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Battery fault diagnosis is a key problem to ensure the safe operation of electric vehicles. In order to achieve accurate voltage prediction during the real operation of electric vehicles, this study proposed an electric vehicle real voltage prediction algorithm based on PCC-CNN-LSTM. First, the input and output characteristics were determined by Pearson correlation coefficient method. Considering the sampling time of individual cells in different battery packs, the number of cells and the working range of voltage, the parameters of the algorithm model were determined. Then, the sequential features in the voltage data were mined by CNN for feature extraction and input into LSTM for model training, which effectively solves the problem that the LSTM input feature dimension is too large to grasp the effective information, which makes the prediction accuracy decrease. Through the real vehicle test, for different types of battery packs, the evaluation indexes of the CNN-LSTM-based model are superior to those of other algorithm models (CNN, LSTM, GRU, and CNN-GRU). Finally, the superiority, reliability, and robustness of the proposed algorithm are verified by comparing with other algorithm models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hybrid and heterostructures exhibit intriguing and significant properties that can endow unique properties to high‐performance batteries. However, their applications are often hampered by limited structural stability due to inevitable material agglomeration and structural collapse during repeated electrochemical cycles. Here, an efficient strategy to utilize an intermediate nanoglue to bond the substrate and heterojunction phase and increase the overall structural stability is reported. After screening the possible Fe‐based oxides, tunnel‐type FeOOH satisfies the principle of relatively high affinity to both Ti3C2Ox support and Fe3O4 phase, thus strengthening heterostructure stability. Furthermore, functional FeOOH quantum dots as nanoglue and graft them onto high‐surface‐area Ti3C2Ox support is experimentally utilized, then load high‐capacity Fe3O4 nanoparticles onto the nanoglue. The designed heterostructured nanoglue not only yields abundant heterojunctions with continuous channels for ion/electron transfer but maintains excellent electrochemical reversibility. Serving as anode for lithium storage, Ti3C2Ox/FeOOH/Fe3O4 hybrid enables a high discharging capacity of 790.4 mAh g−1 at 1.0 A g−1 after 500 cycles and superior cycling stability. The design principle is general and can be expanded to other hybrid materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are essential parts of the automotive and electronics industries, high-energy-density LIB electrodes are proving to be an effective option for tackling issues in these domains. Making the right material selection is crucial because of the benefits and drawbacks of various electrode materials as well as the need to improve battery performance. Because of their remarkable electrochemical qualities, nanostructured anode materials have recently attracted a lot of scientific interest. This paper examines the developments and difficulties surrounding nanostructured anodes, encompassing several kinds of nano-architecture for LIB applications. It provides an overview of important topics such the processes of conversion reactions, the features of electrochemical energy storage, the design of nanostructures, synthesis techniques, and the difficulties in enhancing LIB anodes using nanostructured materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Co3O4/CuO hybrid hollow microspheres have been successfully prepared via thermal decomposition of CoCu glycolates, whose size can be adjusted by varying the molar ratio of Co2+/Cu2+. As lithium‐ion battery (LIB) anode, Co3O4/CuO microspheres exhibited excellent electrochemical performance due to synergistic effects and the hollow structural design, the best Co3O4/CuO sample could maintain a high specific capacity of 1170.4 mAh g−1 after 300 cycles at 1 A g−1, and still retain a capacity of 514.5 mAh g−1 after 1000 cycles at 2 A g−1. Thus obtained Co3O4/CuO hybrid hollow microspheres hold great potential as anode materials for high‐performance LIBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

End‐of‐life batteries from electromobility present numerous challenges in recycling. In addition to a variety of materials, compounds, and diverse designs, they pose a significant electrical, chemical, thermal, and explosive hazard. This article explores the potential for enhancing the safety of lithium‐ion battery recycling through a low‐temperature pretreatment. The evaporation behavior of different cell types and the impact of pretreatment are determined through penetration tests. The results provide a better evaluation of material flows in the recycling process and demonstrate the effectiveness of low‐temperature pretreatment in enhancing safety during batteryrecycling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

NiSnO3 nanoparticles were synthesized via a facile hydrothermal technique as an anode material for lithium ion batteries (LIBs), The good reversible ability of NiSnO3 electrode is mainly attributed to the NiO, Sn and Li2O formed in the first discharge of the NiSnO3 electrode can act as buffer substrates for each other, which buffer the volume change of the NisnO3 electrode during the charge and discharge reaction. The diffusion coefficient of lithium ions in the process of charging and discharging of NiSnO3 nanomaterials was obtained by galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT). It can be seen that NiSnO3 nanomaterials have a faster charging and discharging rate, which is mainly attributed to the higher specific surface area (94.40 m²/g) of NiSnO3 nanoparticles. At the same time, the smaller nanoparticle size (4-9 nm) helps to improve the contact area between the surface of the NiSnO3 electrode and the electrolyte, reducing the diffusion distance of lithium ions. Further exploration of the adsorption energy (-2.93 eV), electron density difference, intrinsic charge transfer (1.01 e), diffusion barrier (0.112 eV) and diffusion coefficient (1.73×10-4 cm²/s) of lithium ions on NiSnO3 surface were conducted using first principles. The results all indicate that there is a strong interaction between lithium ions and NiSnO3 surface, and a fast charging and discharging rate of NiSnO3 nanomaterials. This article demonstrates that NiSnO3 has the potential to serve as a promising anode material for LIBs from both experimental and theoretical perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing an anode material that has better performance efficiency than commercial graphite while keeping the features of economic scalability and environmental safety is highly desirable yet challenging. MOFs are a promising addition to the ongoing efforts, however, the relatively poor performance, chemical instability, and large‐scale economic production of efficiency‐proven pristine MOFs restrict their utility in real‐life energy storage applications. Furthermore, hierarchical porosity for lucid mass diffusion, high‐density lithiophilic sites are some of the structural parameters for improving the electrode performance. Herein, we have demonstrated the potential of economically scalable salicylaldehydate 3D‐conjugated‐MOF (Fe−Tp) as a high‐performance anode in Li‐ion batteries: the anode‐specific capacity achieved up to 1447 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 and 89 % of cyclic stability after 500 cycles at 1.0 A g−1 for pristine MOF. More importantly, incorporating 10 % Fe−Tp doping in commercial graphite (MOFite) significantly enhanced lithium storage, doubling capacity after 400 cycles. It signifies the potential practical utility of Fe−Tp as a performance booster for commercial anode material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fuel cell and lithium ion battery (LIB) technologies are increasingly recognized as cutting‐edge power sources that are gradually displacing various versions of older systems. High‐performance electrode materials must be developed for enhanced next‐generation LIBs. Because of their low cost, high theoretical specific capacity, and environmental friendliness, nanoparticles based on zinc oxide (ZnO) have