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Straipsnyje apžvelgiama vaikų fizinio raštingumo vertinimo praktika: fizinio raštingumo kaip vertinimo objekto samprata, požiūrių į fizinio raštingumo vertinimą problematika, pradinių klasių vai - kų fizinio raštingumo vertinimo savitumai, taikant fizinio raštingumo vertinimo priemones: „Pasas gyvenimui“ (angl. Passport for Life, PFL ), „Jaunimo fizinio raštingumo vertinimas“ (angl. Physical Literacy Assessment for Youth, PLAY ) ir „Kanados fizinio raštingumo vertinimo antroji versija“ (angl. Canadian Assessment of Physical Literacy, CAPL-2 ), Over the last decade, academics, professionals, and politicians have become increasingly interested in the assessment of children’s and adolescents' physical literacy in physical education. Physical literacy has been measured and quantified as a multidimensional term comprising behavioral, psychological, and physical components. The majority of this research was conducted on children and adolescents in educational settings, emphasizing the importance of this age group in establishing the foundations of physical literacy, which will influence lifetime physical activity, health, and well-being. Since there are no studies in the population of Lithuanian primary school students, evaluating children's physical literacy or the validity and reliability of individual physical literacy assessment instruments, the current overview may be useful in guiding the development of future research in this area in our country. The objective of this study is to review the assessment of physical literacy in primary school children from a theoretical standpoint. Methods: analysis of scientific literature and assessment instruments for physical literacy. Conclusions:1. There is no consensus on the assessment of children's physical literacy. Representatives of the idealistic approach suggest using subjective, qualitative, and interpretive methods to monitor a student’s progress on their individual path to physical literacy. Supporters of the pragmatic approach view physical literacy as the result of practical activities that must be measured and assessed using instruments to evaluate fundamental movement skills, physical fitness, motivation, etc. Physical literacy in primary school students could be assessed across four domains: affective, behavioral, cognitive, and physical. The affective part of the assessment tools for elementary school children is indicated by the child's motivation and self-confidence. The behavioral part is reflected by the child's objective physical activity, subjective physical activity, variety and frequency of physical activities, and participation in physical activities in different places and at different times of the year. The cognitive part is shown by the child's knowledge of physical activity and the benefits of taking part in physical activities, as well as by the child's understanding of how to plan and carry out physical activities. The physical part is demonstrated by physical fitness, movement skills, and self-perceived competence. Keywords: physical literacy, primary school students, assessment.

Relevance of the topic. In recent years, in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic, the traditional education system, including various non-formal education activities, has faced enormous challenges and problems. This pandemic not only claimed millions of lives, but also affected people's daily lives and lifestyles. Most of the economic sectors in Lithuania also encountered various problems. Education, which traditionally carried out educational activities in physical environments, was not an exception and faced the sudden and strict closure of all institutions. In this situation, the application of technology and digital learning practices became the main solutions that helped to ensure the continuity of education and training, including non-formal ones (González, Bonal, 2021). Unfortunately, this decision had a particularly painful impact on organized sports for children and youth (Reece et. al., 2020). This area, of course, faced an even greater challenge than other, more theoretical, subjects, since sport, being a physical, practical and interactive activity, is not easily and simply transferred to an online environment (Iuliano et al., 2021). The problem. The idea of the problem has been increased by the fact that direct social interaction between the coach and the athlete is considered an essential condition in order to supervise the actions performed by the athletes and to ensure the high-quality implementation of the sports program (Emery & Tyreman, 2009). In the context of the pandemic, researchers began to emphasize the changed organization and execution of sports activities (Ratten, 2020; Escamilla-Fajardo et al., 2020), but there is still a lack of research-based data on the characteristics of these activities. In Lithuania, this topic has so far been little studied in the context of school sports. And although the sports activities implemented in sports schools, as state educational institutions, are regulated by the legislation of the Republic of Lithuania and the orders and instructions of the Ministry of Science, Education, Science and Sports, there is no data in the scientific literature about how informal sports education programs were implemented in them during the COVID-19 pandemic? The purpose of the study: To highlight the challenges of non-formal sports education during the Covid-19 pandemic. Research object: Challenges of informal sports education. The results. Research data revealed that the sports activities organized and carried out in sports schools during the COVID-19 pandemic had certain characteristics associated with the challenges experienced by coaches as providers of non-formal sports education programs and the challenges experienced by schoolchildren participating in sports. During the pandemic, the decrease in the motivation of young athletes to play sports, their inability to fulfill the training conditions and the negative influence of the environment in which they train on sports activities became apparent. The coaches, adapting to the changed conditions, were led to search for additional information, invest their own funds in the training process, understand the peculiarities of conducting training remotely, demonstrate their ingenuity while conducting classes, and constantly raise the motivation of athletes. However, when faced with these obstacles, they did not avoid ignoring the existing rules for the organization of sports activities. Keywords: sustainable environment, sports, nature, problems, Straipsnyje siekiama aptarti darnios aplinkos klausimus, daugiausia dėmesio skiriant sporto se - ktoriui. Išteklių vartojimo augimas padidino ir paties vartojimo poreikį. Ypač sparčiai augant gyventojų skaičiui miestuose, urbanizacija, didėjantis ir įvairėjantis vartojimas didina gamtos išteklių vartojimą. Galima sakyti, kad sportas yra šios problemos pradžioje. Atsižvelgiant į tai, atsirado didesnis visuomenės susidomėjimas sportu ir reikalavimai sporto sektoriui. Ši situacija neigiamai veikia sporto ir aplinkos santykius. Tiesą sakant, masiniai judėjimai, tokie kaip, didelis energijos suvartojimas sporte ir intensy - vi žmogaus veikla, gali turėti neigiamą poveikį aplinkai. Visų šių neigiamų pokyčių šaltinis yra spor - to sektoriaus infrastruktūros ir organizuojamų renginių bei organizacijų gausėjimas. Vertinant situaciją galima teigti, kad patalpos, šių organizacijų veiklai vykdyti, prisideda prie darnios aplinkos problemų. Straipsnyje teigiama, kad būtina atkreipti dėmesį į sporto objektų statybą, urbanistinį planavimą. Taip pat – būti ekologiškam, tausojant gamtos išteklius.

Tyrimo pagrindimas. Motoriniai įgūdžiai yra pagrindiniai veiksniai, padedantys vaikams žaisti, bendrauti su kitais, ir daro įtaką jų vėlesnei socialinei aplinkai su bendraamžiais. Prastas arba neti - pinis motorinis vystymasis gali būti svarbus veiksnys, prisidedantis prie kalbos, socialinio bendra - vimo ir supratimo bei socialinės sąveikos problemų, būdingų kai kuriems neurologinio vystymosi sutrikimаms. Tikslas. Į vertinti vaikų, turinčių sulėtėjusią kalbos raidą, funkcinės būklės rodiklius bei jų sąsajas. Metodai. Tyrime dalyvavo 30 vaikų (4–6 metų) su nustatyta sulėtėjusia kalbos raida. Siekiant įvertinti vaikų funkcinius rodiklius, kuriems nustatyta sulėtėjusi kalbos raida, naudojami šie ištyrimo instrumentai: stambioji (bendroji) motorika vertinama TGMD-2 testu, pusiausvyra – modifikuota Berg‘o skale, „stotis ir eiti“ testu, koordinacija tirta – pusiausvyros koordinacijos nereikalaujančiais mėginiai (pagal Schmitz 1988), o smulkioji motorika vertinama standartizuotu testu, sudarytu re - miantis Ozereckio tyrimo metodika. Rezultatai. Vaikams, turintiems sulėtėjusią kalbos raidą, sunku atlikti šuolį atsispiriant viena koja, šuolį dideliu žingsniu, kamuolio mušinėjimo užduotis. Objekto kontrolės gebėjimai buvo že - mesni nei lokomotoriniai gebėjimai. Atliekant statinės pusiausvyros užduotis sunkiausia stovėti ant vienos kojos bei stovėti pėda prieš pėdą. Jaunesniems vaikams, turintiems sulėtėjusią kalbos raidą, buvo nustatyta prastesnė statinė bei dinaminė pusiausvyra ir koordinacija. Žymus smulkiosios moto - rikos sutrikimas nustatytas daugiau kaip dešimtadaliui vaikų, turinčių sulėtėjusią kalbos raidą. Išvados. Vaikų, turinčių sulėtėjusią kalbos raidą, stambioji motorika daro reikšmingą įtaką loko - motoriniams ir objekto kontrolės gebėjimams, dinaminė pusiausvyra susijusi su statine pusiausvyra bei pusiausvyros nereikalaujančia koordinacija, o smulkioji motorika lemia gebėjimą objekto kon - trolei, Background. Motor skills are key factors in children’s play and interaction with others and influence their subsequent social environment with their peers. Poor or atypical motor development may be an important contributing factor to the problems in language, social communication and understanding, and social interaction that characterise some neurodevelopmental disorders. The aim. To assess the functional indexes in children with the retarded speech development and their associations. Methods. 30 children (4 to 6 years old) with retarded speech development. To assess the functional indicators of children with language delay, using the follo-wing testing instruments: gross motor skills were assessed with the TGMD-2 test, balance with the modified Berg scale and the “up and go” test; the coordination test consists of samples which do not require any coordination of balance(according to Schmitz 1988); and fine motor skills were assessed with a standardised test based on the methodology of the Oseretsky test. Results. Children with retarded speech development have difficulty in perfor-ming a jump with one foot, a jump with a big step or knocking around a ball. The assessment of the object control abilities was lower than that of locomotor abilities. Younger children with retarded speech suffered from worse static and dynamic balance and coordination. Significant fine motor impairment was found in more than a tenth of children with delayed language development. Conclusions. The gross motor functions in children with retarded speech makes a significant impact on the locomotor and object control abilities. Dynamic balance is related to static balance and coordination which does not require any balance, and the fine motor functions affect the object control abilities.

Background. The measures of social and physical isolation during the period of the Covid-19 pandemic had an influence on people’s way of life and mental health. It was noticed one of the biggest problems during the period of the Covid-19 pandemic was an increase of negative emotions and decrease of physical activity among people that usually do sports. In the article, the main attention is paid to emotional states of people attending sports and health clubs during and after the period of the Covid-19 pandemic. Methods. The following research methods were applied: SAN questionnaire, interview survey and the situation anxiety assessment scale by Spielberger and Khanin. A Chi square (χ²) test was applied for the comparison of the results between the researched groups. The research was performed in the academic year 2021/2022 and 97 physically active people that did sports in sports and health clubs, including 35 women and 62 men, were researched. Results. The results revealed the people attending sports and health clubs assessed their well-being during the period of the Covid-19 pandemic in the following way: even 46 percent of the researched assessed it as low, 37 percent indicated the average level and 17 percent – the high level. However, after the Covid-19 pandemic, just 24 percent of the researched assessed their well-being as low, 34 percent indicated the average level and 42 percent – the high level. The people that attended sports and health clubs assessed their activity during the pandemic: 48 percent indicated the low level, 31 percent – the average level, and 21 percent – the high level. These indexes became better after the pandemic: 28 percent assessed their activity as low and average, and 44 percent – as high. The pandemic restrictions also had a big influence on the mood of those researched: the level of the mood of the researched attending sports and health clubs was low with even 47 percent, average with 23 percent, and high with 30 percent. However, the mood indexes were distributed after the pandemic: 22 percent indicated the low level, 25 percent – the average level and 53 percent – the high level. It was noticed even 58 percent of the researched assessed their situation anxiety as high during the pandemic, 23 percent – as average, and 19 percent – as low. Meanwhile, after the pandemic, the same researched assessed their situation anxiety in the following way: 49 percent – as low, 25 percent – as average, and 26 percent – as high. Conclusions. The indexes of well-being, activity, mood and situation anxiety of people attending sports and health clubs were much better after the Covid-19 pandemic than during the period of the Covid-19 pandemic. Keywords: Covid-19, sports and health clubs, emotional state, well-being, activity, mood, situation anxiety

Background: Nowadays, infographics have become a very popular visual communication format in diverse sectors, including sports. Their use ranges from very formal sports data presentations (e.g., the introduction of the results from worldwide studies) to less formal occasions (e.g., promotion of any physical activity on social media sites). While the graphical design of sports infographics might be greatly facilitated by modern infographic tools, the formulation of captivating textual information, especially in titles and subtitles, remains a complicated task for their designers. Therefore, the study aims to analyze the most common tactics and practices applied when formulating titles and subtitles in sports infographics. Methods: 50 sports infographics targeting the areas of fitness, running and training were chosen for the current study. The content of their titles and subtitles was analyzed using MAXQDA Analytics Pro 2020 software. Results. The results revealed that the most frequent words used in titles and subtitles of sports infographics were training, performance, results, running, endurance, fitness and strength. While the average length of titles was 8 words, the subtitles were made of 2 words on average. Most commonly, the main titles of sports infographics displayed a combination of tactics and were made of two parts separated by a colon. The subtitles were usually formulated with the use of lists, examples, facts, explanations, opinions, teasers or the technique of 5Ws. Conclusion. The results of this study might facilitate the creation of infographics in the sports sector and thus help to increase awareness of sports-related topics among the general audience. Keywords: infographics, design of infographics, sports infographics, titles of sports infographics, subtitles of sports infographics.

Background: This article discusses the current knowledge on the effects of heat stress on cognitive abilities. Whole-body hyperthermia (WBH) has a negative effect on mental performance. In this study, we investigated whether short-term whole-body immersion in water at 45°C (HWI-45°C), which induces a strong neurotransmitter and temperature flux without inducing whole-body hyperthermia, would impair mental performance in humans. Methods: Fourteen men (aged 25±6 years) were enrolled in this study and participated in three experiments: (i) a brief (5-min) immersion of the whole body in 37°C water (WI-37°C); (ii) a brief (5-min) immersion of the whole body in 45°C water (HWI-45°C); and (iii) a control trial in a thermoneutral condition at an ambient temperature of 24°C and 60% relative humidity. Before and after immersion, cognitive performance was tested. All tests were performed in a quiet and semi-darkened laboratory. Results: Baseline simple, 2-choice and procedural reaction time and percentage of correct answers did not differ significantly across all trials. 2-choice reaction time was reduced (i.e. faster reaction) only after immersion to 37°C water. Interestingly, only whole-body immersion to 45°C was a sufficient trigger to reduce procedural reaction time. Conclusion: young healthy men do not deteriorate in response to whole-body hot water immersion for a short duration. By contrast, we here show faster reaction time in procedural reaction task, which was the most difficult of the three to perform. Keywords: Heat stress, hot water immersion, cognitive performance.

