Search

International audience; Dans le contexte de l'information géographique volontaire (VGI), les volontaires ne sont pas impliqués dans les processus décisionnels. De plus, les systèmes VGI n'offrent pas d'outils puissants pour mener des analyses temporelles. C'est pourquoi, dans cet article, nous proposons d'utiliser les systèmes d'information décisionnels pour analyser les données VGI, et nous proposons la définition une nouvelle méthodologie de conception des entrepôts de données, qui permet l'implication des volontaires dans la définition des besoins analytiques sur les données VGI. Nos propositions ont été testées sur un cas d'étude réel concernant la biodiversité.

International audience; In the context of Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI), volunteers are not involved in the decisional processes. Moreover, VGI systems do not offer advanced historical analysis tools. Therefore, in this work, we propose to use Data Warehouse (DW) and OLAP systems to analyze VGI data, and we define a new DW design methodology that allows involving volunteers in the definition of analysis needs over VGI data. We validate it using a real biodiversity case study.

Background Climate change and the current phase-out of fossil fuel-fired power generation are currently expanding the market of renewable energy and more especially photovoltaic (PV) panels. Contrary to other types of renewable energies, such as wind and hydroelectricity, evidence on the effects of PV panels on biodiversity has been building up only fairly recently. PV panels have been linked to substantial impacts on species and ecosystems, the first and most obvious one being the degradation of natural habitats but they may also lead to mortality of individuals and displacements of populations. Hence, we propose a systematic map aiming to draw a comprehensive panorama of the available knowledge on the effects of photovoltaic and solar thermal (PVST) installations, whatever their scales (i.e. cells, panels, arrays, utility-scale facilities), on terrestrial and semi-aquatic species and natural/semi-natural habitats and ecosystems. This work aims at providing decision-makers with a better understanding of the effects of PVST installations and, therefore, help them further protect biodiversity while also mitigating anthropogenic climate change. Methods We will follow the collaboration for environmental evidence guidelines and search for relevant peer-reviewed and grey literature in English or French. The search string will combine population (all wild terrestrial and semi-aquatic species—e.g. animals, plants, fungi, microorganisms—as well as natural/semi-natural terrestrial habitats and ecosystems) and exposure/intervention (all technologies of PVST panels at all scales of installations and therefore excluding concentrated solar power) terms. A pre-built test list of relevant articles will be used to assess the comprehensiveness of the search string. Extracted citations will be screened at title and full-text stages thanks to pre-defined inclusion/exclusion criteria. Accepted citations will then be split into studies and observations, from which relevant metadata (e.g. taxon, exposure/intervention, outcome) will be extracted and their internal validity assessed through a critical appraisal. The database will be accessible alongside a map report which will draw a landscape of eligible studies. By describing studied populations, exposures/interventions, outcomes and internal study validity results, the report will identify potential knowledge clusters and gaps regarding the effects of PVST installations on biodiversity and ecosystems.

National audience

International audience; The European mink (Mustela lutreola) is considered as critically endangered in the IUCN red list, and is already extinct in large parts of its ancestral range. A chromosome-scale reference genome has been recently produced during the ERGA (European Reference Genome Atlas) pilot project, from an individual sampled in 2006 in Dordogne (France) in the framework of the first National Action Plan for European Mink. A fibroblast cell culture was derived from a skin biopsy on this animal, and then cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen in the Paris National Museum of Natural History cell collection. This frozen sample was used to generate fresh cell cultures for the production of high-quality DNA that was subsequently sequenced and assembled into a high-quality reference genome. This reference can now be used for genomic studies of this species that presents a very high risk of inbreeding depression especially in the western part of its geographic distribution. Inbreeding depression is a critical concern for conservation efforts as it is common in small, declining or fragmented populations. Demographic history of a population can also have an impact on inbreeding depression and shape the levels of genetic load. Interestingly, small populations with extremely low genetic diversity do not always present evidence of Inbreeding depression and may persist thanks to the purging of strong deleterious variants. One way to measure the extent of inbreeding is to scan genomes for runs of homozygosity (ROH). This method is becoming more commonly used to estimate inbreeding and could become a new index for conservation status in wild animals. For this study, we selected two European mink from France (LIFE VISON et PNA Vison), two from Romania, two from Estonia and two from Spain for whole genome re-sequencing (> 25x), each genomic sequence being compared to the reference genome. We expect to find long stretches of ROH that would indicate recent events of inbreeding. The results might have a direct impact on the current conservation program for the European mink.