been regarded as promising alternatives. However, significant problems including intrinsic poor conductivity and significant volume expansion have made ZnO‐based nanomaterials for less viable. In this review we discussed about the mechanism of lithium ion battery and how strategies to overcome intrinsic poor conductivity and significant volume expansion of ZnO‐based nanomaterials. Followed by the best methods for improving the lithium ion storage capacity of ZnO‐based materials as cathode and anode separately reviewed. And summarized the challenges and potential lines of inquiry for Zn‐based nanomaterials in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two types of tubular and disc-shaped natural diatomite were used as the initial raw materials to prepare a series of diatomite derived silicon carbon anode materials. The crystal structure, microstructure, and chemical composition of the prepared products were systematically characterized using testing methods such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectros-copy (Raman), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), etc. The prepared diatomite derived silicon carbon anode materials were assembled as active substances to assemble lithium ion batteries. The effects of tubular and disc-shaped morphologies on its lithium storage performance were compared, and the effect of the amount of asphalt derived carbon coating on the specific capacity and cycling stability of the silicon carbon anode materials was investigated in detail. The test results show that both products tube DE-1 3 and tube DE-1: 6 have high capacity retention at a low current density of 0.2 Ag¹, after 500 cycles, the specific capacity -1 can be maintained at 443 mAh g¹ and 414 mAh g¹, respectively. While product tube DE-1: 6 has better structure stability at a higher current density of 0.5 Ag. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To provide more reliable data, liquidus lines and solidus lines of the Ni-Co-Cu system in the temperature range from 1400 to 1750K were determined by Thermogravimetry-Differential Thermal Analysis (TG-DTA). The liquidus lines and the solidus lines were determined for low Cu and high Ni compositions, for which data were lacking in previous studies. The obtained results can be used to determine the temperature required to melt the metal obtained by reducing waste lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in the high-temperature metallurgical process of metal recycling from waste LIBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work compares a state of the art data‐driven model to predict the state of health (SoH) in lithium ion batteries with a new prediction model based on the mechanistic framework. The mechanistic approach attributes the degradation to individual components such as loss of available capacity on each electrode as well as loss of cyclable lithium. By combining the mechanistic framework with data‐driven models for the component losses based on a design of experiment, we achieve a cycle aging model that can predict capacity degradation as well as degradation‐induced changes to the discharge potential curve. Using this cycle aging model alongside with a semi‐empirical calendar aging model, we present a holistic aging model that we validate on independent validation tests containing time‐variant load profiles. While the purely data‐driven model is better at predicting the SoH, the mechanistic model clearly has it advantages in a deeper understanding that can potentially enhance the current methods of tracking and updating the characteristic open‐circuit voltage curve over lifetime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To provide more reliable data, liquidus lines and solidus lines of the Ni-Co-Cu system in the temperature range from 1400 to 1750K were determined by Thermogravimetry-Differential Thermal Analysis (TG-DTA). The liquidus lines and the solidus lines were determined for low Cu and high Ni compositions, for which data were lacking in previous studies. The obtained results can be used to determine the temperature required to melt the metal obtained by reducing waste lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in the high-temperature metallurgical process of metal recycling from waste LIBs.

[Display omitted] • The sandwich structure of FeS 2 embedded between graphite layers was designed. • FeS 2 /C sandwich structure in LIBs exhibited outstanding Li storage performance. • FeS 2 /C showed promising application prospect for all solid-state lithium batteries. • The evolution during the initial lithiation process was studied using in-situ TEM. As a conversion-type cathode material, FeS 2 emerges as a promising candidate for the next generation of energy storage solutions, attributed to its cost-effectiveness, environment-friendliness and high theoretical capacity. However, several challenges hinder its practical application, including sluggish kinetics, insulating reaction products and significant volume fluctuation during cycling, which collectively compromise its rate capability and cycle stability. Herein, a well-designed sandwich structure of FeS 2 embedded between graphite layers (FeS 2 /C) is obtained using a chloride intercalation and sulfidation strategy. The layered graphite-FeS 2 -graphite configuration boosts the active sites and adsorption capacity of Li+, thereby guaranteeing a high reversible capacity. Furthermore, the graphitic carbon matrix serves a dual purpose: it enhances electronic conductivity and restrain the volume fluctuation of FeS 2 during long cycling. This combination ensures robust electrochemical kinetics, structural integrity and long life. Consequently, the FeS 2 /C composites exhibit exceptional lithium storage performance, achieving capacities of 506.2 mAh g−1 at 0.5 A/g and 277.2 mAh g−1 at 5.0 A/g. Additionally, the FeS 2 /C composites show promising potential as cathodes for all solid-state lithium batteries, showcasing high specific capacities of 658.0 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A/g for the second cycle and maintaining a cycle performance of 288.5 mAh g−1 after 800 cycles at 0.5 A/g. These values surpass the second discharge specific capacity of 96.1 mAh g−1 and cycle capacity of 25.3 mAh g−1 observed for Fe 2 O 3 /C composites. The discharge mechanism of FeS 2 /C composites was further characterized through in-situ transmission electron microscope test. This work provides valuable insights for designing and synthesizing FeS 2 , highlighting its potential for lithium ion storage and all solid-state lithium batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] FeS, with its high theoretical capacity and natural abundance, holds significant promise as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, its practical application is constrained by poor electrical conductivity and substantial volume expansion during cycling, which impair charge–discharge efficiency and cycling stability. To overcome these challenges, we developed a nitrogen and sulfur co-doped carbon-encapsulated FeS composite with a hollow double-layer structure (HDL-FeS@NSC). Utilizing sulfur spheres as a sacrificial template, our inside-out synthesis strategy produces a unique material design. The HDL-FeS@NSC composite exhibits significant improvements in electrochemical performance compared to pure FeS. These enhancements are due to its increased specific surface area, which facilitates lithium-ion diffusion; a shortened Li+ diffusion pathway; structural stability that mitigates volume expansion; and an optimized carbon layer that boosts conductivity. The HDL-FeS@NSC-70 anode demonstrates a specific capacity of 879.6 mAh/g after 600 cycles at 1.0 A/g and retains 558.0 mAh/g at 5.0 A/g. Additionally, the lithium storage mechanism has been thoroughly investigated using in-situ techniques. These results suggest that the HDL-FeS@NSC composite anode has the potential to significantly enhance lithium-ion battery performance, offering a promising solution for next-generation energy storage systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Direct recycling is a key technology for enabling a circular economy of spent lithium ion batteries (LIBs). For cathode active materials (CAMs), it is regarded as the tightest closed‐loop and most efficient approach among current recycling techniques