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1. Parcels and particles: Markov blankets in the brain

Author

Karl J. Friston, Erik D. Fagerholm, Tahereh S. Zarghami, Thomas Parr, Inês Hipólito, Loïc Magrou, and Adeel Razi

Subjects
Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry, RC321-571
Abstract

AbstractAt the inception of human brain mapping, two principles of functional anatomy underwrote most conceptions—and analyses—of distributed brain responses: namely, functional segregation and integration. There are currently two main approaches to characterizing functional integration. The first is a mechanistic modeling of connectomics in terms of directed effective connectivity that mediates neuronal message passing and dynamics on neuronal circuits. The second phenomenological approach usually characterizes undirected functional connectivity (i.e., measurable correlations), in terms of intrinsic brain networks, self-organized criticality, dynamical instability, and so on. This paper describes a treatment of effective connectivity that speaks to the emergence of intrinsic brain networks and critical dynamics. It is predicated on the notion of Markov blankets that play a fundamental role in the self-organization of far from equilibrium systems. Using the apparatus of the renormalization group, we show that much of the phenomenology found in network neuroscience is an emergent property of a particular partition of neuronal states, over progressively coarser scales. As such, it offers a way of linking dynamics on directed graphs to the phenomenology of intrinsic brain networks.

Published
2021
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2. Cortical hierarchy, dual counterstream architecture and the importance of top-down generative networks

Author

Julien Vezoli, Loïc Magrou, Rainer Goebel, Xiao-Jing Wang, Kenneth Knoblauch, Martin Vinck, and Henry Kennedy

Subjects
Non-human primate, Human, Brain, Electrophysiology, Anatomy, Modeling, Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry, RC321-571
Abstract

Hierarchy is a major organizational principle of the cortex and underscores modern computational theories of cortical function. The local microcircuit amplifies long-distance inter-areal input, which show distance-dependent changes in their laminar profiles. Statistical modeling of these changes in laminar profiles demonstrates that inputs from multiple hierarchical levels to their target areas show remarkable consistency, allowing the construction of a cortical hierarchy based on a principle of hierarchical distance. The statistical modeling that is applied to structure can also be applied to laminar differences in the oscillatory coherence between areas thereby determining a functional hierarchy of the cortex. Close examination of the anatomy of inter-areal connectivity reveals a dual counterstream architecture with well-defined distance-dependent feedback and feedforward pathways in both the supra- and infragranular layers, suggesting a multiplicity of feedback pathways with well-defined functional properties. These findings are consistent with feedback connections providing a generative network involved in a wide range of cognitive functions. A dynamical model constrained by connectivity data sheds insight into the experimentally observed signatures of frequency-dependent Granger causality for feedforward versus feedback signaling. Concerted experiments capitalizing on recent technical advances and combining tract-tracing, high-resolution fMRI, optogenetics and mathematical modeling hold the promise of a much improved understanding of lamina-constrained mechanisms of neural computation and cognition. However, because inter-areal interactions involve cortical layers that have been the target of important evolutionary changes in the primate lineage, these investigations will need to include human and non-human primate comparisons.

Published
2021
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3. Spatial Embedding and Wiring Cost Constrain the Functional Layout of the Cortical Network of Rodents and Primates.

Author

Szabolcs Horvát, Răzvan Gămănuț, Mária Ercsey-Ravasz, Loïc Magrou, Bianca Gămănuț, David C Van Essen, Andreas Burkhalter, Kenneth Knoblauch, Zoltán Toroczkai, and Henry Kennedy

Subjects
Biology (General), QH301-705.5
Abstract

Mammals show a wide range of brain sizes, reflecting adaptation to diverse habitats. Comparing interareal cortical networks across brains of different sizes and mammalian orders provides robust information on evolutionarily preserved features and species-specific processing modalities. However, these networks are spatially embedded, directed, and weighted, making comparisons challenging. Using tract tracing data from macaque and mouse, we show the existence of a general organizational principle based on an exponential distance rule (EDR) and cortical geometry, enabling network comparisons within the same model framework. These comparisons reveal the existence of network invariants between mouse and macaque, exemplified in graph motif profiles and connection similarity indices, but also significant differences, such as fractionally smaller and much weaker long-distance connections in the macaque than in mouse. The latter lends credence to the prediction that long-distance cortico-cortical connections could be very weak in the much-expanded human cortex, implying an increased susceptibility to disconnection syndromes such as Alzheimer disease and schizophrenia. Finally, our data from tracer experiments involving only gray matter connections in the primary visual areas of both species show that an EDR holds at local scales as well (within 1.5 mm), supporting the hypothesis that it is a universally valid property across all scales and, possibly, across the mammalian class.

