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Copyright of Listy Cukrovarnicke a Reparske is the property of VUC Praha a.s. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Cash flow management in commercial organizations of the production sector is one of the key problems of financial management in the post-crisis stages of the pandemic and its overcoming, which requires new solutions. This article presents practical solutions for improving financial management in the context of liquiditysolvency relationship, cash flow, and current asset valuation in six leading companies that produce food and meat products by capitalization listed on the world stock exchange and studied. Since the role of artificial intelligence is highly valued in the current period, financial management professionals have also started to use various learning forecasting models in order to increase the efficiency of their decision-making. Forecasting the capital structure in commercial organizations with an artificial intelligence model is a completely new approach in the financial management system, the main task of which is to define the preferred ratio of the components of liabilities in connection with the minimum cost of capital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reform of lease accounting for lessees has brought about a major change that has required the interpretation of the concept of assets and liabilities. The lease project arose from a lack of information about the entity's liabilities, as some users believed that operating lease commitments should be reported as liabilities of the entity. Concepts are fundamental in a principles-based standard. IFRS 16 was a controversial standard and subject to strong pressure, especially from preparers, and not only conceptual positions were involved in the deliberation process. As a principles-based standard should be interpreted following those principles, this paper examines the interpretative decisions following the adoption of IFRS 16 to analyze whether they are consistent with the concepts used in the standard, particularly the concept of liabilities. Our results show that the standard and the basis for its conclusions have needed clarification or, in some cases, were interpreted inconsistently with the criteria under which IFRS 16 was issued. We argue that these departures have occurred because the Basis for Conclusions of IFRS 16 does not clearly reflect the concept of liabilities and they suggest that an explicit interpretation of the concepts is needed, either in the standard or in the doctrinal literature; otherwise, the standard may abandon its vocation of principles-based regulation. Our findings are relevant to standard setters, particularly for the IASB when addressing the post-implementation review of IFRS 16, and preparers and auditors who must apply the standard.

This study examines the impact of net interest margin, non-interest income, non-performing loans, and Political Stability Index on the banks’ profitability regarding return on assets in developing Asian countries, focusing on how political stability affects the bank’s profitability. The secondary data from 14 developing countries used in this study are collected from the World Bank and World Financial Studies Report. The dataset includes 154 data points spanning from 2012 to 2022, focusing on 14 underdeveloped countries of Asia. Exploratory and analytical research designs are utilized. Data are analyzed by using EViews 12. Econometric tools such as descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, panel unit root testing, Fisher-Johnsen combined co-integration test, panel vector error correction model, and Wald test investigate the relationship between response and predictor variables. The net interest margin, non-interest income, non-performing loan, and Political Stability Index are jointly integrated to determine the bank’s profit of developing countries of the Asia continent. Interest margin, non-interest revenue, non-performing loans, and the Political Stability Index all show a 38.6 percent variance in bank profit. It has been discovered that for every unit that rises in net interest margin and Political Stability Index, the bank profitability of developing Asian countries increases by 0.4867 and 0.2221 percent, respectively. Non-interest income has little bearing on the profitability of banks. Meanwhile, non-interest income exhibits minimal influence, suggesting a need for a strategic focus on interest margin enhancement and fostering political stability to optimize banking sector profitability in the region.

The purpose of this paper is to identify the peculiarities of banks’ business models and assess their risks, which is especially relevant in the context of the war in Ukraine since 2014. The information base is the published statements for each month of 63 Ukrainian banks for the period from 1 January 2018 to 1 January 2024. The number of indicators is chosen in an empirical manner. Business models are investigated using the method of structural-functional groups of banks, which allows estimating large arrays of financial indicators, grouping banks with similar characteristics and drawing conclusions about the main risks. It is convenient to use neural networks, namely Kohonen’s self-organizing maps, to estimate large data sets. The largest group of banks places a significant part of assets in government securities and has an unstable resource base. The share of these banks in the system as of January 1, 2024 is 38% and total assets are 10%. The second group by number of banks is focused on corporate lending with a high share of current resources in liabilities, and includes 21% of banks, whose assets account for 31% of total assets. State-owned banks, PrivatBank and OschadBank, account for 35% of total assets. The business models of these banks are characterized by dependence on retail funds, a high share of investment operations, and high credit and currency risks. Ukraine’s banking system has significantly developed a risk-oriented approach to management, which allowed it to maintain stability in the face of a full-scale war.

