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Non-destructive analytical techniques are now widely and successfully employed in the fields of materials science and conservation. Portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) and portable Raman spectrometry have proven particularly valuable for the rapid in-situ analysis of samples, but their applicability for the analysis of archaeological artefacts for which survival of surface treatments can be negatively impacted by post-depositional processes has been underexplored. Roman relief-sculpted monumental inscriptions from the Antonine Wall, commonly referred to as ‘Distance Slabs’, have offered an excellent opportunity to deploy these non-destructive techniques to determine whether they were originally adorned with pigments and, if so, to identify the colours used. This is a revolutionary approach to identifying colours on ancient sandstone sculpture that transforms our understanding of these unique monuments. Elemental composition analysis by pXRF has confirmed evidence for pigments and this is supported by the Raman results, making it possible to develop and reconstruct a palette of colours that originally brought these monuments to life in vibrant polychrome. The research offers a new methodology for identifying pigments on sandstone sculpture and opens new avenues for investigating other classes of material culture alongside the development of bespoke analytical equipment.

Monumental inscriptions recovered from along the line of the Antonine Wall are an exquisite body of evidence that provide invaluable insights into the Roman frontier. Referred to as Distance Stones, these sculptures are ripe for the testing of emerging non-destructive analytical techniques that cast new, and colourful, light onto sculptural reliefs. This work presents new dimensions that enhance our engagement with them and understanding of their material, cultural and strategic significance.\ud \ud Non-destructive technologies have had a transformative effect on the analysis and recreation of colours from the Classical world to the extent that ancient statuary can now be digitally and physically re-imagined in authentic polychromy. These techniques are particularly attractive for exploiting the latent research potential of museum collections since they ensure the integrity of the objects under study. Portable X-ray Fluorescence (pXRF) and Raman Spectrometry have been used to undertake in-situ analysis to identify and recreate the pigments that would have originally brought life to the Distance Stones.

O analfabetismo da população nas primeiras décadas do século XX foi tomado como grave problema político-social. Para combatê-lo com exíguos recursos, a Reforma da Instrução Pública de São Paulo de 1920, estruturada por Antonio de Sampaio Doria, propôs a redução da duração do ensino primário de quatro para dois anos, de modo a ampliar o número de vagas. Essa medida viria a ser lembrada pela história da educação brasileira como a marca da reforma, juntamente com a ideia de que ela teria sido amplamente refutada. Para averiguar a movimentação que a Reforma de 1920 gerou em sua época, tivemos por objetivo principal acompanhar sua repercussão em jornais paulistas entre maio de 1920 e maio de 1921, analisando o jogo de forças de apoio e oposição. Tomamos a imprensa como força ativa da conjuntura, criando sentidos e promovendo a interpolação entre Estado e sociedade civil, dando a ver as disputas cotidianas que a reforma enfrentou e produziu. A partir da teoria do agendamento, observamos a construção da pauta em torno da reforma ao longo de várias semanas. Nossas fontes principais são edições dos diários Correio Paulistano, O Estado de S. Paulo e Jornal do Commercio, edição de S. Paulo, eventualmente complementadas por A Platéa, A Gazeta, Diario Popular e O Combate. A tese acompanha a pauta da imprensa, com enfoque em três temas: o recenseamento escolar, a constitucionalidade do Projeto de Lei n.º 47 de 1920 e as conferências proferidas por Sampaio Doria. A reforma recebeu dos órgãos da imprensa tratamento variado, ora polêmico, ora sensacionalista, ora eminentemente jurídico. Também as vozes impressas nos jornais mereceram cuidados distintos, como as opiniões de jurisconsultos e as emanadas de educadores. Embora a Reforma de 1920 tenha sido alvo de polêmicas, a análise deste corpus permite aferir que, no que tange à imprensa, a oposição não foi unânime, tampouco proveniente do campo educacional. The illiteracy of the population in the first decades of the twentieth century was taken as a serious socio-political problem. In order to combat it with scarce resources, the 1920 Reform of the Public Instruction of Sao Paulo, structured by Antonio de Sampaio Doria, proposed to reduce the duration of the primary education from four to two years, hence increasing the school places. This measure came to be known in the history of Brazilian education as the hallmark of the reform, along with the idea that it would have been the target of strong opposition. To investigate the movement that the 1920 Reform generated, we had as main objective to accompany its repercussion in the Sao Paulo newspapers from May 1920 to May 1921, analyzing both support and opposition forces. We take the press as an active force of the conjuncture that creates meanings and promotes the interpolation between State and civil society, evidencing the daily disputes that the reform faced and produced. Based on the agendasetting theory, we observed the setting of an agenda around the reform over several weeks. Our main sources are the newspapers Correio Paulistano, O Estado de S. Paulo and the Sao Paulo edition of Jornal do Commercio, eventually complemented by A Platéa, A Gazeta, Diario Popular and O Combate. The thesis follows the press publications, focusing on three themes: the school census, the constitutionality of Bill No. 47 of 1920 and the lectures given by Sampaio Doria. The reform received from the press varied treatment, now controversial, now sensationalist, now eminently legal. Also the voices imprinted in the newspapers received different care, as the opinions of jurisconsults and those of educators. Even though the 1920 Reform was subject of controversy, the analysis of the corpus allows us to assess that, as far as the press is concerned, the opposition was not unanimous, neither came from the educational field.

