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30 results on '"Littlejohn, Michael A."'

2. A new device design methodology for manufacturability

Author

Lu, Jye-Chyi, Holton, William C., Fenner, JOel S., Williams, Stewart C., Kim, Ki Wook, Hartford, Alan H., Chen, Di, Roze, Ksenia, and Littlejohn, Michael A.

Subjects
Integrated circuits -- Design and construction, Circuit design -- Innovations, Business, Electronics, Electronics and electrical industries
Abstract

A more formal designated optimum design for manufacturing (ODFM) that can efficiently produce the desired result with a minimal investment in cost and time is discussed. Future generations for integrated circuits are expected to shrink further. Thus, the need to highlight TCAD procedures as central to manufacturing issues to yield optimization and product quality should be considered. New procedures that result in the best design are described.

Published
1998

3. Ensemble Monte Carlo study of interface-state generation in low-voltage scaled silicon MOS devices

Author

Ellis-Monaghan, John J., Hulfachor, R.B., Kim, K.W., and Littlejohn, Michael A.

Subjects
Metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors -- Models, Monte Carlo method -- Usage, Business, Electronics, Electronics and electrical industries
Abstract

An ensemble Monte Carlo model predicts the quantity and lateral distribution of hot-electron-induced interface states in low-voltage scaled silicon MOSFET's. A study of hot electron injection and interface-state density profiles reveals the inadequacy of lucky electron and electron temperature models. The study demonstrates the strong influence of electron-electron scattering approximations on the hot-electron injection characteristics.

Published
1996

4. A Monte Carlo study of hot electron injection and interface state generation model for silicon metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors

Author

Ellis-Monaghan, John J., Kim, K.W., and Littlejohn, Michael A.

Subjects
Metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors -- Research, Monte Carlo method -- Analysis, Surface chemistry -- Analysis, Physics
Abstract

A Monte Carlo approach is coupled with an interface state generation model to calculate the amount of interface state generation and its lateral distribution in Si metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors. Interface state generation on different Monte Carlo parameters are sensitive to hot electron energy distribution in the channel. The strong dependence of high-energy tail in the electron distribution function prevents the accurate prediction and modeling of hot electron induced phenomena.

Published
1994

5. Efficient ohmic boundary conditions for the Monte Carlo simulation of electron transport

Author

Woolard, Dwight L., Tian, Hong, Littlejohn, Michael A., and Kim, Ki W.

Subjects
Electron transport -- Research, Monte Carlo method -- Analysis, Business, Electronics, Electronics and electrical industries
Abstract

Analysis of effects of boundary conditions on the Monte Carlo (MC) simulation of long semiconductor device structures reveals a relationship between device boundary conditions and convergence range of higher-moment terms in MC simulations that do not depend on time. The approach provides for two degrees of freedom and efficiently generates complete electron distribution function in comparison with strictly equilibrium-based methods.

Published
1994

6. Novel heterojunction real-space transfer logic transistor structures: a model-based investigation

Author

Hong Tian, Ki Wook Kim, and Littlejohn, Michael A.

Subjects
Thermionic emission -- Research, Logic circuitry -- Research, Junction transistors -- Research, Business, Electronics, Electronics and electrical industries
Abstract

The possibiity of realizing real-space transfer logic transistor (RSTLT) structures is investigated. An RSTLT based on hot electron real-space transfer is presented. Its behavior under transient and steady-state operation modes is modeled by ensemble Monte Carlo simulation. Results indicate that the heterojunction device is capable of performing NOT/EQUIVALENT or NOR/AND logic functions at ultrafast switching speeds.

Published
1992

7. Two-dimensional analysis of short-channel delta-doped GaAs MESFET's

Author

Tian, Hong, Kim, Ki Wok, Littlejohn, Michael A., Bedair, Salah M., and Witkowski, Larry C.

Subjects
Field-effect transistors -- Analysis, Semiconductors -- Research, Business, Electronics, Electronics and electrical industries
Abstract

Short-channel delta-doped GaAs MESFET's were analyzed using a two-dimensional numerical simulation. The analysis centered on the effects of key design parameters such as transconductance, threshold voltage sensitivity and cutoff frequency on the delta-doped MESFET's performance. Based on the analysis, a steeper profile, short gate-to-channel distance, reduced lateral features and a tradeoff in the design of top-layer background doping were suggested in order to improve MESFET performance.

Published
1992

8. Image processing

Author

Plagman, Bernard K. and Littlejohn, Michael V.

Subjects
Image processing -- Evaluation, Banking, finance and accounting industries, Business, Evaluation
Abstract

The improvement of productivity, quality, responsiveness, and value of administrative operations is one of today's most important business missions. Document image-processing technology supports this mission by storing documents in the [...]

