Search

Purpose: Marginal bone resorption (MBR) around dental implants may sometimes be a self-limiting condition due to balancing immunologic reactions against utilized materials rather than a progressive bacterial infection. Contrary to previous assumptions from ligature-induced experimental peri-implantitis studies, a recent 8-week experiment by the present authors showed that marginal ligatures trigger an inflammatory immune response, resulting in bone resorption around implants in the absence of plaque. The present study aimed to investigate whether this inflammatory/immunologic reaction attenuates or progresses toward implant failure after a longer healing time (12 weeks). Materials and Methods: Sterile silk ligatures were placed around the top of titanium (Ti) implants and compressed against the femoral cortical bone plate of six rabbits. A nonligated implant was used as a control. After 12 weeks of submerged healing, ground sections of implants and surrounding tissues were investigated with light microscopy. The marginal soft tissues were also analyzed using selected quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) markers. Results: Histologically, the ligatures were outlined by immune cells, including multinucleated giant cells (MNGCs), with adjacent fibrous encapsulation and resorbed peripheral bone that contrasted from the osseointegrated nonligated control implants. The difference in expression of qPCR markers was not significant, but > two-fold upregulation of markers CDIIb, IL1β, ARG1, NCF1, and CD4 and > twofold downregulation of CD8 indicated a mild, focal inflammatory/immune response against the ligatures compared to controls, with upregulation of M1 and M2 macrophages, neutrophils, and helper T-cells as well as downregulation of killer T cells. Further, the bone formation markers OC and ALPL were > two-fold downregulated (consistent with the lack of osseointegration of the ligatures) compared to control implants. Conclusions: Marginal silk ligatures trigger an inflammatory/immune response and aseptic bone resorption around implants. Compared to the previous 8-week study, the inflammatory reaction against the silk appears to attenuate with time, with only a mild persisting inflammation that may block osseointegration; instead, a fibrous tissue encapsulation-type reaction is maintained. This may explain why traditional ligature experiments have required regular exchange of ligatures for the bone resorption to progress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To review experimental peri-implantitis studies using rat models and summarize different peri-implantitis induction techniques and evaluate their effectiveness. Materials and Methods: Electronic searches were conducted by two independent examiners to address the following issues. Meta-analyses explored the marginal bone loss (MBL) of four types of peri-implantitis induction methods in rats. The detailed induction tactics--such as the implant design, implant size, surgical process, time cost, induction methods, and endpoint measurements--were summarized. Results: Of the 18 included studies, 38.9% of the studies placed implants at the maxillary first molar, and 44.4% placed them at the alveolar ridge region anterior to the maxillary first molar. As for the induction method, the numbers of published studies on ligature methods, bacterial inoculation, and bacterial lipopolysaccharide inoculation were equally high among all selected studies. The total implant survival rate at the end was 160 out of 213 implants (75.11%). Eight studies with high pooled heterogeneity (I2 = 98, P < .01) in the meta-analysis reported an overall MBL (µ-CT) of 0.47 mm (95% CI = 0.14 to 0.81). A subgroup analysis estimated an MBL of 0.31 mm (95% CI = 0.12 to 0.50) for bacterial inoculation and 0.66 mm (95% CI = 0.07 to 1.26) for the ligature method. Histopathologic analysis revealed that peri-implantitis in rats was similar to peri-implantitis lesions in humans. Conclusions: Implant placement at the maxillary first molar with bacterial inoculation and the silk ligature method to build peri-implantitis rat models is reliable to use for research on peri-implantitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to its capacity to drive osteoclast differentiation, the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-β ligand (RANKL) is believed to exert a pathological influence in periodontitis. However, RANKL was initially identified as an activator of dendritic cells (DCs), expressed by T cells, and exhibits diverse effects on the immune system. Hence, it is probable that RANKL, acting as a bridge between the bone and immune systems, plays a more intricate role in periodontitis. Using ligature-induced periodontitis (LIP), rapid alveolar bone loss was detected that was later halted even though the ligature was still present. This late phase of LIP was also linked with immunosuppressive conditions in the gingiva. Further investigation revealed that the ligature prompted an immediate migration of RANK-expressing Langerhans cells (LCs) and EpCAM+ DCs, the antigen-presenting cells (APCs) of the gingival epithelium, to the lymph nodes, followed by an expansion of T regulatory (Treg) cells in the gingiva. Subsequently, the ligatured gingiva was repopulated by monocyte-derived RANK-expressing EpCAM+ DCs, while gingival epithelial cells upregulated RANKL expression. Blocking RANKL signaling with monoclonal antibodies significantly reduced the frequencies of Treg cells in the gingiva and prevented gingival immunosuppression. In addition, RANKL signaling facilitated the differentiation of LCs from bone marrow precursors. To further investigate the role of RANKL, we used K14-RANKL mice, in which RANKL is overexpressed by gingival epithelial cells. The elevated RANKL expression shifted the steady-state frequencies of LCs and EpCAM+ DCs within the epithelium, favoring LCs over EpCAM+ DCs. Following ligature placement, heightened levels of Treg cells were observed in the gingiva of K14-RANKL mice, and alveolar bone loss was significantly reduced. These findings suggest that RANKL-RANK interactions between gingival epithelial cells and APCs are crucial for suppressing gingival inflammation, highlighting a protective immunological role for RANKL in periodontitis that was overlooked due to its osteoclastogenic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A thorough analysis of circumstances and examination of the death scene is crucial before determining the manner of death in cases of hanging. While there are numerous reports of suicide and homicide by hanging in India, instances where the deceased is found with hands and/or feet bound and with feet touching a chair, the ground, or a bed, are considerably uncommon, as illustrated in this particular case (figure no.1). Hanging is indeed one of the methods used in suicides due to its accessibility and the perception that it may lead to a quick death. However, it's important to note that the choice of method can vary greatly depending on individual circumstances and cultural context. It is very easy to locate the place (indoor/outdoor) as well as commonly available hanging materials like rope, long napkin, belt, saree, dupatta, and long cloth (dhoti). Partial hanging suicide with handtied rope/dupatta cases are very less in number. Data on suicides, such as those reported by the National Crime Records Bureau, provide important insights into patterns and risk factors for suicide, essential information for public health interventions, and policy-making aimed at preventing such deaths. A total of 1,70,924 suicides were reported in the country during 20229. Sometimes suicidal tendency of the victim is so high that he/she can tie his/her hands with ligature material so that he/she cannot escape from the suicidal situation. We can also learn about partial hanging and postmortem blisters from this case study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