International audience; Mercury (Hg) is a toxic trace element widely distributed in the environment, which particularly accumulates in top predators, including seabirds. Among seabirds, large gulls (Larus sp) are generalist feeders, foraging in both terrestrial and marine habitats, making them relevant bioindicators of local coastal Hg contamination. In the present study, we reported blood Hg concentrations in adults and chicks of four different gull species breeding on the French Atlantic coast: the European herring gull (Larus argentatus), the Lesser black-backed gull (L. fuscus), the Great black-backed gull (L. marinus) and the Yellow-legged gull (L. michahellis). We also investigated the potential role of foraging ecology in shaping Hg contamination across species, using the unique combination of three dietary tracers (carbon, nitrogen and sulfur stable isotopes) and biologging (GPS tracking). A high concentration of Hg was associated with high trophic position and a marine diet in gulls, which was corroborated by birds’ space use strategy during foraging trips. Adults of all four species reached Hg concentrations above reported toxicity thresholds. Specifically, adults of Great black-backed gulls had a high trophic marine specialized diet and significantly higher Hg concentrations than the three other species. Blood Hg was 4–7 times higher in adults than in chicks, although chicks of all species received mainly marine and high trophic position prey, which is expected to be the cause of blood Hg concentrations of toxic concern. By using both stable isotopes and GPS tracking, the present study provides compelling insights on the main feeding habits driving Hg contamination in a seabird assemblage feeding in complex coastal environments.

International audience; Glancing Angle Deposition (GLAD) is a technique used in Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) to prepare thin films with specific properties. During the deposition process, a tilt is introduced between the sputtered atoms flux and the normal of the substrate surface. By shadowing effect, this induces tilted nano-columns that affect the properties of the coating. To predict these properties, several existing tools simulate the different steps of the PVD deposition. First, a simulation of the sputtering of atoms from a metallic target is made, followed by the computation of the atoms transportation from the target to the substrate. Finally, the growth of the film is computed. All these simulations use point based representation to represent the deposited atoms. However, such representation is not suited for classical finite elements analysis (FEA).In this paper, a methodology for generating FEA meshes from the points produced by film growth simulation is presented. Two major scientific challenges are overcome. Firstly, how to segment the ”film” point cloud into a collection of individual “columns” and secondly, how to generate the meshes of the columns that are approximately represented by points. The point cloud segmentation is computed through neighbourhood notion. The mesh is obtained as an implicit surface by the marching cubes algorithm and smoothed by a Humphrey’s class Laplacian algorithm. Numerical simulations based on the generated FEA meshes will be conducted using Abaqus FEA software.

The New Zealand huia (Heteralocha acutirostris) had the most extreme bill sexual dimorphism among modern birds. Given the quick extinction of the species, the cause of the dimorphism could only be hypothesised to reflect different trophic niches and reduce male/female competition. We tested that hypothesis by combining museum specimens, geometric morphometrics, and isotopic analyses. We used geometric morphometrics to describe bill shape; measured bulk (δ15Nbulk) and (δ13Cbulk) values from feather as proxies of the birds’ foraging habitat and diet; and compared compound-specific stable isotopes analyses (CSIA) of nitrogen in amino acids (δ15NAA) in male–female pairs to estimate their trophic position. Sexes had significantly different, but overlapping feather δ15Nbulk and δ13Cbulk values, but δ15NAA indicated identical trophic positions and δ15Nbulk was not related to bill shape. Trophic position was less variable among females, consistent with a specialised foraging behaviour and, thus, supporting a partial male/female foraging segregation.

International audience; The eradication of invasive mammals on islands is important for protecting seabird populations and insular ecosystems. However, the impacts of such eradications are insufficiently known because monitoring of potentially beneficiary species is often sporadic and limited. We performed a survey of all seabird species on Saint-Paul Island, southern Indian Ocean, 20 years after successful eradication of invasive black rat (Rattus rattus) and European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Using complementary sampling designs including adaptive cluster sampling, stratified random sampling and entire sampling, we estimated population changes and colonization by new seabird species. A total of 13 seabird species were found breeding on Saint-Paul post-eradication compared to six before the eradication. Among the seven species that colonized the island, five (MacGillivray’s prion Pachyptila macgillivrayi, fairy prion P. turtur, white-bellied storm petrel Fregetta grallaria, Antarctic tern Sterna vittata, sooty tern Onychoprion fuscatus) had relictual populations breeding on a nearby islet, and one (brown skua Catharacta antarctica) was a new breeding species. We also found breeding subantarctic little shearwaters Puffinus elegans. For species that were breeding on the Saint Paul pre-eradication, the mean annual population growth rate was 1.030 ± 0.093 (SE). Species known to be vulnerable to rat predation (prions, great-winged petrel Pterodroma macroptera, flesh-footed shearwater Puffinus carneipes, subantarctic little shearwater, white-bellied storm petrel, Antarctic tern) had the highest population growth rates. Two decades after the eradication of invasive mammals on a remote oceanic island, seabird populations were high beneficiaries. These findings further highlight the importance of invasive mammal eradication on islands as a conservation tool. Results are encouraging for the planned eradication of invasive mammals from nearby Amsterdam Island, and suggest this will mainly benefit terns and small burrowing petrels.