From an economic and psychological point of view, building and maintaining a good reputation is essential for any branch of economic activity. This work evaluated goodwill using the weighted average return on assets method, WARA. This is according to the average company in the manufacturing industry in the Czech Republic between 2016-2020. The average enterprise was created by filtering enterprises determined according to the classification of economic activities of CZ NACE from section C. These data were transformed into a single entity valued on an accounting basis, and the value of its goodwill was determined. This value was determined from an accounting point of view as the difference between the revenue value of the business plant and the asset value of the business plant. The benefit is the value of goodwill expenses in connection with strengthening the competitive advantage in the market. The limitation of this work was determining which companies should filter out from the list of accounting data completely and which to keep. Further research could examine companies in individual subgroups in the manufacturing industry and other sections of the classification of economic activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The need of the study is to concentrates on the growth and performance of HDFC Bank and to calculate the growth and performance by using asset and liability management and to know the management of nonperforming assets. Bank manages the risk of Asset liability disparity by matching the assets and liabilities according to the maturity pattern or the corresponding period [2016-20], by hedging and by securitization. ALM is concerned with strategic management of Balance Sheet by giving due weight age to market risks viz. Liquidity Risk, Interest Rate Risk & Currency Risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Listy Cukrovarnicke a Reparske is the property of VUC Praha a.s. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article deals with the financial management of construction companies in the Czech Republic during 2014-2021, i.e., an 8-year period. Since the data collection also provided information on the years of the COVID-19 pandemic crisis, the paper focuses on the financial management of construction companies during this period. Financial management means the management of companies' assets, i.e., fixed and current assets and the management of financial resources that cover these assets. Financial resources are divided into own and external resources. Liquidity is also related to the issue of financial management where current liquidity including all current assets to cover short-term liabilities is taken into account. The paper is divided into two parts: the former analyses the period until the COVID-19 pandemic crisis i.e., 2017-2019, and the latter analyses the period during the years of the COVID-19 pandemic crisis i.e., 2020-2021. The aggregate data for the entire period under study is also recorded. An important outcome of the paper is highlighting the possible differences in the financial management of construction companies before and after the COVID-19 pandemic crisis. The methods used in the research described in the article are closely related to those used in financial analysis, in particular the basic vertical analysis method and the ratio indicator method, where the current ratio is taken into account. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the impact of net interest margin, non-interest income, non-performing loans, and Political Stability Index on the banks' profitability regarding return on assets in developing Asian countries, focusing on how political stability affects the bank's profitability. The secondary data from 14 developing countries used in this study are collected from the World Bank and World Financial Studies Report. The dataset includes 154 data points spanning from 2012 to 2022, focusing on 14 underdeveloped countries of Asia. Exploratory and analytical research designs are utilized. Data are analyzed by using EViews 12. Econometric tools such as descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, panel unit root testing, Fisher-Johnsen combined co-integration test, panel vector error correction model, and Wald test investigate the relationship between response and predictor variables. The net interest margin, non-interest income, non-performing loan, and Political Stability Index are jointly integrated to determine the bank's profit of developing countries of the Asia continent. Interest margin, non-interest revenue, non-performing loans, and the Political Stability Index all show a 38.6 percent variance in bank profit. It has been discovered that for every unit that rises in net interest margin and Political Stability Index, the bank profitability of developing Asian countries increases by 0.4867 and 0.2221 percent, respectively. Non-interest income has little bearing on the profitability of banks. Meanwhile, non-interest income exhibits minimal influence, suggesting a need for a strategic focus on interest margin enhancement and fostering political stability to optimize banking sector profitability in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This brief is intended to help policymakers and the public better understand the financial standing of Marin County’s public pension systems, the role of legacy liabilities vs. ongoing benefit accrual in employer pension costs, and the current trajectory of these costs.

In Ukraine, the issue of assessing losses as a result of military aggression became relevant in 2014 after the annexation of part of the country's territory by the Russian Federation. Until 2022, Ukraine's state structures developed several regulatory documents regulating these issues. However, the problems of methodology and techniques for assessing damage and losses as a result of military actions in Ukraine have again come into the focus of academics and expert practitioners after the full-scale and extremely destructive aggression that began on February 24, 2022. It became clear that it would be impossible to assess the volume and variety of damage and losses caused to Ukraine based on previous approaches and methods. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the need and ways of developing the methodology for assessing damage and losses of enterprises as a result of the war, to determine the possibilities of mutual enrichment of the methodology of expert and accounting evaluation for their combined application when calculating losses from military actions in Ukraine. The work reveals the economic and regulatory essence of the approaches to assessing the damage and losses of enterprises from the war applied in Ukraine: the World Bank's rapid assessment methodology; methods of property-by-object assessment of the State Property Fund of Ukraine; methodology based on the accounting assessment methodology of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine. The authors critically analysed their potential and opportunities to achieve the goals set by the Ukrainian authorities for conducting a mass and operational assessment of economic losses from the war and ensuring a transparent and fair compensation policy. The main criteria for evaluating efficiency when choosing and using one or another approach for assessing enterprises' losses from the war were determined. The essence of the assessment methodology was revealed, and the methodological features of expert and accounting approaches to determining the damage and losses of enterprises from the war were defined. Reasoned possibility of mutual enrichment of the methodological bases of expert and accounting assessment through reciprocal borrowing of methods, procedures, techniques and methods. The practicality of both individual and combined application of expert and accounting approaches to assessing damage and losses to achieve the goals set by the Government of Ukraine has been proven.