Published
2016
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4. Retinotopic organization of feedback projections in primate early visual cortex: implications for active vision

Author

Mingli Wang, Yujie Hou, Loïc Magrou, Joonas A. Autio, Pierre Misery, Tim Coalson, Erin Reid, Yuanfang Xu, Camille Lamy, Arnauld Falchier, Qi Zhang, Mu-Ming Poo, Colette Dehay, Matthew F. Glasser, Takuya Hayashi, Kenneth Knoblauch, David Van Essen, Zhiming Shen, Henry Kennedy, State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University (BNU), Institut cellule souche et cerveau / Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute (U1208 Inserm - UCBL1 / SBRI - USC 1361 INRAE), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research [Kobe] (RIKEN BDR), RIKEN - Institute of Physical and Chemical Research [Japon] (RIKEN), Washington University in Saint Louis (WUSTL), Nathan Kline Institute, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine Kyoto University, University of South-Eastern Norway (USN), and Dehay, Colette

Subjects
Monkey, anatomy, area V2, [SDV.NEU.NB]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC]/Neurobiology, functional connectivity, area V1, [SDV.NEU.NB] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC]/Neurobiology, Human, tract-tracing
Abstract

Feedback connections play a major role in many theories of brain function. Previous studies of feedback connections to early visual areas have mainly concentrated on the representation of central visual fields. Here, injections of tracers at different eccentricities in areas V1 and V2 revealed retinotopically organized feedback. Peripheral injections revealed projections from 15 areas that are not labeled by central injections. Connection strengths for the majority of projections vary significantly with eccentricity in a systematic fashion with respect to distance and origin; whereas projections to central and upper visual fields are significantly stronger from ventral stream areas, peripheral and lower field projections are stronger from the dorsal stream. Non-invasive functional connectivity suggests a similar anatomical organization in humans. These features are discussed with respect to the cognitive and perceptual roles of these feedback pathways.