Near-infrared spectroscopy combined with partial jugular venous occlusion (JVO) offers promise for determining cerebral venous saturation (CSvO2) in sick preterm infants, but has not been validated in the newborn brain or under conditions of hypoxaemia. We assessed the accuracy of the CSvO2 estimate using cerebral venous oxygen saturation in superior sagittal sinus blood (SSSO2) as the ‘gold standard’. Comparisons were made in seven newborn lambs over a wide range of arterial oxygen saturations (SaO2) of 20% to 100%. Overall, median (range) CSvO2 was 49.8% (10.6% to 88.5%), whereas SSSO2 was 45.5% (4.3% to 76.6%); Bland—Altman analysis revealed a mean difference (CSvO2—SSSO2) of 5.1% and limits of agreement of ±27.4%. The change in cerebral blood volume (Δ CBV) induced by JVO increased with SaO2 ( P 2 with SSSO2 progressively improved with increasing change in total haemoglobin concentration (Δ HbT) induced by JVO. With Bland—Altman analysis repeated for data with Δ HbT >30 μmol cm, the mean difference (CSvO2—SSSO2) decreased to 2.4% with limits of agreement of ±18.8%. We conclude that the accuracy of estimating CSvO2 varies with the Δ CBV induced by JVO. Potential differences of optical properties between the head of the lamb and the human infant suggest that caution be exercised in directly applying these data to the human newborn. Nevertheless, this critical aspect of the JVO technique needs to be taken into consideration in developing an accurate measurement for sick preterm human infants.