Tyrimo pagrindimas. Vaikai, kuriems diagnozuotas lengvas arba vidutinis motorikos sutrikimas, susiduria ne tik su smulkiosios motorikos suprastėjimu, kūno pusiausvyros problemomis kasdienėje veikloje, jiems nustatomas ir raumenų jėgos sumažėjimas. Fizinei būklei gerinti skiriama kinezite - rapija. Tikslas – nustatyti skirtingų kineziterapijos programų poveikį vaikų, turinčių lengvą arba vidutinį motorikos sutrikimą, bėgimo greičiui, pusiausvyrai ir kojų jėgai. Metodai . Tyrime dalyvavo 30 vaikų (4–6 m. amžiaus), turinčių lengvą arba vidutinį motori - kos sutrikimą, kurie atsitiktine tvarka suskirstyti į dvi grupes. Kontrolinei grupei (n = 15) taikyta tik įprastinė kineziterapija, o tiriamajai grupei (n = 15) be įprastinės kineziterapijos dar taikyta pu - siausvyros lavinimo programa ant „Abili Balance Analyzer“ pusiausvyros platformos. Abiejų grupių intervencijų trukmė buvo 8 sav. Prieš ir po intervencijų buvo vertinta tiriamųjų statinė ir dinaminė pusiausvyra (pagal Berg ir Abili stabilumo koeficientą), kojų raumenų jėga (šuoliu į tolį) ir bėgimo greitis (šaudyklės testu). Rezultatai. Po 8 sav. abiejų grupių vaikų šuolis į priekį pailgėjo, o bėgimo šaudykle testo rezulta - tų laikas sutrumpėjo (p < 0,05); pusiausvyros rodikliai pagerėjo (p < 0,05). Po intervencijų, tiriamo - sios grupės vaikų laikysenos stabilumas ir kojų raumenų jėga buvo didesnė (p < 0,05) nei kontrolinės grupės; kiti rodikliai reikšmingai nesiskyrė. Išvados . Abi kineziterapijos programos, taikytos 8 sav., buvo veiksmingos, gerinant vaikų moto - rinius įgūdžius. Įprastinė kineziterapija, derinama su pusiausvyros lavinimo programa, buvo veiks - mingesnė už įprastinę kineziterapiją gerinant vaikų, turinčių lengv ą arba vidutin į motorikos sutri - kim ą , kojų jėgą ir laikysenos stabilumą, bet ne bėgimo greitį ir statinę bei dinaminę pusiausvyrą, vertintą Berg testu., Background. Children diagnosed with mild or moderate motor impairment not only face impairment of fine motor skills and problems with body balance in daily activities, they are also diagnosed with a decrease in muscle strength. Physiotherapy is prescribed to improve physical condition. The aim. To determine the effect of different physiotherapy programs on running speed, balance and leg strength in children with mild and moderate motor impairment. Methods. 30 children (4–6 years old) with mild or moderate motor impairment participated in the study, and were randomly divided into two groups. The control group (n=15) received only conventional physiotherapy, while the experimental group (n=15) received a balance training program on the Abili Balance platform in addition to conventional physiotherapy. The duration of the interventions for both groups was 8 weeks. The subjects’ static and dynamic balance (according to Abili stability index and Berg scale), leg muscle strength (Broad jump) and running speed (Shuttle Run) were assessed before and after the interventions. Results. After 8 weeks, children in both groups had longer forward jumps and shorter shuttle run test results (p

Tyrimo pagrindimas . Komandinių sporto šakų sportininkų bendrosios motorinės funkcijos yra pranašesnės už bendraamžių, kurie nedalyvauja papildomoje fizinėje veikloje. Vis tik neaišku, kiek skiriasi berniukų, kurie lanko tinklinio treniruotes, motoriniai gebėjimai, lyginant juos su treniruočių nelankančiais bendraamžiais. Tikslas – palyginti 10–12 metų amžiaus tinklinį žaidžiančių ir fiziškai neaktyvių berniukų moto - rinius įgūdžius ir funkcinį liemens stabilumą Metodai . Tyrime dalyvavo 30 tiriamųjų, kurie buvo 10–12 metų amžiaus berniukai. Tiriamą - ją grupę sudarė tinklinį žaidžiantys berniukai (n = 15), kontrolinę – fiziškai neaktyvūs berniukai (n = 15). Testavimo priemonės: Bruininks Oseretsky motorinių įgūdžių testas (antrasis leidimas) ir „Matthiass“ funkcinio liemens stabilumo testas. Tyrimo rezultatai. Iš dešimties motorinių užduočių tik trijų užduočių vertinimo rezultatai reikš - mingai skyrėsi tarp tinklinį žaidžiančių ir nežaidžiančių berniukų, tinklinį žaidžiančių berniukų nau - dai: šuoliai į šonus suglaustomis kojomis (8,07 ± 1,03 balai, palyginus su 7,27 ± 0,88, p = 0,026), atsispaudimai (5,93 ± 1,28 balai, palyginus su 4,53 ± 0,99, p = 0,002) ir kūno padėties išlaikymas (V-up) (4,73 ± 1,28 balai, palyginus su 3,20 ± 1,27, p = 0,009). Berniukų, žaidžiančių tinklinį, funk - cinis liemens stabilumas buvo geresnis nei nežaidžiančių (24,67 ± 9,26 balai, palyginus su 16,53 ± 9,34, p=0,013). Išvados . Berniukų, kurie žaidžia tinklinį, motoriniai įgūdžiai jėgos ir vikrumo užduotyse – reikš - mingai geresni nei berniukų, kurie fiziškai neaktyvūs. Tinklinį žaidžiančių ir fiziškai neaktyvių ber - niukų abipusės koordinacijos, pusiausvyros ir viršutinės galūnės koordinacijos užduotyse reikšmingų skirtumų nenustatyta, tačiau berniukų, kurie žaidžia tinklinį, liemens funkcinis stabilumas yra reikš - mingai geresnis, nei fiziškai neaktyvių berniukų., Background. The gross motor function of team sports athletes is superior to that of peers who do not participate in additional physical activity, but it is not clear to what extent motor skills differ between boys who attend volleyball training and those who do not attend training. The aim. To compare the motor skills and functional stability of the trunk of 10–12-year-old volleyball-playing and physically inactive boys. Methods. 30 subjects, boys aged 10–12, participated in the study. The research group consisted of boys playing volleyball (n=15), the control group – physically inactive boys (n=15). Test tools: Bruininks Oseretsky Motor Skills Proficiency Test, 2nd Edition and Matthiass Functional Trunk Stability Test. Results. Boy volleyball players showed significantly better results in only three of ten evaluated motor tasks compared to inactive boys: side jumps with legs together (8.07±1.03 points vs. 7.27±0.88, p=0.026) and push-ups (5.93±1.28 points vs. 4.53±0.99, p=0.002), and V-up (4.73±1.28 points vs. 3.20±1.27, p=0.009). The result of functional stability test was better in volleyball players than in non-play-ers (24.67±9.26 points vs. 16.53±9.34, p=0.013). Conclusions. Boys who play volleyball had significantly better motor skills in strength and agility tasks compared with boys who are physically inactive. No significant differences were found in bilateral coordination, balance and upper extremity coordination tasks between volleyball players and physically inactive boys, but the functional stability of the trunk of boys who play volleyball was significantly better than that of physically inactive boys.

Tyrimo pagrindimas. Dubens dugno raumenų (DDR) treniravimas yra dažniausiai taikomas ki- neziterapijos metodas, gydant moterų įtampos šlapimo nelaikymą, tačiau DDR galima treniruoti ne tik pratimais, bet ir taikant elektrostimuliaciją. Tiksla – nustatyti keturių savaičių trukmės dubens dugno raumenų pratimų ir elektrostimuliacijos veiksmingumą, gydant moterų įtampos šlapimo nelaikymą. Tyrimo metodai. Šiame atsitiktinių imčių, paralelinių grupių tyrime dalyvavo 24 tiriamosios, kurios atsitinktinės atrankos būdu buvo suskirstytos į dvi grupes: dubens dugno raumenų pratimų (DDRP, n = 12), derinamų su elektrostimuliacija (DDRES, n = 12). Prieš ir po intervencijų vertinta moterų gyvenimo kokybė (GK) pagal tarptautinį konsultacijos dėl Šlapimo nelaikymo klausimyną (trumpąją versiją). Dubens dugno raumenų jėgai ir ištvermei bei makšties ramybės sl ė giui matuoti buvo naudotas „Pelvexiser“ perineometras. Intervencijų trukmė – 4 sav. Tyrimo rezultatai. Abi taikytos intervencijos reikšmingai sumažino šlapimo nelaikymo epizodus ir pagerino tiriamųjų gyvenimo kokybę. DDR jėga po intervencijų pagerėjo DDRP grupėje nuo 12,33 ± 3,37 iki 19,97 ± 3,38 mmHg (p = 0,0008, d = 2,26), o DDRES grupėje – nuo 8,31 ± 2,41 iki 11,84 ± 2,78 mmHg (p = 0,003, d = 2,6). DDR ištvermė pagerėjo DDRP grupėje nuo 3,50 ± 1,15 iki 4,53 ± 1,12 sek. (p = 0,03, d = 0,9), o DDRES – nuo 2,92 ± 0,47 iki 3,67 ± 0,52 sek. (p = 0,001, d = 1,45). Makšties ramybės slėgis DDRP grupėje pagerėjo nuo 5,3 ± 0,85 iki 6,44 ± 1,03 mmHg (p = 0,005, d = 1,25), o DDRES grupės – nuo 4,4 ± 0,70 iki 6,14 ± 1,47 mmHg (p=0.001, d =1.5). Išvados. DDRP ir DDRES reikšmingai pagerino tiriamųjų DDR jėgą, ištvermę, makšties ramy- bės slėgį ir gyvenimo kokybę. Abi taikytos intervencijos gali būti taikomos įtampos šlapimo nelaiky - mo gydymui, nes buvo saugios ir pacienčių gerai toleruojamos. Tyrimas registruotas ClinicalTrials.gov., registracijos nr. NCT05871281., Background. Pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) is the most commonly used physiotherapy method in the treatment of female stress incontinence; pelvic floor muscles (PFM) can be trained not only with exercise but also with electrostimu-lation. The aim. To determine the efficacy of four weeks of pelvic floor muscle exercises and electrical stimulation in the treatment of stress urinary incontinence in women. Methods. The study involved 24 subjects who were randomly divided into two groups: pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) and pelvic floor muscle exercises combined with electrostimulation (PFMES). Before and after the interventions, women’s quality of life (QoL) was assessed according to the International Incontinence Counselling Questionnaire – Short Form. Perineometry with Pelvexiser perineometer was used to measure pelvic floor muscle strength, endurance and vaginal resting pressure. Results. Both interventions significantly reduced urinary incontinence episodes and improved the subjects’ quality of life. PFM strength improved after the interventions in the PFMT group from 12.33±3.37 to 19.97±3.38 mmHg (p=0.0008, d=2.26) and in the PFMES group from 8.31±2.41 to 11.84 ±2.78 mmHg (p=0.003, d=2.6). PFM endurance improved in the PFMT group from 3.50±1.15 to 4.53±1.12 s (p=0.03, d=0.9), and in PFMES from 2.92±0.47 to 3.67±0, 52 s (p=0.001, d=1.45). Resting vaginal pressure in the PFMT group improved from 5.3±0.85 to 6.44±1.03 mmHg (p=0.005, d=1.25) and in the PFMES group from 4.4±0.70 to 6.14± 1.47 mmHg (p=0.001, d=1.5). Conclusions. PFMT and PFMES interventions significantly improved subjects’ PMF strength, endurance, resting vaginal pressure, and quality of life. Both applied interventions can be applied in the treatment of stress urinary incontinence, as they were safe and well tolerated by the patients. The trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05871281.

Background. Sedentary and unhealthy lifestyle behaviors are modifiable health risks that often develop during adolescence. A comprehensive analysis of unhealthy behaviors in adolescents with and without chronic health conditions (CHC) could inform the development of more effective prevention approaches. The aim. This study aimed to measure associations between Problematic Internet Use (PIU), lifestyle habits and subjective health complaints among adolescents with and without CHC. In addition, health behaviors and prevalence of subjective health complaints between adolescents with and without CHC were compared. Methods. A total of 171 adolescents (87 without CHC and 84 with CHC) completed an online survey. The PIU was assessed by the Problematic and Risky Internet Use Screening Scale. The subjective health complaints assessed were somatic and psychological symptoms. Healthy lifestyle behaviors assessed were daily physical activities, time spent by screens, eating habits, and duration of sleep. Results. The results showed that 21.83% of adolescents with CHC and 36.78% without CHC scored at risk for problematic internet use. Adolescents without CHC reported significantly more frequent psychological health complaints than their peers with CHC. This study found that multiple health complaints and unhealthy eating habits were significantly associated with PIU in adolescents with CHC, while nervousness and eating fast food in adolescents without CHC. Girls without CHC reported significantly higher PRIUSS scores and prevalence of subjective health complaints than boys (p, Įvadas. Pasyvus ir nesveikas gyvenimo būdas yra pavojus sveikatai, kuris dažnai išsivysto paauglystėje. Išsami žalingo elgesio tarp paauglių, sergančių lėtinėmis sveikatos ligomis, analizė galėtų padėti sukurti veiksmingesnius preven - cijos metodus. Tikslas – išmatuoti ryšį tarp probleminio interneto naudojimo (PIN), gyveni - mo būdo įpročių ir subjektyvių sveikatos nusiskundimų tarp paauglių, sergančių ir nesergančių lėtinėmis ligomis. Be to, lyginamas su sveikata susijęs elgesys ir subjektyvių sveikatos nusiskundimų paplitimas tarp paauglių, sergančių ir nesergančių lėtinėmis ligomis. Metodai . Iš viso 171 paauglys (87 nesergantys lėtinėmis ligomis ir 84 sergantys) užpildė internetinę apklausą. PIN buvo įvertintas probleminio ir rizikingo interneto naudojimo atrankos skale. Vertinti subjektyvūs sveikatos skundai buvo somatiniai ir psichologiniai simptomai. Įvertintas sveikos gyvensenos elgesys buvo kasdienė fizinė veikla, laikas, praleistas prie ekranų, mitybos įpročiai ir miego trukmė. Rezultatai . Rezultatai parodė, kad 21,83 proc. paauglių, sergančių lėtinėmis ligomis, ir 36,78 proc. nesergančių, kyla problemų dėl interneto naudojimo. Paaugliai, nesergantys lėtinėmis ligomis, daug dažniau skundžiasi psichologine sveikata nei jų bendraamžiai, sergantys lėtinėmis ligomis. Šiame tyrime nustatyta, kad dauginiai sveikatos skundai ir nesveikos mitybos įpročiai buvo reikšmingai susiję su PIN paaugliams, sergantiems lėtinėmis ligomis, o paaugliams, kurie ne - sirgo, nustatytas nervingumas ir greito maisto valgymas. Merginos, nesergančios lėtinėmis ligomis, nurodė reikšmingai aukštesnius PRIUSS balus ir subjektyvių sveikatos nusiskundimų dažnumą, lyginant su berniukais (p < 0,05). Išvados . Paaugliai, nesergantys lėtinėmis ligomis, rodė žymiai didesnį vidutinio ir intensyvaus fizinio aktyvumo lygį per savaitę nei jų bendraamžiai, kurie sirgo lėtinėmis ligomis. PIN elgesys labiausiai susijęs su psichologiniais sveikatos nusiskundimais ir nesveika mityba, tiek paaugliams, sergantiems lėtinėmis ligomis, tiek ir nesergantiems. Šios išvados pabrėžia poreikį nustatyti konkrečias problemines interneto naudojimo veiklas, susijusias su skirtingais pavojais paauglių sveikatai.