Published
2022

5. Toward next-generation primate neuroscience: A collaboration-based strategic plan for integrative neuroimaging

Author

David C. Van Essen, Caspar M. Schwiedrzik, Takuro Ikeda, Shaomin Zhang, Marcello G. P. Rosa, Ning Liu, Aidan Murphy, Li Min Chen, Pinglei Bao, Julia Lehman, Yuki Hori, Pengcheng Li, Julien Vezoli, Peter H. Rudebeck, Yao Meng, Julian 'Bene' Ramirez, Pierre Pouget, Guillermo Gallardo, Rogier B. Mars, Charles E. Schroeder, Minqing Jiang, Steve Frey, Michael P. Milham, Mohammad Hadi Aarabi, Pascal Belin, Patrick Friedrich, Bichan Wu, Hector Figueroa, Ye He, Charles L. Wilson, Melanie Wilke, Eunha Baeg, Fadila Hadj-Bouziane, Danny Garside, Marco Pagani, Ting-Yat Wong, Igor Kagan, Abdelhadi Essamlali, Bharat B. Biswal, Wasana Ediri Arachchi, Julio Villalon, Zheng Wang, Kacie Dougherty, Neo Sunhang Shi, Luciano Simone, Roberto Toro, Benjamin Jung, Masaki Fukunaga, Zhanguang Zuo, Loïc Magrou, Xiaowei Song, Kadharbatcha S. Saleem, Michele A. Basso, Eduardo A. Garza-Villarreal, Chihiro Yokoyama, Aaron Tanenbaum, Brian E. Russ, Alexandre Rosa Franco, Alison R. Weiss, Isabel Restrepo, Alan C. Evans, Lixia Gao, Nobuyuki Kimura, Augix Guohua Xu, Piotr Majka, Colline Poirier, Justine Cléry, Bassem Hiba, Alessandro Gozzi, Xiaojie Wang, Nick Upright, Stan Colcombe, Yang Gao, Won Mok Shim, Eduardo Rojas Hortelano, Takuya Hayashi, Anna S. Mitchell, Andrew F. Rossi, Itamar Kahn, Jorge Jaramillo, Henry C. Evrard, Xin Yumeng, Gregory Kiar, Sean Froudist-Walsh, Elise Roger, Roberto A. Gulli, Yufan Wang, Damien A. Fair, Yuguang Zhao, Stephen J. Sawiak, Boris C. Bernhardt, Ulysse Klatzmann, Ashkan Alvand, Kep Kee Loh, David Schaeffer, Virginie Sivan, Daniel S. Margulies, Carly M. Drzewiecki, Tomoko Sakai, Ting Xu, Cirong Liu, Essa Yacoub, Theresa M. Desrochers, Seok-Jun Hong, Sethu Boopathy, Reza Azadi, Lu Yuheng, Aarit Ahuja, Zhifeng Liang, Elena Borra, Fernanda Ponce, Robert Dahnke, Julien Sein, Li Deying, Jitendra Sharma, A.J. Mitchell, Roger Little, Luqi Cheng, Du Xiao, Choong-Wan Woo, Xinhui Li, Chris Petkov, Ruiliang Bai, D Zaldivar, Sheyla Mejia, Haidong D. Lu, Nikoloz Sirmpilatze, Diego Emanuel Ortuzar Martinez, Suzanne N. Haber, Catherine Elorette, Yue Cui, Michael Hawrylycz, Jerome Sallet, Wim Vanduffel, Daniel R. Glen, Ralph Adolphs, Dongrong Xu, Simon Clavagnier, Rakshit Dadarwal, Marzio Gerbella, Hannah Doyle, Ningrong Ye, Xiaojin Liu, Xinyu Liu, Quansheng He, Christopher R. Madan, Vikas Pareek, James Cavanaugh, Sze Chai Kwok, Zhang Ying, Sam Vickery, Xiaoguang Tian, Zhou Xufeng, Bevil R. Conway, Mark Postans, Wei-an Sheng, Gianfranco Chavez, Rober Boshra, Yuki Kikuchi, Michael Ortiz-Rios, Céline Amiez, Felix Hoffstaedter, Elizabeth A. Buffalo, Amy Howard, Hsin-Yi Lai, Marianne Duyck, Samy Rima, Froesel Mathilda, Towela Mvula, Guilherme Freches, Alfonso Fajardo, Maria de la Iglesia-Vaya, Ana Rita Ribeiro Gomes, Xiongjie Yu, Afonso C. Silva, Andrew S. Fox, Long Cao, Anna W. Roe, Meizhen Qian, David Meunier, Erika Raven, Nicola Palomero-Gallagher, Jordy Tasserie, Joonas A. Autio, Francois Chouinard-Decorte, Hank P. Jedema, Shasha Yue, Xinjian Li, Xiaodong Chen, Kathleen Rockland, Satoka Hashimoto Fujimoto, Amiez Celine, Melina Cordeau, Olivier Coulon, Ravi S. Menon, Sandra Gonzalez Torrecilla, Bjørg Elisabeth Kilavik, Adam Messinger, Hecheng Jin, Steven Giavasis, Pierce Perkins, Conor Liston, Yujie Hou, Jakob Seidlitz, Kelly Shen, Yvonne Bennett, Franck Lamberton, Maxime Gaudet-Trafit, Suliann Ben Hamed, Chris Klink, Sabine Kastner, Lucas R. Trambaiolli, Lucija Jankovic-Rapan, Atsushi Fujimoto, Nadira Yusif Rodriguez, Maeva Gacoin, Amir Shmuel, Katja Heuer, Austin K. Behel, Susann Boretius, Paul A. Taylor, Child Mind Institute, Institute of Neurosciences and Psychology [Glasgow], University of Glasgow, Institut des sciences cognitives Marc Jeannerod - Centre de neuroscience cognitive - UMR5229 (ISC-MJ), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Tübingen, Oregon Health and Science University [Portland] (OHSU), New York University [New York] (NYU), NYU System (NYU), Princeton Neuroscience Institute [Princeton], Consortium, PRIMatE Data and Resource Exchange (PRIME-DRE) Global Collaboration Workshop and, Institut des sciences cognitives Marc Jeannerod - Centre de neuroscience cognitive - UMR5229 (CNC), Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research (NKI), New York State Office of Mental Health, Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone (INT), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polska Akademia Nauk = Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN), Monash University [Clayton], Wellcome Trust Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN - FMRIB), University of Oxford, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University [Nijmegen], National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), Newcastle University [Newcastle], McConnell Brain Imaging Centre (MNI), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University = Université McGill [Montréal, Canada]-McGill University = Université McGill [Montréal, Canada], Laboratorium voor Neuro- en Psychofysiologie, Catholic University of Leuven - Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), and Washington University in Saint Louis (WUSTL)