International audience; Small mountain owls (the Tengmalm Owl, Aegolius funereus (Linnaeus, 1758) and the Eurasian Pygmy Owl, Glaucidium passerinum (Linnaeus, 1758)) comprise a few hundred to a few thousandcouples in France. Their conservation is at stake regarding their rarity, especially with respect to global change issues. However, their distributions remind little known, especially in the NorthernAlps, where presence data are available. Through a collaboration between INRAE, la Ligue pour la Protection des Oiseaux et l’Office national des Forêts, we used occurrence data (2007-2014)to model the distribution of the two species based on six environmental variables that potentially affect their distribution. We showed that the distribution of the two species is mainly driven byelevation and land-use type, while other factors (topography, distance to edges) are less explanatory. These predictions have been used by field naturalists, who structured their fi eld campaigns basedon the prediction maps. To continue this research, it seems interesting to extend the approach to other biogeographic contexts and integrate variables that would allow assessing the effects on forestmanagement on these species to the models.; Les petites chouettes de montagne (Chouette de Tengmalm, Aegolius funereus (Linnaeus, 1758) et Chevêchette d’Europe, Glaucidium passerinum (Linnaeus, 1758)) sont représentées en France parquelques centaines à quelques milliers de couples. Elles font l’objet d’une attention particulière au regard de leur rareté et en tant qu’espèces emblématiques des écosystèmes forestiers de montagne,qui sont particulièrement affectés par les changements globaux. Améliorer la connaissance de leur distribution, notamment dans les Alpes du Nord, est une nécessité pour préserver les milieux quiconstituent leur habitat préférentiel. Issue d’une collaboration entre l’INRAE, l’Office national des Forêts et la Ligue pour la Protection des Oiseaux, nous présentons une approche par modélisationdans laquelle des données d’occurrence des deux espèces sur la période 2007-2014 ont été reliées à six variables environnementales potentiellement explicatives pour prédire leur répartition. Les résultatsmontrent que la distribution des deux espèces est principalement liée d’une part à l’altitude, facteur déterminant au plan régional, et d’autre part au type d’occupation du sol, meilleur prédicteur àl’échelle locale, alors que les autres facteurs (topographie, proximité de lisières) sont moins explicatifs. Ces prédictions ont été utiles aux naturalistes de terrain, qui ont pu utiliser ces données pour mieuxstructurer leurs campagnes d’observations. Il serait désormais intéressant d’étendre la démarche à d’autres zones biogéographiques et d’intégrer à la modélisation des données permettant d’évaluer leseffets de la gestion forestière sur ces espèces.

Marine citizen science is emerging with promising opportunities for science, policy and public but there is still no comprehensive overview of the current state in Europe. Based on 127 projects identified for the North Sea area we estimate there might be as much as 500 marine and coastal citizen science projects running in Europe, i.e., one marine citizen science project per 85 km of coastline, with an exponential growth since 1990. Beach-based projects are more accessible and hence most popular (60% of the projects), and the mean duration of the projects is 18–20 years. Current trends, topics, organizers, aims, and types of programme in terms of participation are presented in this overview. Progress in marine citizen science is specially enabled and promoted through technological developments. Recent technological advances and best practise examples are provided here, untapping the potential of smart mobile apps, do-it-yourself (DIY) technologies, drones, and artificial intelligence (AI) web services, Support to the BLUEMED Initiative: Coordination of marine and maritime research and innovation activities in the Mediterranean, BLUEMED, SI

International audience; Habitat selection is an important process in birds that influences individual survival and fitness, and ultimately shapes population dynamics. As a consequence, strong selective pressures apply to favor strategies allowing individuals to choose high-quality habitat for foraging while reducing predation risk and competition. In long-distance migratory birds, such as shorebirds, the non-breeding period is considered as a key period of their annual cycle with reported effects on individual survival and subsequent reproduction. Site selection by non-breeding shorebirds should depend on habitat quality for them to ensure survival until the next breeding season. More specifically, birds should distribute in space and time according to their resource availability and specialize on feeding habitats or/and prey to reduce intraspecific competition. To test this hypothesis, we studied Bar-tailed Godwits (Limosa lapponica) at one of their main non-breeding sites along the French coast. We first used GPS tracking to investigate their foraging and roosting home ranges as well as core sampling to define the diversity of available habitats and their quality as feeding resources. We then compared individual habitat selection in relation to feeding home range sizes and benthic macrofauna abundances. Our results provide the first fine scale definition of shorebird movements and distribution along the non-breeding period. We found that godwits showed an extreme fidelity to restricted feeding areas (about 3.4 km2) during winter, with low overlap between individual feeding home ranges. Each bird appeared to mainly use 4–6 of the 11 available foraging habitats, with a specialization on 1 to 2 main habitats and their associated prey. However, our results did not emphasize a clear relationship between home range sizes and the quality of bird feeding sites. This study thus demonstrates the high specialization of individual non-breeding Bar-tailed godwits relying on specific foraging grounds and habitats, with important implications for the conservation of this species.

Avis du Comité d'Experts sur la Gestion Adaptative (CEGA) sur l'application Chass'Adapt en date du 11 mars 2021 Cet avis fait suite à une demande du Ministère de la Transition Ecologique. Après délibération lors de la séance du 11 mars 2021 en présence de 11 membres du CEGA et de son président, il a été voté à l'unanimité par les membres présents (11) et représentés (2).

