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Background: The fungus comb is a unique structure inside termites' nests that facilitates the growth of Termitomyces sp. as a nutrient source for the termites. It is known to possess immunomodulatory properties that boost the immune system. Aim: This objective of this study was to assess the impact of ethyl acetate extract of fungus comb (EAEFC) on the inflammatory reaction in the spleen of mice induced by intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Methods: An experimental study was conducted using a post-test-only control group design with male BALB/C mice (n=24). The mice were divided randomly into four groups, each comprising six mice, and administered substances via gavage. Groups I and III were administered a solution of 5% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in distilled water, while Groups II and IV were given 500 mg/kg BW EAEFC dissolved in 5% DMSO. On the fifteenth day, Groups I and II received intraperitoneal injection of 5 ml/kg BW saline, while Groups III and IV were injected with 10 mg/kg BW lipopolysaccharide (LPS) dissolved in saline. After three hours, the mice were euthanized and splenic immunohistology was examined under a light microscope. The results were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD), while the group differences were assessed statistically. Results: The expression of interleukin (IL)-1, furin, and activated NK cell was significantly higher in the inflamed model after EAEFC supplementation, while the extract suppressed IL-10. Conclusion: EAEFC was found to alter cytokine expression in the spleen in response to inflammation. [Open Vet J 2024; 14(9.000): 2269-2279]

The extraction of limestone for cement production can adversely affect the environment. An inquiry is underway to examine the environmental ramifications of limestone mining to formulate strategies to mitigate these effects. This study aims to assess the ecological impact indicators of the limestone mining process by utilizing the LCA method based on CML-IAbaseline data from the openLCA software. The results indicate that crushing is a significant area of focus, contributing the most extensive value. The ratio of Ammonium Nitrate to diesel oil in adherence to guidelines is 94.5 to 5.5%. Particular emphasis is placed on assessing raw materials, especially during the loading and hauling stages. In conclusion, the research findings reveal environmental impact indicators with standardized values, such as Abiotic Depletion, Abiotic Depletion of Fossil Fuels, Acidification, Eutrophication of Freshwater Aquatic Ecotoxicity, Global Warming 100a, Human Toxicity, Marine Aquatic Ecotoxicity, Ozone Layer Depletion, Photochemical Oxidation, and Terrestrial Ecotoxicity.

Construction projects are among the sectors that are growing rapidly in Indonesia and have an impact on the environment from the resulting construction waste. The purpose of this study is to analyze the highest type and quantity of construction waste generated from Mechanical Electrical Plumbing (MEP) work from the difference in the amount of material from the BOQ with the amount attached to the as-built drawings, evaluate the economic value by calculating the ratio of the amount of waste generated to the amount of material at BOQ (waste level) × the scope of work percentage (waste cost), selling value of waste (the quantity of waste × the local selling price), and costs of disposal of construction waste based on the agreement of each project management. This study uses a descriptive quantitative method. The results showed that most of the construction waste generated was based on its type, consisting of copper-based cables, steel and plastic pipes, and polyurethane ducts. The highest quantity of construction waste came from the office project, which was 2 × 1.5 mm2 NYA cables (216,515 m). The highest waste level value came from office, condotel, and factory projects using several types of cables (> 94%). The highest waste cost value came from the condotel project is polyurethane duct (IDR 5,727,267,000.00). The metal waste produced is sold by contractors to collectors for recycling. Non-metal waste is disposed by paying a civil contractor. Construction waste management policies must be implemented to reduce the amount and impact of construction waste generated.

Abstract Forest Health Monitoring (FHM) and International Society of Arboriculture (ISA) methods are used for individual tree health assessment. However, comparing the reliability of both methods in assessing large and old tree health has yet to be evaluated. This study aims to determine reliability of two methods in evaluating the health condition of old (>100 years old) and large Dipterocarp trees in Bogor Botanic Garden (BBG), Indonesia. The parameters observed were growth, morphometry, and tree health of 44 trees. The results showed that, overall, the two methods demonstrated quite similar in assessing the health condition of targeted trees. Visual tree damage domination by conks, fruiting bodies, and other indicators of advanced decay, open wounds, and termite gallery. The average risk rating of three parts of the tree (branches/crown, trunk, roots) is low to moderate. The two approaches could be used simultaneously or separately according to the purpose of the assessment.