Subjects
Strategic planning, 0303 health sciences, Open science, biology, Action, intention, and motor control, Resource exchange, [SCCO.NEUR]Cognitive science/Neuroscience, Neuroscience(all), General Neuroscience, Nonhuman primate, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Neuroimaging, biology.animal, Primate, Beacon - Precision Imaging, ddc:610, Psychology, Neuroscience, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, 030304 developmental biology
Abstract

Contains fulltext : 239574.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access) Open science initiatives are creating opportunities to increase research coordination and impact in nonhuman primate (NHP) imaging. The PRIMatE Data and Resource Exchange community recently developed a collaboration-based strategic plan to advance NHP imaging as an integrative approach for multiscale neuroscience. 5 p.

Published
2022

6. Cortical Hierarchy, Dual Counterstream Architecture and The Importance of Top-Down Generative Networks

Author

Julien Vezoli, Rainer Goebel, Xiao Jing Wang, Martin Vinck, Henry Kennedy, Kenneth Knoblauch, and Loïc Magrou

Subjects
0303 health sciences, Hierarchy (mathematics), Computer science, Cognition, Top-down and bottom-up design, Optogenetics, DUAL (cognitive architecture), Cortex (botany), 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Models of neural computation, Neuroscience, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, 030304 developmental biology
Abstract

Hierarchy is a major organizational principle of the cortex and underscores modern computational theories of cortical function. The local microcircuit amplifies long-distance inter-areal input, which show distance-dependent changes in their laminar profiles. Statistical modeling of these changes in laminar profiles demonstrates that inputs from multiple hierarchical levels to their target areas show remarkable consistency, allowing the construction of a cortical hierarchy based on a principle of hierarchical distance. The statistical modeling that is applied to structure can also be applied to laminar differences in the oscillatory coherence between areas thereby determining a functional hierarchy of the cortex. Close examination of the anatomy of inter-areal connectivity reveals a dual counterstream architecture with well-defined distance-dependent feedback and feedforward pathways in both the supra- and infragranular layers, suggesting a multiplicity of feedback pathways with well-defined functional properties. These findings are consistent with feedback connections providing a generative network involved in a wide range of cognitive functions. A dynamical model constrained by connectivity data shed insights into the experimentally observed signatures of frequency-dependent Granger causality for feedforward versus feedback signaling. Concerted experiments capitalizing on recent technical advances and combining tract-tracing, high-resolution fMRI, optogenetics and mathematical modeling hold the promise of a much improved understanding of lamina-constrained mechanisms of neural computation and cognition. However, because inter-areal interactions involve cortical layers that have been the target of important evolutionary changes in the primate lineage, these investigations will need to include human and non-human primates comparisons.PlanIntroductionHierarchy – signatures of inputs to the local circuits.Models of hierarchyHierarchy – input consistencyDual stream architecture.Functional characteristics of FF and FB pathways.The predictive brain and the importance of top-down generative networks.Conclusion.

