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Herein we develop a Ni-catalyzed defluorinative cross-electrophile coupling of gem-difluoroalkenes with alkenyl electrophiles that allowed the generation of C(sp2)–C(sp2) bonds. The reaction provided various monofluoro 1,3-dienes with broad functional group compatibility and excellent stereoselectivity. Synthetic transformations and applications to the modification of complex compounds were also demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A multi-variate digital fingerprint profile of fruit juice essence sample was established to evaluate the sample quality stability and distinguish sample groups using the combination of HPLC-DAD spectrum and UPLC-MS spectrum, which were collected to characterize the quality characteristics of flavor substances. [Display omitted] • A multivariate digital fingerprint was established with combination of HPLC-DAD and UPLC-MS/MS spectra. • The comprehensive HPLC fingerprint data was used to characterize the quality characteristics of each flavor substances. • The PCA model and CA model were built to evaluate the application of comprehensive fingerprint. • The proposed fingerprints method presented itself the potential application prospects in food industry. Quality control problem of essence and spices has always been the focus of food chemists in recent years. In this study, a multi-variate digital fingerprint profile of fruit juice essence sample was established using the combination of HPLC-DAD spectra and UPLC-MS spectra, which were collected to obtain the information about organic acids, polyphenols, sugars and sugar alcohols of the samples. The stability, reliability and repeatability of the combined fingerprinting method were verified in the work. A total of 36 markers in the established fingerprint were common (20 compounds were confirmed) belonging to different classes: organic acids, polyphenols, sugars, sugar alcohols, and other miscellaneous compounds. Those chromatographic peaks that significantly affect the quality of apple juice flavor were screened from principal component analysis (PCA). Moreover, PCA and cluster analysis of the proposed combined fingerprint gave the better evaluation of the sample quality stability and distinguish sample groups than the fingerprint from single data, which demonstrated its great significance to the quality control of fruit juice samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyphenols are secondary metabolites of plants and used as effective antioxidants in dietary supplements, whose main sources are fruits, vegetables, and grains. To clarify the content and distribution of polyphenols in different fruit species samples accurately, a rapid and sensitive ultrahigh-pressure liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS) method combining dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) was developed for quantitative determination of fifteen polyphenol compounds in fruit juice. In this method, the targets were first extracted from 1 g of fruit juice sample using 10 mL of 80% ethanol solution by ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE). Then, 1.0 mL of UAE extracted solution, 60 μL of n-octanol and 2.0 mL of H2O were performed in the following DLLME procedure. A C18 reversed-phase column, ZORBAX SB (100 × 4.6 mm, 3.5 μm), was proposed under gradient elution with 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution and methanol mobile phases for the determination of 15 polyphenols, allowing us to obtain polyphenolic profiles in less than 23.0 min. Under the optimum conditions, the enrichment factors ranged from 162 to 194. The results showed that the 15 polyphenols had linear correlation coefficients (R2) more than 0.99. The limits of detection (LODs) were between 18.3 and 103.5 ng/g, and the average recoveries were between 96.9 and 116.3% with interday relative standard deviations (RSDs) ranging from 4.4 to 8.2% in all cases. The method was successfully applied to the analysis of real fruit juice samples and presented itself as a simple, rapid, practical, and environment-friendly technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Direct Numerical Simulations (DNS) were carried out for a freely falling/rising rigid particle in an otherwise quiescent fluid, using a non-Lagrangian multiplier based fictitious domain (FD) method. Validation studies showed that the proposed FD based DNS are in good agreement with the existing experimental results in the transition regime of falling/rising spheres. Simulations done in the transitional regime (50 < Reynolds number (Re) < 1800 and solid-to-fluid density ratios Γ = ρ p / ρ f ${\Gamma}={\rho }_{p}/{\rho }_{f}$ from 0.08 to 4), confirmed that (i) a falling spherical particle (Γ = 4) exhibits a helical trajectory in the range 270 < Re < 320, and (ii) a rising particle (Γ = 0.5) shows a zig-zagging trajectory in the same range of Re. This finding closes the uncertainty to the question as to whether or not rising/falling particles exhibit a helical and a zig-zagging trajectory. In addition to this, a total of seven distinctive flow regimes were identified, which are as follows: (I) vertical straight path (II) steady oblique path (III) Wavy oblique path (IV) zig-zagging path (for 0.08 < Γ < 1) (V) helical path (for 1 < Γ < 4) (VI) early transition to chaos and (VII) chaotic regime. Regime IV occurs only for light particles (Γ < 1), whereas Regime V occurs only for heavy particles (Γ > 1). Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) analysis characterized the presence of a bimodal frequency similar to that exhibited by flow past an isolated stationary bluff body. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regioselective synthesis of α-fluoro-β-arylalkenyl sulfides has been established with gem-difluoroalkenes and sodium sulfinates in a transition-metal-free manner. A series of control experiments were executed to demonstrate thiol radicals and anions as the proposed intermediates. Notably, regioselective Z → E isomerization was achieved under green light irradiation in the absence of a photoinitiator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 3D reconstruction technique using the straight-line segments as features has high precision and low computational cost. The method is especially suitable for large-scale urban datasets. However, the line matching step in the existing method has a mismatching problem. The two main reasons for this problem are the line detection result is not located at the true edge of the image and there is no consistency check of the matching pair. In order to solve this problem, a linear correction and matching method for 3D reconstruction of target line structure is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the edge features of the image are extracted to obtain a binarized edge map. Then, the extended gradient map is calculated using the edge map and the gradient to establish the gradient gravitational map. Secondly, the straight-line detection method is used to extract all the linear features used for the 3D reconstruction image, and the linear position is corrected by the gradient gravitational map. Finally, the point feature matching result is used to calculate the polar line, and the line matching results of the adjacent three images are used to determine the final partial check feature area. Then, random sampling is used to obtain the feature similarity check line matching result in the small neighborhood. The aforementioned steps can eliminate the mismatched lines. The experimental results demonstrate that the 3D model obtained using the proposed method has higher integrity and accuracy than the existing methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A rapid and sensitive hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography electrospray-ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (HILIC-ESI-MS/MS) method combining ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) and and solid phase extraction (SPE) purification was developed for quantitative determination seventeen sugars and sugar alcohols in fruit juice. [Display omitted] • A rapid and sensitive HILIC-ESI-MS/MS method was developed for quantitative determination 17 sugars and sugar alcohols. • Response surface methodology design was used to optimize the UAE conditions for 17 analytes. • The HILIC-MS/MS method was validated with limit of detection, linearity range, stability and recovery. • The proposed method presented itself the potential application prospects in food industry. Carbohydrates are the main source of energy for all organisms to sustain their life activities and probably the most common organic substances in nature, whose main source is grains, starchy vegetables and fruits. To clarify the content and distribution of sugars and sugar alcohols in different fruit species samples accurately, a rapid and sensitive hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (HILIC-ESI-MS/MS) method combining ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) and solid phase extraction (SPE) purification was developed for quantitative determination seventeen sugars and sugar alcohols in fruit juice. In this method, the targets were firstly extracted from 1 g of fruit juice sample using 40 mL double-distilled water by ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) for 10 min according to the optimization of response surface methodology (RSM) design. Then, 1.0 mL of UAE extracted solution was cleaned using an amino (NH 2) SPE cartridge in the following SPE procedure. Seventeen compounds were separated in 25 min using the HILIC column by a gradient with 0.1% of ammonium hydroxide and acetonitrile as mobile phase. The HILIC-MS/MS method was validated, with the following studies including limit of detection, linearity range, stability and recovery. The limits of detection (LOD) were between 1.2 and 228 ng/g and linear correlation coefficients (R2) were more than 0.994. The average recoveries of 17 sugars and sugar alcohols