Straipsnyje kalbama apie skaitmeninės rinkodaros įtaką futbolo klubų komunikacijai. Straipsnyje apžvelgiami sporto rinkodaros savitumai, skaitmeninės rinkodaros išskirtinumai. Analizuojama socialinių medijų apraiškos ir išskirtinumai futbolo industrijoje. Buvo atliktas tyrimas, kurio tikslas – išanalizuoti skaitmeninės rinkodaros įtaką Lietuvos aukščiausioje futbolo lygoje 2021 m. sezone žaidusių futbolo klubų sirgaliams. Rezultatai patvirtino, jog geriausiai vertinami yra socialiniai tinklai. Dėl jų vartotojai jaučiasi artimesni palaikomam futbolo klubui, mažiau vieniši ir taip gali įsitraukti į bendruomenės veiklą., Relevance of the topic. Today, the role of marketing is to satisfy the consumer's curiosity through transparent and valuable content (Sawicki, 2016). More than 4 billion people around the world regularly use online services to find their products, entertainment, friends and even romances, and the behavior of customers and the way companies sell their products to both consumers and businesses has changed a lot (Chaffey & Ellis-Chadwick, 2019). As the use of the Internet has grown, so have related activities such as digital marketing. The main difference between traditional and digital marketing is that digital marketing focuses on the customer, offering him a personal message and a response to his request (Ištvanić, Crnjac Milić & Krpić, 2017). Digital marketing is an integral part of the digital business transformation process. It includes new marketing methods based on information and communication technologies. Todor (2015) the study is based on a study by ZenitOptimedia, which shows that internet use has increased significantly over the past five years, while the use of other media has decreased or only slightly increased. The situation is as follows: internet (+105 %.), outdoor advertising (+3%), television (-8%), cinema (-11%), radio (-15%), magazines (-23%), newspapers (-31%). For this reason, its application in practice is a prerequisite for the successful development of business in modern market conditions (Veleva & Tsvetanova, 2020). The problem. Football fans around the world are increasingly communicating with each other on social networks (Parganas et al., 2017), and football clubs, regardless of their degree of professionalism, include a large number of social media/media platforms for their online campaigns (Helleu, 2017). Bagchi, Sreepada (2020) in the survey conducted, respondents expressed their opinion about the social networks of their favorite football club and why they follow the news of the club in them. Especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, the influence of social networks on football has increased. The clubs tried to give interesting and new content to the fans. Some organized social media quizzes, others made videos with a message that the stadium missed the fans (Szczepkowski, 2021). The aim of the study is to analyze the influence of digital marketing on the communication of football clubs in the case of Lithuania. The subject of the study is the influence of digital marketing on the communication of football clubs. The choice of assessing the influence of electronic marketing on the communication of football clubs was determined by the popularity of the sport in the world, the constantly growing sports market and a large fan base. The quantitative research method chosen for the survey is a questionnaire survey. The quantitative study examined the opinions and behavior of fans of Lithuanian football clubs – consumers – related to the applied online marketing tools. In order to assess the influence of digital marketing on the communication of football clubs, literary analysis and empirical research were chosen. The questionnaire was compiled on the basis of Vale & Fernandes (2018) “Social media and sports: driving fan engagement with football clubs on Facebook” research. To obtain a targeted sample of those who responded in the study, paniotto's sample size formula (Bokor et al., 2011) was used to avoid going beyond the 5 percent error. A total of 451 respondents participated in the survey. Results and conclusion. The largest part of football clubs follow with the help of social networks and even note that they monitor the news on a daily basis thanks to social media platforms. All categories of questions were dominated by the influence of social networks on the communication of the football club. From the results of the study, it is noted that clubs use various strategies, but dominate and fans like social networks the most. Their rating from the presented means was the best. In addition, the respondents were quite unanimous in answering the questions of involvement in the activities of the community - they agree that the activities of the supported football club are important to them. The vast majority of the study participants are happy to get involved in the activities of the communities of clubs and organizations, which give them good emotions, relax them, help them escape from the routine and reduce the feeling of loneliness. The vast majority emphasize that they see basic information about the activities of the clubs there. Also on the Internet buys club products (tickets, merchandise), which also shows that digitalization has progressed in the football world. In conclusion, it can be noted that social networks dominated throughout the study, both on the part of football organizations – communication is developed thanks to this tool and from the part of fans – they recognize it as the most effective tool. Keywords: digital marketing in football, football club communication, A League

Background: The aim of this research is to analyze the theoretical assumptions of values-based communication and to investigate the values-based communication of the Vilnius Book Fair. By incorporating values into communication, it is possible to reach the readers of the message in a more personal way by creating a connection or having an influence on some of their decisions. The topics of health, physical activity and sport are also presented, where the latest scientific and study publications are shared. In this work, the communication of the Vilnius Book Fair was chosen for the analysis of the case of values-based communication. Methods: The research was carried out using mixed methods: analysis of scientific literature, qualitative analysis of communicative content, and an online survey of Vilnius Book Fair visitors. Qualitative analysis of the communicative content was based on the value classification systems described in the scientific literature. Results: From the results of the survey and the reviewed communication content, it can be stated that the communication of the Vilnius Book Fair is mainly based on the values of self-direction, which shows that the event presents itself as a place where it is possible to improve. Stimulation is also emphasized – the experience of innovation, this value according to Schwartz’s (2006) correlation diagram has a common goal with self-direction, but the value of tradition, which opposes the values of openness to change, remains equally important. The value of tradition is used to create continuity, that is, to show a connection with the visitor and a successful event year after year. Values are linked throughout the communication content – it starts with slogans and continues to the program and press releases. Conclusion: The summarized results of the research show that the Vilnius Book Fair bases its communication mainly on the value of self-direction (improvement, education). The value of stimulation (innovation) and traditions are also noticeable – the continuity of the event is emphasized. There is a direct connection between the value of conformity and the cultural dimension of femininity – both ideas strive for equality in society, and empathy. The ideas of the Vilnius Book Fair slogans are closely related to further communication – the program of the event and press releases. The opinion of the respondents about the event coincides with the message broadcasted by the Vilnius Book Fair, that is, the respondents first equate the fair with a cultural festival and do not emphasize its commercial side.

Background: The article raises a topical scientific problem regarding the physical inactivity and low physical capacity of the elderly population, the indicators of which, according to researchers in old age, can help predict institutionalization, disability, or even the risk of premature death. Various organizations around the world are striving to increase the number of physically active people by raising awareness and developing preventive measures. In this study, we looked for optimal activities that can effectively improve the physical capacity and quality of life self assessment of older people. Methods: Eurofit tests were used to assess physical capacity (Jones, & Rikli, 2002). The study assessed the physical capacity of elderly people to determine body composition, motor system capacity, skeletal muscle capacity, and cardiovascular capacity. A shortened version of the WHO questionnaire (World Health Organization Quality of Life 100 - WHOQOL-100), WHO-BREF-26 was used to assess quality of life (World Health Organization, 2012). Results: The indicators of quality of life of the subjects did not improve in a statistically significant way after physically energetic activities – exercise, swimming and Nordic walking. The indicators of physical capacity of the subjects improved in a statistically significant way after physically energetic activities. The three-month exercise increased hand muscle strength and body composition, swimming activity increased hand muscle strength, upper body flexibility and motor system performance indicators, Nordic walking statistically significantly improved upper body flexibility. Conclusions: Different physical activity activities significantly improve different components of physicalcapacity. Keywords: physical activity, elderly people, physical capacity.

Background. Snowboarding is a quite popular winter sport, though associated with the risk of injury. Aim: to determine the relationship between sport injuries and static and dynamic balance in snowboard instructors. Methods. The study included snowboard instructors from Ontario, Canada. Questionnaires were given before and after the winter season to obtain injury history. Static balance was evaluated with a Wii Balance Board. Dynamic balance was evaluated using the Y balance test. The results were compared between different genders, age and days on-snow per season. Results. Male snowboard instructors had, on average, higher static balance scores than the females. Both male and female scores for testing with eyes closed were significantly lower than with eyes open. The female snowboard instructors had, on average, higher dynamic balance scores than the males. However, for eyes closed testing, female snowboarders’ scores were noticeably better than the males’ scores. Nine of out twenty snowboard instructors had sustained one or more injuries in the past snowboarding season. One female and one male sustained two injuries each, and in total there were ten injuries amongst twenty snowboarders. Conclusions. There was no significant difference between prevalence of injury and balance amongst different genders., Tyrimo pagrindimas. Snieglen čių sportas gana populiari žiemos sporto šaka, tačiau labai susijusi su traumų rizika. Tikslas – nustatyti sąsajas tarp snieglenčių sporto instruktorių sportinių traumų bei statinės ir dinaminės pusiausvyros. Metodai . Tyrime dalyvavo 20 snieglenčių instruktorių (10 vyrų ir 10 moterų) iš Ontarijo, Kanados. Anketos buvo pateiktos prieš žiemos sezoną ir po jo, siekiant sužinoti traumų istoriją. Statinė pusiausvyra buvo vertinta naudojant Wii Balance Board . Dinaminė pusiausvyra buvo vertintas naudojant Y pusiausvyros testą. �e- ė pusiausvyra buvo vertintas naudojant Y pusiausvyros testą. �e- buvo vertintas naudojant Y pusiausvyros testą. �e - zultatai buvo lyginami tarp skirtingų lyčių, amžiaus ir dienų praleistų ant sniego skaičiaus per sezoną. Rezultatai . Snieglenčių instruktorių vyrų statinė pusiausvyra buvo geresnė nei moterų. Tiek vyrų, tiek moterų statinė pusiausvyra užsimerkus buvo reikšmingai prastesnė nei atsimerkus. Snieglenčių instruktorių moterų dinaminė pusiausvyra buvo geresnė nei vyrų. Be to, užsimerkus snieglenčių instruktorių moterų pusiaus - vyra buvo žymiai geresnė nei vyrų. 9 iš 20 snieglenčių instruktorių patyrė vieną arba daugiau traumų per sezoną. Viena moteris ir vienas vyras turėjo po dvi trau - mas, iš viso buvo patirta 10 traumų. Tarp praėjusio sezono snieglenčių instruktorių traumų ir šio sezono traumų nebuvo nustatyta jokio ryšio. �ezultatai parodė, kad didėjant dienų praleistų ant sniego skaičiui, didėja traumų skaičius. Kuo dides - nis dinaminės pusiausvyros balas, tuo didesnis traumos atvejis, o kuo jaunesnis sportininkas, tuo didesnis jo kompozicinis balas. Nėra reikšmingo skirtumo tarp traumų paplitimo ir pusiausvyros tarp skirtingų lyčių. Išvados . Nenustatyta reikšmingų skirtumų tarp traumų paplitimo ir pusiausvy- ų skirtumų tarp traumų paplitimo ir pusiausvy- skirtumų tarp traumų paplitimo ir pusiausvy- ų tarp traumų paplitimo ir pusiausvy- tarp traumų paplitimo ir pusiausvy - ros tarp skirtingų lyčių.

Background. Stress and physical inactivity are one of the most common risk factors among students. Problems of stress, experienced by students, and physical activity and impact on health are extremely important in order to improve students’ quality of life and prevent health problems. Methods. Academic stress was measured using the Konduri academic life stress questionnaire. Physical activity was evaluated by the Godin leisure time physical activity questionnaire. Distress was evaluated by the Reeder stress inventory. Study participants were 448 Lithuanian full-time first and third year bachelor’s students, with ages ranging from 18 to 39 years; average age 20.06 ± 18.04. 38 percent (173) of people under investigation were women, and 62 percent (275) were men. 60 percent (268) of people under investigation were first-year students, 40 percent (180) were third-year students. Results. Physically more active students experience less academic stress than less physically active students. Intense physical activity has the greatest impact on academic stress. Students who engage in intensive physical activity more often, experience less academic stress related to social support, motivation to achieve, training program and training mode, and self-confidence, compared with students who engage in intensive physical activity less often. It was found that women experience more academic stress, related to training program, academic aspirations, and career, compared with men. First-year students experience more academic stress, related to support, motivation to achieve, academic aspirations, self-confidence, and exam anxiety, compared with third-year students. Conclusions. Half of all students go in for sports three or more times a week, a third of students go in for sports less than three times a week, almost one-fifth of students never go in for sports. Increased physical activity is among men, first-year students, compared with women and third-year students. A fifth of students experience stress, almost half of students experience nervous tension; one-third of students do not experience tension and stress. Higher stress, both general and related to academic activities, is felt by women and first-year students, compared with men and third-year students. Keywords: students, physical activity, academic stress, stress.

COVID-19 is an emerging infectious disease, first reported in Wuhan, China. The deadly disease currently known as SARS-CoV-2 can affect everyone regardless of race, gender or age. However, people suffering from underlying medical conditions such as hypertension, diabetes, and other chronic diseases are at the biggest risk for developing more intense symptoms and complications. The global challenge in the containment of COVID-19 has led to a massive death rate and resulted in many economic, social, and health burdens around the world, leading to the question of the dynamic of COVID-19 management treatment. Therefore, this paper aimed to systematically review different past and present studies to develop a possible solution on how COVID-19 can be managed and treated. The articles were searched from five online databases: Science Direct, PubMed/Medline, Web of Science, Embase, and Scopus. The systematic review was guided by the guidelines presented in the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) from 2019–2021. Thirteen articles were included after reviewing seventy-two articles. Three hypotheses guided the study; clinical management, telehealth technology, and performance intelligence as an effective way of managing and controlling COVID-19. The study concludes there is no proven treatment for the virus yet, but clinical treatment, telehealth technology, and performance intelligence can effectively manage and control the virus. It also recommends policymakers should support the development and the implementation of performance intelligence based on the evidence and standardized data available for effective and pandemic resilience health care systems that will address the control and management of the virus. Keywords: SARS2, SARS-CoV-2, Novel Coronavirus, 2019nCoV, COVID-19.

Straipsnyje aprašyto bandomojo tyrimo metu buvo vertintos probleminio interneto naudojimo (PIN), fizinio aktyvumo (FA), sėsliai praleisto laiko (SPL) ir psichologinio distreso (PD) sąsajos tarp Lietuvos vyresnių klasių mokinių. Rezultatai parodė, kad fiziškai aktyvesni tiriamieji pasižymi mažesniu, o sėsliai daugiau laiko praleidžiantys – didesniu probleminiu interneto naudojimu. Nustatyta, kad fiziškai aktyvesniems tiriamiesiems būdingi mažesni PIN ir PD. Tik trečdalis vyresnių klasių mokinių yra pakankamai fiziškai aktyvūs. Merginos yra mažiau fiziškai aktyvios, daugiau laiko praleidžia sėsliai ir patiria daugiau psichologinio distreso nei vaikinai. Naudojimasis internetu tarp lyčių nesiskiria, o moksleivių amžius nesisieja su jų PIN, PD ir SPL., With the rise of Internet use and availability, the extent of problematic Internet use (PIU) among high school students is also increasing. The prevention and treatment of this disorder are not clear and raise many questions. The results of studies conducted in other countries show that physical activity (PA) can reduce the prevalence of PIU among adolescents and influence their mental health. The pilot study described in this paper evaluated relationships between PIU, PA, sedentary time (ST) and psychological distress (PD) among Lithuanian high school students. The question arises – what are the correlations between problematic Internet use, physical activity, and psychological health among high school students? The object of work – the relationships between problematic Internet use, physical activity, sedentary time, and psychological distress mong students in the 9th-12th grade of two Lithuanian high schools. The aim of the work – is to assess the correlations between problematic Internet use, physical activity, sedentary time, and psychological distress indicators among 9th-12th grade students. The goals: 1. To estimate levels of problematic Internet use, psychological distress, physical ctivity, and sedentary time difference between genders and all age groups of high school students. 2. To assess the correlation between problematic Internet use, psychological distress and physical activity among high school students. 3. To evaluate correlation between problematic Internet use, sedentary time and psychological distress. Conclusions: 1. Girls are less physically active, spend more time sitting, and experience more psychological distress compared to boys. Internet use does not differ between genders. Age is not associated with problematic Internet use, psychological distress, physical activity, and sedentary time.2. Only a third of the high school students reached the recommended by World Health Organization level of physical activity. Time spent sitting per day averaged from 7.5 to 8.5 hours for boys and girls. The more physically active students engaged in less problematic Internet use and had lower psychological distress while the more sedentary students exhibited more problematic Internet use and had higher psychological distress. 3. Almost half of the students who were recognized as having highly problematic Internet use also expressed a high level of psychological distress.