Copyright of Revista del ICDT is the property of Instituto Colombiano de Derecho Tributario and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The delivery of public services in South Africa is dependent on good governance and decisive leadership. Furthermore, the success of government programmes depends on the size of the budget that has been allocated to a given government department or entity. When the Minister of Finance delivers the budget speech in the National Assembly, there is a clear indication on how much is going to be allocated to each government department over the next financial year. It is up to the government departments to ensure that the allocated budget is used as efficiently and effectively as possible. Each government department is guided by the Public Financial Management Act (PFMA), 1999. The PFMA seeks to regulate financial management in the national government and provincial governments; to ensure that all revenue, expenditure, assets and liabilities of those governments are managed efficiently and effectively; to provide for the responsibilities of persons entrusted with financial management in those governments; and to provide for matters connected therewith. Given the objectives of the PFMA, accounting officers are tasked with the responsibility of enforcing the PFMA in all procurement processes. According to Section 36 of the PFMA, an accounting officer is the head of a department. These accounting officers play an important role in ensuring that services are delivered, while they must ensure that public funds are spent responsibly and in accordance with the relevant government policies and the PFMA. This paper analyses the role that accounting officers need to play in ensuring responsible public financial management, especially because of the limited resources available to our government. By employing a qualitative study, this paper looks at instances where accounting officers did not act in accordance with the PFMA and the implications of this failure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Banks asfinancial institutions that rely on customer trust are obliged to continually improve service quality in order to maintain their role. In carrying out its business activities, banks have three main functions, including accepting money deposits, lending money, and providing money transfer services. One way to find out the condition of a company can be done by analyzing the annual financial reports made by the company. Financial reports are prepared with the aim of providing an overview of periodic progress reports carried out by the management of the company concerned. This research aims to find out the influence of equity, assets and liabilities on share prices with profitability as an intervening variable at PT Bank Syariah Indonesia in 2020-2022 . Sampling is a part of an overall population that is carefully selected to be representative of that population. The sampling technique used in this research is a time series . The purposive sampling method is the selection ofsamples that meet certain criteria determined by the researcher. The analysis used uses path analysis using SPSS V22 software. From the results of the data tests in this research, it is clear that equity has an effect on profitability. Assets have no effect on profitability. Liabilities affect profitability. Equity influences share prices. Assets have no effect on share prices. Liabilities affect share prices. Profitability influences share prices. The conclusion of the final hypothesis states that profitability has not been able to partially mediate the influence between equity, assets and liabilities on share prices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article delves into the escalating frequency of financial crises and their repercussions on national economies, emphasizing the imperative need for both the global community and individual nations to establish mechanisms that can effectively counter financial shocks. The primary line of defence within banking institutions is their own capital. Consequently, the adequacy of a country's own capital plays a pivotal role in determining the robustness of its banking system. The article presents an in-depth analysis of the dynamics of fundamental capital types, including own and borrowed capital, and other economic indicators, with a specific focus on the proportion of own capital within these factors in Portugal, an integral part of the European community. The study employs correlation-regression analysis to explore the interdependencies among capital, liabilities, assets, income, and Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Regression models are developed to investigate the influence on a bank's own capital. The analysis substantiates the hypothesis regarding the interconnections among these key indicators. Based on the findings, recommendations are made for the implementation of a mechanism to ascertain capital sufficiency. The article places significant emphasis on identifying and utilizing instruments that facilitate the achievement of this objective, ultimately contributing to bolstering financial resilience in Portugal and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study is to assess the state of interbank lending to the systemically important banks in Ukraine, taking into account the current conditions of functioning of the economy. The article analyzes the dynamics of the number of banking institutions for 2008–2023, identifies the causes and consequences of their significant reduction. The essence and significance of systemically important banks are determined; approaches and principles of granting banking institutions the status of systemically important (SIB) are described; special conditions for withdrawal of SIB from the market under martial law have been allocated. A comprehensive analysis of the state of interbank lending to systemically important banks in Ukraine during 2019–2022 was carried out, in particular, the total amount of interbank loans received, the activity of the SIBs to attract interbank loans (IBCs) by their share in the total amount of liabilities, by the share of IBC in the balance sheet currency and the ratio of IBC to equity during the analyzed period were examined. The results of the carried out study indicate that it is interbank loans that are characterized by a quick reaction to changes in financial market conditions. It has been determined that systemically important banks of Ukraine reduce their dependence on interbank financing, which in practice means their financial stability and strength. It is proved that the studied banks, when forming the resource base, try to avoid a high share of interbank loans both in the total amount of mobilized funds and in comparison with equity, since IBCs are the most expensive instruments for replenishing the resource base of commercial banks. Emphasis is placed on important achievements of the systemic reform of the banking sector, which led to the cleansing of the domestic market from weak and unreliable banks and the construction of a Western-style banking system in Ukraine in compliance with world standards of banking business. Thanks to proper regulation and control on the part of the NBU over the observance by commercial banks of the established norms and rules of conducting banking business, the domestic banking system steadfastly endures all modern challenges and even in conditions of a full-scale war proves its financial stability and reliability, maintaining customer trust and recognition of international partners.