International audience; Faced with current health and environmental challenges, viticulture is directly concerned with the need to reduce pesticide use. Natural pest control services provided by bats have been demonstrated in other crops and is regularly mentioned as a way to reduce pesticide use. However, the trophic link between bats and grape pests as well as the effect of pest presence on bat activities remain largely unknown. To investigate the functional role of bats in vineyard landscapes, we used two independent approaches. We monitored the activities of bats and of the European grapevine moth (Lobesia botrana) in 23 vineyards located in the Bordeaux region (France). In parallel, we developed DNA primers to examine bat faeces from two regions, Bordeaux and Burgundy, for the presence of the three main species of grapevine moths. Our results demonstrate that bats significantly increase their hunting activity when European grapevine moths are present in vineyards. In addition, our molecular analysis of the faeces provides robust evidence that at least 10 species of bats predate the three grapevine moth species. Our results therefore suggest that bats can be natural enemies of grape pests in vineyard landscapes. Further research is now needed to investigate the consequences of predation of pests by bats on crop production as well as the effect of some management options at both the local and landscape scale to increase the level of pest control services provided by bats.

Increasing urbanisation and human pressure on lands have huge impacts on biodiversity. Some species, known as “urban exploiters”, manage to expand in urban landscapes, relying on human resources. The House Sparrow (Passer domesticus) is the perfect example of a human-commensal species. Surprisingly, this urban exploiter has been declining all over Europe over the past decades. The proximate causes of this decline remain poorly understood. We particularly lack understanding about urban habitat characteristics that are particularly unfavourable for House Sparrows. In the present study, we analysed fine-scale habitat characteristics of House Sparrow population sizes and trends using a fifteen-year House Sparrow census (2003–2017) covering the urban diversity of Paris (nearly 200 census sites), one of the densest European cities. We documented for the first time the dramatic decline (−89%) of the species in Paris over the study period. The temporal decline over the whole city correlates with the concomitant increase in the number of breeding Sparrowhawks. We could not detect statistical influences of annual variations in weather conditions and pollution. The decline of House Sparrows is spatially heterogeneous. Indeed, site-scale analyses revealed sharpest declines at sites that initially hosted the largest numbers of sparrows, which are areas with a relatively high proportion of green spaces and new buildings. Further experimental studies are now needed to disentangle the exact impact of specific characteristics of the urban environment on House Sparrow populations.

International audience; Fungi belonging to the Cryptococcus genus and related genera (Filobasidium, Holtermanniella, Naganishia, Papiliotrema, Solicoccozyma, Vishniacozyma) are encapsulated yeasts found in either the environment or animal sources. However, the precise biotopes of most species remain poorly defined. To assess whether wild birds from southern France can carry or spread the most pathogenic species (i.e., species belonging to the C. neoformans and C. gattii complexes), as well as lesser-studied species (non-neoformans/gattii Cryptococcus and former Cryptococcus spp.), 669 birds belonging to 89 species received for care over a two-year period at the Centre de Protection de la Faune Sauvage of Villeveyrac (Bird Protection League nongovernmental organization (NGO) care center) were sampled. Samples were cultured, and Cryptococcus and former Cryptococcus yeasts were identified by PCR sequencing. The purpose was to evaluate whether there was any health risk to local populations or care personnel in aviaries and gather new data on the ecological niches of lesser-known species. One hundred and seven birds (16%) were found to be positive for at least one Cryptococcus or former Cryptococcus species. No yeasts belonging to the highly pathogenic C. neoformans or C. gattii complexes were isolated. However, diversity was notable, with 20 different Cryptococcus or former Cryptococcus species identified. Furthermore, most bird–yeast species associations found in this study have never been described before.

International audience; The six conservation NGOs that wrote this article present their arguments for an evolution of the French forest policy. Their arguments are based on 5 main principles for the management of forest commons, i.e. 1) ensure a multifunctional management valuing all the ecological services of forests, 2) place biodiversity at the heart of forest policies to adapt management more easily, 3) be more aware of societal expectations in order tobetter meet them, 4) enable forests and foresters to fully respond to the unprecedented challenges of the climate crisis, and 5) integrate forests into land planning as a green infrastructure of the economy. Then, the six NGOs recommend a general political orientation basing any forestry policy on the constitutional environmental charter of 2004, and they propose 21 structural or operational measures.; Les six ONG de conservation de la nature auteures de cet article proposent leur argumentaire pour une évolution de la politique forestière nationale. Celui-ci est fondé suivant cinq grands principes de gestion du bien commun que sont les forêts : 1. Assurer une gestion multifonctionnelle valorisant tous les services écologiques des forêts ; 2. Mettre la biodiversité au coeur de la politique forestière pour faciliter l’adaptation de la gestion ; 3. Accroître l’écoute des attentes de la société, pour mieux y répondre ; 4. Mettre forêts et forestiers en capacité de répondre pleinement aux enjeux inédits de la crise climatique ; 5. Insérer les forêts dans l’aménagement du territoire comme infrastructure verte de l’économie. Ensuite, les six ONG recommandent une orientation politique générale consistant à fonder toute politique forestière sur la charte constitutionnelle de l’environnement de 2004 et proposent 21 mesures structurelles ou opérationnelles.