Published
1992

9. Smith Enters Record Book With Rare Triple-Double

Author

Littlejohn, Michael

Subjects
News, opinion and commentary, Sports and fitness
Abstract

Byline: MICHAEL LITTLEJOHN Courtesy of Clint Often On Nov. 21, University Mary Washington sophomore basketball player Walt Smith achieved a milestone when he recorded his first career triple-double. Smith, the [...]

Published
2011

10. Wallowing Over Wages

Author

Littlejohn, Michael

Subjects
Wages and salaries, Salary, News, opinion and commentary, Sports and fitness
Abstract

Byline: MICHAEL LITTLEJOHN One of the biggest debates currently raging in the world of sports is whether athletes' salaries are reaching the point of ridiculousness. With the price tags for [...]

Published
2011

23. Selective low-pressure chemical vapor deposition of Si1-xGex alloys in a rapid thermal processor using dichlorosilane and germane.

Author

Zhong, Yulin, Öztürk, Mehmet C., Grider, Douglas T., Wortman, Jimmie J., and Littlejohn, Michael A.

Subjects
CHEMICAL vapor deposition, ALLOYS
Abstract

Low-pressure chemical vapor deposition of Si1-xGex alloys in a cold wall, lamp-heated rapid thermal processor was studied. Alloys were deposited using the reactive gases GeH4 and SiH2Cl2 in a hydrogen carrier gas. The depositions were performed at a total pressure of 2.5 Torr and at temperatures between 500 and 800 °C using GeH4:SiH2Cl2 ratios ranging from 0.025 to 1.00. Results showed that Si1-xGex alloys can be deposited selectively on silicon in SiO2. The selectivity is enhanced significantly by the addition of GeH4 in the gas stream. In this work, selective depositions were obtained when the GeH4:SiH2Cl2 gas flow ratio was greater than 0.2 regardless of the deposition temperature, corresponding to a Ge content of 20% or higher in the films as determined by Auger electron spectroscopy. An enhancement in the deposition rate was observed in agreement with earlier reports due to the addition of GeH4. The activation energy for deposition in the surface reaction limited regime varied from 20 to 30 kcal/mole with the gas flow ratios used in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
1990
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24. JOVIAL/Ada Microprocessor Study.

Author

SOFTWARE ENGINEERING ASSOCIATES INC TORRANCE CA, Devine,Terence E, Dunbar,Terry L, Littlejohn,Michael B, White,Kerry, SOFTWARE ENGINEERING ASSOCIATES INC TORRANCE CA, Devine,Terence E, Dunbar,Terry L, Littlejohn,Michael B, and White,Kerry

Abstract

The initial intent of this effort was to study the Microprocessor industry for a period of eighteen months and to configure a Microprocessor System capable of hosting an Ada compiler or at least a JOVIAL/J73 compiler. Shortly into the study, the JOVIAL portion of the effort was eliminated. Basically, the study investigated the following areas: (a) current and future microprocessors technology, (b) existing compilers on small hosts, (c) advantages and disadvantages of hosting a development system on a microprocessor, (d) ada language issues, and (e) the design of an Ada Integrated Environment (AIE) for a microprocessor. The study concluded that a workable Ada capability can be hosted on a Motorola MC68000, Zilog Z8000, Intel 8086, Intel 432 or the soon-to-be-marketed National Semiconductor 16032. A practical micro-based system would support one of the above mentioned microprocessor, a terminal (CRT or hand copy), floppy disks, a Winchester disk, applicable disk controllers and 256 Bytes of RAM. Obviously, each application directs the particular hardware required to satisfy that application. At the time of this report, several manufactors were advertising partial implementations of Ada hosted on a variety of hardware configurations. (Author)

Published
1982

25. Embedded Learning: Is it 'Learning' or is it 'Work'?

Author

Littlejohn, Michael

Subjects
*LEARNING, *KNOWLEDGE management, *SOCIOLOGY of corporations, *MANAGEMENT styles, *KNOWLEDGE workers, *CORPORATE culture, *EMPLOYEE training, *ORGANIZATION, *INSTANT messaging, *INFORMATION technology
Abstract

The article discusses about embedded learning. Embedded learning is defined as a type of learning that is based on the assumption that the more contextual learning is to the work or task, the more a person is driven to learn. It provides immediacy, stresses collaboration, enhances non-learning technologies, such as instant messaging, intelligent search, and content management and combines learning with knowledge management. It was noted that transformation of organization culture toward collaboration and knowledge sharing can be very challenging. In comparison with the learn-to-do concept, embedded learning is completely different, thus it is expected that management themselves can encounter difficulties in embracing it.

Published
2006

26. Low Temperature Growth of Cubic Gallium Nitride.

Author

NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIV RALEIGH DEPT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, Littlejohn,Michael A., Hauser,John R., Andrews,James E., NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIV RALEIGH DEPT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, Littlejohn,Michael A., Hauser,John R., and Andrews,James E.