Published
2020

7. Unique Features of Subcortical Circuits in a Macaque Model of Congenital Blindness

Author

Henry Kennedy, Kenneth Knoblauch, Nikola T. Markov, Loïc Magrou, Pascal Barone, Michel Berland, Gwylan Scheeren, Pascale Giroud, Colette Dehay, Herbert P. Killackey, Institut cellule souche et cerveau (U846 Inserm - UCBL1), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre de recherche cerveau et cognition (CERCO), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut des sciences du cerveau de Toulouse. (ISCT), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Cerveau et vision, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-IFR19-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institut des sciences du cerveau de Toulouse. (ISCT), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse (CHU Toulouse)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse (CHU Toulouse)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Princeton University, University of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (UvA), University of California [Irvine] (UC Irvine), University of California (UC), BARONE, Pascal, Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of California [Irvine] (UCI), University of California, and Institut cellule souche et cerveau / Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute (SBRI)

Subjects
Male, Cognitive Neuroscience, [SDV.NEU.NB]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC]/Neurobiology, Thalamus, pulvinar, deafferentation, Visual system, Lateral geniculate nucleus, Blindness, primate, Macaque, 03 medical and health sciences, Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, 0302 clinical medicine, Extrastriate cortex, biology.animal, Cortex (anatomy), medicine, Animals, Primate, Visual Pathways, hybrid cortex, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 030304 developmental biology, Visual Cortex, Neurons, 0303 health sciences, Brain Mapping, Anophthalmia, biology, [SCCO.NEUR]Cognitive science/Neuroscience, [SCCO.NEUR] Cognitive science/Neuroscience, [SDV.NEU.NB] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC]/Neurobiology, Geniculate Bodies, medicine.disease, Macaca fascicularis, medicine.anatomical_structure, connectivity, Female, Neuroscience, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract

There is an extensive modification of the functional organization of the brain in the congenital blind human, although there is little understanding of the structural underpinnings of these changes. The visual system of macaque has been extensively characterized both anatomically and functionally. We have taken advantage of this to examine the influence of congenital blindness in a macaque model of developmental anophthalmia. Developmental anophthalmia in macaque effectively removes the normal influence of the thalamus on cortical development leading to an induced “hybrid cortex (HC)” combining features of primary visual and extrastriate cortex. Here we show that retrograde tracers injected in early visual areas, including HC, reveal a drastic reduction of cortical projections of the reduced lateral geniculate nucleus. In addition, there is an important expansion of projections from the pulvinar complex to the HC, compared to the controls. These findings show that the functional consequences of congenital blindness need to be considered in terms of both modifications of the interareal cortical network and the ascending visual pathways.

Published
2019

8. Unique Features of Sub-Cortical Circuits in A Macaque Model of Congenital Blindness

Author

Kenneth Knoblauch, Herbert P. Killackey, Loïc Magrou, Pascale Barone, Gwylan Scheeren, Michel Berland, Colette Dehay, Nikola T. Markov, Henry Kennedy, and Pascale Giroud

Subjects
0303 health sciences, Retina, Anophthalmia, Thalamus, Visual system, Biology, medicine.disease, Lateral geniculate nucleus, Macaque, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, medicine.anatomical_structure, Extrastriate cortex, Cortex (anatomy), biology.animal, medicine, Neuroscience, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, 030304 developmental biology
Abstract

There is extensive modification of the functional organization of the brain in the congenital blind human, although there is little understanding of the structural underpinnings of these changes. The visual system of macaque has been extensively characterized both anatomically and functionally. We have taken advantage of this to examine the influence of the congenital blindness in macaque resulting from the removal of the retina during in utero development. Developmental anophthalmia in macaque effectively removes the normal influence of the thalamus on cortical development leading to an induced hybrid cortex (HC) combining features of primary visual and extrastriate cortex. Here we show that retrograde tracers injected in early visual areas including hybrid cortex reveals a drastic reduction of cortical projections of the reduced lateral geniculate nucleus. In addition, there is an important expansion of projections from the pulvinar complex to the hybrid cortex, compared to the controls. These findings show that the functional consequences of congenital blindness need to be considered in terms of both modifications of the inter-areal cortical network and the ascending visual pathways.