Indonesian termites are one of the wealthiest biological resources considering their very high species diversity (300 species) and extensive geographical distribution in the Indonesian mainland. However, its potential as a source of bioactive compounds has not been fully explored. One of the endemic termite sub-families of Indonesian, Macrotermitinae (Isoptera: Termitidae), has a food source in the form of fungal nodules that grow and spread in a particular structure in the termite nest that is shaped like a mammalian brain called a fungus comb, which likely serves as a source of bioactive compounds. This study aims to analyze the potential of fungus comb from an Indonesian Macrotermitinae sub-family species as a source of antioxidants. Antioxidant activity was tested on four different extracts of fungus comb (EFC), namely hexane extract, ethyl acetate extract, methanol extract and water extract, using DPPH• (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS•+ (2,2′-azino-di-[3-ethylbenzthiazolinesulphonate]) radicals. The results showed that the highest antioxidant activity was found in methanol extract, followed by ethyl acetate extract with IC50 values of 0.6 mg/mL and 0.75 mg/mL, respectively. TEAC (Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity) analysis confirmed the high antioxidant activity of methanol extract.

Bamboo-based composite has been used widely for building components and furniture. Oriented flattened bamboo board (OFBB) is a composite board consisting of oriented structure sheets of flattening bamboo. This study aimed to analyze the physical and mechanical properties of the OFBB from ater (Gigantochloa atter) and betung (Dendrocalamus asper) bamboo. A three-layer flattened bamboo board using the isocyanate resin with a density target of 0.6 g/cm3 was applied. The characteristics of raw bamboo, the contact angle of OFBB, and board properties of density, moisture content, thickness swelling, and water absorption, as well as bending, internal bonding (IB), and compressive strength properties were determined to evaluate the quality of the OFBB. Based on the findings, the thin wall thickness of ater bamboo enhanced the physical and mechanical properties of the OFBB compared to the higher wall thickness of betung bamboo. Therefore, further development in bamboo composite products with those anatomical properties seems promising. The dimensional stability and bending properties of OFBB from ater bamboo met the quality of first grade of the Canadian Standard for OSB and waferboard, except for the IB strength. Keywords: Bamboo wall thickness, contact angle, Dendrocalamus asper, Gigantochloa atter, oriented flattened bamboo board

The Chairul Saleh Building or the Secretariat General Office Building has implemented the Energy Management Program since 2016. In this study, an assessment was carried out based on the GBCI environmental assessment tool, especially for aspects of land use, energy efficiency and conservation, water conservation, and building environmental management aspects. The requirement analysis to get a green predicate is provided by points assessment which fullfillment the standard. Chairul Saleh building has implemented 10 of the 16 points in Appropriate Site Development category. Energy efficiency and conservation, Chairul Saleh building has implemented 29 of the 36 maximum points. Water Conservation category managed to get 5 out of 20 maximum points, while Building Environmental Management managed to get 11 out of 13 points, Material Resource and Cycle get 8 out of 12 points, Indoor Health and Comfort, get 9 out of 20 points, which was determined in the GBCI greenship rating tools for existing building. The result revealed that in the total value of Chairul Saleh Building was 72 points, it meants achived the Gold certification. Based on the rating set by the GBCI greenship, the Chairul Saleh building is currently awarded a Gold rating for its ability to apply the green building standard.