L'utilisation de clips en polymère avec verrouillage (Weck® Hem-o-loks®, Teleflex Medical) est largement plébiscitée pour le contrôle des vaisseaux lors des interventions de néphrectomies cœlioscopiques. Or ces clips sont contre-indiqués pour l'occlusion de l'artère lors des néphrectomies pour don de rein depuis 2005. Nous avons passé en revue les aspects réglementaires, les différentes méta-analyses et les recommandations publiées sur les différents systèmes pour ligaturer l'artère rénale au cours d'une néphrectomie cœlioscopique pour don de rein. Nous avons également interrogé 31 centres français de transplantation rénale sur leur technique d'occlusion de l'artère rénale. Cette enquête a été comparée à celles précédemment publiées en Amérique du Nord et en Europe. Polymer Locking Clips (Weck® Hem-o-loks®, Teleflex Medical) are widely used for the vascular control during laparoscopic nephrectomy. However, those clips are contraindicated for use in ligating the renal artery during laparoscopic nephrectomies in living donor patients since 2005. We reviewed regulatory aspects, meta-analysis and guidelines published on the means used to ligate the renal artery during laparoscopic living donor nephrectomy. We equally investigated among 31 French kidney transplant centers about their technique to occlude the renal artery. This survey was compared to those previously published in North America and in Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As part of the development of critical technologies, it is necessary to search for alternative replacement of components in the compositions of aluminum ligatures, including known modifying additives of scandium and yttrium with other rare-earth and rare elements. Aluminum ligatures with rare-earth metals are widely considered in many scientific papers, but the research on the production of Al-Yb ligatures is limited. In this paper, the authors describe the results of studying the production of ligatures of the aluminum-ytterbium system from ytterbium oxide by aluminothermic reduction, containing nanoscale Al3Yb intermetallic compounds and eutectics in their structure. Serving as crystallization centers, the optimal-size particles of intermetallic compounds provide uniform fine-grained structure in aluminum alloy castings. The relationship has been obtained that enables the maximum transition of ytterbium into the alloy depending on the quantitative and qualitative composition of the reaction mixture and various melting process parameters. The conducted studies have shown that ligatures obtained by aluminothermic reduction of ytterbium oxide with the addition of 5 to 15 wt. % Mg to the reaction mixture have the highest characteristic of ytterbium transition into the ligature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In two-stage hepatectomy for bilobar liver metastases from colorectal cancer, future liver remnant (FLR) growth can be achieved using several techniques, such as right portal vein ligation (RPVL) or right portal vein embolization (RPVE). A few heterogeneous studies have compared these two techniques with contradictory results concerning FLR growth. The objective of this study was to compare FLR hypertrophy of the left hemi-liver after RPVL and RPVE. Study design: This was a retrospective comparative study using a propensity score of patients who underwent RPVL or RPVE prior to major hepatectomy between January 2010 and December 2020. The endpoints were FLR growth (%) after weighting using the propensity score, which included FLR prior to surgery and the number of chemotherapy cycles. Secondary endpoints were the percentage of patients undergoing simultaneous procedures, the morbidity and mortality, the recourse to other liver hypertrophy procedures, and the number of invasive procedures for the entire oncologic program in intention-to-treat analysis. Results: Fifty-four consecutive patients were retrospectively included and analyzed, 18 in the RPVL group, and 36 in the RPVE group. The demographic characteristics were similar between the groups. After weighting, there was no significant difference between the RPVL and RPVE groups for FLR growth (%), respectively 32.5% [19.3–56.0%] and 34.5% [20.5–47.3%] (p = 0.221). There was no significant difference regarding the secondary outcomes except for the lower number of invasive procedures in RPVL group (median of 2 [2.0, 3.0] in RPVL group and 3 [3.0, 3.0] in RPVE group, p = 0.001)). Conclusion: RPVL and RPVE are both effective to provide required left hemi-liver hypertrophy before right hepatectomy. RPVL should be considered for the simultaneous treatment of liver metastases and the primary tumor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Report a case of necrosis of the common carotid artery (CCA) and the ipsilateral internal jugular vein (IJV) in order to expose the diagnostic and therapeutic difficulties of management. A 38-year-old female patient, pregnant at 20 weeks of gestation, with no particular medical-surgical history, was admitted to the ENT department for a painful left side-cervical swelling. The patient had been suffering from odynophagia for two weeks, apparently following ingestion of a foreign body (fish bone) during a meal. On admission, the ENT examination revealed painful left anterior and lateral cervical swelling, covered by inflammatory skin. Cervical CT scan showed a left side-cervical abscess with significant emphysema. The exploratory cervicotomy performed noted partial necrosis of the left common carotid artery and total necrosis of the cervical portion of the ipsilateral IJV, causing a significant compressive hematoma. A necrosectomy with double ligation of the left common carotid artery was performed. The postoperative course was marked on postoperative day 2 by the occurrence of skin necrosis for which a total skin graft was performed on postoperative day 20. The clinical evolution was satisfactory without neurological or ophthalmological sequelae after a three-year follow-up. Necrosis of the common carotid artery and the ipsilateral internal jugular vein is an exceptional occurrence. Carotid artery ligation is sometimes the only therapeutic option despite its risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Periodontal disease is that condition resulting in the destruction of periodontal tissues, bone resorption, and tooth loss, the etiology of which is linked to immunological and microbiological factors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential trigger of periodontal disease in a rat model using bacterial species incriminated in the pathology of human periodontitis and to establish their optimal concentrations capable of reproducing the disease, with the idea of subsequently developing innovative treatments for the condition. In this study, we included 15 male Wistar rats, aged 20 weeks, which we divided into three groups. In each group, we applied ligatures with gingival retraction wire on the maxillary incisors. The ligature and the gingival sac were contaminated by oral gavage with a mixture of fresh cultures of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (A.a), Fusobacterium nucleatum (F.n) and Streptococcus oralis (S.o) in concentrations of 108, 109, and 1010 CFU/mL each for 5 days a week for 4 weeks. During the clinical monitoring period of 28 days, overlapped with the period of oral contamination, we followed the expression of clinical signs specific to periodontitis. We also monitored the evolution of body weight and took weekly samples from the oral cavity for the microbiological identification of the tested bacteria and blood samples for hematological examination. At the end of the study, the animals were euthanized, and the ligated incisors were taken for histopathological analysis. The characteristic symptomatology of periodontal disease was expressed from the first week of the study and was maintained until the end, and we were able to identify the bacteria during each examination. Hematologically, the number of neutrophils decreased dramatically (p < 0.0001) in the case of the 109 group, unlike the other groups, as did the number of lymphocytes. Histopathologically, we identified neutrophilic infiltrate in all groups, as well as the presence of coccobacilli, periodontal tissue hyperplasia, and periodontal lysis. In the 109 group, we also observed pulpal tissue with necrotic bone fragments and pyogranulomatous inflammatory reaction. By corroborating the data, we can conclude that for the development of periodontal disease using A.a, F.n, and S.o, a concentration of 109 or 1010 CFU/mL is required, which must necessarily contaminate a ligature thread applied to the level of the rat's dental pack. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abdullah Omar Al Houssien,1 Adi Mohammed Al Owaifeer,2,3 Sameer I Ahmad,4– 6 Ohoud Owaidhah,7 Rizwan Malik8 1Fellowship and Residency Training Program, King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; 2Research Department, King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; 3Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Al Hasa, Saudi Arabia; 4Department of Ophthalmology, Howard University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA; 5Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; 6Glaucoma Consultants of Washington, Herndon, VA, USA; 7Glaucoma Division, King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; 8Department of Ophthalmology, Sheikh Khalifa Medical City, Abu Dhabi, United Arab EmiratesCorrespondence: Abdullah Omar Al Houssien, Fellowship and Residency Training Program, King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, 2775 Al Urobah Road, Umm Al Hamam Al Gharbi, Riyadh, 12329-8139, Saudi Arabia, Email AbdullahAlHoussien@gmail.comIntroduction and Objective: To describe a novel technique for providing external ligation of the Ahmed glaucoma valve (AGV) to prevent hypotony in eyes at high risk with a 4/0 nylon stent suture and report outcomes compared to ligation with an absorbable vicryl suture and no ligation in terms of efficacy and safety.Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study investigating the efficacy and safety of in situ stenting compared to an absorbable ligature and the standard care, in high risk eyes, of hypotony. It included 116 patients; 34 in Group A (ligation + stent), 27 in Group B (ligation – stent), and 55 in Group C (no ligation).Results: The mean age (in years) of the participants was 53.94± 19.01 in Group A, 44.85± 29.92 in Group B and 52.62± 24.47 in Group C, 59% (n = 20), 63% (n = 17) and 60% (n = 33) were males, respectively. The follow-up period was at least 6 months (Group A: 9.1± 4.2 months, Group B: 9.6± 3.4 months and Group C: 10.2± 6.4 months). The mean baseline Snellen VA (LogMAR) was 1.82± 1.34, 1.30± 0.98 and 1.34± 1.07 and the mean baseline IOP was 32.50± 9.48, 28.22± 7.12 and 28.33± 10.63 mmHg, in Groups A, B and C, respectively. The failure rates, by the Kaplan Meier Survival curve, were higher 27.3% in Group C (no ligation) compared to 20.6% in Group A (ligation + stent) and 18.5% in Group B (ligation – stent) yet not found to be statistically significant (p = 0.4; log rank test). There was lower hypotony 2.9% in Group A and lower complications 25.9% in Group B but no statistical significance was found amongst the groups.Conclusion: In conclusion, temporary nylon in situ stenting of AGV had lower rates of hypotony. Furthermore, lower failure and complication rates were observed in vicryl only ligated AGV, then nylon in situ stented AGV and lastly in standard AGV controls.Keywords: AGV, hypotony, ligation, stent, ligature

Abstract Purpose To provide a systematic overview of preclinical research regarding bone defect formation around different implant surfaces after ligature-induced peri-implantitis models in dogs. Two focused questions were formulated: ‘How much bone loss can be expected after a certain time of ligature induced peri-implantitis?’ and ‘Do different implant types, dog breeds and study protocols differ in their extent of bone loss?’ Materials and methods A systematic literature search was conducted on four databases (MEDLINE, Web of Science, EMBASE and Scopus). Observations, which consisted of bone defects measured directly after ligature removal in canine models, were included and analysed. Two approaches were used to analyse the relatively heterogeneous studies that fulfilled the inclusion criteria. First, separate simple linear regressions were calculated for each study and implant surface, for which observations were available across multiple time points. Second, a linear mixed model was specified for the observations at 12 weeks after ligature initiation, and assessing the potential influencing factors on defect depth was explored using lasso regularisation. Results Thirty-six studies with a total of 1082 implants were included after. Bone loss was determined at different time points, either with clinical measurements radiographically or histologically. Different implant groups [e.g. turned, sand-blasted-acid-etched (SLA), titanium-plasma-sprayed (TPS) and other rough surfaces] were assessed and described in the studies. A mean incremental defect depth increase of 0.08 mm (SD: −0.01–0.28 mm) per week was observed. After 12 weeks, the defect depths ranged between 0.7 and 5 mm. Based on the current data set, implant surface could not be statistically identified as an essential factor in defect depth after 12 weeks of ligature-induced peri-implantitis. Conclusion Expectable defect depth after a specific time of ligature-induced peri-implantitis can vary robustly. It is currently impossible to delineate apparent differences in bone loss around different implant surfaces.

