonecrosis, or hip dysplasia. Seven of 14 (50%) osteoarthritis cysts and 10 of 33 (33.3%) polar gaps detected on postoperative radiographs decreased or filled, whereas none of the remainder deteriorated with time. Our midterm results suggest this implant may enhance fixation, but long-term followup is needed to confirm our findings.Level IV Therapeutic study.

Summary Objective To investigate leptin's effect on cartilage metabolism and the pathophysiology of osteoarthritis (OA). Methods Messenger RNA (mRNA) expression and protein levels of leptin and leptin's receptor isoforms were measured by real-time reverse transcription-PCR and Western blot in osteoarthritic and normal cartilage. Osteoarthritic cartilage samples were obtained from two locations of the knee ( n =11) and hip ( n =6); from the main defective area (advanced OA) and from adjacent macroscopically and histological intact regions (minimal OA). Paired serum and synovial fluid (SF) leptin levels were measured. The effect of leptin was evaluated on chondrocyte proliferation, IL-1β (interleukin-1β), NO and metalloproteinases 9 and 13 (MMP-9, MMP-13) protein expression. Results Leptin's and leptin's receptor (Ob-Rb) expression levels were significantly increased in advanced OA cartilage compared to minimal. Leptin was significantly increased in SF than serum samples. Also, leptin had a detrimental effect on chondrocyte proliferation and induced IL-1β production and MMP-9 and MMP-13 protein expression. Furthermore, leptin's mRNA expression in advanced OA cartilage was significantly correlated with BMI of the patients. Conclusion The increased leptin levels in SF point toward a local effect of leptin in articular cartilage, while the observed intrajoint differences of leptin and Ob-Rb mRNA expression may be related to the grade of cartilage destruction. The observed production of IL-1β, MMP-9 and MMP-13 by chondrocytes after leptin treatment indicates a pro-inflammatory and catabolic role of leptin on cartilage metabolism. Furthermore, the observed correlation of leptin's mRNA expression with BMI suggests that leptin may be a metabolic link between obesity and OA.

Background Combined scaphoid and capitate fractures of the wrist are rare entities, and delayed diagnosis is frequent. Scaphocapitate fractures may be associated with reversal of the capitate head 90° or 180° (Fenton syndrome). Different treatment options have been proposed, with variable results. Case Description We report two cases of scaphocapitate fractures of the wrist, diagnosed 3 and 15 days after the injury. The first patient suffered from Fenton syndrome, a combined displaced fracture of the waist of the scaphoid with 180° reversal of capitate head. The second patient had combined fractures of the scaphoid, capitate, and distal radius. In both our cases, anatomic reduction and internal fixation were achieved, resulting in union of all fractures. The long-term results, after 5.5 and 7 years respectively, were very satisfactory, both clinically and radiographically, without signs of avascular necrosis of the head of the capitate or the scaphoid. Literature Review Few reports of scaphocapitate fractures were found in literature. Mechanism of injury, treatment, and outcomes of the reported cases in correlation to our cases are discussed. Clinical Relevance Given the high rate of complications of scaphocapitate fractures, long-term follow-up is important to assess the natural history of the wrist joint after such injuries. The restoration of normal anatomic relationships can lead to a successful long-term functional outcome despite the severity of the injury.

Although open and endoscopic techniques for carpal tunnel release can provide excellent results, neither technique has demonstrated clinical superiority. A permanent nerve injury remains the most devastating complication regardless of the technique used. Symptoms in carpal tunnel syndrome recur in up to 30% of patients, usually secondary to scarring of the median nerve. Repeated nerve decompression alone does not always provide satisfactory results in patients with recalcitrant carpal tunnel syndrome. Supplementary techniques with either biologic or synthetic adhesion barriers can be used to cover the nerve, improving functional recovery and preventing recurrent scarring. Direct end-to-end repair without tension remains the gold standard treatment of peripheral nerve lacerations. When primary repair is not possible, biologic or synthetic nerve conduits and nerve allografts are an alternative to autografts. Future advances in bioengineering and better understanding of nerve biology combined with randomized, multicenter, larger studies may lead to the optimal method of peripheral nerve reconstruction.