Straipsnyje analizuojama su kokiais iššūkiais sporto šakų trenerių nuomone susidūrė jie patys ir jų ugdytiniai COVID-19 pandemijos metu. Buvo išskirtas jaunųjų sportininkų motyvacijos sportuoti mažėjimas, jų negebėjimas išpildyti treniruočių sąlygų bei neigiama aplinkos, kurioje jie treniruojasi, įtaka sportinei veiklai. Treneriai, prisitaikydami prie pasikeitusių sąlygų buvo priversti papildomai ieškoti informacijos, investuoti savas lėšas į treniruočių procesą, suprasti treniruočių vedimo nuotoliniu būdu ypatumus, demonstruoti savo išradingumą vykdant užsiėmimus, nuolatos kelti sportininkų motyvaciją., Relevance of the topic. In recent years, in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic, the traditional education system, including various non-formal education activities, has faced enormous challenges and problems. This pandemic not only claimed millions of lives, but also affected people’s daily lives and lifestyles. Most of the economic sectors in Lithuania also encountered various problems. Education, which traditionally carried out educational activities in physical environments, was not an exception and faced the sudden and strict closure of all institutions. In this situation, the application of technology and digital learning practices became the main solutions that helped to ensure the continuity of education and training, including non-formal ones (González, Bonal, 2021). Unfortunately, this decision had a particularly painful impact on organized sports for children and youth (Reece et al., 2020). This area, of course, faced an even greater challenge than other, more theoretical, subjects, since sport, being a physical, practical and interactive activity, is not easily and simply transferred to an online environment (Iuliano et al., 2021). The problem. The idea of the problem has been increased by the fact that direct social interaction between the coach and the athlete is considered an essential condition in order to supervise the actions performed by the athletes and to ensure the high-quality implementation of the sports program (Emery & Tyreman, 2009). In the context of the pandemic, researchers began to emphasize the changed organization and execution of sports activities (Ratten, 2020; Escamilla-Fajardo et al., 2020), but there is still a lack of research-based data on the characteristics of these activities. In Lithuania, this topic has so far been little studied in the context of school sports. And although the sports activities implemented in sports schools, as state educational institutions, are regulated by the legislation of the Republic of Lithuania and the orders and instructions of the Ministry of Science, Education, Science and Sports, there is no data in the scientific literature about how informal sports education programs were implemented in them during the COVID-19 pandemic. The purpose of the study : To highlight the challenges of non-formal sports education during the COVID-19 pandemic. Research object: Challenges of informal sports education. The results. Research data revealed that the sports activities organized and carried out in sports schools during the COVID-19 pandemic had certain characteristics associated with the challenges experienced by coaches as providers of non-formal sports education programs and the challenges experienced by schoolchildren participating in sports. During the pandemic, the decrease in the motivation of young athletes to play sports, their inability to fulfill the training conditions and the negative influence of the environment in which they train on sports activities became apparent. The coaches, adapting to the changed conditions, were led to search for additional information, invest their own funds in the training process, understand the peculiarities of conducting training remotely, demonstrate their ingenuity while conducting classes, and constantly raise the motivation of athletes. However, when faced with these obstacles, they did not avoid ignoring the existing rules for the or ganization of sports activities.

Straipsnyje analizuojama lyderystės raiška sporto organizacijose. Atlikus tyrimą nustatyta, kad idealus lyderis nagrinėto tipo organizacijose turi būti sutelkiantis, motyvuojantis, lankstus ir turėti stiprių sąsajų su sportu. Išryškėjo, kad lyderiams būdingas motyvavimas, lankstumas, o sutelktumas ir sąsajos su sportu pastebimos kiek rečiau. Lyderystės potencialą sporto organizacijose riboja kliūtys, kylančios iš išorinės aplinkos ir organizacijos lygmenyje. Išorinėje aplinkoje veikia biurokratija, įstatyminės bazės trūkumai ir spragos, pandemija, pokyčių neįgyvendinimas valstybiniame lygmenyje. Organizaciniame lygmenyje susiduriama su specialistų pritraukimo sunkumais, finansiniais apribojimais ir kt. Raktažodžiai: lyderis, transformacinė lyderystė, pasidalytoji lyderystė, sportas, motyvacija, Relevance of the topic . It is observed that leadership and its expression in various different environments are constantly updated. It is actively researched, empowered by it, learned, and efforts are made to understand how leadership emerges and develops (Damkuvienė et al. 2019). These needs do not bypass the sports sector, whose organizations operate in conditions of complete uncertainty in the current context of the COVID-19 pandemic. In such a context, leadership becomes an important condition for the effective operation and development of a sports organization. The problem under consideration and the level of its research. The phenomenon of leadership has been studied by scientists (Andriani, Kesumawati, and Kristiawan 2018; Budrienė, Vaitiekienė, and Vaitiekus 2019; Damkuvienė et al. 2019; Hartley 2018; Holmes et al. 2021; Kulshreshtha and Sharma 2021; Miles and Scott 2019). The issue of leadership has been examined exclusively in the sports sector (Ajeigbe, Owolabi, and Alasinrin 2021; Hutchens et al. 2020; Macquet and Stanton 2021; Martinez- Moreno, Cavas-Garcia, and Diaz-Suarez 2021; Megheirkouni 2017; Sabaliauskas 2017; Stewart et al. 2020). Most of the time, research on the expression of leadership chooses to apply quantitative methods, which prevents a deeper experience of both managers of sports organizations and their subordinates in the field of leadership. Therefore, this article aims to refine and present insights based on qualitative research in the field of leadership communication. The goal is to evaluate the expression of leadership in sports organizations after examining the theoretical assumptions of leadership. Tasks: 1. To reveal the theoretical assumptions of expression of leadership in sports organizations; 2. Determine the characteristic and desirable qualities of a leader of a sports or ganization; 3. To refine the leadership functions in sports organizations; 4. To identify obstacles limiting leadership in sports organizations and to reveal the potential for strengthening leadership. Methods. Results . Quantitatively, the expression of leadership in sports organizations is evaluated in various aspects, but there is a lack of qualitative research in this area. This circumstance prompted the choice of a qualitative strategy for the study of leadership expressions in sports organizations. The qualitative strategy is applied in accordance with the following methodological provisions: social reality is perceived and interpreted individually; each individual actively creates reality based on personal experience; social reality is different for different individuals, but it is shared through interaction with other individuals (Damkuvienė et al. 2019, p. 40). The block of questions for the assessment of leadership expression is formulated according to Winston’s (2004) insights about leadership expression. Conclusions. Summarizing the results of the empirical study of the expression of leadership in sports organizations, it can be stated that the ideal leader in a sports organization is usually associated with focus, motivation, connections with sports, and flexibility. In the opinion of most of the representatives of the sports sector, existing leaders are characterized by motivation, flexibility, activity, and sharing of responsibilities. Leaders in sports organizations usually perform functions of planning, task allocation, control and monitoring, and organization, which traditionally fall within the content of the concept of leadership. It has been determined that there is potential for improving leadership in the country’s sports organizations.

Background. As basketball constantly evolves, physical performance becomes more and more important. Physical fitness assessments are the most reliable way to find out at what level a basketball player is prepared to perform. Therefore, the main aim of this research was to determine if the speed, agility and power of under-16-year-old (U16) basketball players is related to their playing positions. Methods. The study included (n = 40) young basketball (aged 14.99 ± 0.84 years) players. The variables included height, body mass, body mass index (BMI), fat-free mass (FFM), the percentage of body fat (BF%), the counter movement jump (CMJ), counter movement jump with free arms (CMJ free arms), squat jump (SJ), 5m, 10m, 15m and 20m sprints, T-test, Illinois test and 505 test. Results. The results showed that centers are taller and heavier than other positions, while the speed, agility and power of forwards are greater than other positions. Conclusions. At the youth basketball level there are differences in anthropometric and physical fitness testing results between positions. This supports the fact that athletes may be more likely to be selected for a given position based on how their anthropometric and athletic abilities pair with the demands of a given position. Keywords: body composition; physical testing; playing position; performance.

Background: It has been observed that old mice have a better tolerance to glucose than young after an intraperitoneal injection of glucose. We hypothesized that an intraperitoneal injection of glucose overestimates glucose tolerance in old mice. Methods: We assessed differences in glucose tolerance outcomes in 2- (young, n=23) and 23- to 27-month-old (old, n=23) male C57BL/6J mice after an intraperitoneal (IP) or intravenous (IV) injection, or oral gavage (OG) of glucose. Results: The area under the curve (AUC) of the changes of blood glucose concentration over 2 hours after glucose administration was lower in old than young animals (p

Background. Cerebral palsy (CP) is one of the most common childhood disorders. Different treatment strategies are used to improve quality of life. Aim. To systematically review the recent articles and investigate the effects of aquatic therapy on motor functions in children with cerebral palsy. Methods. Studies between 2012–2022 were selected investigating the effects of aquatic therapy on motor functions in CP children. The databases Google Scholar, PubMed and PEDRO were used. Selection criteria included diagnosis as CP, use of aquatic intervention, participants aged until 18 years, use of validated outcome measure, published in English, and study design as a randomized control trial/pilot study/case study. Results. Out of 11 studies selected for this review, 6 of them were randomized control trials, 2 were quasi experimental studies, 2 were comparative studies and one was case series. Aquatic exercises, Halliwick concept, Watsu and water immersion therapy, swimming exercises were used as aquatic interventions in the studies. Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM) was the most commonly used tool for recording motor functions. About 64% of studies showed that aquatic interventions can provide significantly beneficial effects on motor functions of children with CP when compared to conventional therapy or no intervention. Conclusions. Aquatic therapy provides beneficial effects on motor functions in children with cerebral palsy., Tyrimo pagrindimas . Cerebrinis paralyžius (CP) yra vienas labiausiai paplitusių vaikystės sutrikimų. Skirtingos gydymo strategijos yra taikomos tam, kad pager - inti pacientų gyvenimo kokybę. Tikslas – sistemingai apžvelgti naujausius straipsnius ir išanalizuoti vandens terapijos poveikį vaikų, sergančių cerebriniu paralyžiumi, motorinėms funkcijoms. Metodai. Buvo atrinkti 2012–2022 m. tyrimai, kuriuose tiriamas vandens tera - pijos poveikis CP sergančių vaikų motorinėms funkcijoms. Naudotos duomenų bazės „Google Scholar“, „PubMed“ ir „PEDRO“. Atrankos kriterijai apėmė CP diagnozę, vandens intervencijos naudojimą, dalyvius iki 18 metų amžiaus, patvir - tinto rezultatų matavimo, paskelbto anglų kalba, naudojimą ir tyrimo planą kaip atsitiktinių imčių kontrolinį, bandomąjį ir atvejo tyrimą. Rezultatai . Iš 11 šiai apžvalgai atrinktų tyrimų 6 buvo atsitiktinių imčių kon - troliniai tyrimai, 2 – beveik eksperimentiniai tyrimai, 2 – lyginamieji tyrimai, o vienas – atvejo tyrimas. Vandens pratimai, Halliwick koncepcija, Watsu ir vandens panardinimo terapija, plaukimo pratimai buvo naudojami vandens intervencijos tyrimuose. Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM) buvo dažniausiai naudojama variklio funkcijų registravimo priemonė. Maždaug 64 proc. tyrimų parodė, kad vandens intervencijos gali turėti reikšmingai teigiamą poveikį vaikų, sergančių CP, motorinėms funkcijoms, palyginti su įprastine terapija arba be intervencijos. Išvada . Vandens terapija teigiamai veikia vaikų, sergančių cerebriniu paralyžiumi, motorines funkcijas.

Tyrimo pagrindimas. Juosmeninės nugaros dalies skausmas yra viena dažniausiai pasitaikančių problemų tarp sportinių šokių šokėjų. Tikslas – nustatyti sąsajas tarp sportinių šokių šokėjų stuburo juosmeninės dalies hipermobilumo, apatinės nugaros dalies skausmo bei statinės liemens raumenų ištvermės. Metodai . Tyrime dalyvavo 36 sportinių šokių šokėjai (50 proc. vaikinų ir 50 proc. merginų), kurių amžius buvo nuo 16 iki 22 metų. Tiriamieji užpildė anketinę apklausą, stuburo judesių amplitudėms nustatyti atlikta inklinometrija, įvertinta statinė liemens raumenų ištvermė pagal McGill metodiką bei nustatytas jaučiamo skausmo intensyvumas skausmo analogine skale. Rezultatai. Net 72,2 proc. šokėjų yra bent kartą patyrę juosmeninės nugaros dalies skausmą. Vaikinų nugaros skausmo intensyvumo vidurkis buvo 2,17 ± 2,92 balų, o merginų – 3,56 ± 2,66, (p, Background. Low back pain is one of the most common problems among ballroom dancers. The aim. To determine the correlations between the hypermobility of the lumbar spine, lower back pain and static endurance of the trunk muscles in sports dancers. Methods. 36 ballroom dancers (50% males and 50% females) between the ages of 16 and 22 participated in the study. The subjects filled out a questionnaire, inclinometry was performed to determine the amplitudes of spinal movements, the static endurance of the trunk muscles was assessed according to the McGill methodology, and the intensity of the felt pain was assessed on the analog pain scale. Results. 72.2% of dancers have experienced lower back pain at least once in their life. The average back pain intensity for males was 2.17 ± 2.92 p., and for females – 3.56 ± 2.66 (p< 0.05). The amplitude of back extension was 28.1° for dancers with back pain, and 22.2° for those without. The average endurance of the back muscles of the subjects who felt pain was 101s, and 117s for those who did not. The average endurance of the left side of the trunk muscles was 70s in subjects with low back pain and 83s in subjects without. A statistically significant difference was found between pain sensation and extension amplitude (p

Tyrimo pagrindimas . Įtampos tipo galvos skausmas gana dažnas šiuolaikinės visuomenės narių nusiskundimas. Jam mažinti gali būti skiriamas savimasažas arba masažas, tačiau vis dar neaišku, kuri iš šių technikų yra veiksmingesnė įtampos tipo galvos skausmui mažinti. Tikslas – nustatyti apykaklės srities masažo ir savimasažo trumpalaikį bei ilgalaikį poveikį esant įtampos tipo galvos skausmui. Metodai . Tyrime dalyvavo 30 asmenų, kurie atsitiktinės atrankos būdu buvo suskirstyti į dvi grupes: masažo ir savimasažo po 15 žmonių. Buvo vertintas tiriamųjų galvos skausmo intensyvu - mas, matuojamos kaklo judesių amplitudės, vertinamas nuovargis dėl galvos skausmo ir funkcinė bei emocinė negalia prieš ir po devynias savaites trukusių intervencijų bei ilgalaikis poveikis praėjus vienam mėnesiui po intervencijų. Rezultatai . Tiek masažo, tiek savimasažo devynių savaičių trukmės intervencijos reikšmingai su - mažino su skausmu susijusių rodiklių vertinimo rezultatus. Praėjus mėnesiui po intervencijų taikymo savimasažo grupės tiriamųjų galvos skausmo intensyvumas, nuovargis, funkcinė bei emocinė negalia buvo reikšmingai mažesnė (p, Background. Tension-type headache is a common complaint in modern society. Self-massage or massage can be prescribed to reduce it, but it is still unclear which of these techniques is more effective in reducing tension-type headaches. The aim of the study is to determine the short-term and long-term effects of neck massage and self-massage in tension-type headache. Methods. 30 people participated in the study, who were randomly divided into two groups: massage and self-massage, 15 people in each group. Outcome measures were subjects’ headache intensity, active head range of motion, fatigue, and functional and emotional disability index pre and post the nine-week interventions and long-term effect – one month after the interventions. Results. Both massage and self-massage after the 9-week interventions significantly reduced pain-related indicators. One month after the interventions, the headache intensity, fatigue, functional and emotional disability of subjects in the self-massage group were significantly (p < 0.05) lower, and the active amplitudes of neck movements were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than in the massage group. Conclusions. Both massage and self-massage significantly reduced subjects’ headaches, increased head range of motion, reduced fatigue, and functional and emotional disability. However, one month after the interventions, the long-lasting effect of self-massage was significantly superior to the massage group. Keywords: pain, functional disability, emotional disability, fatigue.