Published
2019

9. Spatial Embedding and Wiring Cost Constrain the Functional Layout of the Cortical Network of Rodents and Primates

Author

Bianca Gămănuț, Loïc Magrou, Szabolcs Horvát, Zoltán Toroczkai, Andreas Burkhalter, Henry Kennedy, David C. Van Essen, Mária Ercsey-Ravasz, Kenneth Knoblauch, Răzvan Gămănuț, Institut cellule souche et cerveau (U846 Inserm - UCBL1), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Faculty of Physics [Cluj-Napoca, Roumanie], Babes-Bolyai University [Cluj-Napoca] (UBB), Romanian Institute of Science and Technology [Cluj-Napoca, Roumanie], Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology [Saint-Louis, MO, États-Unis], Washington University in Saint Louis (WUSTL), Department of Physics [Notre Dame], University of Notre Dame [Indiana] (UND), Interdisciplinary Center for Network Science and Applications [Notre Dame, IN, États-Unis] (iCeNSA), SzH was supported by the 'Programme Avenir Lyon Saint-Etienne' of the Université de Lyon (ANR-11-IDEX-0007), within the Program 'Investissements d'Avenir' operated by the French National Research Agency (ANR) http://palse.universite-lyon.fr/, and Marie Curie Program European Union’s Seventh Framework (FP7/2007-2013) No. PCOFUND-GA-2013-609102, PRESTIGE coordinated by Campus France http://www.campusfrance.org/en/prestige. MER was supported by the UNESCO- L’Oreal National Fellowship 'For Women in Science' http://www.fwis.fr/, by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 668863 https://ec.europa.eu/programmes/horizon2020/, and in part by the GSCE-30260-2015 'Grant for Supporting Excellent Research' of the Babeş-Bolyai University http://ubbcluj.ro/. DCVE and LM were supported by grant National Institutes of Health (NIH) R01-MH-60974 https://grants.nih.gov. AB was supported by National Institutes of Health (NIH) R01 EY016184 https://grants.nih.gov and the McDonnell Center for Systems Neuroscience (to AB and RG) http://centerserv.wustl.edu/. ZT was supported, in part, by grant FA9550-12-1-0405 jointly from the US Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR) and Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) http://www.darpa.mil/, and by grant No. HDTRA-1-09-1-0039 from Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA) http://www.dtra.mil/. HK was supported by ANR-11-BSV4-501 (CORE-NETS), ANR-14-CE13-0033 (ARCHI-CORE), ANR-15-CE32-0016 (CORNET) http://www.anr.fr and LabEx CORTEX (ANR-11-LABX-0042) http://www.labexcortex.com/ of Université de Lyon, within the program 'Investissements d’Avenir' (ANR-11-IDEX-0007) operated by the French National Research Agency (ANR)., ANR-11-BSV4-0005,Core-nets,Les réseaux corticaux(2011), ANR-14-CE13-0033,ARCHI-CORE,Importance fonctionnelle du noyau cortical dans l'architecture de contre-courant à haute densité(2014), ANR-15-CE32-0016,CORNET,Intégration des processus ascendants et descendants du cortex chez le marmouset et le macaque(2015), ANR-11-IDEX-0007,Avenir L.S.E.,PROJET AVENIR LYON SAINT-ETIENNE(2011), Bodescot, Myriam, BLANC - Les réseaux corticaux - - Core-nets2011 - ANR-11-BSV4-0005 - BLANC - VALID, Appel à projets générique - Importance fonctionnelle du noyau cortical dans l'architecture de contre-courant à haute densité - - ARCHI-CORE2014 - ANR-14-CE13-0033 - Appel à projets générique - VALID, Intégration des processus ascendants et descendants du cortex chez le marmouset et le macaque - - CORNET2015 - ANR-15-CE32-0016 - AAPG2015 - VALID, and PROJET AVENIR LYON SAINT-ETIENNE - - Avenir L.S.E.2011 - ANR-11-IDEX-0007 - IDEX - VALID