A 27-year-old right-hand dominant manual laborer was referred to our clinic with a 7-month history of persistent right radial wrist pain after a fall onto his outstretched hand. He was initially diagnosed with a proximal pole scaphoid fracture and treated with a removable short-arm thumb spica splint. The patient denied tobacco use, and his prior medical history was noncontributory. At the time of presentation, the patient had mild swelling over the dorsum of the right wrist and marked tenderness to direct palpation in the anatomic snuffbox. Wrist extension was 70° with pain, and wrist flexion was 60° with pain. Sensation was intact in the median, radial, and ulnar nerve distributions. Motor strength was 5/5 in all distributions except wrist extension and wrist flexion, which were graded 4/5 secondary to pain.

The presence of pluripotential mesenchymal cells in the under surface of the periosteum in combination with growth factors regularly produced or released after injury, provide this unique tissue with an important role in the healing of bone and cartilage. The periosteum contributes in the secondary callus formation with cells and growth factors and should always be preserved and protected when surgery is performed for the management of a fracture. The current evidence about the cellular interactions, the stimulants and the signalling pathways related to osteogenesis and chondrogenesis is described. An essential knowledge of the basics related to the contribution of the periosteum in the healing of fractures, osteotomies, during the process of distraction osteogenesis and in some degree in the repair of cartilagenous defects, provides the surgeons with a better insight to understand the upcoming "biological" interventions in the management of skeletal injuries.

Objective/Hypothesis: Arthritis at the distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint often results in pain and deformity. Arthrodesis of the DIP joint is commonly performed for symptomatic arthritis that has not responded adequately to nonoperative treatment. Although a variety of techniques have been described for DIP joint arthrodesis, the end result is a motionless joint. DIP fusion also carries the risk of malunion, nonunion, and implant-related complications. We hypothesize that an alternative technique involving an open dorsal cheilectomy and DIP joint debridement would result in adequate pain relief and cosmesis, while preserving joint motion and avoiding the potential complications associated with DIP arthrodesis. We present our experience with 78 patients with symptomatic osteoarthritis of the DIP joint who underwent an open dorsal cheilectomy and debridement of the DIP joint. Materials and Methods: There were 70 women and 8 men with a mean age of 64 years (range, 52-74 years) at the time of the surgery. The dominant hand was involved in 59 patients. The most common fingers were the middle (36 patients) and index (33 patients). Preoperative radiographic assessment demonstrated Kellgren and Lawrence grade 3 osteoarthritis in 44 patients and grade 4 in 34 patients. In all patients, through a lazy “S” incision over the dorsal DIP joint, an arthrotomy was performed on each side of the extensor tendon and debridement of the joint was performed removing osteophytes from the DIP joint, while preserving the insertion of the extensor mechanism. At completion, the DIP joint was immobilized in an extension splint. At 4 weeks postoperatively, the splint was removed and physical therapy was initiated for active range of motion. At the final follow-up, pain level, satisfaction, and DIP joint range of motion were assessed. Results: The mean final follow-up was 37 months (range, 24-62 months). All clinical parameters demonstrated statistically significant improvement at final follow-up. Mean patient pain visual analogue scale scores improved from 8.3 preoperatively to 1.2 postoperatively. Patient satisfaction scores significantly improved by an average of 7 points. Mean flexion contracture of the DIP joint significantly improved from 11.4° preoperatively to 4.6° postoperatively. There were no postoperative infections or tendon rupture. Six patients experienced mild extensor tendon weakness at the DIP joint. No patients required additional surgery. No other complications were encountered. Conclusions: Open dorsal cheilectomy and debridement of the DIP joint in patients with symptomatic DIP joint osteoarthritis is a safe and reliable alternative procedure. This surgical technique reduces pain while preserving DIP joint motion.

Purpose To evaluate the outcome of revision surgery for failed thumb carpometacarpal (CMC) arthroplasty. Methods We retrospectively analyzed 32 patients with failed thumb CMC arthroplasty. The primary reason for revision was pain caused by metacarpal subsidence. Revision surgery included soft tissue interposition and distraction pinning to address the metacarpal subsidence. Additional ligament reconstruction was performed in patients with thumb instability. Eight patients required additional metacarpophalangeal joint fusion for concomitant joint hyperextension. Eleven required additional partial excision of the trapezoid for concomitant scaphotrapezoidal joint arthritis. All patients were evaluated clinically and radiographically. Results Mean follow-up was 57 months (range, 24–121 months). Pain levels evaluated by visual analog scale were significantly reduced in all patients after revision surgery. Mean grip strength and key pinch strength significantly increased. Twenty-seven patients achieved good functional results; those for 5 patients were fair. Conclusions This study showed that revision surgery with distraction pinning and soft tissue interposition with or without ligament reconstruction was an effective treatment for failed CMC arthroplasty of the thumb. Type of study/level of evidence Therapeutic IV.