Abstract

A system is described which uses the organometallic compound triethygallium monammine (Ga(C2H5)3.NH3) for the chemical vapor deposition of thin films of gallium nitride. Measurements and studies of the physical characteristics and the electrical properties of films obtained from this process are described. The emphasis of this work is towards achieving low temperature (<600C) growth of gallium nitride in the cubic crystal structure. (Author)

Published
1973

30. Axillary dissection versus no axillary dissection in patients with breast cancer and sentinel-node micrometastases (IBCSG 23-01): 10-year follow-up of a randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial

Author

Achim Fleischmann, Cindy Mak, Jane Hill, David Littlejohn, Andreas Veronesi, Holger Moch, Stefano Zurrida, L Perey, Nirmala Pathmanathan, Carlo Tondini, Giancarlo Pruneri, Viviana Galimberti, Christian Oehlschlegel, Christoph Rageth, Jack Hoffmann, Richard D. Gelber, John J. Collins, Angelo Recalcati, Marisa Donatella Magri, Andrée Rorive, Bruno Späti, Dimitri Sarlos, Zsuzsanna Varga, Rolf A. Stahel, Mattia Intra, Charlotte Lanng, P. Smart, L. Tan, Anna Cardillo, Francesco Coran, James French, Rudolf Maibach, Manuela Rabaglio, Marco Colleoni, Emilia Montagna, Elisabeth Saurenmann, Elisabeth Elder, Michael Knauer, Samuele Massarut, Mauro Arcicasa, Karin Ribi, Julie Craik, Theresa Zielinski, Wendy Jeanneret Sozzi, Sandro Morassut, Tiziana Rusca, Paul Chin, Elgene Lim, Frances M. Boyle, Richard West, Patrizia Dell'Orto, Umberto Veronesi, Marie-Christine Mathieu, Jean-Remi Garbay, Katrina Moore, Marisa Cristina Leonardi, Gregory Bruce Mann, Donatella Santini, Mario Roncadin, Joëlle Collignon, Michael D. Green, David Moon, Oreste Gentilini, Petere G. Gill, Stephen Allpress, Giulia Peruzzotti, Elga Majdic, Caitlin Mahoney, Karen N. Price, Craig Murphy, Lori Hayes, Melissa Bochner, Lynette Mann, Christoph Tausch, Otto Schiltknecht, Antonino Carbone, Aron Goldhirsch, Giuseppe Cancello, Anand Murugasu, John F. Forbes, Erica Piccoli, Luca Mazzucchelli, Alberto Gianatti, Lucien Zaman, Jose Manuel Cotrina, Per Karlsson, Janez Zgajnar, Diana Crivellari, Birgitte Bruun Rasmussen, Elisabetta Candiago, Manuela Sargenti, Robert Whitfield, Silvia Dellapasqua, R. Ghisini, Meredith M. Regan, Michael Müller, Tiziana Perin, M. Thorburn, Stamatina Fournarakou, Monika Bamert, Malcolm Buchanan, Allison Jones, Gerhard Ries, Andreas Ehrsam, Hugh Carmalt, István Láng, Jürg Bernhard, Guy Jerusalem, Manuela Lagrassa, S. Fiona Bonar, Mario Mileto, Jurij Lindtner, P. Jeal, Fereshte Farshidi, Bernard F. Cole, John Hoerby, James Kollias, Privato Fenaroli, Giovanni Mazzarol, Richard Dyer, Angelo Buonadonna, Heidi Roschitzki, Stefania Andrighetto, Robert Macindoe, Martin F. Fey, Ingrid Kössler, Olivia Pagani, Anita Hiltbrunner, Camelia Chifu, William Ross, Rachele Volpe, Linda Leidi, Barbara Ruepp, Giorgio Caccia, Philippe Delvenne, Susanne Gerred, Tara Scolese, Mario Taffurelli, Paola Baratella, Jean Francois Delaloye, Richard Harman, A. Michael Bilous, Ian G. Campbell, Franco Nolè, Maryse Fiche, Ute Lorenz, Susanne Roux, Roberto Orecchia, Mark Sywak, Aashit Shah, Assia Treboux, Laura Cattaneo, Martina Egli-Tupaj, Rosmarie Caduff, Paolo Veronesi, Linda Madigan, Elena Kralidis, Maj-Lis Moeller Talman, Roswitha Kammler, Michael Töpfer, Eva Juhasz, Peer Schousen, Michele Ghielmini, Snjezana Frkovic-Grazio, Hanne Galatius, Elisabeth Rippy, Sylvie Maweja, Lynette Blacher, Stefan Aebi, D.F. Preece, Gilles Berclaz, Daniel Wyss, D. F. Lindsay, Andreas Günthert, Frederick Mayall, Lucia Bronz, Paul McKenzie, Andrew J. Spillane, Giuseppe Viale, Sandra Lippert, Alberto Luini, Virginia Howard, Giuseppe Curigliano, Rainer Grobholz, Robert Millar, Julio Abugattas, Hans-Anton Lehr, Maria Emanuela Limonta, Monica Iorfida, Elisa Vicini, Helle Holtveg, Angelo Di Leo, Giuseppe Renne, Alan S. Coates, Ezio Candiani, Karolyn Scott, Mauro G. Mastropasqua, Paolo Tricomi, Thomas Gyr, Karen Briscoe, and Viviana Galimberti, Bernard F Cole, Giuseppe Viale, Paolo Veronesi, Elisa Vicini, Mattia Intra, Giovanni Mazzarol, Samuele Massarut, Janez Zgajnar, Mario Taffurelli, David Littlejohn, Michael Knauer, Carlo Tondini, Angelo Di Leo, Marco Colleoni, Meredith M Regan, Alan S Coates, Richard D Gelber, Aron Goldhirsch