Antonio de Sampaio Doria (1883-1964) é lembrado na história da educação brasileira por ter efetuado a Reforma de 1920, a qual, visando à alfabetização de todos e levada a cabo com escassos recursos financeiros, foi alvo de muitas polêmicas por ter proposto a reestruturação do ensino primário mediante a redução de sua duração de quatro para dois anos e tornando-o obrigatório. A Reforma foi muito criticada à época porque alterava radicalmente as concepções que até então haviam balizado o ensino em São Paulo, o ensino enciclopédico. Devido aos embates e à incompreensão que a Reforma provocou, ela tornou-se um marco na história da educação brasileira. A partir desse quadro, optou-se na presente dissertação por deslocar a figura do Sampaio Doria reformador do ensino para a do Sampaio Doria militante da Liga Nacionalista e professor da Escola Normal, óptica esta abordada por poucos estudiosos, não obstante a riqueza de informações que pode ocultar. Com intuito de dar continuidade aos trabalhos iniciados por Heládio Antunha (1976) e ampliados por Marta Carvalho (2010), o objetivo geral desta dissertação é reconstruir a trajetória política e pedagógica de Sampaio Doria, pois se supõe que percorrendo os temas centrais ao seu pensamento poderão ser encontradas as bases que um dia lhe serviram para estruturar as 44 medidas que compuseram a Reforma. Os objetivos específicos encontram-se, de um lado, na leitura analítica das obras políticas e pedagógicas de Doria principais fontes documentais desta dissertação , vinculando tais obras aos seus locais de produção, seja na Escola Normal, seja na Liga Nacionalista. De outro, na análise do programa de ação proposto pela Liga Nacionalista, agremiação que exerceu grande influência sobre a trajetória de Doria e cujos registros revelam parte da atmosfera mental dos anos de 1910 e 1920 em São Paulo. Assim, este estudo insere-se mais especificamente no âmbito do Estado de São Paulo, sendo que o recorte temporal abrange os anos de 1914 a 1933. Tomando a obra de Doria como um todo (exceto suas obras de cunho jurídico), encontramos sobretudo as ideias de alfabetização, democracia, educação cívica, nacionalismo, voto secreto, formação do cidadão, o que nos conduziu a refletir acerca de qual projeto de cidadão e de sociedade estava sendo delineado naquelas primeiras décadas do século XX. Assim, a formação de um novo cidadão para um novo país foi tema que emergiu da leitura tanto dos livros políticos de Sampaio Doria quanto dos pedagógicos. Observou-se um pedagogo que militou pela instrução do povo, ideando a formação cívica do cidadão. Para moldar esta cidadania e erigir a sociedade democrática almejada, a escola é convocada como a instituição capaz de fazê-lo, transformando habitantes em povo. Antonio de Sampaio Doria (1883-1964) is remembered in the history of Brazilian education for carrying out the 1920th Reform, which aimed to teach the population to read and write and was undertaken with limited financial resources. The Reform was involved in controversy for having proposed the restructuring of the primary education by making it compulsory and reducing its duration from four to two years. Besides, the Reform was widely criticized at the time because it radically altered the guideline conception on education in São Paulo, which was the encyclopedic teaching. Due to the conflicts and misunderstandings that the Reform provoked, it became a landmark in the history of Brazilian education. Instead of focusing on Sampaio Doria as the well-known education reformer, we chose in this dissertation to focus on Sampaio Doria as the militant of the Liga Nacionalista and teacher of the Escola Normal, an uncommon approach among researchers despite the wealth of information it may contain. In order to give continuity to the work started by Heládio Antunha (1976) and extended by Marta Carvalho (2010), the aim of this dissertation is to reconstruct the political and the pedagogical trajectory of Sampaio Doria, for we assume that his educational thoughts and opinions were essential for him to structure the 44 points of the Reform. The specific objectives are, on one hand, the analytical reading of the political and pedagogical works of Doria main documentary sources of this dissertation , linking such works to their production places, either at the Escola Normal and at the Liga Nacionalista. On the other hand, the analysis of the action program of the Liga Nacionalista, which had a great influence on Dorias trajectory and whose records reveal part of the mental atmosphere during the years of 1910 and 1920 in São Paulo. Thus, this study takes place specifically in the State of São Paulo, and the time frame covers the years 1914 to 1933. Considering all the books written by Doria (except his Legal works), we found mainly the ideas of literacy, democracy, civic education, nationalism, secret ballot, making of the citizens, which led us to think about the project of citizen and society that was being outlined in those first decades of the twentieth century. Thereby, the education of a new citizen for a new country was an idea that emerged by reading Dorias books. He was a pedagogue who militated for the peoples instruction, idealizing the education of the civic citizen. To create this citizenship and this democratic society, the school is called upon as the institution capable of doing so, turning inhabitants into citizens.