Background:Hanging is a form of asphyxia caused by external pressure on upper airwaysderived from a band tightened by the gravitational weight of the body. It could by suicidal or homicidal. Method: 50 dead bodies (35 males and 15 females) aged between 20-70 years old who died due to hanging were studied. The autopsies were carried out to rule out gender differences, pattern of ligature marks on neck, ligature material used, fractures of hyoid bone or thyroid cartilage in the neck, significant findings in dissection of neck caused by death due to hanging, differences between antemortemand postmortem hanging, associated injuries in hanging etc. Results: 35 (70%) males, 15 (30%) females dead bodies due to hanging 19 (38%) were summer, 20 (40%) in rainy, 11 (22%) in winter season, 14 (28%) outdoor, 36 (72%) were outdoor hanging deaths, 36 (72%) ligatures were above the thyroid cartilage, 9 (18%) at the level of cartilage, 5 (10%) below the level of thyroid cartilage. The significant findings of neck dissection were 30 (60%) in the present study. Conclusion: The present study of deaths due to hanging will certainly help the medico-legal experts to differentiate betweensuicidalandhomicidal hanging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Fas ligand (FasL) belongs to the tumour necrosis factor superfamily regulating bone turnover, inflammation, and apoptosis. The appendicular and axial skeleton phenotype of mature Faslgld mice has been reported. The impact of FasL on the alveolar bone providing support for the teeth at mature stages under healthy and induced inflammatory conditions remains unknown. Materials and Methods: We performed a phenotypical analysis of mice carrying the homozygous Faslgld mutation and wild‐type (WT) mice (C57BL/6) under healthy conditions and upon ligature‐induced periodontitis. After 12 days, micro‐computed tomography analysis revealed the distance between the cement enamel junction and the alveolar bone crest. Additional structural parameters, such as the bone volume fraction (BV/TV) and the periodontal ligament space volume, were measured. Histological analyses were performed to visualize the catabolic changes at the defect site. Results: Healthy Faslgld mice were found to have more periodontal bone than their WT littermates. Faslgld had no significant effect on inflammatory osteolysis compared to WT controls with ligatures. Histology revealed eroded surfaces at the root and in the inter‐proximal bone in both strains. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that FasL is a catabolic factor in alveolar bone homeostasis but it does not affect the inflammatory osteolysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate whether ligature-induced periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) potentiate the deleterious effects on functional capacity, periodontal and synovial tissues, leukocyte migration, and interleukin 17 (IL-17) levels, and to investigate the repercussions of single Freund's Complete Adjuvant (FCA) injection associated with periodontitis. Fifty-one male Wistar rats were randomised into six groups: control (CG, n = 8), RA (RAG, n = 9), periodontitis (PG, n = 9), periodontitis and RA (PRAG, n = 9), periodontitis and intradermal injection (PIDG, n = 9), and periodontitis and intra-articular injection (PIAG, n = 7). The animals underwent ligature placement and one or two injections with FCA to induce RA. Motor disability, nociceptive threshold, joint edema, and muscle strength were assessed, and the animals were euthanized on day 30. Synovial fluid, hemimandibles, and knee joints were collected. PRAG showed no reduction of edema or improvement of muscle strength, whereas it showed most significant changes in leukocyte migration, morphological analyses of the synovial membrane (SM), and radiographic and histometric analyses of the jaw. The PIAG showed some alterations, though not permanent. Ligature-induced periodontitis and RA induced by two FCA injections accentuated the deleterious effects on functional capacity, leukocyte migration, synovial and periodontal tissues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This present study zeroes in on the elucidation about the often bypassed but tacit linguistic ligature between two languages namely Turkish amp; Greek spoken in two maritime border sharing countries namely Turkey and Greece. The study revisits the glorious past by alluding to historical contexts to justify the indispensability of the Juggernaut Grecian linguistic Influence on Turkish. The study underscores the fact that it is a naturally acceptable phenomenon that one language will influence the other through mutual vocabulary acclimatization due to geographical proximity and vice versa To do justice and to lend weight to the very defense of the influence on the first language of the second mostly in the domain of placenames, the study resorts to the broaching of a curated list of Turkish words vis-à-vis their Greek counterparts through the usage of search engines namely lexilogos.com and etymononline.com . It embarks upon the odyssey of elucidating the behind-the-scenes operationalization of linguistic techniques such as Grin’s Law and Vowel Mutation Law accentuating the very process of derivation of select Turkish place names from Grecian Parallels by attempting a kaleidoscopic analysis. The study ultimately logically drives in home a conclusion that Turkish capitulation to Greek for the appellation of select place names in the Turkish mainland was both an inevitable phenomenon and is a linguistically acceptable no-surprise experientiality.

Introduction and Objective: To describe a novel technique for providing external ligation of the Ahmed glaucoma valve (AGV) to prevent hypotony in eyes at high risk with a 4/0 nylon stent suture and report outcomes compared to ligation with an absorbable vicryl suture and no ligation in terms of efficacy and safety. Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study investigating the efficacy and safety of in situ stenting compared to an absorbable ligature and the standard care, in high risk eyes, of hypotony. It included 116 patients; 34 in Group A (ligation + stent), 27 in Group B (ligation – stent), and 55 in Group C (no ligation). Results: The mean age (in years) of the participants was 53.94± 19.01 in Group A, 44.85± 29.92 in Group B and 52.62± 24.47 in Group C, 59% (n = 20), 63% (n = 17) and 60% (n = 33) were males, respectively. The follow-up period was at least 6 months (Group A: 9.1± 4.2 months, Group B: 9.6± 3.4 months and Group C: 10.2± 6.4 months). The mean baseline Snellen VA (LogMAR) was 1.82± 1.34, 1.30± 0.98 and 1.34± 1.07 and the mean baseline IOP was 32.50± 9.48, 28.22± 7.12 and 28.33± 10.63 mmHg, in Groups A, B and C, respectively. The failure rates, by the Kaplan Meier Survival curve, were higher 27.3% in Group C (no ligation) compared to 20.6% in Group A (ligation + stent) and 18.5% in Group B (ligation – stent) yet not found to be statistically significant (p = 0.4; log rank test). There was lower hypotony 2.9% in Group A and lower complications 25.9% in Group B but no statistical significance was found amongst the groups. Conclusion: In conclusion, temporary nylon in situ stenting of AGV had lower rates of hypotony. Furthermore, lower failure and complication rates were observed in vicryl only ligated AGV, then nylon in situ stented AGV and lastly in standard AGV controls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The destruction of alveolar bone is a crucial manifestation of severe chronic periodontitis, which stem cell-based bioengineered therapies are expected to cure. Therefore, a cost-effective, reproducible, quantifiability and easier to administrate animal model that mimics human periodontitis is of great importance for further endeavor. In this study, we created periodontitis rat models in silk ligation group, bone defect group and bone defect/silk ligation group, respectively. Obvious periodontal inflammation but slight alveolar bone resorption