Background Dupuytren’s disease (DD) is a slow, progressive fibroproliferative disorder affecting the palms of the hands. The disease is characterized by the formation of collagen rich- cords which gradually shorten by the action of myofibroblasts resulting in finger contractures. It is a disease that is confined to humans, and a major limiting factor in investigating this disorder has been the lack of a faithful animal model that can recapitulate its distinct biology. The aim of this study was to develop such a model by determining if Dupuytren’s disease (DD)- and control carpal tunnel (CT)-derived fibroblasts could survive in the forepaw of the nude rats and continue to exhibit the distinct characteristics they display in in vitro cultures. Methods 1x107 fluorescently labeled DD- and CT-derived fibroblasts were transplanted into the left and right forepaws of nude rats respectively. Cells were tracked at regular intervals for a period of two months by quantifying emitted fluorescent signal using an IVIS imaging system. After a period of 62 days rat forepaw connective tissues were harvested for histology and total RNA was isolated. Human-specific probes were used to perform real time RT-PCR assays to examine the expression patterns of gene products associated with fibrosis in DD. Rat forepaw skin was also harvested to serve as an internal control. Results Both CT- and DD-derived fibroblasts survived for a period of 62 days, but DD-derived cells showed a significantly greater level of persistent fluorescent signal at the end of this time than did CT-derived cells. mRNA expression levels of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), type I- and type III- collagens were all significantly elevated in the forepaw receiving DD cord-derived fibroblasts in comparison to CT-derived fibroblasts. Masson’s trichrome stain confirmed increased collagen deposition in the forepaw that was injected with DD cord-derived fibroblasts. Conclusions For the first time we describe an animal model for Dupuytren’s disease at the orthotopic anatomical location. We further show that gene expression differences between control (CT) and diseased (DD) derived fibroblasts persist when these cells are transplanted to the forepaw of the nude rat. These preliminary findings indicate that, with further refinements, this animal model holds promise as a baseline for investigating novel therapeutic regimens to determine an effective strategy in treating DD.

The "terrible triad" of the elbow is a complex injury that can lead to pain, stiffness, and posttraumatic arthritis if not appropriately treated. The primary goal of surgery for these injuries is to restore stability of the joint sufficient to permit early motion. Although most reports recommend repair and/or replacement of all coronoid and radial head fractures when possible, a recent cadaveric study demonstrated that type II coronoid fractures are stable unless the radial head is removed and not replaced.The purposes of this study were to determine the (1) range of motion; (2) clinical scores using the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) and the Broberg-Morrey questionnaires; and (3) rate of arthritic changes, heterotopic ossification (HO), or elbow instability postoperatively in patients whose terrible triad injuries of the elbow included Reagan-Morrey type I or II coronoid fractures that were treated without fixation.Between April 2008 and December 2010, 14 consecutive patients were treated for acute terrible triad injuries that included two Regan-Morrey type I and 12 Regan-Morrey type II coronoid fractures. Based on the senior author's (DGS) clinical experience that coronoid fractures classified as such do not require fixation to restore intraoperative stability to the posterolaterally dislocated elbow, all injuries were treated by the senior author with a surgical protocol that included radial head repair or prosthetic replacement and repair of the lateral ulnar collateral ligament (LUCL) followed by intraoperative fluoroscopic examination through a range of 20° to 130° of elbow flexion to confirm concentric reduction of the ulnohumeral joint. Using this protocol, intraoperative stability was confirmed in all cases without any attempt at coronoid or anterior capsular repair. Repair of the medial collateral ligament or application of external fixation was not performed in any case. All patients were available for followup at a minimum of 24 months (mean, 41 months; range, 24-56 months). The mean patient age was 52 years (range, 32-58 years). At the followup all patients were evaluated clinically and radiographically by the senior author. Outcome measures included elbow range of motion, forearm rotation, elbow stability, and radiographic evidence of HO or arthritic changes using the Broberg and Morrey scale. Elbow instability was defined as clinical or radiographic evidence of recurrent ulnohumeral dislocation or subluxation at final followup. Clinical outcomes were assessed with the patient-reported DASH questionnaire and the physician-administered Broberg-Morrey elbow rating system.The mean arc of ulnohumeral motion at final followup was 123° (range, 75°-140°) and mean forearm rotation was 145° (range, 70°-170°). The mean Broberg and Morrey score was 90 of 100 (range, 70-100, higher scores reflecting better results) and the average DASH score was 14 of 100 (range, 0-38, higher scores reflecting poorer results). Radiographs revealed mild arthritic changes in one patient. One patient developed radiographically apparent but asymptomatic HO. None of the patients demonstrated instability postoperatively.These findings demonstrate that terrible triad injuries with type I and II coronoid process fractures can be effectively treated without fixation of coronoid fractures when repair or replacement of the radial head fracture and reconstruction of the LUCL complex sufficiently restores intraoperative stability of the elbow through a functional range of motion.Level IV, therapeutic study. See Guidelines to Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