This paper explores the impact of a company’s performance on the economy, with a focus on Albanian insurance companies and their importance in the non-banking financial sector. The paper aims to analyze the profitability of these companies by examining various internal factors such as company size, capital volume, liabilities, liquidity, growth rate, and fixed assets, with a specific focus on their return on assets (ROA). To achieve this objective, the paper uses quantitative methods to study the relationship between these variables. The sample comprises 10 companies in the Albanian insurance market, including both life and non-life insurers, studied between 2014 and 2021. The results show that only company size has a positive impact on profitability, while not all other variables were significant, irrespective of their direction. Ultimately, the paper demonstrates that a company’s good performance can positively affect the economy in which it operates.

Equity is the most important object of accounting and an integral element of the financial statements and accounting reports of any organization. At the same time, our research indicates that today there are significant problems in the field of interpretation and reflection of the equity of modern organizations in accounting reports, which are typical for both the theory and practice of accounting and reporting, as well as for regulatory documents and scientific literature. These problems have been identified by the authors both in the theory and practice of accounting and reporting, both in regulatory documents and in the scientific literature. This article is devoted to the analysis of these problems and ways to solve them. Research methods included analysis, synthesis, grouping and analogy methods, comparison, systemic and logical approaches. In the course of the study, the scientific literature and Russian and International Standards relating to the interpretation, accounting and reflection in the financial statements of the equity of organizations were critically analyzed. As a result, proposals were developed and substantiated for solving the identified problems in the above areas. The results of this study can be useful to a wide range of readers interested in the problems of modern accounting and reporting, can be applied in the practical work of the accounting departments of organizations, in the educational process of higher educational institutions and in the development and improvement of relevant regulatory documents on accounting.

This article delves into the escalating frequency of financial crises and their repercussions on national economies, emphasizing the imperative need for both the global community and individual nations to establish mechanisms that can effectively counter financial shocks. The primary line of defence within banking institutions is their own capital. Consequently, the adequacy of a country's own capital plays a pivotal role in determining the robustness of its banking system. The article presents an in-depth analysis of the dynamics of fundamental capital types, including own and borrowed capital, and other economic indicators, with a specific focus on the proportion of own capital within these factors in Portugal, an integral part of the European community. The study employs correlation-regression analysis to explore the interdependencies among capital, liabilities, assets, income, and Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Regression models are developed to investigate the influence on a bank's own capital. The analysis substantiates the hypothesis regarding the interconnections among these key indicators. Based on the findings, recommendations are made for the implementation of a mechanism to ascertain capital sufficiency. The article places significant emphasis on identifying and utilizing instruments that facilitate the achievement of this objective, ultimately contributing to bolstering financial resilience in Portugal and beyond.