was observed in the ligation group, while surgical trauma was not robust enough to continually worsen the constructed bone defect area in the bone defect group. In the bone defect/ligature group, significant and stable periodontal inflammation was the most enduring with similar evolving pathological patterns of human periodontitis. It also exhibited enhanced clinical similarity and confirmed its superiority in quantitativeness. The present rat model is the first study to reproduce a pathological process similar to human periodontitis with reliable stability and repeatability, manifesting a priority to previous methods. Day 9–12 is the best time for reproducing severe periodontitis syndromes with vertical bone resorption in this model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To provide a systematic overview of preclinical research regarding bone defect formation around different implant surfaces after ligature-induced peri-implantitis models in dogs. Two focused questions were formulated: 'How much bone loss can be expected after a certain time of ligature induced peri-implantitis?' and 'Do different implant types, dog breeds and study protocols differ in their extent of bone loss?' Materials and methods: A systematic literature search was conducted on four databases (MEDLINE, Web of Science, EMBASE and Scopus). Observations, which consisted of bone defects measured directly after ligature removal in canine models, were included and analysed. Two approaches were used to analyse the relatively heterogeneous studies that fulfilled the inclusion criteria. First, separate simple linear regressions were calculated for each study and implant surface, for which observations were available across multiple time points. Second, a linear mixed model was specified for the observations at 12 weeks after ligature initiation, and assessing the potential influencing factors on defect depth was explored using lasso regularisation. Results: Thirty-six studies with a total of 1082 implants were included after. Bone loss was determined at different time points, either with clinical measurements radiographically or histologically. Different implant groups [e.g. turned, sand-blasted-acid-etched (SLA), titanium-plasma-sprayed (TPS) and other rough surfaces] were assessed and described in the studies. A mean incremental defect depth increase of 0.08 mm (SD: −0.01–0.28 mm) per week was observed. After 12 weeks, the defect depths ranged between 0.7 and 5 mm. Based on the current data set, implant surface could not be statistically identified as an essential factor in defect depth after 12 weeks of ligature-induced peri-implantitis. Conclusion: Expectable defect depth after a specific time of ligature-induced peri-implantitis can vary robustly. It is currently impossible to delineate apparent differences in bone loss around different implant surfaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of RAST Musicology Journal / Rast Muzikoloji Dergisi is the property of RAST Musicology Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Periodontal disease is that condition resulting in the destruction of periodontal tissues, bone resorption, and tooth loss, the etiology of which is linked to immunological and microbiological factors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential trigger of periodontal disease in a rat model using bacterial species incriminated in the pathology of human periodontitis and to establish their optimal concentrations capable of reproducing the disease, with the idea of subsequently developing innovative treatments for the condition. In this study, we included 15 male Wistar rats, aged 20 weeks, which we divided into three groups. In each group, we applied ligatures with gingival retraction wire on the maxillary incisors. The ligature and the gingival sac were contaminated by oral gavage with a mixture of fresh cultures of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (A.a), Fusobacterium nucleatum (F.n) and Streptococcus oralis (S.o) in concentrations of 108, 109, and 1010 CFU/mL each for 5 days a week for 4 weeks. During the clinical monitoring period of 28 days, overlapped with the period of oral contamination, we followed the expression of clinical signs specific to periodontitis. We also monitored the evolution of body weight and took weekly samples from the oral cavity for the microbiological identification of the tested bacteria and blood samples for hematological examination. At the end of the study, the animals were euthanized, and the ligated incisors were taken for histopathological analysis. The characteristic symptomatology of periodontal disease was expressed from the first week of the study and was maintained until the end, and we were able to identify the bacteria during each examination. Hematologically, the number of neutrophils decreased dramatically (p < 0.0001) in the case of the 109 group, unlike the other groups, as did the number of lymphocytes. Histopathologically, we identified neutrophilic infiltrate in all groups, as well as the presence of coccobacilli, periodontal tissue hyperplasia, and periodontal lysis. In the 109 group, we also observed pulpal tissue with necrotic bone fragments and pyogranulomatous inflammatory reaction. By corroborating the data, we can conclude that for the development of periodontal disease using A.a, F.n, and S.o, a concentration of 109 or 1010 CFU/mL is required, which must necessarily contaminate a ligature thread applied to the level of the rat’s dental pack.

Of all deaths by suicide on psychiatric wards, 75% are due to hanging or strangulation by ligature. The act of tying a ligature is complex self harm risk behaviour and can be fatal. There is no consistent framework available to ensure that essential risk information is accurately captured following a patient tying a ligature. This leads to a variable quality of incident reports being generated in inpatient psychiatric wards, which can be challenging for the MDT to interpret second hand and understand the ligature risk in that case. Effective psychiatric care is underpinned by accurate and detailed documentation; thus comprehensive recording of ligature incidents is essential for recognising trends and risk factors, and in building a 'ligature tying profile'. A 'Ligature Assessment Tool' was developed to ensure that certain aspects of a ligature risk incident were recorded in a systematic way on the incident reporting system. The tool consists of 15 criteria and is in a semi-structured format. This was rolled out in a regional female medium secure unit. There was clear improvement in the quality of reports, with an increase in the detail included. For two patients, a 'ligature tying profile' was identified. Staff felt that the tool improved their documentation and was highly usable. Further work is ongoing; there is interest in use of the tool in general adult services and also in the national high secure service for women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