Tyrimo pagrindimas . Proto ir kūno pratimų programos, tokios kaip Tai Či, joga, pilatesas, gali būti taikomos, siekiant mažinti patiriamą stresą ir gerinti pažintines funkcijas, tačiau „Nirvana Fi - tness“ treniruočių poveikis išlieka neaiškus. Tikslas – nustatyti „Nirvana Fitness“ treniruočių poveikį patiriamam stresui ir pažintinėms funk - cijoms. Metodai. Tyrime dalyvavo 20 moterų, kurios buvo suskirstytos į kontrolinę (n=10) ir tiriamąją (n=10) grupes. Tiriamajai grupei „Nirvana Fitness“ treniruočių užsiėmimai vyko aštuonias savaites, du kartus per savaitę, užsiėmimo trukmė buvo 50 min., o kontrolinės grupės tiriamųjų buvo prašoma laikytis įprastinės veiklos. Tyrimo metu buvo vertinama patiriamo streso ir pažintinių funkcijų kaita. Rezultatai. Taikant „Nirvana Fitness“ treniruočių programą statistiškai reikšmingai sumažėjo ( p, Background. Mind and body exercise programmes, such as Tai Chi, Yoga and Pilates, can be successfully applied for stress reduction and cognitive function enhancement, however Nirvana Fitness training effects on perceived stress and cognition remain equivocal. The aim. To determine the effects of Nirvana Fitness training on perceived stress and cognition. Methods. The study included 20 women. They were randomly assigned to a control (n=10) or experimental (n=10) group. Participants in the experimental group participated in the Nirvana Fitness exercise programme, which consisted of a 50-minute class twice a week for 8 weeks. Participants in the control group were asked to maintain their daily routines. Changes in perceived stress and cognitive performance were evaluated. Results. The Nirvana Fitness exercise programme significantly decreased (p

Актуальность данного исследования заключается в том, что влияние цифровизации на формирование ценностных ориентаций в условиях Четвертой промышленной революции при - обретает все большее значение, потому что мы живем в цифровую эру, которая детерминируется алгоритмами, битами, большими данными, переформатированием физического мира. К насто - ящему моменту раскрыта модель мышления, в основе которой определенные цифровые ори - ентации для формирования Четвертой промышленной революции. Также определены условия формирования цифрового общества, цифрового человека, цифровой культуры, которые влияют на изменение ценностей цифрового общества. И наконец выявлены революционные нововве - дения (от биотехнологий к искусственному интеллекту), которые по-новому определяют, что значит «быть человеком» в цифровую эру., Relevance of the research topic. The relevance of this study lies in the fact that the impact of digitalization on the formation of value orientations in the conditions of the Fourth Industrial Revolution is becoming increasingly important, because we live in a digital era, which is determined by algorithms, bits, big data, reformatting the physical world. The purpose of the study is to conceptualize the formation of value orientations in the conditions of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, associated with the formation of the concept of a digital society, a digital person, digital culture and their influence on a person, his consciousness, worldview, culture, identity. The digital society is changing not only what we do, but also who we are and should become. The new technological revolution affects what values ​​a person has, how hierarchical structures are built, how human capabilities expand. Research objectives: 1) to reveal the model of thinking for the formation of the Fourth Industrial Revolution; 2) identify the conditions for the formation of the concept of a digital society, digital person, digital culture in the context of theoretical and methodological foundations; 3) justify the application of the methodology - a set of axiological, synergistic, cultural-creative methods necessary for deep penetration into the essence of digital values; 4) identify revolutionary innovations (from biotechnology to artificial intelligence) that redefine what it means to “be human” in the digital era and what are its value orientations. Digital technologies are pushing the modern boundaries of lifespan, health, cognition and potentiality in ways that were previously considered fantastic. Today we have to think about how to respond to new phenomena like the extension of life, "engineered children", the removal of information from human memory, and much more. Research result. A model of thinking is revealed, which is based on certain digital orientations for the formation of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. The conditions for the formation of a digital society, a digital person, a digital culture that affect the change in the values ​​of a digital society are identified. The application of the methodology is substantiated - a set of methods of axiological, synergistic, cultural-creative analysis necessary for deep penetration into the essence of the values ​​of the digital society. Revolutionary innovations (from biotechnology to artificial intelligence) have been identified that redefine what it means to “be human” in the digital age. Key words: digital society, digital society values, Fourth Industrial Revolution, Šio tyrimo aktualumas slypi tame, kad skaitmenizacijos įtaka vertybinių orientacijų formavi - muisi ketvirtosios pramonės revoliucijos sąlygomis tampa vis svarbesnė, nes gyvename skaitmeninėje eroje, kurią sąlygoja algoritmai, bitai, didelio masto duomenys, performatuojantys fizinį pasaulį. For - muojantis ketvirtajai pramonės revoliucijai, atskleidžiamas mąstymo modelis, kuris remiasi tam tikro - mis skaitmeninėmis orientacijomis. Identifikuojamos skaitmeninės visuomenės, skaitmeninio žmo - gaus, skaitmeninės kultūros formavimosi sąlygos, turinčios įtakos skaitmeninės visuomenės vertybių kaitai. Buvo nustatytos revoliucinės naujovės (nuo biotechnologijų iki dirbtinio intelekto), kurios iš naujo apibrėžia, ką reiškia „būti žmogumi“ skaitmeniniame amžiuje.

Tyrimo pagrindimas. Nugaros skausmas yra dažniausias tarpslankstelinio disko degeneracijos sukeliamas simptomas, o jam malšinti naudojamos įvairios intervencijos, tokios kaip transkutaninė elektrinė nervų stimuliacija bei dinaminė neuroraumeninė stabilizacija. Tyrimo tikslas – nustatyti transkutaninės elektrinės nervų stimuliacijos ir dinaminės neuroraume - ninės stabilizacijos poveikį skirtingo amžiaus asmenų liemens raumenų statinei ištvermei, nugaros skausmui ir funkcinei negaliai, kai nustatyta tarpslankstelinio disko degeneracija. Metodai. Tyrime dalyvavo 40 asmenų, kuriems diagnozuota disko degeneracija. Pagal amžių tiriamieji buvo suskirstyti į dvi grupes: pirmoji (n=22), kurios amžiaus vidurkis 34,27 ± 7,81 m. ir antroji (n=18), kurios amžiaus vidurkis 55,28 ± 5,86 m. Abiem grupėms, nugaros skausmui malšinti, buvo taikoma transkutaninė elektrinė nervų stimuliacija ir dinaminė neuroraumeninė stabilizacija. Tyrimo trukmė – aštuonios savaitės. Prieš intervenciją, po keturių savaičių ir po aštuonių savaičių intervencijos buvo vertinama tiriamųjų liemens raumenų statinė ištvermė, skausmo intensyvumas pagal skaitmeninę analoginę skausmo skalę ir funkcinė negalia, taikant Roland-Morris klausimyną. Rezultatai. Aštuonių savaičių trukmės transkutaninė elektrinė nervų stimuliacija ir dinaminė neu - roraumeninė stabilizacija reikšmingai padidino abiejų amžiaus grupių tiriamųjų liemens raumenų statinę ištvermę, sumažino skausmo intensyvumą ir funkcinę negalią. Tarp grupių reikšmingų skirtu - mų nenustatyta nei po keturių, nei po aštuonių savaičių intervencijos. Išvada. Kartu taikant transkutaninę elektrinę nervų stimuliaciją ir dinaminę neuroraumeninę sta - bilizaciją gali sumažėti pacientų, su tarpslankstelinio disko degeneracija, nugaros skausmas ir funk - cinė negalia nepriklausomai nuo amžiaus., Background. Back pain is the most common symptom caused by intervertebral disc degeneration, thus various interventions are used to relieve it, including transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation and dynamic neuromuscular stabilization. The aim. To determine the effect of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation and dynamic neuromuscular stabilization on the static endurance of trunk muscles, back pain and functional disability in individuals of different ages with intervertebral disc degeneration. Methods. The study included 40 individuals diagnosed with lumbar disc degeneration. According to age, the subjects were divided into two groups: the first (n = 22), with a mean age of 34.27 ± 7.81 yrs. and the second (n = 18) with a mean age of 55.28 ± 5.86 yrs. Both groups underwent transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation and dynamic neuromuscular stabilization to relieve back pain. The duration of the study was 8 weeks. Before the intervention, after 4 weeks and after 8 weeks of the intervention, the static endurance of the trunk muscles and the pain intensity were assessed according to the numerical analog pain scale and the functional disability according to the Roland-Morris questionnaire. Results. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation and dynamic neuromuscular stabilization of eight-week duration significantly increased static endurance of trunk muscles, reduced pain intensity, and functional disability in different age groups. No significant differences were found between groups after either 4 or 8 weeks of intervention. Conclusion. The use of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation and dynamic neuromuscular stabilization may reduce back pain and functional impairment in patients with intervertebral disc degeneration, regardless the age of patients. Keywords: transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, dynamic neuromuscular stabilization, back pain, disc degeneration.

Tyrimo pagrindimas. Juosmeninės stuburo dalies skausmas – tai vienas dažniausių griaučių rau - menų sistemos sutrikimų, kuriuo skundžiasi sėdimą darbą dirbantys asmenys. Dėl ilgo sėdėjimo valandų pakinta raumenų aktyvumas, atsiranda įtampos, kas neigiamai veikia ir fascijos struktūrą. Yra duomenų, kad taikant miofascijinius pratimus užpakalinei paviršinei grandžiai, veikiant pado fasciją, sumažėja juosmeninės stuburo dalies skausmas, tačiau nėra aišku koks savimasažo ir pratimų pėdoms poveikis sėdimą darbą dirbančių asmenų juosmeninės stuburo dalies funkcinei būklei. Tikslas – nustatyti savimasažo ir pratimų pėdoms poveikį sėdimą darbą dirbančių vyrų juosme - ninės stuburo dalies skausmui ir funkcinei būklei. Metodai . Tyrime dalyvavo 20 (25,8 ± 2,6 metų) vyrų (10 tiriamojoje grupėje, 10 – kontrolinėje), dirbančių sėdimą darbą ir jaučiančių juosmeninės stuburo dalies lėtinį nespecifinį skausmą. Prieš ir po tyrimo buvo atliktas skausmo intensyvumo vertinimas skaitmenine analogijos skale (SAS), funkcinės būklės vertinimas Oswestry klausimynu ir užpakalinės paviršinės liemens ir kojų raumenų grandies ilgio vertinimas – kojų piršto siekimo testu. Tiriamajai grupei šešias savaites penkis kar - tus per savaitę po 10 min. kiekvienai pėdai buvo taikomas savimasažas ir tris kartus per savaitę po 30 min. – pratimai pėdoms. Rezultatai . Po savimasažo ir pratimų pėdoms skausmo intensyvumas ir funkcinė negalia reikš - mingai sumažėjo (p, Background. Lumbar pain is one of the most common disorders of the musculoskeletal system in workers who sit for prolonged periods of time. Prolonged sitting hours change muscle activity and create tension, which negatively affects the structure of the fascia. Myofascial exercises for the posterior superficial chain have been shown to reduce lumbar pain, but the effect of self-massage and foot exercises on the functional condition of the lumbar in office workers is unclear. The aim. To assess the effect of self-massage and foot exercises on lumbar pain and functional condition in male office workers. Methods. The study included 20 men (25.8 ± 2,6 year) (10 in the experimental group, 10 in the control group) engaged in sedentary work and experiencing chronic non-specific lumbar pain. Before and after the study, a pain intensity assessment was performed using the numerical rating scale (NRS), a functional status assessment using the Oswestry questionnaire, and an assessment of the superficial length of the back superficial chain (lower part) using the toe reach test. For the experimental group, 5 times a week for 10 weeks for 10 minutes, self-massage was applied to each foot; and 3 times a week for 30 minutes, exercises for the feet. Results. After self-massage and foot exercises, the intensity of pain and functional disability decreased significantly (p

Tyrimo pagrindimas. Apatinės nugaros dalies skausmas yra viena dažniausių priežasčių, dėl kurių žmonės kreipiasi pagalbos į kineziterapeutą. Vienas būdų, taikomų reabilitacijoje, yra pasi - priešinimo pratimai taikant nestabilumą, pavyzdžiui, pratimai su funkciniais (TRX) diržais arba ant nestabilių plokštumų. Tyrimo tikslas – įvertinti skirtingų intervencijų poveikį skausmui ir funkcinei būklei asmenims, jaučiantiems apatinės nugaros dalies skausmą. Metodai. Tyrime dalyvavo 30 tiriamųjų (amžiaus vidurkis 47,5 ± 5,4 metų), turinčių apatinės nugaros dalies skausmą. Asmenims tiriamojoje grupėje buvo taikomi apatinės nugaros dalies stabili - zavimo pratimai su funkciniais diržais, o kontrolinėje grupėje – ant nestabilių plokštumų. Testavimai buvo atlikti du kartus: prieš ir po 15 užsiėmimų salėje. Rezultatai . Skausmo intensyvumas po intervencijų reikšmingai sumažėjo (p0,05). Išvados . Abiejų grupių tiriamųjų funkcinė būklė pagerėjo ir jaučiamo skausmo intensyvumas po intervencijų sumažėjo. Pratimai su funkciniais diržais labiau pagerino šoninių liemens ir pilvo rau - menų ištvermę, labiau sumažino skausmą, palyginus su pratimų ant nestabilių plokštumų rezultatais., Background. Lower back pain is one of the most common reasons people seek help from a physiotherapist. One of the techniques used in rehabilitation is resistance exercises with instability, such as exercises with TRX belts or on unstable planes. The aim. To evaluate the effects of different interventions on pain and functional status in individuals with lower back pain. Methods. The study included 30 subjects (mean age 47.53 ± 5.412) with lower back pain. Subjects in the study group underwent lower back stabilization exercises with TRX straps and in the control group using unstable planes. The tests were performed twice: before and after 15 intervention sessions. Results. Pain intensity after interventions was significantly reduced (p0.05). Conclusions. After the interventions, the functional condition of both groups improved and the intensity of the experienced pain decreased. Exercise with TRX straps improved the endurance of the lateral torso and abdominal muscles more and reduced pain more than exercises on unstable planes for individuals experiencing lower back pain. Keywords: lower back pain, stabilization exercises, unstable planes, TRX straps.