Este artigo tem por objetivo analisar o debate pedagógico referente à alfabetização veiculado na Revista de Ensino, publicada pela Associação Beneficente do Professorado Público de São Paulo. A periodização abrange os anos de 1902 a 1910. Procurou-se identificar elementos que possibilitassem a reconstituição da atmosfera mental da época, naquilo que se refere ao debate sobre alfabetização e métodos de ensino, isto é, sobre a cultura escolar. Assim, por meio da análise do discurso pedagógico, procurou-se examinar, também, os sentidos sociais dessa alfabetização, à luz das implicações da utilização da escola como instrumento político republicano para formação do povo. This article aims to analyze the pedagogical debate on literacy that was ran by the Journal of Education, published by the São Paulo Public School Teachers Beneficent Association. The timeline covers the years from 1902 to 1910. We sought to identify elements that allow the reconstruction of the intellectual atmosphere of the time - in the debate about literacy and teaching methods, in other words, about the school culture. Thus, through the analysis of pedagogic discourse, we tried to also examine the social meanings of literacy in light of the implications of using the school as a Republican political tool for the forming of the people. En este artículo se pretende analizar el debate pedagógico sobre el tema de la alfabetización en la Revista de Enseñanza, publicado por la Associación Benéfica de los Maestros de Escuelas Públicas de São Paulo. El cronograma abarca los años de 1902 a 1910. Hemos tratado de identificar los elementos que permiten la reconstrucción de la atmósfera mental de la época - en el debate sobre los métodos de alfabetización y la enseñanza, es decir, sobre la cultura escolar. Así, a través del análisis del discurso pedagógico, hemos tratado de examinar también el significado social de la alfabetización a la luz de las consecuencias de utilizar la escuela como una herramienta política republicana para la formación de la población. Cet article vise à analyser le débat pédagogique sur le thème de l'alphabétisation à exécuter le Magazine de l'Enseignement, publié par Association Bénévole des Enseignants des Écoles Publiques de São Paulo. Le calendrier couvre les années 1902-1910. Nous avons cherché à identifier les éléments qui permettent la reconstruction de l'atmosphère mentale de l'époque - ce qui revient au débat sur les méthodes d'alphabétisation et d'enseignement, à savoir, la culture scolaire. Ainsi, à travers l'analyse du discours pédagogique, nous avons essayé d'examiner également la signification sociale de l'alphabétisation à la lumière des implications de l'utilisation de l'école comme un outil politique républicain pour la formation des personnes.

Este artigo tem por objetivo analisar o debate pedagógico referente à alfabetização veiculado na Revista de Ensino, publicada pela Associação Beneficente do Professorado Público de São Paulo. A periodização abrange os anos de 1902 a 1910. Procurou-se identificar elementos que possibilitassem a reconstituição da atmosfera mental da época, naquilo que se refere ao debate sobre alfabetização e métodos de ensino, isto é, sobre a cultura escolar. Assim, por meio da análise do discurso pedagógico, procurou-se examinar, também, os sentidos sociais dessa alfabetização, à luz das implicações da utilização da escola como instrumento político republicano para formação do povo. Palavras-chave: imprensa periódica educacional, cultura escolar, alfabetização, civilidade. EDUCATION DURING THE FIRST REPUBLIC: LITERACY AND SCHOOL CULTURE IN THE JOURNAL OF EDUCATION (1902-1910) Abstract This article aims to analyze the pedagogical debate on literacy that was ran by the Journal of Education, published by the São Paulo Public School Teachers Beneficent Association. The timeline covers the years from 1902 to 1910. We sought to identify elements that allow the reconstruction of the intellectual atmosphere of the time - in the debate about literacy and teaching methods, in other words, about the school culture. Thus, through the analysis of pedagogic discourse, we tried to also examine the social meanings of literacy in light of the implications of using the school as a Republican political tool for the forming of the people. Key-words: educational periodical press, school culture, literacy, civility. EDUCACIÓN EN LA PRIMERA REPÚBLICA: ALFABETIZACIÓN Y CULTURA ESCOLAR EN LA REVISTA DE ENSEÑANZA (1902-1910) Resumen En este artículo se pretende analizar el debate pedagógico sobre el tema de la alfabetización en la Revista de Enseñanza, publicado por la Associación Benéfica de los Maestros de Escuelas Públicas de São Paulo. El cronograma abarca los años de 1902 a 1910. Hemos tratado de identificar los elementos que permiten la reconstrucción de la atmósfera mental de la época - en el debate sobre los métodos de alfabetización y la enseñanza, es decir, sobre la cultura escolar. Así, a través del análisis del discurso pedagógico, hemos tratado de examinar también el significado social de la alfabetización a la luz de las consecuencias de utilizar la escuela como una herramienta política republicana para la formación de la población. Palabras-clave: prensa periódica educacional, cultura escolar, alfabetización, civismo. L’ÉDUCATION ABORD DANS LA PREMIER RÉPUBLIQUE: ALPHABÉTISATION ET CULTURE SCOLAIRE DANS LE MAGAZINE DE L'ENSEIGNEMENT (1902-1910) Résume Cet article vise à analyser le débat pédagogique sur le thème de l'alphabétisation à exécuter le Magazine de l'Enseignement, publié par Association Bénévole des Enseignants des Écoles Publiques de São Paulo. Le calendrier couvre les années 1902-1910. Nous avons cherché à identifier les éléments qui permettent la reconstruction de l'atmosphère mentale de l'époque - ce qui revient au débat sur les méthodes d'alphabétisation et d'enseignement, à savoir, la culture scolaire. Ainsi, à travers l'analyse du discours pédagogique, nous avons essayé d'examiner également la signification sociale de l'alphabétisation à la lumière des implications de l'utilisation de l'école comme un outil politique républicain pour la formation des personnes. Mots-clé: éducation de la presse périodique, culture scolaire, alphabétisation, civilité.