Introduction Femoral head avascular necrosis (AVN) is a recalcitrant disease of the hip that leads to joint destruction. Osteoprotegerin (OPG), Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor kappa-B (RANK) and RANK ligand (RANKL) regulate the balance between osteoclasts–osteoblasts. The expression of these genes affects the maturation and function of osteoblasts–osteoclasts and bone remodeling. In this study, we investigated the molecular pathways leading to AVN by studying the expression profile of OPG , RANK and RANKL genes. Material and methods Quantitative Real Time-PCR was performed for evaluation of OPG, RANK and RANKL expression. Analysis was based on parallel evaluation of mRNA and protein levels in normal/necrotic sites of 42 osteonecrotic femoral heads (FHs). OPG and RANKL protein levels were estimated by western blotting. Results The OPG mRNA levels were higher (insignificantly) in the necrotic than the normal site (p > 0.05). Although the expression of RANK and RANKL was significantly lower than OPG in both sites, RANK and RANKL mRNA levels were higher in the necrotic part than the normal (p Conclusions Our results indicate that differential expression mechanisms for OPG, RANK and RANKL that could play an important role in the progress of bone remodeling in the necrotic area, disturbing bone homeostasis. This finding may have an effect on the resulting bone destruction and the subsequent collapse of the hip joint.

Objective/Hypothesis: Extra-articular ulnar-shortening osteotomy is a common procedure for the surgical treatment of ulnar impaction syndrome. Several techniques for this osteotomy have been developed to avoid the morbidity associated with a standard transverse osteotomy. However, these techniques require special instrumentation and are expensive. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the outcome of step-cut ulnar-shortening osteotomy without special jigs for ulnar impaction syndrome. Materials and Methods: A retrospective review was performed of 164 consecutive patients who underwent step-cut ulnar-shortening osteotomy between 2000 and 2010. Eighty-eight patients were female and 76 were male with a mean age of 36.8 years. Idiopathic ulnar impaction syndrome was diagnosed in 116 patients, while a posttraumatic etiology was seen in 48 patients. The step-cut osteotomy had its long arm oriented in the coronal plane parallel to the long axis of the ulna. The short arms of the osteotomy were perpendicular to the long axis in the axial plane. Fixation was performed with a palmar 3.5 mm standard neutralization plate and a lag screw. The goal of the osteotomy was to reduce ulnar variance by shortening the ulna 2 to 3 mm and not to create neutral variance. Ulnar variance was assessed radiographically preoperatively and postoperatively with the pronated grip view in all patients. The preoperative ulnar variance ranged from +1 mm to +6 mm. Results: Mean follow-up was 62.4 months (24-86 months). Union of the osteotomy was achieved with a mean of 8.2 weeks. The union rate was 98.78%. There were 2 cases of nonunion, which required additional surgery. The mean postoperative ulnar variance was +0.2 mm (range, −1 mm to +1.5 mm) after a mean overall shortening of 2.5 mm. Modified Mayo Wrist Scores improved significantly from a mean of 47.3 (25-65) preoperatively to 88.8 (60-100) postoperatively. All patients returned to their work in a mean of 4 months. Hardware removal was performed in 12 patients (7.3%) due to plate-related symptoms. No other complications were encountered. Conclusions: The step-cut ulnar-shortening osteotomy provides ample bone-to-bone contact and simplifies control of rotation. Stable internal fixation with standard techniques allowed early return to functional activities. Palmar placement of the plate diminishes the need for plate removal caused by irritation. The step-cut ulnar-shortening osteotomy is a simple and cost-effective technique for ulnar-shortening without the use of special instrumentation in patients with ulnar impaction syndrome.