as it simply proceeds via re‐lithiation and reconstruction of aged CAMs instead of separating them into elemental components. In this work, spent, i.e., morphologically and structurally decomposed CAM based on LiNi0.83Co0.12Mn0.05O2 (NCM‐831205) is restored by mimicking conditions of original CAM synthesis. After evaluating and optimizing the high‐temperature duration for CAM restoration and subsequent washing procedure, the recycled CAM is shown to maintain poly‐crystallinity and tap density, successfully recover specific surface area, lithium content, crystal structure in surface and bulk, while, however, only partly the original secondary particle size and shape. Though, comparable in initial 100 charge/discharge cycles with pristine CAM in lithium ion‐cells, the subsequent increase in resistance and capacity fading remains a challenge. High temperature during recycling can be regarded as a key challenge on material level, as it not only promotes detrimental surface carbonate species from residual carbon black but also enhances cation disorder and micro‐/nanoscopic porosity through oxygen release, likely in de‐lithiated, thus less thermally stable regions of cycled NCM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study proposes a deep learning-based long short-term memory (LSTM) model to predict the state of charge (SOC) of lithium-ion batteries. The purpose of the research is to accurately model the complex nonlinear behavior that occurs during the charging and discharging processes of batteries to predict the SOC. The LSTM model was trained using battery data collected under various temperature and load conditions. To evaluate the performance of the artificial intelligence model, measurement data from the CS2 lithium-ion battery provided by the University of Maryland College of Engineering was utilized. The LSTM model excels in learning long-term dependencies from sequence data, effectively modeling temporal patterns in battery data. The study trained the LSTM model based on battery data collected from various charge and discharge cycles and evaluated the model's performance by epoch to determine the optimal configuration. The proposed model demonstrated high SOC estimation accuracy for various charging and discharging profiles. As training progressed, the model's predictive performance improved, with the predicted SOC moving from 14.8400% at epoch 10 to 12.4968% at epoch 60, approaching the actual SOC value of 13.5441%. Simultaneously, the mean absolute error (MAE) and root mean squared error (RMSE) decreased from 0.9185% and 1.3009% at epoch 10 to 0.2333% and 0.5682% at epoch 60, respectively, indicating continuous improvement in predictive performance. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the effectiveness of the LSTM model for predicting the SOC of lithium-ion batteries and its potential to enhance the performance of battery management systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We verified battery capacity estimation and lithium precipitation detection using charging curve analysis for application to SOH/SOS diagnosis of EV batteries. In this presentation, as a detailed principle verification of non-destructive diagnosis, we compared and contrasted the results of cycle deterioration tests for single cells, the results of decomposition analysis of cells after deterioration, and the internal state estimation based on charging curve analysis, and considered the validity of the estimation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A pre-feasibility study was conducted to detect increased risk of thermal runaway for single cell by the Charging curve analysis. Cycled cells with lithium plating were prepared as samples with increased risk of thermal runaway. The increased risk of thermal runaway was evaluated experimentally with thermal runaway tests using laser irradiation. The Charging curve analysis is one of the non-destructive diagnostic methods based on electrochemistry. The Charging curve analysis detected the lithium plating in the cycled cells, demonstrating its potential as a nondestructive diagnostic method for increased risk of thermal runaway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) undergo various degradation phenomena such as material decomposition, structural change and uneven lithium ion distribution during long-term cycles, which would affect their performance and safety. In order to improve the performance of the LIBs during their life cycle, preload force is preset when the batteries are assembled. Different preload forces will in turn affect the cycle life and heat generation of the battery. In order to address this issue, this work carries out charge/discharge cycle tests on a NCM811 battery under different preload forces. Isothermal calorimetry tests are performed to investigate the battery heat generation under different states of health (SOHs) and preload forces. Based on the test results, an empirical prediction model for heat generation power as a function of SOH is established. Results show that when the preload force is 5 N·m, the battery capacity decreases in the slowest rate and the average heat generation power is the lowest. Changes in peaks of the incremental capacity curve can be used to characterize the loss of lithium at the electrode, which in turn characterizes the change of heat generation power of the battery. The average heat generation power is mainly affected by the SOH, going through a period of trough with the decrease of the SOH and continuing to increase after crossing the critical point. In general, these findings emphasize the relationship between preload force, SOH and heat generation power, which is helpful for the judgment of optimal preload to improve the efficiency of LIBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymer electrolyte membranes with superior lithium‐ion (Li+) conductivity and sufficient electrochemical stability are desired for all‐solid‐state lithium‐ion batteries (ASS‐LIBs). This paper reports novel polymer composite membranes consisting of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibers (Nfs) containing lithium salts. It is first revealed that the lithium salt addition increases polar surface groups on the PAN nanofibers. Subsequently, the lithium salts‐containing PAN nanofiber (PAN/Li Nf) composite membrane affects the matrix poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)/lithium bis(trifluoromethyl sulfonylimide) (LiTFSI) electrolyte to increase the numbers of Li+ with high mobility. Consequently, the PAN/Li Nf composite membrane shows relatively good ion conductivity (σ = 9.0 × 10−5 S cm−1) and a considerably large Li+ transference number (tLi+ = 0.41) at 60 °C, compared to the PEO/LiTFSI membrane without nanofibers. The 6Li solid‐state NMR study supports that the PAN/Li Nf bearing abundant polar nitrile groups at their surface enhances Li+ diffusion in the PEO‐based electrolyte membranes. The galvanostatic constant current cycling tests reveal that the PAN/Li Nf composite membrane possesses good electrochemical and mechanical stabilities. The ASS‐LIB consisting of the PAN/Li Nf composite membrane shows significantly improved charge and discharge cycling performances, promising future all‐solid‐state batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

