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Application of additive manufacturing (AM)/three-dimensional (3D) printing has been a very hot area of research in recent years. The fast and easy way to get the desired product and additive function, such as anti-bacterial materials, embedded nano detective sensors. This study reviewed 197 articles on application of AM/3D printing in rehabilitation and healthcare. The distribution of these articles was investigated in terms of journal type, year of publication, methodologies, and research contexts, etc. Based on the use of citation network analysis (CNA), the result shows the selected articles (197 articles) can be divided into two directions, healthcare and rehabilitation, and healthcare monitoring and materials for 3D printing purposes. All of them represent possible opportunities for future research. Further investigation was done by conducting a Main Path Analysis of the articles to draw a map of knowledge structure within each research domain. Finally, future research opportunities and directions are proposed for each research domain, rehabilitation and healthcare. In addition, use of 3D printing materials with antimicrobial properties for healthcare and rehabilitation is having more potential in future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intimate partner violence (IPV) against pregnant women is a global public health problem. Yet, the trajectory of IPV during pregnancy and its association with health are unclear. This study set out to investigate the trajectory of IPV by categorizing pregnant women according to changes of IPV exposure before, during, and after pregnancy and to examine the predictive factors of these IPV-related categories. During 2016 and 2017, we conducted a longitudinal study with a sample of 1,083 pregnant women in Hong Kong. Pregnant women reported their IPV experiences, depression, and demographics in the baseline survey (at about 24-week gestation), and their IPV experiences, mental health outcomes, social support, and perceived father's involvement in the follow-up survey (around 4 weeks postpartum). We categorized pregnant women into four groups, including women with (a) sustaining abusive relationship (AR); (b) relationship with decreased violence over pregnancy (DVR); (c) relationship with stress-related violence (SVR); and (d) nonviolent relationship (NVR). Although we found an overall decline of IPV during pregnancy from 24.6% to 14.3%, there were still a considerable proportion of women reporting as a victim of IPV. We observed that a higher proportion of pregnant women were actually suffering from IPV during pregnancy and after childbirth continuously (22.3% of AR and SVR) than experiencing a termination of IPV due to pregnancy (11.4% of DVR). We also observed that more severe maternal depression, lower levels of father's involvement, and poorer social support were significantly associated with the categories that reflected greater severity of IPV over the course of pregnancy. Our findings reflected that the complexity of IPV related to pregnancy should never be overlooked. Mere reporting of prevalence in an aggregate might not sufficiently explain the problem. Father's involvement and social support are two important factors that might help reduce IPV related to pregnancy and childbirth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Textured and epitaxial {001} NiFe/NiMn/Co films were grown on Cu/Si (100) structural templates by using e-beam evaporation. Numerical analysis of high-resolution TEM images was used to determine the local d-spacing of NiMn. The local c/a ratio for the annealed sample varied across the film. The well-aligned orientation relationship between NiFe and NiMn stabilized the disordered NiMn phase, which resulted in a small exchange field. Interdiffusion was observed by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy near the interfaces of Cu/NiFe, NiFe/NiMn, and NiMn/Co. Interdiffusion may modify the interfacial structures, and may contribute to the enhancement of the coercivity in NiFe and Co. Index Terms--{001} NiFe/NiMn/Co, exchange field, high-resolution TEM, interdiffusion.