We present an informal learning experience for youth ages four through eleven and their families utilizing the integration of art, design, and technology to deliver STEM concepts. The workshop, titled Scrapyard Challenge Jr. 1.0 (SCJ 1.0), was developed from modifications made to an interaction design workshop oriented towards adults, in which participants build novel and expressive electronic objects using found materials and junk. Tapping into the momentum surrounding the maker and tinkerer movements, the learning experience introduces basic principles of electricity and systems thinking using hands-on activities that encourage personal and creative self-expression. Through detailing our experience we suggest that current trends in art, design, and technology practice can provide fertile ground for developing STEM learning. Indeed we argue that this triangulated space is the logical starting ground for the development of a wide variety of STEAMD initiatives.

Paleoradiology plays an important role in archeology since its first implementation soon after discovery of X-rays. Computed tomography (CT) as a paleoradiological tool in study of ancient cremation urns is described only in few articles. The implementation of imaging techniques in the study of ancient material has added a lot to our knowledge about human past. From that time on, paleoradiology started to play an important role in many archaeological researches as it allows a fast and non-invasive access to a wide variety of ancient material.

Late Bronze age, as one of the deciding periods in development of Prehistoric Europe, was defined by outburst of metallurgy that reflected on emergence on new social practices. Recent acknowledgments of prehistoric features, such as intensification of surveys for resources, induced mobility, development of trade, inter regional communications, changed perception of cultural groups in the southern part of Carpathian basin.

The Bronze and Iron Age in the Carpathian Basin see major changes in society with the development of proto-urban centres, centralisation of authority, social hierarchy and the intensification of trade. However, due to limited archaeobotanical research in the region questions on how agriculture developed in the face of these socio-economic changes is less clear. In Croatia, archaeobotanical evidence has begun to suggest that this period saw a shift in the main crops cultivated by the late Bronze Age, with a particular preference for broomcorn millet and broad bean. The archaeobotanical data from Croatia is presented here and examined within the context of the archaeological evidence of the Carpathian Basin to explore why broomcorn millet and broad bean may have become a popular choice at this time.

This poster aims to investigate changing perceptions on Neolithic landscapes in eastern Croatia and to reconsider the dynamics of human- environment interactions. It will also explore possibilities of landscape reconstructions by mapping the specific Neolithic settlements through aerial remote sensing approaches. Detailed analysis of satellite imagery and aerial photography will provide data of strategic use of landscape during Sopot culture of the late Neolithic on “twin” enclosures which are situated in Slavonia region of eastern Croatia.