Keypoints Ethyl acetate extract from fungus combs exhibited high antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 2785, Aspergillus flavus FNCC 6181, and Aspergillus niger FNCC 6114. Ethyl acetate extract from fungus combs contained phenolic compounds such asguaiacol and syringol, which are predicted as the main antimicrobial substances. Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 was the most sensitive against n-hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol, and water extracts from fungus comb

Sample collection activities for a study of population genetics across the natural distribution of targeted tree species require a lot of resources, mainly if repeated field visits are necessary. Conventionally, population genetic studies use good sample material like leaves. In addition, cambium or small pieces of fresh wood can be used to replace leaf samples. Currently, restrictions from the permit regulation have caused only a limited number of samples that can be collected. Therefore, efficient use of samples must be designed to maximize their uses for research. Due to the small amount of successfully sampled materials, hence there are limitations to extend their uses for other analyses and are often sufficient only for genetic analysis. Therefore, innovation in sampling methods using pickering punch (https://www.agroisolab.com/pickering-punch) to collect ebony wood cores in this study is required to cover multi-analyses not only limited to genetics but also for other analyses such as isotopes, near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRs), anatomy, and chemical compounds. • Pickering punch is recommended for efficient wood core sample collection from ebony standing trees. • 323 wood core samples were successfully collected from 16 natural populations across Celebes (Sulawesi). • Multi-analyses studies on sampled wood cores are possible for ebony wood identification (e.g., species and origin/provenance).

Perlakuan panas merupakan salah satu metode yang dapat meningkatkan kualitas kayu termasuk untuk kayu cepat tumbuh. Namun perlakuan tersebut dapat menyebabkan cacat pengeringan serta perubahan sifat pemesinan setelah perlakuan panas. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengevaluasi pengaruh variasi jenis kayu dan waktu pemanasan terhadap adanya cacat pengeringan dan pemesinan kayu cepat tumbuh. Jenis kayu cepat tumbuh yang digunakan adalah jati, mangium, jabon dan sengon. Perlakuan panas dilakukan pada suhu 165ºC dengan variasi waktu 0 jam (kontrol), 2 jam dan 6 jam. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kadar air dan kerapatan kayu menurun setelah perlakuan panas. Perlakuan panas berhasil menurunkan kadar air 57% dan menyebabkan penurunan kerapatan kayu hingga 20% dibandingkan dengan kayu kontrolnya. Cacat pengeringan retak ujung pada jati, mangium, jabon dan sengon meningkat setelah perlakuan panas selama 2 dan 6 jam. Di sisi lain, cacat retak permukaan pada jati, mangium, sengon dan jabon berkurang. Cacat setelah menerapkan kegiatan pemesinan yaitu cacat pengamplasan, penyerutan, pembentukan, dan pengeboran menurun pada jati, mangium, jabon dan sengon setelah perlakuan panas 2 dan 6 jam. Jati adalah spesies kayu terbaik dalam hal kualitas pemesinan setelah perlakuan panas diikuti oleh jabon, mangium, dan sengon. Pada suhu 165°C dalam 2 jam dianggap sebagai waktu yang tepat untuk perlakuan panas dalam hal memperoleh cacat minimal pengeringan dan pemesinan.

Baut merupakan salah satu jenis alat sambung mekanis atau pengencang yang banyak digunakan dalam sambungan kayu. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan kekuatan leleh lentur (Fyb) dari tiga ukuran diameter baut besi yang umum digunakan untuk sambungan kayu dan satu ukuran diameter baut baja sebagai pembanding. Spesifikasi baut yang digunakan dilihat dari dimensi dan komposisi penyusunnya. Nilai Fyb baut diperoleh dari pengujian momen leleh lentur dengan mengacu pada standar ASTM F1575. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan baut besi yang digunakan berasal dari bahan baja karbon rendah sedangkan baut baja berasal dari bahan baja karbon sedang. Nilai Fyb baut baja lebih tinggi dibandingkan baut besi. Nilai Fyb baut besi diameter 1/2 inci berbeda nyata dengan nilai baut diameter 5/8 dan 3/4 inci. Nilai Fyb ketiga diamater baut berada di atas nilai Fyb baut yang tercantum dalam SNI 7973:2013 tentang Spesifikasi desain untuk konstruksi kayu.