Enhancement of exchange field (Hex) and thermal stability of the textured CoFe/IrMn with Os/Cu buffer layer and Os diffusion barrier layer were studied. As revealed by x-ray Diffraction (XRD), an Os (0002) surface mesh was observed to form on Cu (100)/Si (100). The growth of CoFe (111)/IrMn (111) on such a template is parallel to the Os (0002). With the Os/Cu buffer layer, the CoFe/IrMn presents an enhancement of 70 Oe on Hex larger than that without Os/Cu. The Hex of the textured sample was 230 Oe at room temperature and it was increased to 330 Oe after 250 °C annealing. When the temperature reached 350 °C, Hex vanished. The increment of the temperature at which the textured and the nontextured sample obtaining their maximum Hex and the vanishing temperature of Hex were 50 and 75 °C, respectively. Furthermore, the CoFe/Os (d)/IrMn slowed down the Hex degradation. The sample with d=0.3 nm obtained its maximum Hex at 250 °C and vanished when it reached 400 °C. The combination of CoFe/IrMn with Os/Cu buffer layer and Os barrier layer made the Hex higher and also better thermal stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The uses of Os as an antidiffusion and buffer layer in IrMn exchange coupled CoFe film were investigated. For the purpose of antidiffusion, the inserted Os layer showed a distinct improvement of S>0.9, with HC slightly increasing by 1.6 times for the CoFe/Os/MnOs multilayer after 400 °C annealing, even though the Os thickness was as thin as 0.3 nm. Furthermore, with a 0.3 nm Os barrier, the 350 °C annealed CoFe/Os/IrMn/CoFe showed almost the same magnetic behavior as the as-deposited state, while the Hex of the upper part of the CoFe/Os/IrMn changed from 100 to 190 Oe. In addition, as a buffer layer, the Os buffer layer could enhance the diffraction peak intensities of IrMn(111)/Os(002) and CoFe (111), and the Hex of CoFe/IrMn was proportional to the Os thickness. A 120 Oe of Hex was achieved by using an 11 nm Os buffer layer in a CoFe 10 nm/IrMn 15 nm bottom type film. These results show that Os has the potential to be an antidiffusion and buffer layer in a magnetic multilayer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The magnetoimpedance (MZ) effect of the pseudo-spin-valve transistor (PSVT) was investigated at room temperature in the frequency ranged from 100 Hz to 15 MHz. The PSVT can be regarded as a complex combination of resistors, inductors, and capacitors, while the impedance (Z) consists of a real part, the resistance (R), and an imaginary part, the reactance (X). Besides, all these components exhibit magnetic hysteresis. It is due to the frequency dependent behavior that R does not reach a minimum at the resonant frequency (fr). The frequency dependences of MZ and MX ratios cross zero at fx=6.5 MHz and at fr=3.65 MHz, respectively. The shape of magnetoreactance (MX) loop is reverse to the magnetoresistance (MR) loop; furthermore, MX ratio changes sign from negative at fr to positive at f>fr. The MZ loop also reverses shape and sign after crossing fx. For instance, the MZ loop with a ratio of 0.077% at 6 MHz switches to -0.086% and -0.125% at 7 and 8 MHz, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A spin transistor consisting of a metallic pseudo-spin-valve emitter, a copper base, and a p-n junction collector was prepared on a Si(100) wafer. This spin transistor can provide high magnetocurrent output, high magnetocurrent variation, and high transfer ratio. The common collector configuration with an emitter bias of 5.12 V at 77 K gives a large magnetocurrent variation of more than 95.5 μA in the collector, and the change is more than 3400% with a transfer ratio of 2.59310-3. At room temperature, these changes go down to 98.3 μA and 55.3%, respectively, and the transfer ratio rises to 5.98310-3. The high performance of this spin-valve transistor is due to the use of a p-n junction as an energy barrier to select spin electrons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In-plane magnetic anisotropy was studied in Co films epitaxially grown on NiMn (001) films. The hysteresis loops measured in-plane perpendicular to the exchange field show double shifted loops, and the magnetization of Co to rotate coherently. Magnetic anisotropy constants can be determined from these double shifted loops. Exchange coupling in NiMn/Co not only induces a unidirectional anisotropy but also a uniaxial anisotropy. This induced uniaxial anisotropy may contribute to the enhancement of Co coercivity. © 2001 American Institute of Physics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deals with a study which observed enhancement of anisotropy of magnetoresistance for Co(1100)/Cr(211) on MgO(110). Details on the structure arrangement of both Co and Cr layers in the Co/Cr bilayared films; Thickness of the Co layer for all the samples in the study.

Presents a study that reported the magneto-optical Kerr effect studies of the magnetic anisotropies of high-quality cobalt/chromium multilayers grown by molecular beam epitaxy. Film preparation and measurements; Results and discussions.