N, S co-doping three-dimensional (3D) honeycomb-like porous carbon derived from pinecone (NSZPC) was fabricated through preoxidation and subsequent calcination in the presence of zinc chloride and thiourea. Owing to the synergistic effect of the three-dimensional hierarchical porous structure and N, S co-doping, NSZPC exhibited excellent lithium-ion storage performance. Specifically, the reversible capacity of the target product (NSZPC, 827.6 mAh·g−1 at 1 A g−1) was significantly higher than that of carbon prepared through direct calcination of pinecone carbon and thiourea (NSPC, 133.7 mAh·g−1 at 1 A g−1) and that of carbon obtained by calcining pinecone carbon in ZnCl 2 molten salt (ZPC 375.8 mAh·g−1at 1 A g−1). Even at a high current density of 10 A g−1, NSZPC still delivered a high reversible capacity of 445.2 mAh·g−1, while NSPC and ZPC only exhibited 8.5 and 84.0 mAh·g−1, espectively. Moreover, the asymmetric supercapacitor based on NSZPC in 6 M KOH electrolyte delivered an excellent specific capacitance of 468.0 F g−1 at 200 mA g−1. After ultra-long cycles of 10,000, the capacitance retention rate remained at 88.5%, indicating superior cycling stability. In addition, the symmetric supercapacitor (NSZPC//NSZPC) exhibited high energy and power densities of 25.3 W h·kg−1 and 9998 W kg−1, respectively. Thus, the present work provides an efficient and low-cost strategy to prepare pinecone-based porous carbon as potential electrodes for LIBs and SCs and offers a high-quality route for alleviating environmental pollution. [Display omitted] • Pinecone-derived porous carbon was fabricated through preoxidation and subsequent calcination in molten salt. • The synergistic effect of three-dimensional porous structure and N, S co-doping reinforced energy storage performance. • The electrode was suitable for application in Li-ion battery and supercapacitor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the progressively widespread application of lithium‐ion batteries, their energy density and power density are being pursued to the extremely high. However, both cannot be reached simultaneously at present. Tortuosity depicts the relationship in ionic diffusion between bulk electrolyte and the electrolyte in a porous electrode, provides information about channels within electrodes, and correlates the current dilemma between energy density and power capability of the lithium‐ion batteries. It is crucial to upgrade the fast charging and discharging performance of LIBs electrodes without losing volumetric energy density and using tortuosity as a guide is able to achieve this goal fundamentally. Meanwhile, tortuosity can serve as an evaluation parameter for production quality assessment, but this demands a fast, accurate, and cost‐effective measuring method. After the definition and measurement of tortuosity are provided, this article analyzes the structural influencing factors of tortuosity which have impacts on ion transportation and subsequently on tortuosity to facilitate a more systematic and comprehensive picture. Through the discussion of contradictions and influencing factors, a more refined transmission line model (the refined TLM) is perceived as the very first step to drive both aforementioned goals toward success and is discussed in the perspective part. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LiFePO4 is very promising for application in the field of power batteries due to its high specific capacity (170 mAh−1), stable structure, safety, low price, and environmental friendliness. However, it is well known that the slow electron transport and Li+ transport of LiFePO4 results in a rate performance that is far below the requirements for small batteries, resulting in a low LiFePO4 energy density. In order to solve this problem, LiMn1−xFexPO4 (LMFP) cathode material was synthesized by combining Fe and Mn in a certain ratio, and its material properties were improved. Here, we provide a detailed review of LiMn1−xFexPO4 anode material preparation. In addition, this review focuses on the preparation of LiMn1−xFexPO4 and several modification methods to compensate for the inherent deficiencies of certain materials, as well as predicting their future trends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nano-Boron nitride compounds have displayed a great potential as anode materials for lithium ion batteries (LIBs) due to their unique structural, mechanical, and electrical properties. The measured reversible lithium ion capacities of Graphene/(h-BN)2/Graphene(G/h-BN/G) based anodes are considerably improved compared to the conventional graphite-based anodes. In this study, the boron nitride sheet has been localized inside the graphene as an option to enhance the electrochemical ratio. Additionally, we have found the structure of G/h-BN/G can improve the capacity and electrical transport in C-BN sheets-based LIBs. Therefore, the modification of BN sheet and design of G/h-BN/G structure provide strategies for improving the performance of BN-G-based anodes. G/h-BN/G could also be assembled into free-standing electrodes without any binder or current collector, which will lead to increase specific energy density for the overall battery design. Finally, we fabricated a novel LIBs and tested our method and we found this system in similar condition using G/h-BN/G increases the voltage and amperage in LIBs. For increasing the capacity, voltage, and amperage for LIBs the composite materials play a strong role. Any theoretical studies in electrode materials (anode and cathode) of lithium ion batteries and subsequent experimental testing with the results of theory can help us to fabricate powerful batteries with low cost. Using Graphene/(h-BN)2/ Graphene(G/h-BN/G) based anodes with a suitable composite for cathode materials exhibit high voltages and amperages compared with similar conditions of the previous LIBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silicon is considered as a promising candidate for anode materials due to its ultrahigh theoretical capacity and natural abundance. However, the commercialization is severely hampered by the large strain and short cycle life. Herein, we have synthesized a reversible polyelectrolyte/polyzwitterion coacervate framework to achieve high‐performance silicon anodes with high initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE) and stable cyclability. Such coacervate framework is formed via in‐situ free radical polymerization of zwitterionic 2‐methacryloyloxy ethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) with polyacrylic acid (pAA) during heating the slurry. The resulting pAA/pMPC coacervate framework presents excellent adhesion, thermal stability, and negligible swelling in the electrolyte. Comparing with pAA, pAA/pMPC0.1 coacervate framework binder exhibits superior performance during charge/discharge. The ICE is improved from 84.41 %, to 87.61 %. After 250 cycles, the specific capacity of pAA/pMPC0.1 silicon anode is 1678 mAh g−1 with a retention of 78 % while the pAA silicon anode completely failed after less than 200 cycles. Such improvement is ascribed to the structural integrity of the electrode endowed by the self‐healing ability of pAA/pMPC coacervate framework. This work not only offers a feasible method to in‐situ construct coacervate framework with self‐healing capability to achieve high‐performance silicon anodes but also a compatible electrode preparation process for other high‐capacity materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Early detecting of the released gas during charging and discharging of lithium ion battery (LIB) is critical for safety monitoring of the equipment and devices which use LIB as power source. H 2 is one of the typical component of the released gas. The main challenges for detecting H 2 in LIB is the room temperature working, small size of the sensor and hypoxic environment. To address these problems, a room temperature working MEMS hydrogen sensor was developed with Pt-modified Nb-doped TiO 2 nanosheet as sensing material. The sensor has the advantages of a compact size (0.05 cm3), low power consumption (0.1 mW at room temperature), easy integration, and excellent sensing performance. The response achieved 12.3, and the response and recovery time are 31 s/270 s at room temperature to 1000 ppm H 2 (40 °C). The working mechanism of the sensor in the hypoxic environment, which is quite different from the traditional oxygen adsorption mechanism, is proposed according to the characterization of the MEMS sensors. [Display omitted] • The sensor with volume (0.05 cm3) and power consumption (0.1 mW at room temperature) have greatly the potential applications. • MEMS H 2 sensor shows high sensitivity to hydrogen at room temperature (S = 12.3–1000 ppm H 2). • Clarifies the mechanism of sensing mechanism in hypoxic environment. • The sensor shows excellent selectivity and long-term stability for 100 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In real life applications, using electronics switch in high voltage and high current applications is very challenging due to limitation of hardware and safety. In this manuscript, a hybrid system is proposed for battery management system (BMS) used in electric vehicle (EV) is a critical part for effective utilization of the energy storage. The proposed hybrid technique is joint performance of fuzzy logic controller (FLC) and Artificial eco-system algorithm (AEO), hence it is called FLTAEO technique. The existing battery management control system is not effective for the Induction motor drive based solar PV powered electric vehicle system. In this manuscript, the control strategies of charging with discharging of Li-ion batteries coupled Induction motor with solar PV power are used with proposed technique. Here, the introduced FLC and AEO are discussed with detailed control abilities for charging/discharging. The simulations are done in MATLAB platform to analyze the superiority of the proposed method. Here, BESS life comparison, fitness function for charging, fitness function for discharging, error Distribution, RMSE calculation for 1 hour and 5 minutes ahead prediction interval (PI) are analyzed and compared with various existing techniques, like Emperor Penguin Algorithm (EPA) and Seagull Optimization Algorithm (SOA). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to solve the problem of low efficiency of traditional balanced electric topology, a two-level balanced topology is proposed. This balancing topology divides the battery pack into two forms: Intra-group and inter-group. Buck-Boost equalization circuit is used in the group, and reconfigurable equalization circuit is used between the groups. The intra-group and inter-group can be equalized at the same time, which improves the equalization efficiency. Taking SOC(State of Charge) as the equalization variable, the intra-group equalization algorithm adopts the fuzzy logic control strategy based on SOC to reduce the equalization time and improve the equalization efficiency. MATLAB/Simulink software is used to model and simulate the circuit topology and the results are compared with the traditional Buck-Boost circuit. The simulation results show that compared with the traditional Buck-Boost circuit, the proposed algorithm and equalization topology reduce the equalization time by about 28% under the charge-discharge state, indicating that the equalization circuit and algorithm have good performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we design a binder GG-CA-GLY (abbreviation: GGC) for silicon negative electrode by guar gum as the backbone chain with self-healing function, combing and straightening the guar molecular chain of guar gum through the plasticizing effect of glycerol. The condensation reactions between the exposed hydroxyl sites of guar gum and the carboxyl groups of citric acid create a stronger hydrogen bond, so as to achieve the effect of self-healing and cope with the serious volume expansion effect of silicone-based materials. [Display omitted] • A easy polycondensation reaction is used to create a mechanically strong self-healing polymer (GGC). • GGC adhesives have excellent mechanical properties and facilitate rapid self-healing. • GGC@Si electrodes were prepared with excellent rate capability and higher cycling stability. • GGC adhesives have the ability to repair cracks and other damage on prepared silicon anodes, returning them to their original state. Silicon is a promising anode material for lithium-ion batteries with its superior capacity. However, the volume change of the silicon anode seriously affects the electrode integrity and cycle stability. The waterborne guar gum (GG) binder has been regarded as one of the most promising binders for Si anodes. Here, a unique steric molecular combing approach based on guar gum, glycerol, and citric acid is proposed to develop a self-healing binder GGC, which would boost the structural stability of electrode materials. The GGC binder is mainly designed to weaken van der Waals' forces between polymers through the plasticizing effect of glycerol, combing and straightening the guar molecular chain of GG, and exposing the guar hydroxyl sites of GG and the carboxyl groups of citric acid. The condensation reaction between the hydroxyl sites of GG and the carboxyl groups of citric acid forms stronger hydrogen bonds, which can help achieve self-healing effect to cope with the severe volume expansion effect of silicone-based materials. Silicon electrode lithium-ion batteries prepared with GGC binders exhibit outstanding electrochemical performance, with a discharge capacity of up to 1579 mAh/g for 1200 cycles at 1 A/g, providing a high capacity retention rate of 96%. This paper demostrates the great potential of GGC binders in realizing electrochemical performance enhancement of silicon anode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Integrating nanostructured LiFePO4 with carbon substrates is a feasible way to obtain high electrochemical performance for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). The distribution uniformity of LiFePO4 and contact surface area between LiFePO4 and carbon substrates are crucial for the high electrode performance. In this work, LiFePO4 thin film was synthesized on the flat surface of mechanically exfoliated multilayer graphene (MLG) via chemical deposition of Fe2O3 thin film on MLG and conversion to LiFePO4 by solid phase reaction. To enhance the electrochemical performance, carbon coating and Mn doping were carried out to modify the LiFePO4 thin film. LiFe0.95Mn0.05PO4@C film on MLG (MLG/LiFe0.95Mn0.05PO4@C) exhibits high electrochemical performance. Based on the total mass of the composite, specific discharge capacity of 62.5 mAh g−1 is delivered at a high current density of 10 C. Specific discharge capacity of 126.8 mAh g−1 is maintained after 100 cycles at 0.2 C, exhibiting a capacity retention of 97.5%. This method is suitable for large-scale synthesis of carbon-based LiFePO4 composites at low cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tin dioxide-based high-performance anode materials for lithium-ion batteries have been a hot research topic in recent years. In this study, nitrogen-doped and double-layered SnO2@NC hollow spheres were prepared via simple and convenient method using carbon spheres as template. A series of products were obtained by varying additive amount of dopamine. When tested in the current density of 400 mA g−1, SnO2@NC-3 can provide a robust reversible capacity of 697.7 mAh g−1 after 270 cycles. The discharge capacity can remain 640.8 mAh g−1 after 800 cycles at 1000 mA g−1. Above excellent electrochemical properties were attributed to the synergistic effect between nitrogen-doped carbon and nanosized-SnO2 particles. The hollow structure can not only effectively buffer the structure crushing of the electrode in the process of charge and discharge, but also facilitate the electron diffusion by improving the electronic conductivity. Therefore, the unique nitrogen-doped and double-layered tin dioxide is a promising anode material for lithium-ion battery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the impact of hydrothermal duration on bismuth sulfide/activated carbon composites (Bi2S3/AC) by varying the duration to 8, 24, and 48 h. The primary aim is to delineate the composite characteristics and electrochemical performance of Bi2S3/AC composites, aiming to produce anodes for lithium-ion batteries with high capacity, excellent cyclic stability, and minimal volume expansion. Activated carbon derived from rice husks was synthesized via a carbonization process and chemical activation using H3PO4 as an activator. Subsequently, the synthesis of Bi2S3/AC composites used bismuth nitrate pentahydrate and thiourea precursors through the hydrothermal method that involved three variations of hydrothermal duration: 8, 24, and 48 h, denoted as BC8, BC24, and BC48, respectively. The FTIR test indicates the presence of Bi-S, C=C, and CO groups in the three composite products, signifying the existence of bismuth sulfide and activated carbon. The XRD result reveals orthorhombic crystal forms in the composites, while the SEM-EDX mapping illustrates particle morphologies resembling flower-like shapes. These compositions comprise Bi 74.16 %, S 11.37 %, and C 10.43 %. The GSA test suggests a mesoporous pore size in these composites. In final result, BC24 exhibits the highest electrical and ionic conductivity, measuring 2.12 × 10−3 S.cm−1 and 2.057 × 10−4 S.cm−1, respectively. The CV data of the BC24 composite indicates two reduction and oxidation peaks in the first cycle. Charge-discharge test on the BC24 composite exhibits a specific charge capacity of 445.51 mA.h.g-1 and a discharge capacity of 364.24 mA.h.g-1.