In Ukraine, the issue of assessing losses as a result of military aggression became relevant in 2014 after the annexation of part of the country's territory by the Russian Federation. Until 2022, Ukraine's state structures developed several regulatory documents regulating these issues. However, the problems of methodology and techniques for assessing damage and losses as a result of military actions in Ukraine have again come into the focus of academics and expert practitioners after the full-scale and extremely destructive aggression that began on February 24, 2022. It became clear that it would be impossible to assess the volume and variety of damage and losses caused to Ukraine based on previous approaches and methods. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the need and ways of developing the methodology for assessing damage and losses of enterprises as a result of the war, to determine the possibilities of mutual enrichment of the methodology of expert and accounting evaluation for their combined application when calculating losses from military actions in Ukraine. The work reveals the economic and regulatory essence of the approaches to assessing the damage and losses of enterprises from the war applied in Ukraine: the World Bank's rapid assessment methodology; methods of property-by-object assessment of the State Property Fund of Ukraine; methodology based on the accounting assessment methodology of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine. The authors critically analysed their potential and opportunities to achieve the goals set by the Ukrainian authorities for conducting a mass and operational assessment of economic losses from the war and ensuring a transparent and fair compensation policy. The main criteria for evaluating efficiency when choosing and using one or another approach for assessing enterprises' losses from the war were determined. The essence of the assessment methodology was revealed, and the methodological features of expert and accounting approaches to determining the damage and losses of enterprises from the war were defined. Reasoned possibility of mutual enrichment of the methodological bases of expert and accounting assessment through reciprocal borrowing of methods, procedures, techniques and methods. The practicality of both individual and combined application of expert and accounting approaches to assessing damage and losses to achieve the goals set by the Government of Ukraine has been proven. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article considers the role of liabilities in the formation of assets used as resources of creditors for carrying out economic activities of an enterprise. A content analysis of the existing definitions of the content of liabilities in the legal and accounting aspects at the level of national and international regulations and in the scientific literature is carried out. Based on the terminological analysis, it is substantiated that a liability is a present obligation of an entity arising from past events to perform a certain action in favor of another party to transfer assets to it which embody economic benefits corresponding to the value of liabilities reflected as a credit balance of analytical accounting bills. The life cycle of an enterprise’s liabilities in terms of the processes of their formation, investment and repayment is studied. In order to assess the creditworthiness of an enterprise, it is important to properly account for liabilities and reflect them in the balance sheet in accordance with the classification features of determination in time and the characteristics of the subjects of relations. The author determines the types of liabilities that should be classified when assessing creditworthiness as an important factor in the economic security of an enterprise. The author substantiates the need to improve accounting and financial reporting on the company's liabilities in the context of streamlining the content of accounting bills in accordance with the first section of the balance sheet liability, changing the structural composition of information of accounts 47 «Provision for future expenses and payments» and 43 «Reserve capital», reflecting tax differences on income tax in the calculation of financial results and disclosing data on liabilities in the Notes to the financial statements in terms of the list and amounts of liabilities included in the balance sheet items.

The implementation of financial and analytical procedures is an important stage of making appropriate management decisions in the implementation of economic activities. During the financial analysis of the organization’s activities can determine such indicators as the level of financial stability, solvency, liquidity of the company, its market value and other important indicators, without knowledge of which it is difficult to make adequate and effective management decisions. The purpose of the study is to determine the financial instruments of equating certain categories of an organization’s liabilities to its own funds within the framework of financial and analytical procedures. During the research, the author used such methods as content analysis of sources, analysis, synthesis, generalization, scientific abstraction, analogy. The author shows that the interpretation of the concept of «obligation» from the point of view of various areas of economic science (accounting, audit, taxation, valuation, financial analysis, etc.) can have different meanings. The author analyzed a number of normative legal acts and the practice of applying retraining (equating) obligations to own funds. As a possibility of equating obligations, the author considers subordinated borrowed funds; long-term borrowed funds and long-term accounts payable; minimum regulatory accounts payable arising as a result of a gap in the terms of accrual and payment (fixed liabilities); debt and accounts payable to affiliated entities; certain elements of deferred income; certain elements of reserves future expenses and other equated to own funds of obligations. It is concluded that individual liabilities, considered by accounting science and jurisprudence as liabilities, from a financial point of view (in certain situations, taking into account the relevant goals and objectives of financial analytical procedures), can be equated to the organization’s own funds.