γδ T cells are nonclassical T lymphocytes representing the major T-cell population at epithelial barriers. In the gingiva, γδ T cells are enriched in epithelial regions adjacent to the biofilm and are considered to regulate local immunity to maintain host-biofilm homeostatic interactions. This delicate balance is often disrupted resulting in the development of periodontitis. Previous studies in mice lacking γδ T cells from birth (Tcrd -/- mice) examined the impact of these cells on ligature-induced periodontitis. Data obtained from those studies proposed either a protective effect or no impact to γδ T cells in this setting. Here, we addressed the role of γδ T cells in periodontitis using the recently developed Tcrd-GDL mice, enabling temporal ablation of γδ T cells. Specifically, the impact of γδ T cells during periodontitis was examined in 2 modalities: the ligature model and the oral infection model in which the pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis was administrated via successive oral gavages. Ablation of γδ T cells during ligature-induced periodontitis had no impact on innate immune cell recruitment to the ligated gingiva. In addition, the number of osteoclasts and subsequent alveolar bone loss were unaffected. However, γδ T cells play a pathologic role during P. gingivalis infection, and their absence prevented alveolar bone loss. Further analysis revealed that γδ T cells were responsible for the recruitment of neutrophils and monocytes to the gingiva following the exposure to P. gingivalis. γδ T-cell ablation also downregulated osteoclastogenesis and dysregulated long-term immune responses in the gingiva. Collectively, this study demonstrates that whereas γδ T cells are dispensable to periodontitis induced by the ligature model, they play a deleterious role in the oral infection model by facilitating pathogen-induced bone-destructive immune responses. On a broader aspect, this study highlights the complex immunopathologic mechanisms involved in periodontal bone loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To compare the incidence of intra-operative haemorrhage from ovarian vessels during ovariectomy (OV) and ovariohysterectomy (OVH) in dogs and cats performed by inexperienced surgeons using surgeon's and constrictor knots to ligate the ovarian pedicles. All client-owned female dogs (n = 51) and cats (n = 102) that presented for OV or OVH at two referral clinics in Belgium and France from January to June 2019 were included. Surgeries were performed by inexperienced surgeons under the supervision of diplomates or residents of the European College of Veterinary Surgeons. During routine and emergency OV or OVH one pedicle of each animal was ligated using a constrictor knot and the other with a surgeon's knot, the side assigned randomly. Time taken to perform each knot and the number of ligatures that resulted in intraoperative haemorrhage from the ovarian vessels were recorded. Body condition score (BCS) was recorded for 33 dogs and 22 cats. The median time taken to perform constrictor knots in dogs (81 seconds), was longer than for surgeon's knots (69 seconds; p = 0.005). In cats, the median time taken to perform constrictor knots (109 seconds) was also longer than for surgeon's knots (90.5 seconds; p = 0.02). The number of dogs that had intra-operative haemorrhages from pedicles ligated with constrictor knots (2/102; 3.9%) was less than those ligated with surgeon's knots (10/102; 19.6%; p = 0.027). The median BCS of dogs that experienced haemorrhage (n = 8; median 5/9, min 3/9, max 7/9) was higher (p = 0.019) than that of dogs that did not experience haemorrhage (n = 25; median 4/9, min 3/9, max 8/9). There was no evidence (p = 1.0) of a difference in the proportion of cats that experienced intra-operative haemorrhage from pedicles ligated with constrictor knots (3/44; 6.8%) and those ligated with surgeon's knots (2/44; 4.5%). Two-thirds of the haemorrhages with constrictor knots were caused by pedicle rupture during tightening. The rate of intraoperative haemorrhage from the ovarian pedicle was lower when a constrictor knot was used compared to a surgeon's knot in dogs but not in cats. While the constrictor knot was more time consuming to tie this is not likely to have a clinical impact. Use of this knot by inexperienced surgeons in dogs may help to reduce the risk of intraoperative haemorrhage during OVH/OV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cirugía y Cirujanos is the property of Publicidad Permanyer SLU and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Physicochemical patterns of complex reduction of multicomponent charge have been studied in the absence of liquid phases in order to obtain spongy ligatures. The charge contained both simple oxides and complex oxide compounds. The reduction was conducted being realized at the expense of carbon and gases (CO and H2) as well as with the participation of the carbide phase, which was formed during the reduction process. The dependence of the phase composition of the reduction products on the initial ratios O/(C+H) and C/H was determined. The possibility of the presence of Femet in the products was shown at increasing the C/H ratio and the formation of complex carbide based on (1/60 Fe3C+1/3 Cr3C2). The temperature limits of the appearance of metallic and carbide phases have been theoretically determined based on both thermodynamic modeling of the system Cr-Fe-C-O-H using the software HSC Chemistry 5.1 and the results of X-ray phase analysis of the reduction products. The equilibrium composition of the gas phase for the complex reduction of iron chromite under different conditions was calculated. To evaluate the kinetic features of the reduction of iron chromite, the rate of the complex reduction of Fe(CrO2)2 was determined under conditions of chemical-catalytic action. Salts of alkali metals (potassium and sodium) were used as catalytic additives. The influence of temperature, reducing agent composition and the nature and amount of catalytic additive on the process rate was investigated. Conclusions on the type and optimal proportion of additives have been made. The mechanism of influence of catalytic additives on the kinetic characteristics of the complex reduction of iron chromite was analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urdu Optical Character Recognition (OCR) based on character level recognition (analytical approach) is less popular as compared to ligature level recognition (holistic approach) due to its added complexity, characters and strokes overlapping. This paper presents a holistic approach Urdu ligature extraction technique. The proposed Photometric Ligature Extraction (PLE) technique is independent of font size and column layout and is capable to handle non-overlapping and all inter and intra overlapping ligatures. It uses a customized photometric filter along with the application of X-shearing and padding with connected component analysis, to extract complete ligatures instead of extracting primary and secondary ligatures separately. A total of ~ 2,67,800 ligatures were extracted from scanned Urdu Nastaliq printed text images with an accuracy of 99.4%. Thus, the proposed framework outperforms the existing Urdu Nastaliq text extraction and segmentation algorithms. The proposed PLE framework can also be applied to other languages using the Nastaliq script style, languages such as Arabic, Persian, Pashto, and Sindhi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of industrial waste is one of the main problems of the modern economy. In Belarus, there is no primary metallurgical processing of natural raw materials, so the use of secondary materials and production waste is a very relevant and important task for the industry, given into account that the cost of metals extracted from secondary raw materials is several times less than the primary ones.One of the types of such raw materials is tin-lead dross (ash), which consists of tin and lead oxides with inclusions of the metal component beads. The most valuable element in dross is tin, the price of which is much higher than the cost of many non-ferrous metals. The aim of the work was to study the influence of various technological factors on the metallurgical output during the processing of tin-lead ash into solders and ligatures.In this regard the results of previous studies related to the extraction of tin and lead in the processing of secondary raw materials were summarized, and new data on technological methods for deeper metallurgical processing of dross (ash) were presented. This allowed them to develop options for obtaining high-quality solder type POS 61 and ligatures.

The article publishes a series of stamps, previously usually attributed to undefined centers. A Comparision of Mediterranean and Black Sea materials allows with a high degree of probability to attribute the stamps published below as Knidian. At the same time, an attempt is made to separate individual stamps within the group and their chronological definition.

