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The efficiency for type-I second-harmonic (SH) generation in the biaxial nonlinear crystal Li[Bi.sub.3][O.sub.5] (LBO) is studied by considering the phase mismatching caused by Gaussian propagation inside a nonlinear crystal. LBO is used for achieving the generation of blue light by frequency doubling of a diode-pumped electro-optic Q-switched Nd:GSAG laser at room temperature and the maximum conversion efficiency for optimum focusing of the incident beam is shown to be 42%.

A low-pump-threshold, very high-repetition-rate, singly resonant optical parametric oscillator (OPO) pumped internally to a diode-pumped, Q-switched Nd : YV[O.sub.4] laser is described. The intracavity parametric cavity dumping process is used for achieving repetition rates in excess of 350 kHz while maintaining high down-conversion efficiency and have shown that the potential of the device in spectroscopic applications with an absorption measurement of low concentration C[H.sub.4].

A unique method is described to demonstrate the use of molecular charge transport layers to electrochemically solve insulating battery materials by derivatizing the olivine-structured LiFeP[O.sub.4] with a monolayer of 4-[bis(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]benzylphosphonic acid (BM ABP). The observations offer opportunities to minimize the quantity of conductive carbon additives required to electrochemically address present metal phosphate cathode materials significantly.

A study on an alkali-metal-doped effect on the nonlinear optical (NLO) property in new electrides is presented. Results reveal that the Li-atom-doped polar chain with excess electron might have very low-lying excited states to bring such a large [[beta].sub.0] value.

The breakage behavior of active materials due to the insertion and deinsertion of lithium into the active materials is analyzed by examining the effect of surface mechanics and the insertion-induced deformation within the theory of linear elasticity. An approach is described whereby the average size of the fragment pieces due to the insertion of lithium into a spherical particle is governed by the equilibrium of the system energies before and after the breakage, in which the contribution of the insertion-induced deformation to both the total stored strain energy and the total surface energy is included in the calculation of free energy.

The temperature dependence of the electrical resistance of ZnO single crystals prepared by hydrothermal method in darkness and under the impact of light in the ultraviolet range is measured. Electron paramagnetic resonance studies under illumination have shown that the excitation of Li acceptor impurities is the origin for the giant negative photoresistance effect.

The application of electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) technique to directly assess the behavior of electroadsorbed ions and solvent molecules confined in micropores of activated carbon electrodes in contact with practically important aprotic electrolyte solutions is reported. The estimated value of the solvation number equal to 3 is evident for a partial desolvation of Li(+) cations when adsorbed in carbon micropores.

Several first-principles calculations are conducted to determine the capacity of the hydrogen storage exhibited by the alkali metal, alkaline-earth metal and the Li and Ti decorated borazine. The hydrogen storage capacity of the Ti decorated system is shown to be 7.2 wt% less than that exhibited by the Li decorated system.

The article presents a complete comparative analysis of the different atomic and ion debris features that are exhibited by the laser-produced Sn and Li plasmas. The kinetic energies of the analyzed neutral species are shown to be much lower than those exhibited by the charged particle species.

The signal formation mechanism in electrochemical strain microscopy (ESM) is analyzed and the analytical description of operation in frequency and time domains is developed. The analysis has shown the feasibility of spatially resolved studies of Li-ion dynamics on the sub-10-nm level by using electromechanical detection.

Hydrothermal grown n-type ZnO samples are examined by deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) after thermal treatments in order to analyze the electrical properties of samples with different lithium content. The results have shown that Li in hydrothermal ZnO is exclusively in the substitutional configuration ([Li.sub.Zn]) has prevailed over Li on the interstitial site for Fermi level positions at and above the middle of the band gap.

The Li doping in a series of carbon nanotubes with different diameters and chiralities are studied by performing first-principles calculations. The Li-Li interaction inside or outside zigzag tubes which is repulsive but strongly screened indicated the possible use of small diameter zigzag tubes as candidates for Li-ion battery application.

The existence of Li-related shallow and deep acceptor levels in Li-doped ZnO nanocrystals is studied by using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. ZnO nanocrystals with adjustable Li concentrations are prepared by using organometallic precursors and have shown a major lowering of the Fermi energy upon doping.

The article presents a new approach, which can be used for the synthesis of alkali doped ZnO nanorods, exhibiting a high temperature carrier controlled ferromagnetism. The ferromagnetic exchange interaction is shown to lead to high Curie temperature in the system.

Several density functional theory calculations are conducted to explain the mechanisms involved in the lithium adsorption taking place on the zigzag graphene nanoribbons. The observed Li-nanoribbon interaction is shown to be highly enhanced by the morphology of the edges.

The development of a new type of polymer electrolyte material for Li ion transport based on a polymerizable lyotropic liquid crystal that forms a type-II bicontinuous cubic ([Q.sub.II]) phase is reported. Preliminary variable-temperature ion conductivity and NMR DOSY studies showed that liquidlike diffusion is present in the [Q.sub.II] nanochannels and that good ion conductivity and PC mobility are retained down to 35 degree [Celsius].