Corporate governance involves effectively running and administrating a company's business to achieve its objectives and policies while considering the interests of shareholders, stakeholders, and customers. It is a set of norms adopted as the standard practice for managing organizations, which aims to balance interests among everyone involved. A healthy corporate organization thrives on the effective distribution of organizational powers, which encourages promoting and sustaining democratic values in the sharing of corporate power, representation, and participation. However, in the Nigerian context, there have been cases of directorial abuse of power resulting in corporate misgovernance. This paper seeks to explore the legal implications of such actions and their direct or indirect impact on the wellbeing of the corporate organization in to ascertain the penalties for misgoverned. Acts that endanger the interests of the company, its investors, creditors, and customers are detrimental to the country's economy. Notably, legal instruments such as the Company and Allied Matters Acts (CAMA) 2010, Failed Banks (Recovery of Debts), Financial Malpractices in Banks Act 1994, and Investment and Securities Act (ISA) 2007 curb such actions. These legal instruments contain penal provisions for fraudulent acts or omissions by the controllers and agents of such entities. The focus of this paper therefore is to review these penal provisions and the instances of their application to fraudulent company executives in the past. One of the key objectives is to evaluate the presence of liability provisions in legal instruments that hold companies and their officers accountable for noncompliance. Ultimately, the goal of the paper is to encourage and support the implementation of sound corporate governance and management practices in Nigeria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economic-financial analysis is the means by which a company can identify its own strengths and weaknesses, in relationship to the means at its disposal, as well as the opportunities and threats that it is facing. The economic-financial analysis represents a managerial tool meant to proceed to the examination of an economic entity, in order to identify and solve the problems that arise. The process of managing and administering the company, regardless of the field of activity and the proposed purpose is complex. The appreciation of the differences in performance and financial position depends on the nature of the company as well as on the system of instruments used in wealth management. The basis of our research and results for this company was the economic-financial analysis through which we identified its strengths and weaknesses in relation to the means at its disposal, but also the opportunities and threats to it. The objectives of the research are the analysis of certain indicators in order to identify and solve the problems that this company faces in an aggressive competitive environment, to anticipate the movements of the competition and to self-evaluate the resources it has. These objectives were achieved and explained through the diagnostic analysis within the article.

This paper empirically examines whether the order of liability and preferred stock accounts presented on the balance sheet is consistent with how the stock market values their riskiness. This paper measures a firm’s riskiness with idiosyncratic risk and employs the first-difference design to test the relation between idiosyncratic risk and the order of current liabilities, noncurrent liabilities and preferred stock, respectively. Further, the paper tests whether operating liabilities are viewed as riskier than financial liabilities. Finally, the authors partition their sample based on the degree of financial distress and investigate whether the results differ between the two subsamples. The paper finds that current liabilities are viewed as riskier than noncurrent liabilities and preferred stock is viewed as less risky than current and noncurrent liabilities, consistent with the ordering on the balance sheet. Further, the paper finds that operating liabilities are viewed as riskier than financial liabilities. Finally, the authors find that total liabilities and preferred stock (redeemable and convertible classes) are viewed as riskier for distressed firms than for nondistressed firms. The authors thoroughly investigate the riskiness of several classes of claims and document that the classification of liabilities and preferred stock classes is relevant to common stockholders for assessing their associated risk.

Today, payables are one of the fundamental elements necessary to assess the efficiency and profitability of any enterprise. The proposed study is concerned with the issues of accounting and analysis of accounts payable at domestic enterprises. The article substantiates the theoretical foundations and analyzes the practical experience of accounting for payables in Ukraine in accordance with the main goal. The differences and similarities in the interpretation of the concept of «accounts payable» by a large number of scholars and researchers are outlined. The conditions of shortcomings of increasing the level of accounts payable to a level higher than a normed one are analyzed. The procedure for analyzing accounts payable is examined. The model of payables management in the enterprise is distinguished. The methodological legal principles of management of this type of obligations in Ukraine are described. The article also demonstrates the positive prospects for conducting an efficient analysis of accounts payable. Statistical changes in the dynamics of current accounts payable at enterprises of various forms of ownership and size, including large, medium, small and micro businesses of Ukraine during 2013-2020, were computed. Based on the trend of increasing the level of payables and the available official information on this issue, assumptions have been made about the dynamics of current accounts payable during 2021-2022. A list of proposals for improving the organization of analytical accounting of settlements with borrowers is also outlined. The direction of further research work is the search for new ways to constantly improve the process of payables management at domestic enterprises, which will contribute to the development of the economy in general.