International audience; The Eurasian Curlew is an endangered long-lived shorebird breeding in grassland and moorland, with declining numbers across its range due to habitat loss and former hunting. In this context, any additional adult mortality can have a noticeable impact on population dynamics, hence on extinction risk. We report a case of a GPS-tagged individual which track revealed an unusual stopover at the bottom of a wind turbine along its migration route. The curlew rested hours in an unfavourable environment before moving to the adjacent coastal shore, then completed its migration journey the next day. In previous studies, GPS-tags helped to identify death casualties at wind farms, but to our knowledge this is the first detailed report of a non-lethal injury of a tagged animal by a wind turbine, probably by the vortex of rotors. This case alerts on the further potential impacts of wind farm development close to breeding, wintering and stopover sites frequented by Eurasian curlews and other birds. Any wind farm development project should consider the opportunity to avoid, reduce or compensate potential lethal and non-lethal impacts on wildlife.

Avis délibéré le 13 mai 2019, par les 8 membres présents ou représentés et le Président du CEGA; 6 membres ont été absents des deux réunions pour préparer cet avis.

Délibéré le 13 mai 2019, par les 8 membres présents ou représentés, et le Président du CEGA; 6 membres ont été absents des deux réunions pour préparer cet avis.

National audience

In the context of the #metoo movement, some have expressed a long-running fear that feminism and the cause of women’s rights may enhance the opposition between men and women instead of bridging the gap between them, and create division instead of harmony. Martine Monacelli’s collection of texts written by men in favour of women’s rights could hardly have come at a better time to redefine the contours of the extent of men’s political engagement throughout the 20th century for women’s rights. The question of men and women’s equality is one that concerns everyone. Published in 2017, this collection is structured around four sections preceded by a preface and anintroduction, written by Martine Monacelli, that frame the selected texts and provide information and landmarks that historicise these extracts.

International audience; Modernist writers are often considered to have moved away from ambivalent or even negative representations of the city – which Victorian writers had depicted as the antithesis to the Eden-like countryside – and shifted towards a celebration of city life. While Mrs Dalloway is celebrated for its city scenes, casual allusions to conversations ‘among the vegetables’ reveal an often overlooked subtext. For Woolf and for Cusk, the garden functions as a contained space through which to work through problematic emotions and achieve at least temporary reconciliation between the past and present. Rather than working within polarised conceptions of a paradise lost or regained, both authors experiment with the idea of a fragmented paradise that can be pieced together in sudden moments of self-realisation. The cultivated space of a domestic garden brings into focus the perception of being ‘walled-in’ (MD, 64) by emotional perceptions of past experiences. Self-consciousness that struggles to be articulated is realised with sudden clarity in heightened ‘moments of being’. Virginia Woolf and Rachel Cusk thus experiment with the trope of the garden in order to explore the depths of the self, beyond the urban spaces that have been so central in their writings.; Alors que les Victoriens avaient présenté la campagne comme une version de l’Eden, les Modernistes ont pu sembler s’éloigner des représentations ambivalentes, voire négatives, de la ville pour parfois en venir à la célébrer. Si on loue souvent Mrs Dalloway pour les scènes de cette modernité, les bribes d’une « rêverie parmi les légumes ? » pointent vers une autre interprétation qui peut souvent passer inaperçue. Pour Woolf comme pour Cusk, le jardin fonctionne comme un espace clos à travers lequel les personnages construisent des émotions complexes qui aboutissent à une réconciliation du passé et du présent, bien que temporaire. Au lieu d’hésiter entre des conceptions polarisées entre le paradis perdu ou retrouvé, les deux auteurs mettent en jeu l’idée d’un paradis fragmenté qui peut être recomposé lors de moments soudains de compréhension de soi. L’espace cultivé d’un jardin domestique met au cœur du texte la perception d’être « enclos(e) » (MD, 64) dans des perceptions et des émotions passées. La conscience de soi, qui trouve difficilement à s’exprimer, en vient à se réaliser dans des moments de clarté soudaine, des « moments d’être ». Virginia Woolf et Rachel Cusk mettent donc en jeu le trope du jardin afin d’explorer les profondeurs du moi, au-delà des espaces urbains qui ont été si centraux dans leur écriture.

International audience; Despite Gordimer’s radical engagement with the politics of South Africa, her fiction denotes a somewhat ambiguous relationship with the liberal views expected from her. The first section of Writing and Being immediately undermines the readers’ wish to see her as a political writer when she asserts “the right to declare with Ibsen – the book is not about, it is” (Gordimer 1995, 6). An overview of the criticism published on Gordimer’s work reveals that she is never where critics would like her to be situated: some find that her work does not fit into the postcolonial paradigm (Dimitriu 2006, 164); some praise the influence modernism had on her writing (Huggan), while others regret the persistence of this aesthetics as a point of reference when South African writers have started exploring voices of their own (Byrne). Karen Lazar refers to Gordimer’s “paradox” regarding feminism and gender issues that she is renowned to have neglected (Lazar 784), while others note a gradual change in the place of women, through the years, especially after the publication of Jump (Driver, qtd in Lazar 784). Gordimer’s interest in gender issues surface in her work in a covert fashion that is best expressed by what happens in the intimate relationships of couples, where the questions of women’s place and roles can be probed.