First-principles calculations have shown that if the hydrogen atoms on one of the faces of a graphane sheet (prehydrogenated graphene) are substituted with Li atoms, the resulting monolayer has achieved a good hydrogen storage capacity close to the revised Department Of Energy (DOE) target. The hydrogen storage capacity of Li-substituted prehydrogenated boron nitride (BN) sheet is examined and it is shown that it has a good hydrogen storage capability similar to Li-substituted graphene sheet.

Sol-gel method is used for preparing [Zn.sub.0.95-x][Co.sub.0.05][Li.sub.x]O thin films and magnetic examination has shown that the ferromagnetism of these films can be increased with Li doping. The studies have shown that not only LiZn related defects but also [Li.sup.+] interstitials have played major roles in increasing the magnetic interaction between [Co.sup.2+] ions, which is supported by the bound magnetic polaron model.

A large electrochemical isotopic effect is seen because of the electrodeposition of lithium from solutions of propylene carbonate producing isotopically light metal deposits. The partition function ratios for tetrahedrally coordinated lithium complexes and metallic lithium have predicted an equilibrium fractionation close to that measured experimentally.

A combination of static, in situ and magic angle sample spinning, ex situ [super 7]Li nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies were performed to examine the changes in local structure that occur in an actual working lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) containing silicon negative electrodes. The results from in situ NMR experiments provide insight into the mechanism underlying the spontaneous reaction of the lithium silicide with the electrolyte leading to self-discharge and potential capacity loss which is much slower when CMC (carboxymethylcellulose) is used as the binder.

The first-principle total-energy calculations are employed to perform a systematic studies on the dopability of both n- and p-type ZnS compared to that of ZnO. The results suggested that native n-type doping of ZnS with dpants is harder to achieve than in ZnO due to the readiness of forming native compensating centers and higher ionization energy of donors in ZnS.

Order-disorder phase transitions in magnetic metals occurring at zero temperature are analyzed. The studies have shown how the disorder has introduced a change in morphology from a three-dimensional system to a collection of magnetic clusters and neutron scattering data is presented for a classical system, Li[[Mn.sub.1.96][Li.sub0.04]][O.sub.4], that has shown how magnetic clusters by themselves can lead to scaling laws that mimic those seen in quantum critical systems.

The ac magnetic susceptibility measurements on Li-doped [La.sub.2]Cu[O.sub.4] have shown the frequency-dependent behavior to be below a spin-glass temperature ([T.sub.SG]). [T.sub.SG] obtained from magnetic susceptibility is higher than the charge-glass temperature [T.sub.CG] obtained from dielectric constant measurements, which has shown that spin freezes first and drives charge freezing at a lower temperature.

The resistance switching induced by swift heavy ion (SHI) irradiation in lithium doped nanostructure NiO thin films grown on MgO (100) substrates by chemical solution deposition is described. The studies have shown that change in the defect density created by SHI irradiation that might contribute to the metallic filaments has played a key role when compared to the interfacial oxygen vacancies in resistance switching of NiO.

Raman spectroscopy and in situ Raman spectroelectrochemistry are used for studying the selective etching of thin tubes by lithium vapor in doped single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). The strong doping of SWCNTs after the reaction with Li vapor is confirmed by the vanishing of the radial breathing mode (RBM) and by a strong attenuation of the tangential displacement (TG) band in the Raman spectra.

Conventional mixed method is used for adding Li and MgO to [Ba.sub.0.5][Sr.sub.0.5]Ti[O.sub.3] powders , where BaSrTi[O.sub.3] materials have dielectric permittivity and low loss tangent in epitaxial thin film form. The time dependent current relaxation behavior is understood by measuring the current-time characteristics.

A new series of lithium superionic conductors based on LiB[H.sub.4] and metal halides is developed. The studies have succeeded in imparting room-temperature high lithium ion conductivity to a hydride system and have revealed versatile properties for application of this material to all solid-state batteries.

The development of an ultraviolet array photodetector with lithium-based slanted finger interdigital transducers (SFITs) and ZnO optically active areas is described. The designed array photodetector could be used to obtain multiple ultraviolet light intensities within a single measurement and is found to be capable of measuring a distributed light field.

An amorphous composite precursor obtained by sol-gel method is used as a reagent for preparing ZnO nanostructure and the reagents are mixed at the atomic scale. The effect of the impurities [Dy.sup.3+] and [Li.sup.+] on the morphology, microstructure and optical characteristics of ZnO nanostructures is analyzed.

Optical emission spectroscopic method is used for studying the evolution features of lithium ions and neutrals generated by two different schemes, the laser-blow-off (LBO) of multicomponent LiF-C thin film and conventional laser ablation from solid lithium. The results have shown that the ablation mechanism and subsequent laser-plume interaction are responsible for the differences in LPP and LBO plumes.

The effects of grain size on high dielectric and related electrical properties of [Li.sub.0.05][Ti.sub.0.02][Ni.sub.0.93]O (LTNO) ceramics prepared by a direct thermal decomposition method are examined. The results have shown that the different microstructures have resulted in chemical change inside the grains, which have led to the changes in electrical properties of the LTNO ceramics.