40 Reabilitacijos mokslai: slauga, kineziterapija, ergoterapija, 1 (26) 2022, 40–49; ISSN 2029-3194 / eISSN 2538-8673;DOI: https://doi.org/10.33607/rmske.v1i26.1183 Copyright © 2022 Laura Žlibinaitė, Ivan Bruner, Gintarė Katkutė, Vilma Dudonienė. Published by Lithuanian Sports University. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Kinezioteipavimo ir placebo teipavimo poveikis kelio sąnario funkcijai, sergant kelio sąnario osteoartritu. Randomizuotas klinikinis tyrimas Laura Žlibinaitė, Ivan Bruner, Gintarė Katkutė, Vilma Dudonienė Lietuvos sporto universitetas, Kaunas, Lietuva SANTRAUKA Tyrimo pagrindimas . Kelio osteoartrito paplitimas per pastaruosius dešimtmečius labai padidėjo ir toliau vis didėja. Kineziterapijoje, be gydomųjų pratimų, taikomas kinezioteipavimas ir placebo teipavimas. Šių gydymo būdų taikymas vis dar išlieka prieštaringas. Tikslas – n ustatyti kinezioteipavimo ir placebo teipavimo poveikį, sergančiųjų kelio sąnario os - teoartritu, kelio sąnario funkcijai ir paciento funkciniam mobilumui. Metodai . Randomizuotas klinikinis tyrimas (tyrimo registracijos numeris ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier sistemoje NCT05320562) buvo atliktas vienoje Lietuvos klinikų. 30 sergančiųjų kelio są - nario osteoartitu (tiriamųjų amžius 58,1 ± 3,9 metai) atsitiktinės atrankos būdu buvo suskirstyti į tris grupes po dešimt pacientų. Kontrolinės grupės pacientams buvo skiriami gydomieji pratimai, tiriamajai I – be pratimų dar ir placebo teipavimas, o tiriamajai II – be pratimų skirtas kinezioteipavi - mas. Prieš ir po intervencijų buvo tirtas kelio sąnario skausmas, šlaunies raumenų jėga, kelio sąnario judesių amplitudė, tiriamųjų mobilumas 10 metrų ėjimo testu ir Stotis ir eiti testu. Rezultatai . Tiriamųjų kelio sąnario skausmas po intervencijų sumažėjo vidutiniškai dviem balais (p, Background. The prevalence of knee osteoarthritis has increased significantly and continued to increase in recent decades. Different interventions are used for the treatment: therapeutic exercises, kinesiotaping and placebo. The application of these therapies remains controversial. The aim. To determine the effect of kinesiotaping and sham taping on knee function and patient’s functional mobility in knee osteoarthritis. Methods. A randomized clinical trial (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05320562) was performed in one of the Lithuanian clinics. Thirty patients with osteoarthritis of the knee (age 58.1 ± 3.9 years) were randomly assigned to three groups of ten patients. Patients in the control group received therapeutic exercises; the sham taping group received therapeutic exercise and sham taping; and the kinesiotaping group received therapeutic exercises and kinesiotaping. Results. Subjects’ knee pain decreased by an average of two points after the interventions (p

Tyrimo pagrindima s. Ekscentrinio virškrūvio taikymas yra vienas geriausių metodų, gydant tendinopatiją. Mobilizacija su judesiu įvardijama kaip veiksminga trumpalaikio poveikio priemonė, gydant lateralinį epikondilitą, tačiau neaišku, ar šie metodai taikomi kombinuotai turi išliekamąjį poveikį. Tikslas – nustatyti ir palyginti mobilizacijos su judesiu ir ekscentrinio virškrūvio trumpalaikį ir išliekamąjį poveikį plaštakos skausmui ir funkcijai, gydant lateralinį epikondilitą. Metodai. Tyrime dalyvavo 30–54 metų asmenys (n=30), kuriems nustatytas lateralinis epikon - dilitas. Skausmas vertintas vizualine analogine skausmo skale (VAS), plaštakos sugriebimo jėga dinamometrijos metodu. QuickDASH klausimyno pagalba vertinta plaštakos funkcija ir jaučiama negalia. Tyrimo dalyviai atsitiktinai suskirstyti į tris grupes: mobilizacijos su judesiu grupei taikyta mobilizacija su judesiu, ekscentrinio virškrūvio grupei taikytas ekscentrinis virškrūvis, kombinuotos terapijos grupei kombinuotai taikyta mobilizacija su judesiu ir ekscentrinis virškrūvis. Visų grupių tiriamiesiems buvo atlikta 10 kineziterapijos procedūrų, jų poveikis plaštakos skausmui ir funkcijai, vertintas po 10 kineziterapijos procedūrų ir išliekamajam poveikiui įvertinti – praėjus 2, 6 ir 12 sa - vaičių po kineziterapijos procedūrų. Rezultatai. Visose tiriamosiose grupėse reikšmingai sumažėjo skausmas (p, Aim. To determine and compare short and long-term effects of mobilization with movement and eccentric overload to hand pain and function in the treatment of lateral epicondylitis. Problem of research & hypothesis. The eccentric overload exercises are one of the best methods in tendinopathy treatment. Mobilization with movement is largely used as an effective treatment method for lateral epicondylitis. Only the short-term effects of these methods in lateral epicondylitis are often evaluated, but no studies were found to use these methods in combination and to evaluate their long-term effects. Methods. The study included individuals (n=30) aged 30–54 years who had been diagnosed with lateral epicondylitis. Subjects were tested by assessing their perceived pain using the visual analogue scale (VAS); handgrip strength was assessed by a dynamometer. The QuickDASH questionnaire was used to assess hand function and perceived disability. Subjects were randomly divided into three groups: mobilization with movement group (n=10), eccentric overload group (n=10), and combined group (combined mobilization with movement and eccentric overload exercises) (n=10). All subjects got 10 physiotherapy procedures, short-term effect evaluated after 10 procedures of physiotherapy, long-term effect evaluated after 2, 6 and 12 weeks post treatment course. Results. Study results revealed that all treatment methods had a significant (p

Background. Literature suggests cardiorespiratory fitness as a factor influencing cognitive improvement. The authors of the present study sought to investigate if cardiorespiratory fitness related to cognitive performance after an acute bout of game-based exercise of different intensities in adolescents. Methods. As many as 37 adolescents (24 girls and 13 boys, 15–16 years of age) were assigned to three groups: experimental group 1 (EX 1), experimental group 2 (EX 2), and control (CON) group. The experimental groups experienced different levels of exercise intensity (EX 1 – light intensity, EX 2 – vigorous intensity). The Shuttle Run Test was performed a week before the intervention and VO2peak was calculated. Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) was evaluated before and after the acute intervention. A 2 x 3 repeated-measures ANOVA was used to analyze the SDMT and Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to estimate the relationship between the cognitive performance (SDMT) and cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2peak). Results. Comparing the SDMT scores before and after the intervention, there were no differences found between the three groups. Neither in any of the experimental groups nor in the control group was a relationship between the SDMT score and VO2peak observed. Conclusion. Acute game-based exercise intervention did not prove to improve cognitive performance effectively. The authors of the present paper did not confirm the relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness and cognitive performance in adolescents. Keywords: exercise, cognitive performance, cardiorespiratory fitness.

Background. Negative health-related behaviours among young adults are common worldwide. Most of young males are physically inactive, have poor diets, drink a lot of alcohol or smoke, and such behavior causes physical and mental health disorders (Aubert et al., 2018). Nowadays more mental health problems are diagnosed among young people than a decade. Researchers are trying to determine the causes of harmful behaviour in adults, but the impact of previous physical education on further health-related behaviours in adults has not been studied. Methods. Physical activity, alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking was evaluated according to the 2008 US Department of Defense Survey of Health Related Behaviours (Bray et al., 2009). Adherence to a healthy eating pattern was evaluated using the Mediterranean diet adherence screener (MEDAS). Psychological distress was assessed using the six-item Kessler scale (Kessler et al., 2003). Results. Nearly half of young adults were physically inactive, ate poorly, had harmful habits, one of ten had high psychological distress. Two thirds of the respondents participated in sports in childhood, 61% of young people liked the physical education lessons, 44% of them attended every PE lesson. Lower distress was significantly associated with better nutrition, higher physical activity, lower alcohol consumption, and smoking. Also, significant associations were found between higher alcohol consumption and more frequent smoking. Higher incomes, younger age, better perception and attendance of PE classes in the past, active lifestyle in childhood and adulthood are the predictive factors of more favourable health-related behaviours and better mental health. Conclusions. Harmful health-related behaviours are prevalent among young adults, one of tenth has high psychological distress. Although the majority of young adults were active in childhood, the percentage of active adults decreases significantly. More favourable health-related behaviours are related to less distress. Better economic status, better PE experiences in childhood, sports activities in adulthood lead to better health-related behaviours and less distress. Keywords: young adults, health-related behaviours, mental health, physical education.

Background. A need for other methods of hamstring strengthening are thus warranted with the main aim of reducing the risk of injury during the subsequent intense athletic activities. The study aimed to examine changes in hamstring strength in response to high velocity elastic band training when incorporated into regular training routine of football players. Methods. Research participants were professional top level football players (age 23.1 ± 5.7 years; weight 77.2 ± 7.7 kg, training experience 14.1 ± 5.8 years). In the pre-season, in addition to their routine training, the experimental group performed hamstring curls at maximal intensity while lying prone three times per week for five weeks, while control group continued their routine training. Concentric knee torque at 60°/s and 180°/s angular velocities, countermovement jump height, 30m sprint running performance from standing and flying start, and knee flexion-extension movement frequency were measured before and after the 5 weeks of training. Results. Hamstring curl frequency during lying prone increase by 10.5 % (p < .05) in the experimental group and did not change in the control group. Peak torque for knee flexion and knee extension, jump height and sprint running performance did not change significantly in any group (p > .05). Conclusion. High velocity elastic band training incorporated into regular pre-season routine is beneficial for football players to increase their knee extension-flexion maximal movement frequency with no evident effects on strength, jump and sprint running performance. Results might be related with concurrent training during preparatory training phase of the pre-season when several physical capacities are being developed simultaneously. Keywords: high speed movements; peak torque; sprint performance; prevention of hamstring injuries; knee flexion strength.

Tyrimo pagrindimas. Mokslininkai aptinka vis daugiau sąsajų tarp kognityvinių funkcijų ir fizinio aktyvumo. Visgi dauguma tyrimų, nagrinėjančių vienkartinio aerobinio krūvio poveikį kognityvinėms funkcijoms, yra atliekami laboratorinėmis sąlygomis, todėl trūksta informacijos apie skirtingose aplinkose atliekamo vienkartinio aerobinio krūvio poveikį kognityvinėms funkcijoms. Tikslas – nustatyti skirtingose aplinkose atlikto vienkartinio aerobinio krūvio poveikį vyrų kognityvinėms funkcijoms. Metodai. Buvo tiriama 10 fiziškai aktyvių sveikų 23,2 ± 2,2 metų amžiaus vyrų. Buvo taikomas 20 minučių vienkartinis aerobinis krūvis miško, miesto ir uždaroje (salės) aplinkose. Prieš krūvį ir po jo kiekvienoje aplinkoje vertintos kognityvinės funkcijos „Stroop“ bei „Kelio paieškos“ testais. Rezultatai. Protinis lankstumas (p < 0,05; p = 0,01) reikšmingai pagerėjo miško aplinkoje, lyginant su miesto aplinka. Taip pat pastebėta, kad dėmesys (p < 0,05; p = 0,01), reakcijos greitis (p < 0,05; p = 0,02) ir protinis lankstumas (p < 0,05; p = 0,01) reikšmingai pagerėjo krūvį atliekant miško aplinkoje, lyginant su salės aplinka. Išvados. Vienkartinis aerobinis krūvis, atliktas tiek ramioje miško, tiek miesto, tiek uždaroje (salės) aplinkose, reikšmingai pagerino kognityvines funkcijas. Nustatyta, kad protinis lankstumas reikšmingai pagerėjo miško aplinkoje, lyginant su miesto ar uždara aplinka, o dėmesys ir reakcijos greitis statistiškai reikšmingai pagerėjo atliekant krūvį miško aplinkoje, lyginant su salės aplinka., Background. Scientists find more and more connections between cognitive functions and physical activity, but most studies investigating the effects of acute aerobic exercise on cognitive functions are performed under laboratory conditions, so there is not enough information about the effect of acute aerobic exercises performed in different environments on cognitive functions. The goal was to determine the effect of acute aerobic exercises performed in different environments on men’s cognitive functions. Methods. The study included 10 physically active healthy men, 23.2 ± 2.2 years of age. A 20-minute acute aerobic exercise was applied in a forest, a city and an indoor environment. Cognitive functions were assessed in each environment before and after exercise by “Stroop” and “Trail Making” tests. Results. Mental flexibility (p < 0.05; p = 0.01) significantly improved in the forest environment compared to the urban environment. It was also observed that attention (p < 0.05; p = 0.01), reaction speed (p < 0.05; p = 0.02) and mental flexibility (p < 0.05; p = 0.01) significantly improved in the forest environment compared to the indoor environment. Conclusions. Acute aerobic exercise performed in a quiet forest, city and indoor environments significantly improved cognitive functions. It was also observed that mental flexibility significantly improved in the forest environment, compared to the urban or indoor environment, while attention and reaction speed significantly improved in the forest environment, compared to the indoor environment.

Tyrimo pagrindimas. Dauguma kineziterapeutų, į kuriuos kreipiasi ligoniai, kol kas nėra susipažinę su smilkininio apatinio žandikaulio sąnario (SAŽS) funkciniais sutrikimais, netaisyklingo sąkandžio ir kūno laikysenos pokyčiais bei tarpusavio ryšio problema. Netaisyklinga laikysena turi įtakos asmenims, besiskundžiantiems juosmeninės stuburo dalies (JSD) skausmu, o dantų sąkandžio ir kūno laikysenos tarpusavio ryšys – tai pagrindas diskusijai apie diagnostikos ir gydymo įtraukimą, įvertinus asmenų, turinčių netaisyklingą sąkandį ir SAŽS funkcinių sutrikimų, kūno laikysenos pokyčius (Rodriguez-Blanco et al., 2015). Tikslas – nustatyti skirtingų kineziterapijos metodikų poveikį asmenų, turinčių smilkininio apatinio žandikaulio sąnario funkcinių sutrikimų ir apatinį kryžminį sindromą, skausmui ir funkcinei būklei. Metodai. Pirmai tiriamųjų grupei taikyti kvėpavimo, stabilizavimo, motorinės kontrolės ir tempimo pratimai, antrai – kvėpavimo, stabilizavimo, motorinės kontrolės ir tempimo pratimai kartu taikant SAŽS mobilizaciją ir kramtomųjų raumenų atpalaidavimo techniką. Įvertinta SAŽS funkcija ir sąkandis, JSD funkcija ir dubens padėtis, prieš taikytas skirtingas kineziterapijos metodikas ir po jų. Rezultatai. Keturias savaites taikyta tik skirtingo pobūdžio pratimų programa vertintų rodiklių tendencingiems pokyčiams įtakos neturėjo, statistinis reikšmingumas nenustatytas (p > 0,05). Grupėje, kuriai buvo taikomi skirtingo pobūdžio pratimai kartu taikant SAŽS mobilizaciją ir kramtomųjų raumenų atpalaidavimo techniką, buvo pastebėta rodiklių pokyčių tendencija, tačiau statistinis reikšmingumas nenustatytas (p > 0,05). Išvados. SAŽS funkcija ir sąkandis, taip pat JSD funkcija, dubens padėtis po skirtingų kineziterapijos metodikų taikymo statistiškai reikšmingai nepakito., Background. Most physiotherapists are not involved in this problem and correlations are very weak. Therefore, it is considered that in the presence of an irregular dental clench of the subjects, limited movements of the TMJ, lower cross syndrome should also be detected and different physiotherapy methodologies will be found to be positive indicators alteration of functional disorders of the TMJ and lower cross syndrome. The formation of irregular posture affects people who complain of low back pain. Relationship between dental clench and posture is a basis for discussion on the inclusion of diagnosis and treatment in the assessment of postural changes in individuals with irregular clench and dysfunction of the TMJ. The purpose was to determine the effect of different physiotherapy methodologies on pain and functional status in persons with dysfunction of the TMJ and lower cross syndrome. Methods. Only breathing, stabilization, motor control and stretching exercises are applied to group I. Breathing, stabilization, motor control and stretching exercises together with TMJ mobilization and chewing muscle recognition technique are applied to group II. We evaluated the active function of the TMJ and dental clench as well as the lumbar spine and pelvic position before and after different physical therapy methods. Results. Only the exercise program of different types applied for four weeks did not affect the tendency changes in the evaluated indicators, the statistical significance was not determined (p > 0.05). For the group treated with different types of exercises in combination with TMJ mobilization and chewing muscle relaxation technique, a tendency in the change of indicators was observed, but the statistical significance was not determined (p > 0.05). Conclusion. The function of the TMJ and dental clench, the function of the lumbar spine and pelvic position after different physical therapy methods statistical significance did not change.