The protection of Karakelang wildlife sanctuary has been challenged by forest encroachment, timber harvesting and wildlife poaching - all of which are attributed to social economic condition of the communities living in the vicinity. A community based conservation program was delivered to strengthen communities’ role in maintaining forest integrity while making good income from sustainable agriculture. This action research using mixed methodology evaluates the influence of program delivery in changing the knowledge, attitude and practice of forest protection and sustainable agriculture among beneficiaries in three villages. Data was collected using structured interview, while other supporting information was taken from project reports and field notes. The Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test reveals that program has influence in changing the knowledge of respondents in both forest protection and sustainable agriculture, as well as in the change of attitude and practice regarding sustainable agriculture. However, it does not have influence in changing their attitude and practice toward forest protection. As shwon by economic indicator, program has contributed in providing new source of income to farmers household. The result of logistic regression shows that age, education, land ownership and income has influence in the change of people’s knowledge about forest biodiversity. Only age has influence in change of attitude towards sustainable agriculture, and only land ownership has influence on support to forest protection.

The objective of this study was to evaluate various physical and mechanical properties of experimental particleboard panels made from Asian giant bamboo (Dendrocalamus asper). Single layer panels having a density level of 0.75 g/cm3 from coarse and fine particles were used within the scope of this study. Thickness swelling, water absorption, surface roughness, and wettability characteristics of the samples were tested as physical properties while bending, internal bond strength, and screw withdrawal strength of the panels were considered for their mechanical properties. Resistance of the panels against termite and fungus were also determined. Based on the findings in the work both physical and mechanical properties of the panels made from coarse particles resulted in higher values than those made from fine particles with the exception of their internal bond strength. It appears that using fine particles in the panels enhanced their overall surface quality as well as wettability. Regarding biological deterioration of the samples, those made with coarse particles had better resistance. It seems that giant bamboo as a non-wood lignocellulosic species would have potential to be used as raw material to the manufacture value added particleboard with accepted characteristics.

Gewang (Corypha utan Lamk.) is one of the endemic palm species which has been used as a building material for many years in Indonesia. The objective of this study was to enhance the overall resistance of gewang wood to biological deterioration by using smoke treatment. Samples taken from different parts of the trunks, namely bottom, middle, and upper parts in a longitudinal direction and outer and inner parts in a transversal direction, were exposed to the smoking process. Discoloration, dry-wood termite (Cryptotemes cynocephalus) and fungi (Schizophyllumcommune) resistance of smoked samples were determined according to the Indonesian standard. Based on the findings in this work, discoloration of smoked specimens was more prominent than that of the unsmoked samples. Overall termite and decay resistance of smoked samples were enhanced and higher than those of unsmoked samples without any influence of longitudinal and transversal orientations within the trunks. It appears that smoking can be considered as a potential method to improve decay and termite resistances of gewang wood.

Research on non-destructive test of near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy method was still limited in Indonesia. The aim of this study was to determine near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy (wavelength range within 780 nm -2500 nm) characteristic of wood species of Acacia mangium. The samples were selected from three different ages e.g. 5 year, 6 years, and 7 years grown in Maribaya area of Parung Panjang Distric. The NIR testing samples used were solid wood and ground wood. This study resulted that there was visually no significant difference of absorbance spectra NIR patterns based on wood ages. NIR absorbance spectra had same trend for both solid and ground wood samples in a range of wavelength, although those were in different values. The NIR absorbance spectra values of solid wood samples seemed higher than ground wood samples. Further research is needed to develop predicting model of NIR spectroscopy to determine wood properties of chemical, physical and mechanical properties using multivariate analysis method.