In-air handwriting is a contemporary human computer interaction (HCI) technique which enables users to write and communicate in free space in a simple and intuitive manner. Air-written characters exhibit wide variations depending upon different writing styles of users and their speed of articulation, which presents a great challenge towards effective recognition of linguistic characters. So, in this paper we have proposed an ensemble model for in-air handwriting recognition which is based on convolutional neural network (CNN) and a long short-term memory neural network (LSTM-NN). The method collaborates overall character trajectory appearance modeling and temporal trajectory feature modeling for efficient recognition of varied types of air-written characters. In contrast to two-dimensional handwriting, in-air handwriting generally involves writing of characters interlinked by a continuous stroke, which makes segregation of intended writing activity from insignificant connecting motions an intricate task. So, a two-stage statistical framework is incorporated in the system for automatic detection and extraction of relevant writing segments from air-written characters. Identification of writing events from a continuous stream of air-written data is accomplished by formulating a Markov Random Field (MRF) model, while the segmentation of writing events into meaningful handwriting segments and redundant parts is performed by implementation of a Mahalanobis distance (MD) classifier. The proposed approach is assessed on an air-written character dataset comprising of Assamese vowels, consonants and numerals. The experimental results connote that our hybrid network can assimilate more information from the air-writing patterns and hence offer better recognition performance than the state-of-the-art approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ongoing development of manganese ore deposits in various countries and their treatment in special ferroalloys furnaces leads to continued environmental pollution by manganese compounds. At the same time, waste generated by companies is a valuable raw material that can be used to create marketable products. What is equally important is that low-cost and highly profitable production will contribute to the economic progress of regions and countries as a whole. That is of particular importance since toxic waste increases from 4 to 5 million tons each year. Several methods and technologies developed over the past decade may be proposed for the development, field demonstration, and implementation of the decontamination and use of metallic waste and contaminated soils. Among these is chemical-metallurgical enrichment of manganese, bacterial and chemo-bacterial leaching of manganese and arsenic, treatment of soils with ferrous and ferric sulfates and lime, phytoremediation, solidification, and stabilization of soils. Traditional industrial waste technologies are associated with significant energy costs, long process times, and the need for complex and expensive equipment. Waste generated in industrial operations is a valuable raw material and can be used to produce new marketable products. The study on the effectiveness of self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) methods, characterized by the simplicity of required equipment, the purity of the final product, and the high processing speed, is of high scientific and practical interest. The work presents technological aspects of obtaining ligature by the SHS method from finely dispersed particles of manganese ore wastes and dust obtained in silicomanganese production. Features and the main parameters to control the phase composition of synthesis products have been experimentally established, as well as the effect of overloads on cast ligature formation patterns and structure formation mechanisms. It has been demonstrated that valuable products can be obtained from finely dispersed waste through SHS metallurgy. In order to reduce the cost and increase the competitiveness of the manganese-containing ligatures obtained, a wide range of studies were conducted with various initial components. The economic feasibility of producing multi-component ligatures from the waste of manganese production has been established and justified. The proposed scientific approach will enable turning tens of millions of tons of ore and ferroalloy production wastes into industrial circulation globally and releasing millions of hectares of land littered with this waste to rehabilitate it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Clinical Orthodontics is the property of Dental Press International and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Psychiatric risks associated with ligature-tying present significant management challenges for inpatient multidisciplinary teams (MDT). Accurate and detailed clinical information capture following incidents involving ligatures is necessary to inform future risk management. A documentation tool is presented which has been demonstrated to improve the accuracy of recording of clinical risk information following inpatient ligature incidents in the child and adolescent mental health service (CAMHS) psychiatric intensive care unit (PICU) setting. The LIGATURE RECORD tool provides a highly useable prompt for information capture of 14 important data elements identified as relevant to MDT risk formulation. The effectiveness of the LIGATURE RECORD tool was audited following its introduction in PICU in May 2020. Contemporaneous incident reports and progress note entries were examined with an improvement in the frequency of reporting of all 14 domains seen, with near-100% completeness where the prompt was used directly as a template. Particular improvements were seen in recording of non-narrative elements such as circumstantial information and important negative reports. Formal and informal feedback from clinical staff indicated good usability and high rates of adoption of the tool. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La dégénérescence anévrismale de l'artère brachiale est une complication exceptionnelle des fistules natives distales. Les contraintes mécaniques chroniques dues à l'hyperdébit, ainsi que le traitement immunosuppresseur suivant la transplantation rénale, sont des facteurs incriminés dans le mécanisme physiopathologique. Nous décrivons un cas unique d'un patient transplanté rénal, présentant un anévrisme vrai de l'artère brachiale 8 ans après la transplantation, et 5 ans après la ligature de sa fistule radiocéphalique au poignet. Le patient a bénéficié d'une cure chirurgicale avec résection et anastomose termino-terminale. Nous présentons une revue de littérature des différentes stratégies thérapeutiques de cette entité peu fréquente. Brachial artery aneurysmal degeneration is an exceptional complication of distal native fistulas. Chronic mechanical stresses due to high flow, as well as immunosuppressants drugs following renal transplantation, are the mains factors implicated in the pathophysiological mechanism. We report a case of a transplant patient with a true, symptomatic, brachial artery aneurysm, 8 years after transplantation and 5 years after radiocephalic wrist fistula ligation. The patient underwent open surgical repair, with aneurysm resection and end-to-end anastomosis. We present a literature review of the different therapeutic strategies of this unusual entity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The results of experimental studies on the development of a method for obtaining titanium-containing bar ligature, the study of its structure and modifying ability are presented. The distinctive features of the new technology are the use of titanium sponge and/or titanium shavings as titanium raw materials, the primary alloying of aluminum with titanium, and then boron, the introduction of titanium in two stages: initially, 2/3 of the titanium metal raw materials are dissolved in the aluminum melt, and the remaining amount is introduced after the reduction of potassium tetrafluoroborate. Pre-impregnation of the titanium sponge with halide-containing flux and the