Tyrimo pagrindimas. Apie 85% populiacijos skundžiasi nespecifiniu nugaros apatinės dalies skausmu. Nustatyta, kad stuburo stabilizavimo pratimai pagerina juosmens giliųjų raumenų funkciją ir sumažina nugaros skausmą, o stuburo mobilizacija sumažina neįgalumą ir skausmą gydant lėtinį nugaros skausmą. Visgi nėra pakankamai tyrimų, kuriuose būtų įrodytas didesnis ar mažesnis skirtingų manualinės terapijos metodų poveikis gydant nugaros apatinės dalies skausmą. Tyrimo tikslas – nustatyti skirtingų manualinės terapijos metodų ir stuburo stabilizavimo pratimų poveikį asmenų, jaučiančių nugaros apatinės dalies skausmą, skausmui ir funkcinei būklei. Metodai. Buvo tiriama 18 asmenų, jaučiančių lėtinį nespecifinį nugaros apatinės dalies skausmą. Atsitiktine tvarka tiriamieji suskirstyti į dvi grupes. Vienai grupei buvo taikoma stuburo slankstelių mobilizacija atliekant judesį ir stuburo stabilizavimo pratimai, kitai – nespecifinė stuburo juosmens ir kryžmens manipuliacija bei stuburo stabilizavimo pratimai. Prieš intervenciją ir po jos buvo vertinamas nugaros skausmas, funkcinė būklė ir negalia, pilvo raumenų statinė ištvermė, nugaros raumenų statinė ištvermė, šoninių juosmens raumenų statinė ištvermė, stuburo paslankumas. Rezultatai. Tiriamųjų jaučiamas skausmas po taikytų intervencijų sumažėjo (p < 0,05), negalia ir funkcinė būklė pagėrėjo (p < 0,05), stuburo paslankumas ir liemens raumenų statinė ištvermė pagerėjo (p < 0,05). Tarp abiejų taikytų metodikų veiksmingumo statistiškai reikšmingo skirtumo nenustatyta. Išvados. Tiek taikant stuburo slankstelių mobilizaciją atliekant judesį ir stuburo stabilizavimo pratimus, tiek taikant nespecifinę juosmens ir kryžmens manipuliaciją bei stuburo stabilizavimo pratimus, sumažėjo tiriamųjų nugaros skausmas ir pagerėjo funkcinė būklė, poveikis tarp skirtingų manualinės terapijos metodų nesiskyrė., Background. Studies have found that spinal stabilization exercises improve lumbar deep muscle function and reduce back pain. Spinal mobilization and manipulation reduce disability and pain in the treatment of chronic back pain. However, there are not enough studies to show a greater or lesser effect of different manual therapies in the treatment of lower back pain. Research aim was to determine the effect of different manual therapy methods and spinal stabilization exercises on pain and functional status in individuals experiencing lower back pain. Methods. The study included 18 subjects experiencing chronic nonspecific lower back pain. The subjects were randomly divided into two groups. One group underwent spinal vertebral mobilization with movement (sustained natural apophyseal glides – SNAG’s) and spinal stabilization exercises, and the other group underwent non-specific lumbar spine manipulation and spinal stabilization exercises. Before and after the intervention back pain (SAS), functional status and disability, abdominal muscle static endurance, back muscle static endurance, lateral trunk muscle static endurance, and spine mobility were assessed. Results. All subjects had statistically significant (p < 0.05) changes in results related with pain, disability and functional status, lumbar spine mobility, and lumbar muscle static endurance, comparing them before and after the intervention. The results of the study before and after the intervention did not differ significantly between the groups. Conclusion. Spine mobilization with movement and core stability exercises as well as non-specific lumbar-sacral spine manipulation and core stability exercises were found to reduce low back pain and improve functional status; the effects did not differ between different manual therapy methods.

The aim of the research. To reveal the expression of communicative and organizational abilities in representatives of dance sport and other dance styles (ballet, street, modern, national, lindy hop) (adolescents). Methods. The research involved 50 adolescents (28 girls and 22 boys) that attended dance sport, and 50 participants (30 girls and 20 boys) that attended dance of other styles (ballet, street, modern, national, lindy hop). The age of the research participants was 12–14 years. The questionnaire was compiled according to the methodology of Fedorishin and Sinyavskiy (2017), aiming to assess communicative and organizational abilities. The abilities of the dancers assessed according to this methodology were classified as “very low”, “low”, “average”, “upper average” and “high” levels. Results. After assessing the communicative abilities in the research participants of dance sport in the aspect of gender, we determined that the communicative abilities in most girls (36.42 per cent) and boys (37.50 per cent) were high. After assessing their organizational abilities, it was determined the organizational abilities in most researched (37.48 per cent of the boys and 45.49 per cent of the girls) matched to the low level. Among the research participants of other dance styles, the level of communicative abilities was high in 30.00 per cent of the boys and 24.98 per cent of the girls. After assessing the organizational abilities of this group of dancers, it was determined the low level of organizational abilities was most expressed, matching 30.24 per cent of the boys and 64.86 per cent of the girls. Conclusions. After assessing the adolescents that attended dance sport or dance of other styles, it was determined the level of communicative and organizational abilities among the research participants of those groups did not differ statistically significantly. Key words: dance sport, other dance styles, communicative abilities, organizational abilities.

Background. Nationwide lockdowns, encompassing mass quarantine under stay-at-home ordinances, have already proven effective in controlling the COVID-19 outbreak. A prolonged homestay may also be associated with potential side effects, which may jeopardize people’s health. Some undesirable consequences of prolonged homestay can be physical inactivity, behavioral addiction disorders and social isolation (Henry, Bovo, & Sanchis-Gomar, 2020). The aim of the study is to analyse the impact of COVID-19 on mental health and lifestyle in the population of Kaunas city. Methods of research. anonymous online survey, which included questions on demographics, eating habits, alcohol and tobacco consumption, physical activity (Global Physical Activity Questionnaire), sleep quality (Pittsburgh sleep quality index) and mental health (Patient Health Questionnaire – 9). Results. the study involved 388 respondents from Kaunas city. Women accounted for 80,7 %, and men for 19,3 % of respondents. Average of sedentary behavior during the pandemic – 430, 93 ± 233,47 min., before the pandemic – 324, 42 ± 216,21 min. (p

Background. The scientific literature focuses on the evaluation of quality of life (QL) and health-related quality of life (HRQL) among recreational and competitive athletes. Research suggests that the QL and HRQL levels of competitive athletes can be negatively affected in that they spend most of their lives in training, preparing for and recovering from competitions and tournaments; however, they neither learn most of the essential life skills (Ohlert & Ott, 2017), nor allot time to their leisure activities and recreation. There are also contradictory studies indicating that competitive athletes evaluate HRQL better than recreational ones do (Lorcan & Allen, 2018; Pacesova, Smela, & Antala, 2019). However, little is known about the impact of how different levels of sports activities affect HRQL in this pandemic period. Methods. HRQL was evaluated applying the SF-36 questionnaire (Short Form 36 Medical Outcomes Study questionnaire). The questionnaire was adapted in Lithuania (Staniūtė, 2007). Results. Statistically significant differences were found in the evaluation of quality of life in the following areas: social function, pain, and activity limitation due to emotional disorders. It was found that competitive athletes limited their activities more than recreational athletes due to emotional difficulties (U = 1165, p = .05) and experienced more pain (U = 1036, p = .01). It was also found that recreational athletes valued their social relations more favourably than competitive ones (U = 1066, p = .02). Statistically significant differences were found in the evaluation of HRQL by gender. Men value their social relations better (U = 992.5, p = .00) and have fewer activity limitations due to emotional difficulties (U = 1063, p = .02) than women. The HRQL evaluation by gender and sport level shows that in recreational sports men evaluated their social relationships better than women and had fewer activity limitations due to emotional difficulties than women. Analysis of HRQL of competitive athletes showed no statistically significant relationship between women and men groups. Conclusion. In conclusion, it can be stated that athletes best valued areas of physical activity and social relations. The findings show that competitive athletes more than recreational ones limited their activities due to emotional difficulties, and experienced more pain. Meanwhile, recreational athletes rated their social relations more favourably than competitive athletes. It was found that male athletes valued their social relations and emotional state better than female athletes. Men also had fewer activity limitations due to emotional difficulties than women. Keywords: quality of life, young adults, recreational athletes, competitive athletes.

Background. In Lithuania, from 2017 to 2018, in the age group of 16–64 years, the number of people with a disability increased from 18.3% to 19.4% (Statistics on Persons with Disabilities, 2018). According to the 2014 European Statistical Data, as many as 27.1% of over 16-year-olds with a disability in Europe reported prevailing limitations on their activity (Centre for European Social and Economic Policy, 2017). The significance of this current situation increases the relevance of this study, because insufficient attention is paid to disability research; researchers from around the world state that this area receives little of their attention (Rios et al., 2016; Shepherd, 2016; Williams & Moore, 2011). Methods. semi-structured interview, qualitative analysis of content. Results. Negative reaction towards one’s own body and the perceived irreversible physical changes after acquiring a disability provokes negative feelings, harmful behavior, and limits one’s interaction with the environment. For those who acquire a disability, interaction with the environment encompasses difficulties in entering buildings, reaching for objects, moving outside or receiving certain services. When assessing communication with other people, after acquiring a disability, in many cases, communication with friends worsens, but becomes better with family and relatives. The process of overcoming the disability happens systematically – accepting the acquisition of disability and adapting to the changes that occur; taking up sports or communal activity in order to strengthen oneself physically, emotionally and engage in social life; expressing the inequalities prevalent in society regarding disability and the proposed possible ways to improve the situation. Conclusion. People who acquire a disability encounter internal reactions and interaction with the changes in their environment, which create the strategic need to overcome the acquired disability and adapt to it. Keywords: movement disability, acquired disability, internal changes, environment changes, experiences.

Background. Research has shown that musculoskeletal disorders were most commonly found in children aged 4 to 6 years (Daniusevičiūtė-Brazaitė et al., 2019). Therefore, if these negative trends continue, the growing health problems will pose a greater threat to human well-being and become a serious financial burden on the state and society. Currently, technologies are an integral part of everyday life, so the need for interactive games or animated programs cannot be doubted. Research (Lobel et al., 2016) showed that the use of play-based intervention for children significantly improves fine and visual motor performance. Hence, it is important to identify the possible factors to pre-school children’s irregular posture formation. Methods. Thirty children (15 girls and 15 boys) aged 5.6 ± 0.6 years (mean ± SD) participated voluntarily in the study. Interview method was used as a questionnaire for preschool children to determine the level of children’s physical activity, the characteristics of interactive animated educational gaming programs, their impact and motivation when engaging in game programs. Also the assessment of the biomechanical applicability of physical exercises was measured using an inclinometer and Myoton 3 system for muscle tone, elasticity and stiffness, as well as posture assessment. The methods were applied before and after the experiment. Results. All children liked the exercises of intercative animated program on the first (before) day of the study, and 98% answered on the last (after) day of the study. A greater proportion (67%) reported feeling excited when doing the exercises of the interactive animated program for the first time, whereas on the last day of the study, 48% reported feeling excited and 37% happy. Muscle stiffness scores increased on the last (post) day of the study. High measurement reliability was established for all muscle stiffness measurements. Conclusion. The exercises of the interactive animated game program were engaging – all the participants willingly performed the exercises and strong emotions such as excitement, surprise, fun/mischief prevailed during the exercises. The exercises of the interactive animated game program were performed correctly. The measured results of muscle frequency, elasticity and stiffness increased on the last day of the study. Keywords: preschool child, physical activity, engagement, motivation, interactive animated educational gaming program.

Tyrimo pagrindimas. D ėl didelių fizinių ir psichologinių darbo reikalavimų , muzikantai susiduria su įvairiomis griaučių raumenų problemomis, kas neigiamai paveikia tiek gyvenimo, tiek ir grojimo kokybę. Pagrindinis tokių sutrikimų rizikos veiksnys – prasta smuikininkų laikysena. Tikslinė kine - ziterapija sumažina raumenų disbalansą ir skausmą, taip pagerindama laikyseną ir gyvenimo koky� ą ir gyvenimo koky� ir gyvenimo koky - bę. Tyrimai rodo, kad nuotoliniu būdu taikoma kineziterapija, gali būti veiksminga esant raumenų sutrikimams, tačiau nėra dažnai taikoma. Taigi, kokį poveikį nuotoliniu būdu taikoma kineziterapija turės smuikininkų kaklinės dalies skausmui, funkcinei būklei, nuovargiui bei miego kokybei vis dar neaišku. Tikslas – nustatyti nuotoliniu būdu taikomos kineziterapijos poveikį smuikininkų kaklinės dalies skausmui, funkcinei būklei, nuovargiui bei miego kokybei. Metodai . Tyrime dalyvavo devynios profesionaliai smuiku grojančios moterys. Kineziterapija buvo taikoma šešias savaites, keturis kartus per savaitę. Prieš ir po kineziterapijos tiriamosios buvo vertinamos: vizualine analogine skausmo skale, kaklo funkcinės negalios indeksu, Pitsburgo miego kokybės indeksu ir nuovargio vertinimo testu. Rezultatai . Po taikytos kineziterapijos sumažėjo skausmas (p, Background. Due to the high physical and psychological demands of their work, musicians face a variety of musculoskeletal disorders that negatively affect both quality of life and musical performance. The main risk factor for these disorders is poor posture of the violinist. Targeted physiotherapy reduces muscle imbalance and pain, thus improving posture and quality of life. Studies have shown that remote physiotherapy may be effective in musculoskeletal disorders but is not commonly used. Thus, the effects of remote physiotherapy on neck pain, functional status, fatigue, and sleep quality in violinist are still unclear. Aim. To determine the effect of remote physiotherapy on neck pain, functional status, fatigue, and sleep quality in violinist. Methods. The study included 9 women professional violinists. Physiotherapy was applied for 6 weeks, 4 days a week. Pre and post intervention, the subjects were assessed for pain using the visual analogue scale, and the neck disability index, for sleep quality with the Pittsburgh sleep quality index, and for fatigue with the fatigue index. Results. There was a reduction in pain (p

Tyrimo pagrindimas . Koronavirusinė liga (Covid-19), kilusi Uhane, Kinijoje 2019 m. gruodį, sparčiai išplito visame pasaulyje. Vengiant tiesioginio kontakto buvo įvestas visuotinis karantinas, kuris pakeit ė darbuotojų darbo įpročius , dėl ko pailgėjo sėslus laikas ir padidėjo nusiskundim ų kaklo, nugaros ir pečių lanko skausmais. Tikslas – išanalizuoti karantino metu pailgėjusio sėdėjimo laiko sąsajas su kaklo, nugaros ir pečių lanko skausmais. Metodai . Tyrime dalyvavo 180 respondentų, 136 moterys (76 proc.) ir 43 vyrai (24 proc.), ku - rie pildė anketinę apklaus ą , vykdomą socialiniuose tinkluose. Anketą sudarė uždaro tipo klausimai. Stati stinė duomenų analizė buvo atlikta taikant Spearman‘o koreliacijos koeficient ą, norint nustatyti sąsajas tarp sėdėjimo laiko trukmės ir kaklo, nugaros bei pečių lanko skausm ų . Rezultatai. Nustatyta, kad karantino metu ir pri eš karantiną respondentų praleistas laikas prie kompiuterio ar televizoriaus ekrano skyrėsi (p, Background. Coronavirus disease (Covid-19) originating in Wuhan, China in December 2019 spread worldwide rapidly. To avoid direct contact, quarantine was implemented globally, which changed employees’ work habits, leading to longer sedentary times and increased complaints of neck, back and shoulder arch pain. Aim. To analyse the association of increased sitting time during quarantine with neck, back and shoulder arch pain. Methods. The survey involved 180 respondents, 136 women (76.0%) and 43 men (24.0%), who participated in a questionnaire survey conducted in social networks. The questionnaire consisted of closed-ended questions. Statistical analysis was performed using the Spearman correlation coefficient to determine the relationship between sitting time and neck, back, and shoulder arch pain. Results. It was found that the time spent at the computer or TV screen during the quarantine and before quarantine differed statistically significantly (p