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, medicine.medical_specialty, Time Factors, medicine.medical_treatment, Population, Breast Neoplasms, Disease-Free Survival, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Breast cancer, Risk Factors, Clinical endpoint, Medicine, Humans, education, Mastectomy, education.field_of_study, business.industry, Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy, Hazard ratio, Sentinel node, medicine.disease, Breast cancer, axillary dissection, IBCSG 23-01, follow up, Surgery, Clinical trial, Axilla, 030104 developmental biology, medicine.anatomical_structure, Oncology, Neoplasm Micrometastasis, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Lymphatic Metastasis, Disease Progression, Lymph Node Excision, Female, Sentinel Lymph Node, business
Abstract

Summary Background We previously reported the 5-year results of the phase 3 IBCSG 23-01 trial comparing disease-free survival in patients with breast cancer with one or more micrometastatic (≤2 mm) sentinel nodes randomly assigned to either axillary dissection or no axillary dissection. The results showed no difference in disease-free survival between the groups and showed non-inferiority of no axillary dissection relative to axillary dissection. The current analysis presents the results of the study after a median follow-up of 9·7 years (IQR 7·8–12·7). Methods In this multicentre, randomised, controlled, open-label, non-inferiority, phase 3 trial, participants were recruited from 27 hospitals and cancer centres in nine countries. Eligible women could be of any age with clinical, mammographic, ultrasonographic, or pathological diagnosis of breast cancer with largest lesion diameter of 5 cm or smaller, and one or more metastatic sentinel nodes, all of which were 2 mm or smaller and with no extracapsular extension. Patients were randomly assigned (1:1) before surgery (mastectomy or breast-conserving surgery) to no axillary dissection or axillary dissection using permuted blocks generated by a web-based congruence algorithm, with stratification by centre and menopausal status. The protocol-specified primary endpoint was disease-free survival, analysed in the intention-to-treat population (as randomly assigned). Safety was assessed in all randomly assigned patients who received their allocated treatment (as treated). We did a one-sided test for non-inferiority of no axillary dissection by comparing the observed hazard ratios (HRs) for disease-free survival with a margin of 1·25. This 10-year follow-up analysis was not prespecified in the trial's protocol and thus was not adjusted for multiple, sequential testing. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00072293. Findings Between April 1, 2001, and Feb 8, 2010, 6681 patients were screened and 934 randomly assigned to no axillary dissection (n=469) or axillary dissection (n=465). Three patients were ineligible and were excluded from the trial after randomisation. Disease-free survival at 10 years was 76·8% (95% CI 72·5–81·0) in the no axillary dissection group, compared with 74·9% (70·5–79·3) in the axillary dissection group (HR 0·85, 95% CI 0·65–1·11; log-rank p=0·24; p=0·0024 for non-inferiority). Long-term surgical complications included lymphoedema of any grade in 16 (4%) of 453 patients in the no axillary dissection group and 60 (13%) of 447 in the axillary dissection group, sensory neuropathy of any grade in 57 (13%) in the no axillary dissection group versus 85 (19%) in the axillary dissection group, and motor neuropathy of any grade (14 [3%] in the no axillary dissection group vs 40 [9%] in the axillary dissection group). One serious adverse event (postoperative infection and inflamed axilla requiring hospital admission) was attributed to axillary dissection; the event resolved without sequelae. Interpretation The findings of the IBCSG 23-01 trial after a median follow-up of 9·7 years (IQR 7·8–12·7) corroborate those obtained at 5 years and are consistent with those of the 10-year follow-up analysis of the Z0011 trial. Together, these findings support the current practice of not doing an axillary dissection when the tumour burden in the sentinel nodes is minimal or moderate in patients with early breast cancer. Funding International Breast Cancer Study Group.

Published
2018

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