ranging from 81.8 to 114.9%. The results showed that inter-day and intra-day precision were found to be within acceptable range. The strategy was successfully used for profiling of sugars and sugar alcohols in various fruit juice matrices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The enantioselective synthesis of molecules containing quaternary stereocenters is a field of intense research interest and development. Among the known organic transformations, carbopalladation‐initiated domino transformations constitutes a general method for the construction of compounds containing cyclic or spiro quaternary stereocenters. In this Minireview, recent achievements in palladium‐catalyzed domino Heck/C−H functionalizations and developments in enantioselective carbopalladation‐initiated domino processes are summarized. Domino effect: Recent advances in palladium‐catalyzed domino reactions initiated by intramolecular carbopalladation are summarized. Particular emphasis is given to C−H functionalization by transient σ‐alkylpalladium species and enantioselective domino Heck cyclization/nucleophilic trapping cascades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The enantioselective synthesis of molecules containing quaternary stereocenters is a field of intense research interest and development. Among the known organic transformations, carbopalladation‐initiated domino transformations constitutes a general method for the construction of compounds containing cyclic or spiro quaternary stereocenters. In this Minireview, recent achievements in palladium‐catalyzed domino Heck/C−H functionalizations and developments in enantioselective carbopalladation‐initiated domino processes are summarized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work is an investigation of the preferential solvation of vitamin C in five solvent mixtures: ethanol (1) + methanol (2), isopropanol (1) + methanol (2), ethanol (1) + water (2), n-propanol (1) + water (2) and isopropanol (1) + water (2) from the reported solubility data by employing the method of inverse Kirkwood-Buff integrals. In the ethanol (1) + water (2) mixtures with compositions 0.25 < x1 < 1.00, and isopropanol (1) + water (2) and n-propanol (1) + water (2) mixtures with compositions 0.20 < x1 < 1.00, the local mole fractions of ethanol, isopropanol or n-propanol are smaller than those of the bulk solutions. Consequently, the values of preferential solvation parameter (δx1,3) are negative, which shows that vitamin C is preferentially solvated by water. Perhaps the structuring of water molecules near the vitamin C molecule contributes to lowering of the δx1,3 from the neat solvent water to negative values in the three solvent mixtures. Vitamin C acts as a Lewis base that interacts with the acidic hydrogen atoms of water. Nevertheless, in the ethanol (1) + methanol (2) and isopropanol (1) + methanol (2) mixtures, vitamin C is preferentially solvated neither by methanol nor by ethanol nor isopropanol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Research the solubility of Glibenclamide in binary mixed solvents of methanol + water, n -propanol + water, isopropanol + water, and acetonitrile + water. • Extended Hildebrand Solubility Approach was applied to explain co-solvence phenomenon. • The solubility data were correlated by some thermodynamic models. • Some apparent thermodynamic properties were evaluated. Equilibrium solubility of glibenclamide (GCM) in aqueous solutions of methanol, n -propanol, isopropanol, and acetonitrile were studied by static technique at temperatures ranging from 288.15 K to 323.15 K under p = 101.3 kPa. When the composition of cosolvent was constant in the four mixed solvents, GCM solubility increased with the rising temperature. When the temperature was fixed, the GCM mole fraction solubility showed positive dependence on the increasing mass fraction of methanol in methanol + water mixture. While in solutions of n -propanol + water, isopropanol + water, and acetonitrile + water, it first increased as the mass fraction of cosolvent (w) added, at around w = 0.9, the solubility reached a maximum value and then it descended. Thermodynamic models like Jouyban−Acree model, modified Apelblat−Jouyban−Acree model, and CNIBS/R-K model were taken to correlate the equilibrium mole fraction solubility of GCM in four solvent mixtures. The maximum RAD and the RMSD values calculated by the CNIBS/R-K model were found in the mixture of methanol + water and didn't exceeded 7.4 × 10−2 and 1.48 × 10−5, respectively. However, the maximum RAD values obtained by the Jouyban−Acree and modified Apelblat−Jouyban−Acree model were found in the mixture of acetonitrile + water and didn't exceeded 5.57 × 10−2 and 5.55 × 10−2, respectively. The RMSD all didn't exceeded 2.54 × 10−5. Hence, the Jouyban−Acree model and modified Apelblat−Jouyban−Acree model are shown to be superior to the CNIBS/R-K model in this work. The experimental data and model parameters obtained will be helpful for the preparation and purification