Elbow arthritis is a debilitating condition manifesting as a painful, stiff elbow. The purpose of this article is to provide an update and analyze current management, treatment options, and outcomes of treatment for elbow arthritis. This article focuses on recent developments in the treatment for elbow arthritis. Nonsurgical management may provide symptomatic relief in the majority of patients in the early stages of the disease process. Surgical treatment is guided by disease etiology and severity, patient age, and functional demands. Arthroscopic or open synovectomy, debridement arthroplasty, and interposition arthroplasty are generally recommended for the young and active patient population, whereas for low-demand and elderly patients with end-stage painful arthritis, total elbow arthroplasty is considered a more suitable surgical option. Advances in arthroscopic techniques and implant design have led to substantial improvements in the treatment of elbow arthritis.

The introduction of a trabecular tantalum rod has been proposed for the management of early-stage osteonecrosis of the femoral head but serves as a single-point of support of the necrotic lesion. We describe a technique using two or three 4.2 mm (or later 4.7 mm) tantalum pegs for the prevention of collapse of the necrotic lesion. We prospectively studied 21 patients (26 hips) with non-traumatic osteonecrosis of the femoral head treated in this manner. Of these, 21 patients (24 hips) were available for radiological and clinical evaluation at a mean follow-up of 46 months (18 to 67). Radiological assessment showed that only eight hips deteriorated according to the Association Research Circulation Osseous classification, and four hips according to the Classification of the Japanese Investigation Committee of Health and Welfare. Functional improvement was obtained with an improvement in the mean Harris hip score from 65.2 (33.67 to 95) to 88.1 (51.72 to 100), the mean Merle D’Aubigné-Postel score from 13 (6 to 18) to 16 (11 to 18), a mean visual analogue score for pain from 5.2 (0 to 9.5) to 2.6 (0 to 7), and the mean Short-Form 36 score from 80.4 (56.8 to 107.1) to 92.4 (67.5 to 115.7). Of these 24 hips followed for a minimum of 18 months, three were considered as failures at the final follow-up, having required total hip replacement. One of the hips without full follow-up was also considered to be a failure. In more than two-thirds of the surviving hips a satisfactory clinical outcome was achieved with promising radiological findings. The estimated mean implant survival was 60 months (95% confidence interval 53.7 to 66.3).

Avascular necrosis or Osteonecrosis (ON) of the femoral head (ONFH) is a clinical entity resulting from the establishment of an infarct in the subchondal bone, which affects young adults and results progressively in mechanical failure of the articular surface, collapse of the femoral head and eventually, in degeneration of the hip joint. A variety of associated risk factors have been identified with ON, but the actual aetiology and pathogenesis of the disease have not been fully elucidated. Early diagnosis and intervention prior to collapse of the articular surface, is key to a successful outcome of joint preserving procedures. Hip arthroplasty, although not desirable for the young age of the patients, remains the treatment of choice for the end stage of the disease. Research efforts today are directed towards the identification of factors revealing genetic predisposition to exogenous risk factors that might allow use of pharmacological and biological agents for the prevention, early diagnosis and treatment of this recalcitrant disease.

The present study investigates the effect of transosseous low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LiUS) during lingamentization process on the healing at tendon graft-bone interface in rabbits. Analysis of the RT-PCR products showed statistically significant up-regulation of genes encoding collagen type I and tRNAGly in the study group compared to the control group. Histological examination indicated a faster healing rate and a more efficient lingamentization process after ultrasound treatment. Our results suggest that transosseous application of LiUS enhances the healing rate of the tendon graft-bone interface, possibly by affecting the expression levels of significant genes.