National audience; Dans le contexte de l'information géographique volontaire (VGI), les volontaires ne sont pas impliqués dans les processus décisionnels. De plus, les systèmes VGI n'offrent pas d'outils puissants pour mener des analyses temporelles. C'est pourquoi, dans cet article, nous proposons d'utiliser les systèmes d'information décisionnels pour analyser les données VGI, et nous proposons la définition une nouvelle méthodologie de conception des entrepôts de données, qui permet l'implication des volontaires dans la définitions des besoins analytiques sur les données VGI. Nos propositions ont été testées sur un cas d'étude réel concernant la biodiversité.

International audience; Si vous êtes modernes et ne jurez plus que par le site de réseau social Facebook, vous savez sûrement qu'il y existe un groupe intitulé « I Love Books about Crazy People » , témoin, s'il en fallait un, que la littérature d'une part n'est pas en perte de vitesse, et d'autre part que la folie exerce une fascination chez les lecteurs, désireux d'entrer dans un univers qui semble par métonymie prendre consistance dans l'hôpital psychiatrique. Ce groupe Facebook recense en effet les œuvres, ou plutôt les livres (car ces productions sont de qualité variable), ayant trait à la folie, soit près de 400 références . Au premier plan de cette liste se trouvent des œuvres américaines qui sont populaires auprès d'un public d'adolescents et de jeunes adultes, tels que One Flew Over a Cuckoo's Nest, Prozac Nation et The Bell Jar . Les œuvres qui y sont listées ne sont pas de même nature : œuvres de fiction côtoient œuvres autobiographiques, œuvres à fort tirage, œuvres plus confidentielles, auteurs confirmés, auteurs mineurs. La plupart témoignent d'une fascination des lecteurs pour l'hôpital psychiatrique, c'est-à-dire pour ce qui est normalement hors de la scène sociale et ne leur est guère familier. Si la parution en 1961 de l'ouvrage de Foucault, Histoire de la folie à l'âge classique , a permis de jeter la lumière sur cet espace particulier en France principalement, l'ouvrage d'Elaine Showalter a eu la même fonction pour les pays anglo-saxons, et plus particulièrement l'Angleterre, si bien qu'entre 1960 et 1987 l'hôpital psychiatrique est devenu objet de lectures critiques propres à démonter et déconstruire ce qui avait pu apparaître comme la production d'un discours médical, auréolée d'une caution scientifique, donc vraie... E. Showalter explique que les récits personnels d'internement ont toujours eu cours (qu'ils aient été transmis par l'intermédiaire indirect des praticiens ou par des documents de nature privée ). Or, on sait que la littérature de l'intime est traditionnellement le lieu privilégié de l'expression des femmes . De plus, c'est bien dans cette littérature personnelle que les modèles du genre vont trouver leur expression : « These parallels between schizophrenia and female identity were developed fully in three important women’s autobiographical novels of the 1960s: Jennifer Dawson’s The Ha-Ha (1961), Janet Frame’s Faces in the Water (1961) and Sylvia Plath’s The Bell Jar (1963). » Parmi ces trois œuvres, qui, à la même période, fondaient une sous-catégorie de l'autobiographie, celle des récits d'internement asilaire, The Bell Jar fait figure de chef-d'œuvre, l'ouvrage de Dawson ayant été oublié, et celui de Frame dépassé par l'incroyable fortune de son autobiographie où l'espace asilaire est précisément très réduit . Plutôt que la schizophrénie, ce serait un lieu (l'asile) qui permettrait d'articuler une réflexion sur l'identité féminine fondée sur l'exclusion : ces œuvres ont en effet mis l'accent sur l'expérience asilaire plutôt que celle de la déraison et du traumatisme.

International audience; Although the conservation stakes of saltmarshes are widely documented, these areas are still subjected to strong anthropic pressures, including land reclamation, leading to their conversion into arable lands, and agricultural exploitation (mainly cattle grazing and mowing), which modifies their floral and faunal composition. Through the example of one of the largest French saltmarshes, we first assessed how the age of the saltmarsh patches and the mowing intensity determined the spatial distribution of the different saltmarsh habitats. We then tested how the five commonest breeding passerines were distributed in accordance with the mowing activity and the distribution of these habitats. We found that the oldest and the unmowed patches promote the development of habitats dominated by Elymus pungens and Atriplex portulacoides, and also host the highest abundance of four of the five bird species studied. In the current context of an intense artificialization of the littoral area, this study highlights the importance of maintaining the oldest and the least human-impacted patches of natural habitats to conserve their associated biodiversity.