Subjects
Male, Models, Anatomic, 0301 basic medicine, Nerve net, Neocortex, Monkeys, Macaque, Mice, Nerve Fibers, 0302 clinical medicine, Animal Cells, Neural Pathways, Medicine and Health Sciences, Biology (General), Cerebral Cortex, Mammals, Neurons, Artificial neural network, biology, General Neuroscience, Brain, Animal Models, Graph, medicine.anatomical_structure, Vertebrates, Connectome, Embedding, Female, [SDV.NEU]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC], Cellular Types, Anatomy, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences, Algorithms, Network analysis, Primates, Computer and Information Sciences, Connectomics, Neural Networks, QH301-705.5, Models, Neurological, Research and Analysis Methods, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, 03 medical and health sciences, Model Organisms, Species Specificity, biology.animal, Old World monkeys, medicine, Animals, Humans, Computer Simulation, [SDV.NEU] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC], Rhesus Monkeys, General Immunology and Microbiology, business.industry, Organisms, Biology and Life Sciences, Pattern recognition, Cell Biology, Primer, Axons, 030104 developmental biology, Cellular Neuroscience, Amniotes, Macaca, Artificial intelligence, Nerve Net, business, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Neuroscience
Abstract

The cerebral cortex retains its fundamental organization, layering, and input–output relations as it scales in volume over many orders of magnitude in mammals. How is its network architecture affected by size scaling? By comparing network organization of the mouse and rhesus macaque cortical connectome derived from complete neuroanatomical tracing studies, a recent study in PLOS Biology shows that an exponential distance rule emerges that reveals the falloff in connection probability with distance in the two brains that in turn determines common organizational features., In both mouse and monkey cortex, the connection probability of cortical regions falls off exponentially with absolute distance; conservation of cortical network organization during mammalian brain evolution could arise naturally from this rule. Read the related Research Article.

Published
2016
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10. The role of long-range connections on the specificity of the macaque interareal cortical network

Author

Pascale Giroud, Kenneth Knoblauch, Mária Ercsey-Ravasz, Nikola T. Markov, Loïc Magrou, Zoltán Toroczkai, Henry Kennedy, Pierre Misery, Ana Rita Ribeiro Gomes, David C. Van Essen, Camille Lamy, Colette Dehay, Pascal Barone, Institut cellule souche et cerveau (U846 Inserm - UCBL1), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Department of Physics, University of Notre Dame [Indiana] (UND), Centre de recherche cerveau et cognition (CERCO), Institut des sciences du cerveau de Toulouse. (ISCT), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, and University of Washington [Seattle]

Subjects
anatomy, Databases, Factual, Nerve net, Macaque, Brain mapping, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Similarity (network science), biology.animal, medicine, Range (statistics), neocortex, Animals, 030304 developmental biology, Cerebral Cortex, Brain Mapping, 0303 health sciences, Multidisciplinary, Neocortex, biology, Biological Sciences, medicine.anatomical_structure, Geography, Cortical network, Macaca, Graph (abstract data type), [SDV.NEU]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC], Nerve Net, monkey, Neuroscience, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract

We investigated the influence of interareal distance on connectivity patterns in a database obtained from the injection of retrograde tracers in 29 areas distributed over six regions (occipital, temporal, parietal, frontal, prefrontal, and limbic). One-third of the 1,615 pathways projecting to the 29 target areas were reported only recently and deemed new-found projections (NFPs). NFPs are predominantly long-range, low-weight connections. A minimum dominating set analysis (a graph theoretic measure) shows that NFPs play a major role in globalizing input to small groups of areas. Randomization tests show that ( i ) NFPs make important contributions to the specificity of the connectivity profile of individual cortical areas, and ( ii ) NFPs share key properties with known connections at the same distance. We developed a similarity index, which shows that intraregion similarity is high, whereas the interregion similarity declines with distance. For area pairs, there is a steep decline with distance in the similarity and probability of being connected. Nevertheless, the present findings reveal an unexpected binary specificity despite the high density (66%) of the cortical graph. This specificity is made possible because connections are largely concentrated over short distances. These findings emphasize the importance of long-distance connections in the connectivity profile of an area. We demonstrate that long-distance connections are particularly prevalent for prefrontal areas, where they may play a prominent role in large-scale communication and information integration.

Published
2013

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