Anatomically, bamboo is constructed from many types of cells. Vascular bundles are the cells which give the highest contribution to the bamboo strength, thus the density distribution of vascular bundles could be used as the main variable for analyzing the layer system of bamboo strip and laminated bamboo. The density of vascular bundles distribution decreases gradually from the outer to inner part in a regular manner which could be fitted by linear or nonlinear function. Ratio of modulus of elasticity (E) which widely used in transformed cross section (TCC) method for analyzing the layer system are substituted by ratio of density distribution of vascular bundles with asumption that both are highly correlated. The data in this study proved that there are high Pearson’s corellation between the theoretical and the empirical result, and the paired t-student test also showed both are not significantly different; thus, this new method could be applied in very good result. There are 3 models applied in this study, namely linear, logarithm, and power. Power model is the best among others since its theoretical gives the nearest estimation to the empirical measurement.

Abstrak. Bambu merupakan salah satu contoh material komposit alami yang tersusun atas beraneka ragam sel. Sel-sel fiber yang tersusun menjadi ikatan pembuluh diyakini merupakan sel yang paling bertanggung jawab terhadap kekuatan bilah bambu. Selain jumlah ikatan pembuluh, kekuatan tarik bambu juga dipengaruhi oleh kandungan komponen kimia dan bagian ruas/buku. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa semakin banyak jumlah ikatan pembuluh, maka kekuatan tarik bambu semakin besar. Kandungan lignin meningkatkan kekuatan tarik pada bagian ruas secara proporsional (linier), bahkan kuadratik pada bagian buku. Peningkatan kandungan lignin dalam selang yang ditemukan dalam penelitian ini (33%) selalu meningkatkan kekuatan tarik bilah bambu sehingga titik balik maksimum tidak dapat ditemukan. Tingginya nilai korelasi kekuatan tarik dengan proporsi alpha selulosa terhadap holoselulosa pada bagian ruas memperlihatkan pentingnya peranan proporsi alpha selulosa tersebut, meskipun prosedur best subset regression tidak membacanya akibat terjadinya autokorelasi. Abstract. Bamboo is natural composite material which is built from many types of cells. Fibers cells which are bundled become vascular bundles have highest contribution toward the strength of bamboo split among others. Besides the amount of vascular bundles, the bamboo split strength is also determined by chemical component of cell walls and its position (internodes/node). This research reported that the tensile strength has positive correlation with the amount of vascular bundles. If the amount vascular bundles increase, then the tensile strength also increases. The increasing of lignin contents in cell wall proportionally and quadratically increases the tensile stress of internodes and node of bamboo split, respectively. This research did not found the maximum stationer point of quadratic equation for lignin content effect toward bamboo split tensile strength, thus the tensile strength always increase along with the lignin content in this research range (

Acoustic panels are used to overcome noise problems; the purpose of this study was to determine the acoustical properties of particleboard made from Betung bamboo (Dendrocalamus asper). The acoustic parameters measured were the transmission loss (TL) value and sound absorption coefficient. Particleboards of two different densities (0.5 g/cm3 and 0.8 g/cm3) that were made with three particle sizes (fine, medium, and wool or excelsior) were used in this study. The sound TL value was measured in a reverberation room, while the sound absorption coefficient was determined using the impedance tube method. A single-number rating of sound transmission class (STC) was determined based on TL measurements. The results showed that sound TL and STC values of medium-density particleboard (0.8 g/cm3) were better than low-density (0.5 g/cm3) board. However, low-density particleboard performed well as sound absorber panels. Generally, the boards absorbed sound at low (< 500 Hz) and high frequency ranges (> 1000 Hz) and reflected sound at middle frequencies. The sound absorption coefficient was better with the fine- and medium-sized particles than with the wool size; meanwhile, boards made from wool- or excelsior-sized particles possessed higher TL and STC values.