Isovalent and aliovalent cation-doping have been widely investigated to enhance ion transport in γ‑Li3PO4-type lithium superionic conductors (LISICONs). Anion doping, however, has been restricted to a full replacement of oxide ions by sulfide ions in some compounds (the so-called thio-LISICONs). The replacement of oxide ions by sulfide ions enhances both ion conductivity and deformability of the materials. Similar to other sulfide-type solid-electrolytes, thio-LISICONs, however, showed limited electrochemical stability against oxidation. In this report, a sonication-assisted liquid-phase synthesis approach was employed to achieve substantial sulfur‑oxygen mixing in γ-type Li3PO4. Sulfur-doped Li3PO4 possessed an ion conductivity four orders of magnitude higher than that of γ-Li3PO4, and a notably low activation energy of ion transport of 0.40(8) eV. Sulfur-oxygen mixing in sulfur-doped Li3PO4 enhanced electrochemical stability against oxidation (up to 4 V vs. Li+/Li) compared with sulfur-based Li3PS4. This study paves the way for developing mixed-anion phases in the γ-type Li3PO4 structure with enhanced electrochemical properties for all-solid-state battery applications.

BackgroundUnder the guidance of achieving carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals, the demand for lithium-ion batteries has increased significantly. However, during the production, use, and maintenance of lithium-ion batteries, workers are inevitably exposed to various occupational hazards, and some chemicals are nephrotoxic. ObjectiveTo evaluate the kidney function and potential determinants among male workers in a lithium-ion battery-related enterprise in Shanghai. MethodsThe data of occupational health examination carried out by an occupational disease prevention and control institution for workers in a lithium-ion battery-related enterprise in Shanghai were collected. The workers participating pre-employment occupational health examination were treated as a control group, and the other group was recruited from those participating periodic health examination. Serum creatinine, urea nitrogen, uric acid, and renal ultrasound were used to assess the kidney function of workers. Kidney function was classified according to the reference range of kidney function indicators in Diagnostics (9th Edition, national planning textbook for high education in medicine). Binary logistic regression and generalized linear regression were used to identify potential determinants of abnormal values in kidney function indicators in workers. ResultsThere were 6184 workers in the control group (pre-employment) with a mean age of (27.40±4.50) years. There were 3526 workers on the job with a mean age of (29.40±4.99) years and the median time of service was 2.00 (1.00, 3.42) years. The prevalence rates of high serum creatinine, high urea nitrogen, and high uric acid, and abnormal kidney ultrasound among the control group were 0.66%, 2.47%, 30.32%, and 10.12%, respectively; the indicators in the on-the-job workers were 0.96%, 3.35%, 38.25%, and 12.68%, respectively, significantly higher than those in the control group (P1-3 years, OR=1.747, 95%CI: 1.494, 2.042; >3 years, OR=1.866, 95%CI: 1.511, 2.304), hypertension (OR=1.400, 95%CI: 1.055, 1.859), and hyperglycemia (OR=1.565, 95%CI: 1.221, 2.006). Workers who were older (OR=1.038, 95%CI: 1.022, 1.054) and had longer working years (>1-3 years, OR=1.518, 95%CI: 1.201, 1.920), occasional smoking habits (OR=1.239, 95%CI: 1.039, 1.478), regular drinking habits (OR=1.875, 95%CI: 1.139, 3.087), and hypertension (OR=1.465, 95%CI: 1.075, 1.998) were at a higher risk of renal ultrasound abnormalities. The generalized linear models showed that length of service (>1-3 years, β=1.120, 95%CI: 0.360, 1.880; >3 years, β=1.451, 95%CI: 0.543, 2.358), smoking status (occasional, β=0.818, 95%CI: 0.156, 1.479; regular, β=0.841, 95%CI: 0.066, 1.616), and hypertension (β=2.742, 95%CI: 1.390, 4.094) were the influencing factors of serum creatinine concentration in the workers. Age (β=0.014, 95%CI: 0.009, 0.019) and length of service (>1-3 years, β=0.079, 95%CI: 0.012, 0.146) were the influencing factors of urea nitrogen. Age (β=−1.759, 95%CI: −2.288, −1.231), length of service (≤1 year, β=10.676, 95%CI: 4.035, 17.316; >1-3 years, β=26.117, 95%CI: 19.962, 32.272; >3 years, β=34.558, 95%CI: 26.116, 43.001), hypertension (β=23.162, 95%CI: 11.617, 34.707), and hyperglycemia (β=15.017, 95%CI: 4.853, 25.180) were the influencing factors of uric acid. ConclusionThe prevalence of abnormal kidney function of workers in selected lithium-ion battery-related enterprise is varied by age, length of service, smoking status, drinking status, hypertension, and hyperglycemia. There may be a trend that the longer the time working in a lithium-ion battery-related enterprise, the worse the workers' kidney function. Therefore, the enterprise should pay attention to the possible reasons for their changes and take targeted interventions.