use of a briquetted mixture of KBF4 + Al-powder are also provided. The experimental technology for the preparation of the Al–Ti–B melt is described, the extraction of titanium and boron into the ligature is calculated, its microstructure is investigated, and the chemical and molecular compositions of the resulting slags are determined. Deformation treatment for the production of bar ligature was carried out by the method of direct extrolling which made it possible to level the defects of the cast structure. It is established that the use of high-speed crystallization-deformation in the implementation of the combined direct extrolling process makes it possible to obtain alloying bars of a given diameter at minimal energy consumption with the required complex of mechanical and operational properties. A quantitative assessment of the modifying ability of the experimental cast-iron ligature and the deformed cast-iron rod obtained by the direct extrolling method was carried out in comparison with the mass-produced cast-iron ligature produced by KBM Affilips (the Netherlands/Belgium). Based on theoretical and experimental studies, the composition and technology for producing Al–Ti–B modifying ligature using titanium sponge and/or shavings and potassium tetrafluoroborate with a content of 3.0 ± 0.3% titanium and 1.0 ± 0.2% boron as alloying additives have been developed, which meets the requirements for the composition of aluminum ligatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gastro esophageal reflux disease (GERD) is prevalent worldwide and also known as anti-reflux disease. It is treated by modifying lifestyle along with medication and surgery in severe stage. Lifestyle modifications minimize GERD symptoms to some extent. Medication is not effective in all patients and requires long time intervention associated with serious complication. Pre-Surgical screening by various methods like Esophagogastroduodenoscopy, pH test, Barium swallow which helps in selecting appropriate technique for surgery. Linux reflux management system is useful to manage GERD by applying magnetic field. Immunohistochemical biomarkers like Interleukin33, G-protein coupled receptor 84 are monitored in GERD patient as new approach to treat GERD. The ultimate method to treat chronic GERD is Surgery which is known as antireflux surgery, it includes a procedure termed as fundoplication. The most common method of fundoplication is Nissen fundoplication. Laparoscopy is another popular surgical method used to treat GERD. The difference between the fundoplication and Laparoscopy is that fundoplication is non-invasive whereas Laparoscopy is invasive method. These two techniques are effective to great extent with minimum complication and provide complete relief to the patient. Some other techniques for GERD treatment are laparotomy, laparoscopic nissen fundoplication, belsey Mark IV repair which provide better relief than long term medical therapy. Surgery is safe and effective with minor post-surgical complication and therefore has become popular method for treating GERD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starting from a brief travel through some Freudian postulations regarding the status of the fellow human-being from the beginning of life, we address the possible vicissitudes of one of the most painful and difficult operations that the subject must undertake on his way to adulthood, such is the detachment of parental authority. The way in which the treatment of the differentiation process evolves will determine the way in which a person enters society. Hatred as a way to face the painful operation, can produce a displacement of love and submission to other enthroned figures. Radicalization would be an extreme position with the subsequent impoverishment of the "inner foreign land". The different elements that lead to de-subjectivation are analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Death by hanging is a vital health hazard worldwide; it is classified as violent mechanical deaths resulting from asphyxia. The manner of death in hanging is suicide in the majority of the cases, and accidental hanging is less common, and homicidal hanging is still less common. The study was aimed towards analyzing sociodemographic patterns, precipitating factors for committing hanging at Vijayanagar Institute of Medical Sciences (VIMS), Ballari, India. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted at the mortuary of VIMS, Ballari, Karnataka, India. From January 01, 2016, to December 31, 2020, 356 alleged hanging cases were brought to the mortuary for postmortem examination, and the cause of death was attributed to hanging. The necessary data were collected with the help of history, inquest reports, meticulous postmortem examination, etc. The results were obtained after tabulating and data analyzed with a cross-sectional study. Results: Of 356 cases of hanging, the majority of the cases were in the age group of 31-40 years (140 patients; i.e., 39.32%). Male preponderance was detected in 235(66%) cases, and most victims have married 199(56%) subjects. Concerning seasonal variation, we noted that the maximum number of suicides by hanging was reported in July to September 141(39.60%). Out of 356 hanging cases, 178(50%) were employed. The predisposing factor was Chronic illness in 136(38.20 %) cases, followed by financial stress and psychological problems in 120(33.70%) and 50(14.04%) cases, respectively. Most of the victims belonged to the Hindu religion, 290(82%) cases. Moreover, 320(90%) of cases had no suicide note. Conclusion: Hanging is challenging to prevent due to numerous concomitant factors, but psychological counseling, economic support, and education can reduce the incidence of hanging.

Frictional forces are critical for the teeth movement during sliding mechanics in fixed appliance therapy. The ligating material plays a vital role in altering the frictional forces within the bracket-archwire combination. Titanium Molybdenum alloy (TMA) archwires are commonly used during canine/anterior teeth retraction. So, this study evaluated TMA archwires ligated in Stainless steel (SS) brackets with elastomeric modules and SS ligatures under wet and dry conditions. Results showed least friction was in TMA-SS ligature (wet condition), ascending through TMASS (dry), TMA-Elastic (wet) and TMA-Elastic (dry). Thus, we conclude that TMA archwires with SS ligatures are more beneficial for clinicians for retraction during sliding mechanics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The esophageal varicose veins are vascular channels that unite the portal venous and systemic circulation. They are formed as consequence of the portal hypertension, predominantly in the submucosa of the inferior section of the esophagus. Objective: To characterize patients with break of esophageal varicose veins according to main clinical epidemiological and therapeutic-endoscopic variables. Methods: An observational, descriptive and longitudinal study of 20 patients with upper digestive bleeding due to break of esophageal varicose veins was carried out, they received endoscopic treatment with banding in the Gastroenterology Service of Dr. Juan Bruno Zayas Alfonso Teaching General Hospital in Santiago de Cuba, from November, 2016 to February, 2018. In the statistical analysis the percentage was used as summary measure and the chi-square test was applied to identify the existence of some significant association among variables. Results: There was a prevalence of the male sex (80.0 %) and the 51 to 60 age group (40.0 %). Most of the patients presented liver cirrhosis (60.0 %) as cause of the portal hypertension and hematemesis (50.0 %) as form of upper digestive bleeding; also, the great size of the esophageal varicose veins was the main risk factor associated with the break (70.0 %) and, after the implementation of the endoscopic treatment, there was no second bleeding in almost all the patients (95.0 %). Conclusions: The application of this therapeutic procedure was satisfactory and it didn't cause any complication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]