The acoustical properties of four Indonesian tropical hardwood species were evaluated in this study. The objectives of this study were to determine acoustical parameters e.g. logarithmic decrement, sound absorption, sound velocity as well as density and wood stiffness; and to evaluate the potential of those species for acoustical purposes. Sonokeling (Dalbergia latifolia), Mahoni (Swietenia mahagony), Acacia (Acacia mangium) and Manii wood (Maesopsis eminii) were selected in this research. Three different cutting plane patterns of sawn timber (quarter-sawn, flat-sawn, and plain-sawn) were converted into small specimens. The methods for determining acoustical properties were longitudinal vibration testing and time of flight of ultrasonic wave method. The result showed no significant difference (α=0.05) of acoustical properties in logarithmic decrement, sound absorption, and ultrasonic velocity means on quarter-sawn, flat-sawn, and plain-sawn for all wood species tested. We found that Mahoni and Sonokeling had good acoustical properties of logarithmic decrement, ultrasonic wave velocity, and ratio of wood stiffness to wood density; and is preferred for crafting musical instruments. Acacia and Manii woods are recommended for developing acoustic panels in building construction because those species possess higher sound absorption values.

Cement board is a composite wood product has advantages such as fire resistance, termite, water resistant, and has good sound insulation properties. Bamboo is suitable material that can be used as a raw material of cement board. The objectove of this study was to determine the physical-mechanical properties of wool cement boards from betung bamboo (Dendrocalamus asper) in various densities. Mechanical testing included nondestructive testing performed using the sound waves velocity method (stress wave velocity). The material used was particles of wool/ excelsior dimensions. The adhesive used was Portland cement type I by the ratio of bamboo: cement: water 1:2:1. Target board densities were 0.5 g/cm3; 0.8 g/cm3; and 1.0 g/cm3. The results showed the higher density of the board the higher mechanical properties of boards. The difference density cement board was more influential on mechanical properties (MOE, MOR, SW) board compared with those physical properties. Nondestrcutive testing using sound waves velocity method can be used to predict mechanical bending properties of wool cement board of betung bamboo as indicated by the close relationship between the parameter estimators (dynamic MOE) and static testing value (MOE and MOR).

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh perlakuan pengawetan kayu terhadap kecepatan gelombang ultrasonik, sifat mekanis lentur kayu, dan kekuatan tekan sejajar serat kayu. Kayu yang digunakan adalah jenis Acacia mangium yang diketahui mulai banyak digunakan karena kekuatannya yang yang cukup baik (kelas kuat II-III) tetapi memiliki keawetan alami yang cukup rendah (kelas awet II-III). Bahan pengawet yang digunakan adalah CCB (chrome, copper, boron) dengan konsentrasi 4%, 7%, 10% dan metode yang diapikasikan adalah rendaman dingin dan vakum tekan. Hasil penelitian menujukkan bahwa metode vakum tekan berpengaruh secara nyata menurunkan nilai kecepatan gelombang ultrasonik, kekuatan lentur, dan tekan sejajar serat kayu tetapi tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap nilai modulus elastisitas kayu. Konsentrasi bahan pengawet berpengaruh secara nyata terhadap nilai retensi dan penetrasi bahan pengawet tetapi tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap kecepatan gelombang ultrasonik dan sifat mekanis di atas. Kecepatan gelombang ultrasonik melalui nilai MOE dinamis yang diperoleh memiliki koefisien korelasi yang baik untuk menduga nilai modulus elastisitas statis dan kekuatan kayu.

Tracking timber on teak and teak wood products can be conducted using different methods, such as DNA finger printing, chemical composition of the wood, Near Infra Red spectra (NIR) and stable isotopes. Samples were collected from wood material and leaves in Java (9 Forest Management Units district) of Perhutani to determine: i) pattern of genetic variation within and among populations, ii) to determine the protocol for DNA extraction from wood, and iii) to study the feasibility of DNA marker for timber tracking in the field. Results show that: i) genetic variation of cpDNA (PCR-RFLP) is low, while RAPD variation is moderate, ii) there are differences in chemical composition of wood among the Forest Management Units (FMUs) of Perhutani, iii) variation of isotopic carbon and oxygen in Central and East Java were higher than from of West Java, iv) absorbtion intensity of NIR in West Java was higher than for Central and East Java, and iv) testing of DNA marker showed that genetic structure in the forest site is not significantly different from that in log yards, indicating that the timber flow is still according to the procedure. RAPD marker also is able to determine the origin of illegal timber and wood in industry without clear identity