LiNiO2 (LNO) is one of the most promising cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries. Tungsten element in enhancing the stability of LNO has been researched extensively. However, the understanding of the specific doping process and existing form of W are still not perfect. This study proposes a lithium-induced grain boundary phase W doping mechanism. The results demonstrate that the introduced W atoms first react with the lithium source to generate a Li–W–O phase at the grain boundary of primary particles. With the increase of lithium ratio, W atoms gradually diffuse from the grain boundary phase to the interior layered structure to achieve W doping. The feasibility of grain boundary phase doping is verified by first principles calculation. Furthermore, it is found that the Li2WO4 grain boundary phase is an excellent lithium ion conductor, which can protect the cathode surface and improve the rate performance. The doped W can alleviate the harmful H2↔H3 phase transition, thereby inhibiting the generation of microcracks, and improving the electrochemical performance. Consequently, the 0.3 ​wt% W-doped sample provides a significant improved capacity retention of 88.5 ​% compared with the pristine LNO (80.7 ​%) after 100 cycles at 2.8–4.3 ​V under 1C.

Inspired by dative boron‐nitrogen (B←N) bonds proven to be the promising dynamic linkage for the construction of crystalline covalent organic polymers/frameworks (COPs/COFs), we employed 1,4‐bis(benzodioxaborole) benzene (BACT) and N,N′‐Di(4‐pyridyl)‐1,4,5,8‐naphthalenetetracarboxdiimide (DPNTCDI) as the corresponding building blocks to construct a functional COP (named as CityU‐25), which had been employed as an anode in rechargeable lithium ion batteries. CityU‐25 displayed an excellent reversible lithium storage capability of 455 mAh/g after 170 cycles at 0.1 A/g, and an impressive one of 673 mAh/g after 720 cycles at 0.5 A/g. These findings suggest that CityU‐25 is a standout candidate for advanced battery technologies, highlighting the potential application of this type of materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advancements in operando techniques have unraveled the complexities of the Electrode Electrolyte Interface (EEI) in electrochemical energy storage devices. However, each technique has inherent limitations, often necessitating adjustments to experimental conditions, which may compromise accuracy. To address this challenge, a novel battery cell design is introduced, integrating piezoelectric sensors with electrochemical analysis for surface‐sensitive operando measurements. This innovative approach aims to overcome conventional limitations by accommodating commercial‐grade battery electrodes within a single body, alongside a piezoelectric sensor. This enables operando electrogravimetric measurements to be realized, and the electrochemistry of a battery to be more faithfully reproduced at the sensor level. A proof of concept is carried out on both Li‐ion (LiFePO4//Graphite) and Na‐ion (Na3V2(PO4)2F3//Hard carbon) systems, utilizing commercially available powder electrodes. In both cases, the results reveal rational mass variations at the sensor level during the cycling of commercial electrodes with mass loadings several orders of magnitude higher, while performing Galvanostatic Charge Discharge (GCD) tests across various C‐rates. This innovative design opens up possibilities for a broader application of operando electrogravimetry within the battery community, to enhance the understanding of EEI behavior and facilitate the development of more efficient energy storage solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lithium batteries have the advantages of high energy density and long cycle life, and are widely used in electric vehicle power plants. However, the operating conditions of vehicles are complex and variable, and the battery exhibits highly nonlinear properties, making it difficult to accurately calculate the state of charge (SOC) of the battery. In order to optimize the SOC estimation accuracy of lithium batteries, a fractional second-order RC model combined with Warburg elements was constructed, and a adaptive genetic algorithm was used for parameter identification. Combining multi innovation theory and extended Kalman filter filter algorithm, an ion battery SOC estimation algorithm based on multi innovation extended Kalman filter (MIEKF) was proposed, and the effectiveness of this method was verified by experimental data, which provided a new approach and practical support for improving the SOC estimation accuracy and the cycle life of vehicle mounted lithium batteries [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data on state-of-the-art battery electric vehicles are crucial to academia; however, these data are not published due to non-disclosure policies in the industry. As a result, simulation models and their analyses are based on assumptions or insider information. To fill this information gap, we present a comprehensive analysis of the electric powertrain of a Tesla Model 3 Standard Range Plus (SR+) from 2020 with lithium iron phosphate (LFP) cells, focusing on the overall range. On the vehicle level, we observe the resulting range in multiple test scenarios, tracing the energy path from source to sink by conducting different test series on the vehicle dynamometer and through alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC) charging measurements. In addition to absolute electric range tests in different operating scenarios and electric and thermal operation strategies on the vehicle level, we analyze the energy density and the power unit's efficiency on the component level. These tests are performed through procedures on the chassis dynamometer as well as efficiency analysis and electric characterization tests in charge/discharge scenarios. This study includes over 1 GB of attached measurement data on the battery pack and vehicle level from the lab to the real-world environment available as open-source data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silicon (Si) is considered a potential alternative anode for next-generation Li-ion batteries owing to its high theoretical capacity and abundance. However, the commercial use of Si anodes is hindered by their large volume expansion (∼ 300%). Numerous efforts have been made to address this issue. Among these efforts, Si-graphite co-utilization has attracted attention as a reasonable alternative for high-energy anodes. A comparative study of representative commercial Si-based materials, such as Si nanoparticles, Si suboxides, and Si–Graphite composites (SiGC), was conducted to characterize their overall performance in high-energy lithium-ion battery (LIB) design by incorporating conventional graphite. Nano-Si was found to exhibit poor electrochemical performance, with severe volume expansion during cycling. Si suboxide provided excellent cycling stability in a full-cell evaluation with stable volume variation after 50 cycles, but had a large irreversible capacity and remarkable volume expansion during the first cycle. SiGC displayed a good initial Coulombic efficiency and the lowest volume change in the first cycle owing to the uniformly distributed nano-Si layer on graphite; however, its long-term cycling stability was relatively poor. To complement each disadvantage of Si suboxide and SiGC, a new combination of these Si-based anodes was suggested and a reasonable improvement in overall battery performance was successfully achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) is seen as a microstructure electrode due to its high energy density when applied in lithium rechargeable batteries such as lithium‐ion batteries (LIB) and lithium sulfur batteries (LSB). This review provides a systematic observation to evaluate the CZTS electrode capabilities from the perspective of electrode composition and