Tyrimo pagrindimas. Čiurnos raiščių patempimai ir plyšimai yra dažniausiai pasitaikanti sportinė trauma. Kineziterapija, kuri taikoma ant nestabilių plokštumų, leidžia veiksmingai sumažinti čiurnos traumų riziką ir pagerinti statinę bei dinaminę pusiausvyrą. Tikslas – įvertinti pratimų ant nestabilių plokštumų poveikį tinklininkų pusiausvyrai ir čiurnos traumų prevencijai. Metodai . Buvo tirta 10 tinklininkų, atsitiktinai suskirstytų į dvi grupes: tiriamąją (taikoma kine - ziterapija ant nestabilių plokštumų) ir kontrolinę (netaikoma jokia kineziterapija). Testavimo metu buvo naudojami Flamingo ir modifikuotos „žvaigždės“ nuokrypio pusiausvyros testai prieš interven - ciją ir po jos. Rezultatai. Po keturių savaičių trukusios kineziterapijos, tiriamosios grupės tinklininkų Flamingo testo metu nukritimų nuo skersinio skaičius sumažėjo 66,7 proc. (p < 0,05), o kontrolinės grupės nepakito. Po intervencijos tiriamosios grupės tinklininkų siekimo dinaminės pusiausvyros rezultatai pagerėjo (p < 0,05), o kontrolinės grupės nepakito. Išvados. Keturių savaičių kineziterapija, taikoma ant nestabilių plokštumų, reikšmingai pagerino statinę ir dinaminę tinklininkų pusiausvyrą ir reikšmingai sumažino riziką patirti čiurnos traumą., Background. Ankle sprain is the most common sports injury. Conducting phy - siotherapy with unstable platforms efficiently decreases risk of ankle injuries and increases static and dynamic balance parameters. The aim. To estimate the effect of physiotherapy on balance of volleyball play - ers and the prevention of ankle injuries. Methods . The study involved 10 male volleyball players, who were randomly divided into two groups: intervention (physiotherapy with unstable platforms) and control (no physiotherapy applied). Flamingo test and modified star excursion ba - lance test were used before and after intervention. Duration of intervention – 4 weeks. Results . After 4 weeks of physiotherapy with unstable platforms static balance increased in intervention group subjects by 66.7% (p < 0,05); however, there were no changes in the control group. Post intervention examination showed statisti - cally significant increase in Y balance test results in different directions, while the control group did not show any change. Conclusions . After a physiotherapy program with unstable platforms, static balance as well as dynamic balance increased. A 4-week physiotherapy program with unstable platforms significantly decreased the risk of ankle injuries in male volleyball players.

Tyrimo pagrindimas. Gonartrozė – tai viena labiausiai paplitusi kaulų-raumenų sistemos liga. Šiai ligai progresuojant, kinta paciento socialinės ir fizinės veiklos. Šiuo metu ieškoma patikimų ir greitą poveikį turinčių gydymo būdų, kurie sulėtintų gonartrozės progresavimą. Tikslas – nustatyti mobilizacijos su judesiu ir kinezioteipavimo poveikį kelio sąnario funkcin - iams rodikliams ir skausmui sergant gonartroze. Metodai. Tyrime dalyvavo 22 sergantieji gonartroze. Tiriamajai grupei (n=11) buvo taikoma pratimų programa (stiprinimo pratimai, statiniai tempimo pratimai, pratimai ant nestabilių plokštumų), mobilizacija su judesiu ir kinezioteipavimas. Kontrolinei grupei (n=11) taikyta analogiškos sandaros pratimų programa kaip tiriamojoje grupėje. Buvo įvertinamas tiriamųjų kelio skausmo intensyvumas, kelio sąnario amplitudės, dinaminis kelio sąnario stabilumas ir blauzdos tiesimo bei lenkimo jėga. Rezultatai . Tiriamojoje grupėje skausmas reikšmingai sumažėjo po septynių dienų ir skyrėsi nuo kontrolinės grupės viso tyrimo eigoje. Reikšmingas blauzdos lenkimo amplitudės padidėjimas užfiksuotas tiriamojoje grupėje, o reikšmingas blauzdos tiesimo amplitudės padidėjimas užfiksuotas kontrolinėje grupėje. Tiriamojoje grupėje dinaminis kelio sąnario stabilumas reikšmingai pagerėjo po 14 dienų. Blauzdą lenkiančių ir tiesiančių raumenų grupių jėga reikšmingai padidėjo abiejose grupėse po 14 dienų. Išvados . Mobilizacijos su judesiu ir kinezioteipavimo derinys yra veiksmingesnis nei tik pratimų programa sudaryta iš stiprinimo pratimų, statinių tempimo pratimų ir pratimų ant nestabilių plokštumų, mažinant skausmą ir gerinant funkcinius kelio sąnario rodiklius sergant gonartroze., Background. Gonarthrosis is one of the most common diseases of the mus - culoskeletal system. As the disease progresses, the patient’s social and physical activities change. Reliable and effective therapies that slow the progression of go - narthrosis have not yet been found. There is a lack of evidence that a short course of physiotherapy and exercise-based treatment is effective or of how mobilization with movement and kinesio taping affects knee function and pain. We believe that in patients with knee gonarthrosis, the positive effects of physiotherapy combined with mobilization with movement and kinesio taping on knee functions and pain will be better than in those subjects who received only traditional physiotherapy . The aim . To determine the effect of mobilization with movement and kinesio taping on knee function parameters and pain in gonarthrosis. Methods . The study included 22 people diagnosed with gonarthrosis. For the experimental group (n=11), physiotherapy exercise, mobilization with movement and kinesiotape were applied, whereas the control group (n=11) used only phy - siotherapy exercise procedures. Subjects were evaluated for pain intensity, active knee range of motion, dynamic knee joint stability and evaluation of thigh muscle strength. Results . In the experimental group, there was a significant decrease in pain af - ter 7 days and a significant difference with control group. Significant knee flexion results were recorded in the experimental group and significant knee extension results were recorded in the control group. In the experimental group, the dynamic knee joint stabilization significantly increased after 14 days. The strength of the thigh muscles was significantly increased in the experimental group after 14 days. Conclusions . The effect of mobilization with movement and kinesio taping of knee function, dynamic stability pain improving functional performance of dyna - mic stability was more significant than an exercise program lasting two weeks in subjects with knee gonarthrosis.

Background. The hypothesis of this study is formulated as follows: the experience of junior basketball players in competitions will be more valuable than that of cadet basketball players. The aim of our study was to examine the peculiarities of youth and basketball players’ sport experiences. Methods. A total of 104 basketball players, 47 cadets and 57 juniors participated in the study. Survey questionnaire is used for the study. The following methodologies were used: Athlete’s Personal Experience Survey (Athletic Coping Skills Inventory, ACSI-28) and the Sport Experiences Questionnaire (SEQ). Results. The results of the study revealed statistically significant differences (p

Background. Pre-school age is the period of especially fast growth and physical development, characterized by an intensive growth and development of a child’s organism, great changes in the activity of the functional systems, which is affected by increasing physical activeness and fitness (Grinienė & Vaitkevičius, 2009; Howells & Sääkslahti, 2019). Previous studies have identified parental influence as a factor that can shape a child’s physical self–perception and act as a stimulus for physical activity and fitness (Eddolls, McNarry, Stratton, & Mackintosh, 2016). The aim of this study was to indicate physical activity of 5–6-year-old children and to determine the interaction between parents’ physical activity and physical fitness data. Methods. The study involved pre-school age children (n = 59) from 5 to 6 years old: 31 girls and 21 boys; also, their parents (n = 101) were involved: 57 mothers and 44 fathers. Physical activity was measured objectively using the ActiGraph GT3X model. The children performed five physical fitness tests (PFT) according to the Eurofit methodology. Also, parents were asked to fill in questionnaires about their own and their children’s physical activity, and also subjective physical fitness. Results. It turned out that there was a significant difference in the time spent in moderate and moderate to vigorous (MVPA) physical activity between 5 to 6-year-old children (p < .05). Comparing pre-school children’s physical fitness by gender we found that boys were more physically fit than girls when performing long jumps, but girls were more physically fit than boys when performing a sit and reach test (p < .05). Subjectively measured PA identified that 72.6% of parents (of both genders) were sufficiently physically active and 27.4% were inadequate physically active. Conclusion. The results revealed that 6-year-old children spent more time in sedentary time than 5-year-olds, who accumulated more time in moderate and total MVPA physical activity per day. No significant relation was found between parents’ and children’s physical activity and fitness. Keywords: physical activity, physical fitness, pre-school child, health, parents.

Straipsnyje analizuojama sporto renginių kokybė Lietuvos krepšinio rinktinių rungtynėse. Buvo atlikta kokybės vertinimo modelių lyginamoji analizė ir pasirinktas tinkamiausias sporto renginių kokybės modelis šiam tyrimui – SPORTSERV. Atlikus tyrimą nustatyta, jog Lietuvos krepšinio rinktinių (Lietuvos nacionalinės krepšinio vyrų ir moterų rinktinės, Lietuvos jaunučių, jaunių ir jaunimo) rungtynių renginio kokybę vertina gerai ir labai gerai. Kaip svarbiausią tyrime naudoto SPORTSERV modelio sporto renginių kokybės kategoriją respondentai išskyrė saugumą (renginio vietos ir aplinkos saugumo užtikrinimas). Analizuojant skirtumus tarp vyrų ir moterų, paaiškėjo, jog vyrai geriau vertina Lietuvos krepšinio rinktinių rungtynių renginio kokybę nei moterys. Tiek vyrai, tiek moterys kaip mažiausiai įtakos turintį veiksnį įvardijo, jog arenoje galima nusipirkti kokybiško maisto ir gėrimų., This article examines the quality of sport events in the matches of Lithuanian basketball teams. The theoretical part analyzes the concept, significance, quality of sports events and the factors that determine it. A comparative analysis of quality assessment models was performed and the most appropriate quality model for sports events was selected for this study - SPORTSERV (Theodorakis & Kambitsis, 1998; Theodorakis et al., 2001; Theodorakis et al., 2008). A questionnaire was prepared based on this model. The survey collected and analyzed data, discussed results, and presented conclusions. Question arises – how to properly assess the quality of a sporting event? Object of work – quality of matches events in Lithuanian basketball teams (Lithuanian national basketball men's and women's national teams, Lithuanian youth). The aim of the work – to evaluate the quality of a sports event from the point of view of spectators: on the example of Lithuanian basketball team matches. The goals: 1. To define the concept and meaning of a sports event and it‘s quality. 2. To identify the factors determining the quality of sports events from the theoretical point of view. 3. To reveal the quality of Lithuanian basketball teams: Lithuanian national basketball men's and women's teams, Lithuanian youth match events held from 01.09.2019 to 01.06.2020 from the point of view of spectators. Conclusions: 1. The definition of a sporting event can be distinguished as the gathering of sports participants, spectators at a certain place and time at which they watch or participate in a sports competition. Sports events are divided according to - the level of the game (professional or amateur), only one sport (European and world championships of various sports) or several sports (Olympic Games). The significance of sporting events can be divided into direct (economic) and indirect (social, cultural, political). The quality of a sporting event can be described as the satisfaction of spectators and participants with the event and one of the factors determining the demand for this type of event. 2. After analyzing the scientific literature of different authors as the factors determining the quality of sports events can be distinguished - material things (palpability), security, event location, emotion, event time, information about the event, discounts, food quality, staff competencies and friendliness, labeling, design, empathy, reliability (reputation of sports event organizers), level of play and experience of athletes, price, access (location of the sports event and it’s attractiveness). 3. The research revealed that the quality of the research was well assessed by the spectators in the Lithuanian basketball team matches. Analyzing the satisfaction of men and women in the matches of Lithuanian basketball teams, it was noticed that the satisfaction of men was higher than that of women. The highest scores of respondents were in the safety category (the location and environment of the event are safe). Where most efforts should be made in organizing Lithuanian basketball team matches, respondents named the category of material things (modernity of the arena, sound system, ventilation, etc.). This category had the lowest scores for both womens and mens.

Tyrimo pagrindimas. Histerektomija – tai procedūra, kurios metu chirurginiu būdu pašalinama gimda. Histerektomijos apimtis ir būdas gali skirtis, tačiau pati chirurginė intervencija yra pooperaci - nio šlapimo nelaikymo rizikos veiksnys nepriklausomai nuo operacijos apimties ir būdo (Skorupska, Miotla, Kubik-Komar, Rechberger, Adamiak-Godlewska, Rechberger, 2016). Šlapimo nelaikymo prevencijos metodai: tinkamo kūno svorio palaikymas, gimdymų ribojimas, gyvenimo būdo korekci - ja, mokymas taisyklingai atlikti dubens dugno raumenų (DDR) treniravimo pratimus (Habib, Chau - dhary, 2016). Tačiau vis dar stinga tyrimų duomenų, kaip DDR treniravimą būtų galima derinti su kitomis intervencijomis (Silantyeva et al., 2019), skirtingi autoriai pateikia prieštaringus rezultatus. Tikslas – įvertinti DDR stiprinimo pratimų programų poveikį šlapimo nelaikymo sutrikimui mo - terims po gimdos pašalinimo operacijos. Metodai. Pirmai tiriamųjų grupei taikytas grįžtamasis ryšys ir įprasta kineziterapija (GR + IK), antrai – tik įprasta kineziterapija (IK). Visoms tiriamosioms įvertintas jaučiamas skausmas, DDR jėga, gyvenimo kokybė, susijusi su šlapimo nelaikymo problema, bendroji gyvenimo kokybė prieš poveikio taikymą ir po jo. Skausmo intensyvumas ir DDR jėga papildomai įvertinti po 5 ir 10 dienų. Rezultatai. Po poveikio taikymo pastebėtas reikšmingas rezultatų pagerėjimas GR + IK grupėje: padidėjo DDR jėga, pagerėjo gyvenimo kokybė, susijusi su šlapimo nelaikymo problema, palyginus su IK grupe (p < 0,05). Jaučiamas skausmas ir bendrosios gyvenimo kokybės rezultatai tarp grupių reikšmingai nesiskyrė (p > 0,05). Išvados. Įprasta kineziterapija, derinama su grįžtamuoju ryšiu, elgsenos požiūriu yra veiksmin - gesnė dubens dugno raumenų jėgai didinti, gyvenimo kokybei, susijusiai su šlapimo nelaikymu, gerinti nei vien tik įprasta kineziterapija., Background. Hysterectomy (HT) is a very common procedure in which the uterus is removed surgically. The extent and type of HT surgery may vary, but the surgical intervention itself is a risk factor for the development of postoperative urinary incontinence regardless of the extent and type of surgery (Skorupska, Mio - tla, Kubik–Komar, Rechberger, Adamiak–Godlewska & Rechberger, 2016). Tech - niques for preventing urinary incontinence include maintaining proper weight, limiting the number of children, making lifestyle adjustments, and educating to perform pelvic floor muscle (PFM) training exercises correctly (Habib & Chaud - hary, 2016). However, there is still a lack of research on how PFM training can be combined with other interventions (Silantyeva et al., 2019), and different authors presernt conflicting results. Aim. The purpose was to evaluate the effect of pelvic floor muscle strengthe - ning exercises on urinary incontinence in women after uterus removal sur gery. Methods. The first group of subjects received biofeedback and usual physical therapy (BF + UT), while the second group of patients received only usual therapy (UT). All subjects were assessed for perceived pain, PFM strength, quality of life associated with urinary incontinence, and overall quality of life, before and after exposure. Pain intensity and PFM stregth were additionally assessed after 5 and 10 days. Results. After exposure, there was a significant increase in outcome in the BF + UT group – PFM strength, and quality of life associated with urinary incontinence compared to the UT group. Perceived pain and overall quality of life outcomes did not differ between groups (p > 0.05). Conclusion. Usual therapy combined with biofeedback is more effective in in - creasing pelvic floor muscle strength, and quality of life related to urinary inconti - nence, in terms of behavior, than usual therapy alone.