National audience; The post-fledging dependence period (PDP) of 25 Eurasian Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) fledglings was studied in a coastal marsh in western France in 2002 and 2003. Body condition at fledging was the only parameter that had a positive effect on the length of the PDP, which averaged 18 d (range 3-31 d). Mean daily distance from the nest increased 15 m per day until independence, and mean area used during the PDP was 7.3 ha. Male kestrels provided food for fledglings during the PDP (though decreasing their delivery rate with time). Females stopped feeding their young 3 d after they fledged. First fledglings received more food than others and food per fledgling decreased with brood size.

International audience; Although oriented migrations have been identified in many terrestrial bird species, the post-breeding-season movements of seabirds are generally regarded as dispersive. We used geolocator tags to reveal post-breeding movements and winter distribution of northern gannets (Morus bassanus) at a meta-population scale. By focusing on five breeding colonies of European gannets, we show that their breeding and wintering grounds areconnected by a major flyway running along the coasts of Western Europe and Africa. Moreover, maximum winter distance to colony was similar across colonies despite their wide latitudinal range. In contrast with the general opinion that large pelagic birds such as gannets have unlimited ranges beyond the breeding season, our findings strongly suggest oriented chain migration in northern gannets (a pattern in which populations move uniformly southward) and highlight the benefit of meta-population approaches for studying seabird movements. We argue that the inclusion of such processes in ocean management plans is essential to improve efforts in marine biodiversity conservation.

National audience

4 Station Ornithologique de l'Ile Grande, Ligue Pour la Protection des Oiseaux, 22560 Pleumeur-Bodou, France ABSTRACT: Human activities affect all trophic levels of marine food webs and threaten numerous species. The status of such populations can be assessed via monitoring of their size. However, in long- lived species such as most marine top predators, environmental stress on a population only affects its size after several years. It has therefore been suggested that behavioural proxies such as foraging effort could be used to assess the short-term effects of environmental conditions on the wellbeing of a predator population. We demonstrate the potential of this approach in northern gannets Morus bassanus from the Sept-Iles Archipelago, France. This colony has been expanding rapidly for the past 60 yr, and is still growing faster than predicted from its size. However, using miniaturised GPS & time-depth recorders attached to 21 breeding adults, we show that their foraging effort (assessed during the 2005 breeding season in terms of foraging trip duration and diving frequency) is higher than that of their British relatives. Further parameters such as foraging path length, path sinuosity, maximum foraging range, flight speed, flight time, dive depth, dive duration, and diet were also recorded. Using these field data and energetics modelling we predict that northern gannets breeding at the Sept-Iles will be highly sensitive to alterations of their foraging conditions. GPS-tracking indi- cates that birds from this colony forage exclusively within the western English Channel, with a strong preference for the tidal front between eastern and western Channel waters, northwest of Guernsey. This frontal zone attracts a wide range of marine organisms. It is also heavily fished, and a major oil spill hotspot. We conclude that the conservation of this marine area is critically important for northern gannets breeding at the Sept-Iles Archipelago.

National audience; Depuis une trentaine d'années, l'intensification de l'agriculture par le drainage et la mise en culture a entraîné la perte des fonctions hydrauliques et écologiques des marais de la façade atlantique. Conservation et réhabilitation de la biodiversité de ces milieux sont à l'origine de notre étude. Grâce à un dispositif expérimental de terrain (63 parcelles, 170 ha) situé dans le marais de Brouage (Charente-Maritime), nous avons cherché à restaurer le caractère humide des prairies naturelles en manipulant la gestion hydraulique et pastorale, et en mesurant les conséquences sur les oiseaux. Les parcelles en prairie ont été soumises à trois « scénarios » de gestion hydraulique : le scénario « sec » (durée d'inondation minimale), le scénario « intermédiaire » (inondation d'environ 6 mois) et le scénario « humide » (inondation d'environ 10 mois). Entre 1997 et 2001, des dénombrements exhaustifs des passereaux nicheurs (Alouette des champs Alauda arvensis et Bergeronnette printanière Motacilla flava), ont montré qu'à une échelle temporelle de cinq ans, il est possible d'enregistrer des évolutions d'abondance des populations (baisse de la densité des alouettes et augmentation de celle des bergeronnettes) en fonction du degré d'humidité dans la parcelle. Par ailleurs, le suivi de la dynamique des populations du Vanneau huppé (Vanellus vanellus) a montré que l'échelle spatiale choisie (170 ha) n'était pas adaptée et qu'il fallait prendre en compte l'ensemble du marais, soit 12 000 hectares. Sur le plan temporel, des changements très significatifs dans l'utilisation de l'espace sont intervenus chez cette espèce, mais ces changements n'auraient pu être détectés en 3 années seulement.

International audience; Depuis plusieurs années, à la suite notamment des conférences de Kyoto et de La Haye, on parle de plus en plus de « réchauffement climatique » que ce soit dans les médias ou au niveau des gouvernements. La LPO, dans le cadre du réseau BirdLife International, commence à récolter des informations convergentes concernant l'impact de ce réchauffement sur les oiseaux.