its performance in lithium rechargeable batteries. This review starts by focusing on state‐of‐art lithium rechargeable batteries using common sulfur/sulfide‐based materials reported from literature. The relation between the LSB performance with the active materials ‐ sulfur, binder, solvents, electrolytes, and conducting additive used for lithium sulfide (Li2S) formation required for charge transfer properties is discussed critically. The following section discusses the current progress on CZTS‐based electrode in lithium rechargeable batteries and it is found that the highest capacity obtained with improved interfacial compatibility is 1802 mAh g−1 by hydrothermal techniques using 1 m LiPF6 in EC/EMC/DMC electrolyte. These properties have made sulfide component in CZTS structure as a great substitute to conventional sulfur/sulfide‐based active materials. Therefore, CZTS has become a promising and huge potential electrode in lithium rechargeable batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate prediction of lithium ion (li-ion) battery capacity is of great significance to battery health status management. In this paper, the different discharge time corresponding to the equal voltage interval is taken as the health factor. Three highly correlated health factors are extracted from the battery discharge curve, and the Back Propagation neural network (BPNN) optimized by a genetic algorithm (GA) is used to estimate the battery capacity accurately and quickly. Firstly, health factors related highly to battery capacity from the battery cycle life test are extracted, and the selected health factors are analyzed using the Spearman correlation coefficient and Pearson correlation coefficient. Secondly, this paper analyzes the prediction effect of different combinations of selected health factors using BPNN optimized by a genetic algorithm. Then, to verify the superiority of the proposed optimization algorithm, different optimization algorithms are used to adjust and optimize the parameters of BPNN automatically, and the experimental data are used for comparative analysis. Finally, the GA-BP is compared with other common battery capacity prediction methods. The results show that the GA-BP neural network prediction model can accurately and effectively predict the capacity of li-ion battery when using selected health factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a series of iron oxide/reduced graphene oxide/carbon nanotube composites (K3‐Fe2O3‐rGO/CNT) with well‐dispersedFe2O3 particles are prepared by in situ reaction and then heat‐treatment, and its electrochemical and battery performancesare studied as the anode material of lithium‐ion batteries. The results show that the introduction of reduced graphene oxide/carbon nanotube (rGO/CNT) improves the electrochemical and battery performances of the prepared electrode material. In particular, the K3‐Fe2O3‐rGO/CNT (30 %) composite material has a reversible capacity of 1559 mAh g−1 after 100 charge/discharge cycles at 100 mA g−1. And its specific discharge capacityis 641.1, 639.7, 609.5, 578.6 and 543 mAh g−1at the current density of 100, 200, 500, 1000 and 2000 mA g−1, respectively,with 84.7 % of capacity retention even with a 10 times increase in current density. The research of charge storage indicates that the electrochemical process is a mixed control process of diffusion and capacitance. The improved electrochemical and battery performancesfor the composite electrode material can be attributed to the enhanced dispersion of the Fe2O3 and the enhanced conductive network provided by rGO/CNT composite carbon. It makes a promising way to prepare high performance of anode material for lithium‐ion battery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The calendering process is used to improve the porosity, energy density and electrochemical performance of the electrodes of lithium-ion batteries. The calendering process is crucial for optimizing the electrodes pore structure. For this reason, NMC and graphite electrodes prepared for pouch-type cells were calendered. After calendering, physical and electrochemical characterizations were made. The electrodes produced were prepared in thicknesses of 150µm and calendered at 10%, 15%, 20%, 30% deformation rates. The electrodes produced were prepared in thicknesses of 150µm and calendered at 10%, 15%, 20%, 30% deformation rates. The surface morphology of the electrodes was characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The electrochemical performance of pouch-type cells was investigated by impedance, speed capacity and cycle life tests from 2.7V to 4.3V. After calendering, it has been shown that the electrochemically active area increases with smaller pore size and distribution. It has been found that the ability to wet decreases with the increased calendering rate. Calendared electrodes at a rate of 20% deformation in graphite electrodes and 15% in NMC electrodes were found to show balanced discharge capacity at C/10 current speed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synthesizing high-performance of gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) with simple methods and common materials has long been a crucial concern for lithiumion batteries. Here, the poor mechanical properties of polyethylene oxide (PEO) based GPEs were overcome by introducing strong hydrogen bond between PEO and polyacrylic acid (PAA). Easy-available PEO/PAA membranes were prepared though hot processing approach without use of organic solvent during all processes. The mechanical properties and crystalline of dry composites could be tuned by the addition content of PAA. After quick absorbing electrolyte in 30 min, the tensile strength and elongation at break of the GPEs composites are ranged from 0.07 to 0.63 MPa, and 525% to 722%. Moreover, the lithium-ion conductivity and transference number with 30 wt% addition of PAA reach up to 1.66 and 0.58 mS/cm, respectively. After 500 cycling at 0.5 C, the discharge specific capacity and the capacity retention rate are still up to 134.1 mAh/g and 88.7%, respectively. This research proves the great possibility of applying environmentally friendly method, low cost, and high electrochemical performances of PEO/PAA based GPEs in the lithium batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using titanium tetrachloride as the raw material, TiCl4 was prepared into a 0.5mol/L aqueous solution in an ice water bath under weakly alkaline conditions. The precipitate was obtained by low-temperature hydrolysis, and the precipitate was dried in a vacuum oven at 80 °C and roasted at low temperature of 400 °C for 12 hours to obtain white powder. Structural characterization was carried out through X-ray diffraction (XRD). The morphology was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The obtained sintered products were combined with metal lithium electrode materials and polyethylene separators to construct a semi battery system for battery performance testing. The results showed that titanium tetrachloride was used as the raw material to achieve slow hydrolysis under low temperature conditions, and then subjected to long-term low-temperature calcination to obtain a white powder of nanoscale rutile type TiO2, which has advantages such as small particle size, good dispersibility, narrow particle size distribution, and good sphericity. This product has a first discharge specific capacity of 169 mAh/g at 0.2 charge and discharge, and a discharge specific capacity of 69 mAh/g at 5 C, with a capacity retention rate of 91.69%, respectively. Its electrochemical performance is much higher than that of commercial TO2. Research has shown that the method of preparing TiO2, based on slow hydrolysis low-temperature sintering mechanism is a simple, low-cost, and suitable process for large-scale production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]