The management of every industry needs to contain financial goals relating to capital structure, dividend policy, and earnings growth. This research uses a multi-goal decision-making model to provide a framework for determining how to allocate financial resources most effectively. The Saudi British Bank has a list of goals that need to be accomplished, and the purpose of this research was to establish a preemptive goal programming approach to help achieve those goals. First, we examined the most recent annual financial report that Saudi British Bank released. After that, the Bank's budgeting procedure focused of this examination. According to the findings, Bank has unlimited potential for success; however, to realize that potential, the Bank will need to lower the amount of financial risk. As a direct consequence, Saudi British Bank is successfully growing its total capital. In addition, an analysis was done to determine how successful the study was in meeting its objectives. According to the findings, the objectives of the study were successfully accomplished. Because of the adaptability of this model, a wide variety of sectors and financial institutions can use it to find workable answers to a wide variety of budgetary challenges. In addition, the model that has been provided may help create procedures for dealing with various economic frameworks and making financial judgments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to contribute to solving the problem of tax evasion, by examine the impact of shareholders, intellectual capital, auditor reputation, and level of liabilities on tax evasion. The population is taken from manufacturing companies operating in consumer goods from 2017 to 2021 at IDX (Indonesia). The sample was selected using purposive sampling method. The dependent variable of this research is tax evasion. The independent variables are: type of shareholders, intellectual capital, auditor reputation and level of liabilities. The data analysis technique uses multiple linear regression, and it is processed using statistical software. The results found that domestic private shareholder, foreign private, the government, and individuals' share holder have a significant negative impact on the Earnings Tax Ratio (ETR), which is a proxy for tax evasion. This means that all types of shareholders seek to avoid taxes, even in state-owned enterprises. Tax avoidance in Indonesia is difficult to eradicate because it is carried out by various parties, specifically tax officers, tax consultants, and taxpayers. The discussion of this research is limited to various factors that influence tax evasion. Subsequent research can identify how much the state loses due to tax evasion, which is carried out by tax officers, consultants, or by taxpayers. This research found that all types of owners avoid taxes. This can be prevented if the Indonesian government can 1) enforce the law, 2) increase the trust of taxpayers, 3) avoid showing off the luxurious life of tax officials and their families. 4) uphold honesty and avoid corrupt behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a topical theme of transition of Russian companies to International financial reporting standards (IFRS). Proper accounting in accordance with IFRS, allows the company to track trends of its development, deeply and systematically investigate the factors of changes of financial results of the company, to make important economic decisions. Given the problems of applying modern evaluation methods in financial accounting. Accounting based on the concept of «historical cost» is no longer relevant.

Reform in the Russian Federation raises a number of problems, including the regulation of capital and liabilities accounting. The object of the study is the International Financial Reporting Standards impact on the domestic accounting system development, reflecting the economic processes globalisation and digitalisation, the emergence of new accounting objects and increasing requirements for the reporting quality. The essence of newly emerging accounting categories was analysed in the article, the definitions of “liabilities” in the International Financial Reporting Standards and domestic practice were compared. It was identified, that gaps in the capital and liability accounting caused by the lack of a unified conceptual apparatus, the presence of estimated values, the use of an accountant professional judgment that affects the information quality in reporting, the backlog of legislative regulation in terms of accounting for digital objects as authorized capital. The accounting and reporting issues in the reporting of operations of the business social orientation were considered. Possible ways of solving the liability accounting problems are presented, including the conceptual apparatus unification, the accounts chart modernisation, the development of recommendations regarding the application of the accountant professional judgment, the expansion of requirements for the information list on the economic entity activities presented in the accounting (financial) statements, and the International Financial Reporting Standards application.

The efficiency of any organization work and its financial wellbeing depend mainly on policy of managing debt receivable and its results. It is explained by the fact that debtor liabilities form the current company assets by 30–40% on average. To provide liquidity and solvency organization top management shall not allow the excessive immobilization of own working capital and its freezing in the form of non-repaid counterpart liabilities. At the same time to minimize debt receivable in current condition of company functioning is not possible. The principle cause of debt receivable rise is high competition on food and service market, due to which companies offer to their clients different conditions of settlement by contracts. This practice results in cash deficiency and can have a negative impact on finance standing of the company, which requires using different tools that could provide the timely repay of liabilities by counterparts. The article substantiates that only complex and systematic application of different methods of debt receivable optimization can give an opportunity to reach the result and raise efficiency of organization work. The effective control over debt receivable is possible, if the system is built that allows to get operative information and encashment of indebtedness without exposing the company to risks, as its excessive amount and low quality threaten profitability and solvency of the organization.