International audience; II y a quelque temps, j'étais en vacances dans l'Indre et découvrais par hasard, après les superbes tours accolées de Sarzay, la forteresse de Château-Guillaume. Forteresse si l'on peut dire tant elle a été restaurée et de telle manière qu'on peut de demander si un quelconque Walt Disney n'est pas passé par là ! Cependant, elle s'élève dans son écrin naturel comme entourée par un vieux parfum de vérité et on se prend soudain à vouloir y créer l'histoire. La France, ainsi, est parsemée de manière extraordinaire de châteaux et de hauts lieux historiques, merveilleux défis esthétiques et véritables provocations à notre temps. Beaucoup sont admirablement restaurés et retrouvent, avec des fastes inattendus une nouvelle jeunesse.

International audience; The Ocellated Lizard, Timon lepidus (Daudin 1802) occupies the Mediterranean regions of southwestern Europe (Portugal, Spain, France, and the extreme northwest of Italy). Over the last decades, a marked decline in its population has been observed, particularly on the northern edge of its distribution. As a result, it is currently considered a threatened species, especially in France and Italy. In France, a national action plan for its conservation has been put in place. In this study, ecological niche modelling (ENM) was carried out over the entire area of France in order to evaluate the species' potential distribution, more accurately define its ecological niche, guide future surveys, and inform land use planning so this species can be better taken into consideration. The modelling used data representing 2,757 observation points spread over the known range of the species, and 34 ecogeographical variables (climate, topography, and vegetation cover) were evaluated. After removing correlated variables, models were fitted with several combinations of variables using eight species distribution model (SDM) algorithms, and then their performance was assessed using three model accuracy metrics. Iterative trials changing the input variables were used to obtain the best model. The optimized model included nine determining variables. The results indicate the presence of this species is linked primarily to three climate variables: precipitation in the driest month, precipitation seasonality, and mean temperature in the driest quarter. The model was checked by a sample dataset that was not used to fit the model, and this validation dataset represented 25% of the overall field observations. Of the known occurrence locations kept aside to check the results, 94% fell within the presence area predicted by the modelled map with a presence probability greater than 0.7, and 90% fell within the area with a presence probability ranging from 0.8 to 1, which represents a very high predictive value. These results indicate that the models closely matched the observed distribution, suggesting a low impact of either geographical factors (barriers to dispersal), historical factors (dispersal process), or ecological factors (e.g., competition, trophic resources). The overlap between the predicted distribution and protected areas for this species reveals that less than 1% of the potential distribution area is protected by strong regulatory measures (e.g., national parks and natural reserves). The knowledge obtained in this study allows us to recommend some guidelines that would favor the conservation of this species.; Résumé.-Le lézard ocellé, Timon lepidus (Daudin 1802), occupe les régions méditerranéennes du sud-ouest de l'Europe (Portugal, Espagne, France, et extrême nord-ouest de l'Italie). Au cours des dernières décennies, un fort déclin des populations a été observé, particulièrement aux marges nord de sa distribution. Il est donc considéré comme une espèce menacée, spécialement en France et en Italie. En France, il bénéficie d'un plan national d'actions en faveur de sa préservation. La modélisation de sa distribution a été conduite sur l'ensemble du territoire national en vue d'estimer sa distribution potentielle, préciser sa niche écologique, orienter les prospections futures et permettre une meilleure prise en compte de l'espèce dans l'aménagement du territoire. Le travail de modélisation repose sur 2757 points d'observation répartis sur l'ensemble de la distribution connue de l'espèce, confrontés à 34 variables climatiques, topographiques, et de couvert végétal. Après suppression des variables autocorrélées, plusieurs combinaisons de variables ont été testées, et leur performances évaluées à partir de huit algorithmes SDM. Le meilleur modèle retient neuf variables, déterminées par l'algorithme ayant la meilleure performance. Les modèles montrent que la présence de l'espèce est principalement déterminée par la sécheresse et la température estivale: précipitations au cours du mois lemois le plus sec, saisonnalité des précipitations et température moyenne des trois mois les plus chauds. Lavalidation du modèle sur la base d’un échantillon totalisant 25 % du total des observations, non inclus dans lemodèle, montre que 94 % des données de validation se placent dans l’aire potentielle au seuil de probabilité de0,7, et 90 % pour une probabilité comprise entre 0,8 et 1. Ceci donne une valeur prédictive très élevée au modèleretenu. On constate une étroite concordance entre la distribution potentielle et la distribution réalisée, ce quisuggère une faible influence des facteurs géographiques (obstacles à la dispersion), historiques (processusde dispersion) ou écologiques (compétition, ressources trophiques, etc.). Le croisement cartographique entrel’aire potentielle de l’espèce et les espaces protégés montre que moins de 1 % de l’aire potentielle est couvertepar des mesures réglementaires fortes (parcs nationaux et réserves naturelles). En conclusion, le travail donnedes orientations pour améliorer la connaissance de la distribution de l’espèce et des pistes de réflexion enfaveur de sa conservation.