Abstrak. Anatomi bambu disusun oleh sel-sel yang heterogen. Komponen anatomi bambu yang memberikan sumbangan terbesar pada sifat mekanisnya adalah ikatan pembuluh, sehingga kerapatan ikatan pembuluh dapat digunakan sebagai variabel dasar untuk menganalisa sifat mekanis bambu. Kerapatan ikatan pembuluh bergradasi dari tepi hingga ke dalam bambu sehingga dapat diturunkan suatu fungsi linier ataupun non linier sebagai pendekatannya. Rasio modulus elastisitas (E) yang lazim digunakan pada metode transformed cross section, pada penelitian ini dicoba diganti dengan rasio ikatan pembuluh dengan asumsi bahwa keduanya adalah ekuivalen. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan bahwa terdapat nilai korelasi Pearson yang tinggi antara hasil teoritis dan hasil empiris, sedangkan hasil uji t-student data berpasangan menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada perbedaan yang signifikan antara keduanya. Dengan demikian model transformasi yang diturunkan dapat digunakan untuk melakukan analisa layer system pada bilah bambu maupun bambu laminasi dengan hasil yang dapat dipertanggungjawabkan. Dari ketiga model transformasi terpilih (linier, logaritmik, dan power) model power adalah model yang terbaik karena menghasilkan nilai yang paling mendekati data empiriknya. Abstract. Bamboo anatomy is constructed from many types of cells. Vascular bundles are the cells which give the highest contribution to the bamboo strength, thus the density distribution of vascular bundles could be used as the main variable for analyzing the layer system of bamboo strip and laminated bamboo. The density of vascular bundles distribution degrade from outer to inner in a regular manner which could be fitted by linear and nonlinear function. Ratio of modulus of Elasticity (E) which widely used in transformed cross section method for analyzing the layered system was substituted by ratio of density distribution of vascular bundles within assumption that both are highly correlated. The data in this study proved that there was high Pearson's correlation between the theoretical and empirical result, and the paired t-student test also showed both were not significantly different; thus the new method could be applied in very good result. There are three model applied in this study namely linear, logarithm, and power. Power model is the best among others since its theoretical results the nearest estimation to the empirical measurement.

* Azadirachta excelsa (Jack) Jacobs, Kayu bawang (Meliaceae) is economically valuable and widely used by the local community in Bengkulu (Sumatra) as carpentry and construction wood because of its good durability class. However, it still has ambiguous scientific multiple names, such as Azadirachta excelsa, Protium javanicum, and Dysoxylum mollissimum. Additional tools such as molecular approaches can be used to verify whether it is true or not that Kayu bawang is scientifically named as Azadirachta excelsa based on previous morphological identification. This study aimed to construct draft chloroplast genome and verify the scientific name based on molecular identification using a single rbcL gene marker. Genomic DNA was extracted from bark cambium originated from three different provenances in Bengkulu, Indonesia, namely TBT-A, TBT-K, and TBT-S. MinION from Oxford Nanopore Technologies was used to sequence the samples following manufacture protocols SQK-LSK109 yielding 481.6 Mb for TBT-A, 597.4 Mb for TBT-K, and 853.1 Mb for TBT-S, respectively. Generated data were assembled and constructed, namely 58,780 bp (14 tRNAs and 47 encoding genes) for TBT-A, 142,139 bp (4 rRNAs, 24 tRNAs, and 78 encoding genes) for TBT-K, and 84,906 bp (24 tRNAs and 53 encoding genes) for TBT-S. Based on the phylogenetic tree, Azadirachta excelsa from three identified tree stands were placed in the same group with other Azadirachta excelsa accessions.