This study aims to analyze the valuation and quantification of assets, liabilities and income in pharmaceutical companies in Indonesia. This research is qualitative in nature, namely research that holistically intends to understand the phenomenon of what is the subject of research, be it events, perceptions, or actions, and in a descriptive way the approach used uses a conceptual approach, and literature studies The results of the study show that valuation and asset quantification use three approaches, namely the market data comparison approach, the revenue capitalization approach and the cost approach, where pharmaceutical companies in Indonesia tend to use these three approaches in assessing assets, then the debt policy of pharmaceutical companies in Indonesia when viewed from the the debt to equity ratio shows a fluctuating value where the risk of debt is still high for the company due to the high value of this ratio, furthermore the income of pharmaceutical companies in Indonesia tends to fluctuate where during the covid 19 pandemic pharmaceutical companies experienced significant revenue growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The teacher's record book is a very important document. This record book contains daily lesson plans and annual lesson plans prepared by a teacher according to the approved syllabus. Therefore, a teacher is responsible for preparing, keeping and maintaining his record book in accordance with the requirements and regulations of the law. Accordingly, this paper will analyze the legal position related to the preparation, storage and maintenance of teacher record books in Malaysia. This writing begins by explaining the meaning of a teacher's record book and its importance in the teaching profession. Further, this paper will evaluate the relevant legal provisions on the obligations of a teacher in the aspects of preparation, storage and maintenance of teacher record books. Finally, this paper will analyze the liability that will be imposed on a teacher for not preparing, keeping and maintaining a teacher's record book. To achieve the objectives outlined, this writing uses a qualitative approach with descriptive as well as analytical and critical methods. Content analysis methods are also used in examining relevant laws. This paper finds that teachers have a duty to prepare, keep and maintain teacher record books in accordance with Regulation 8 of the Education (National Curriculum) Regulations 1997. Teachers who violate this Regulation 8 are considered to have committed an offense and may be fined under Regulation 11 (2) Education (National Curriculum) Regulations 1997. The existence of penalties for breaches of this obligation shows the importance of teacher record books. Consequently, this writing suggests that teachers be given knowledge of the duties and liabilities related to teacher record books so that they are not subject to any legal action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is focused on the size and profitability of companies in the Czech Republic in relation to working capital management. The aim of the article is to find out whether and to what extent working capital and working capital management influence the size of companies and the profitability of companies operating in the manufacturing industry and the wholesale and retail sector. The generalized method of moments (GMM method) will be used to determine the goal of the article. Annual data for the period 2008 to 2021 of companies operating according to the CZ-NACE classification in the manufacturing industry and the retail and wholesale trade sectors will be included in the research. Using the GMM method, a statistically significant relationship between working capital management on the one hand and the profitability and size of companies on the other hand was demonstrated. Cash conversion cycle, current assets, short-term liabilities and working capital have an impact on the size and profitability of businesses in the Czech Republic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In today's rapidly changing economic and financial market conditions, the goal of every entrepreneur is to remain stable and profitable. However, when operating in modern conditions, everyone faces certain financial difficulties. Therefore, in order to ensure the continuity of operations, maintain profitability and stability, managers need to constantly monitor ongoing processes, study financial indicators that would allow timely identification of the causes of emerging financial difficulties and help make adequate, correct decisions to eliminate them. The conducted researches are usually aimed at the diagnosis of bankruptcy, insolvency, financial exhaustion or financial difficulties, which is relevant for certain target groups, e.g. for organizations organizing leisure services, leasing companies, small and medium-sized companies, etc. For this reason, it is difficult to adapt the created models to another group of organizations, for example, entities conducting business in the manufacturing industry, since this activity is very specific. In scientific literature Stoškaus, Beržinskienės, Virbickaitės (2007), Dinterman, Katchova, Harris (2017), Tamošaitienės, Juškevičienės, Kriščiukaitienės, Galnaitytės (2010), Sun, Li, Zhang (2009), Mackevičiaus, Silvanavičiūtės (2006), Zinkevičiūtės (2011), Jocytės (2012), Budrikienės, Paliulytės (2012), Trušakova (2010), Jakimuk, Žigienė (2011), Grigaravičius (2002), Charitou, Neophytou, Charalambous (2004), Hu, Sathye (2015) et al. a number of problems of diagnosing financial difficulties are presented, such as: what indicators signal impending financial difficulties; which model for diagnosing financial difficulties is the most reliable for certain economic activities; which indicators to include in the model, and which statistical or artificial intelligence model to apply. Research problem - the analysis of the scientific literature allows us to say that researchers pay a lot of attention to the analysis and improvement of models for diagnosing financial difficulties and bankruptcy, but which model for diagnosing financial difficulties is the most suitable for entrepreneurs engaged in tourism and economic activities? The object of the study is the diagnosis of financial difficulties in a theoretical aspect. The purpose of the study is to determine the diagnosis of financial difficulties for those running a business after analyzing the factors that lead to the concept of financial difficulties. Research tasks: To examine the interpretations of the concept of financial difficulties used in scientific literature; Introduce the conditioning factors. Research methods: logical and comparative analysis and synthesis of scientific, periodical, normative, legislative and methodological literature, as well as graphic representation, statistical analysis of quantitative data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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