of GCM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The assessment of geothermal potential has gained prominence among scholars, with a focus on establishing a reliable prediction model to reduce development risks. However, little attention has been given to predicting and evaluating the geothermal potential in Dali's Eryuan area. This study introduces a novel hierarchical model integrating remote sensing, a Geographic Information System (GIS), and geophysics for the first-ever effective prediction of geothermal potential in Eryuan. The dataset includes lithology, seismic epicenter data, fault distribution, Bouguer gravity anomalies, SRTM-DEM images, and Landsat 8 remote sensing images. These datasets are converted into evidence maps and normalized to generate distinct evidence factor layers. Using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), a hierarchical model establishes weights for each evidence factor, resulting in a comprehensive prediction map. The results reveal the overall favorable geothermal potential in Eryuan, except the central area. Key hotspots include the Niujie–Sanying–Gromwell Lake and Liantie–Qiaohou, followed by the Youshou, Dengchuan, and Xixiang towns. Validation against known hot springs confirms the model's accuracy and reliability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SnO 2 -composite Pd nanoparticles (0, 2.5, 7.5, 10 mol% Pd loading) were synthesized via solvothermal method, followed by calcination. The structure, morphology, chemical state and specific surface area of the Pd-SnO 2 composite were analyzed with X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), N 2 physisorption, respectively. It is found that the composites consist of large amount of SnO 2 microspheres with average diameters up to hundreds of nanometers, and the microspheres are assembled by numerous nanoparticles with average sizes of about 8 nm. To demonstrate their potential application, gas sensors based on the as-synthesized Pd-SnO 2 composites were fabricated to test their sensing performances. The 10 mol% Pd-SnO 2 composite shows an excellent sensing response towards different concentrations of hydrogen at 200 °C. The highest sensing response is up to 315.34 for 3000 ppm hydrogen with a fast response-recovery time (4 s/10 s), which is over 8 times higher than that of pristine SnO 2 , and the lowest detection limit is down to 10 ppm. More significantly, it presents excellent selectivity and stability for hydrogen. The improved sensing response characteristics of the composite could be attributed to the chemical sensitization and electronic sensitization of Pd catalyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

3D macro-/nanoporous spinel MCo 2 O 4 (M = Zn, Ni, Cu and Fe) have been successfully fabricated by means of an untemplate and flash synthesis via self-sustained decomposition of metal-organic complexes The effects of the combustion agent to metal nitrate ratio on the combustion behavior, phase and morphology of the products were studied. Pure cobaltites with the hierarchically porous morphology were obtained directly through the combustion of the precursors under fuel-lean conditions in one-step without further heat treatment. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, SEM/TEM imaging, mercury intrusion porosimetry, which indicate that the products possess hierarchical porous structure. A possible forming mechanism was given based on the series of experimental data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tin oxide microspheres were successfully obtained through a facile hydrothermal method without any polymer templates or surfactant. The as-synthesized SnO 2 microspheres are composed of large amount of small spheres with average diameters of about 250 nm, and every small sphere consists of numerous primary nanocrystallites with average sizes of about 8 nm. The resultant product was used as sensing material for gas sensor to detect the formaldehyde (HCHO) gas. The gas response, response and recovery time, selectivity and stability were carefully studied. It was found that the response value of the sensor to 100 ppm HCHO was 38.3 at the operating temperature of 200 °C. The gas sensor based on SnO 2 microspheres has excellent gas response, good response-recovery properties, linear dependence, repeatability and selectivity, making it to be a promising candidate for practical detectors for HCHO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanoporous titanium dioxide was synthesized by a hydrothermal method without using of surfactant or template. The structure, morphology, surface chemical states and specific surface area were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and N 2 adsorption-desorption isotherms, respectively. The as-synthesized products are anatase-TiO 2 with small grain size (about 12.27 nm) and high surface area (147.17 m 2 g −1 ). The as-synthesized porous TiO 2 powder was used to fabricate indirect-heating gas sensor whose gas-sensing characteristics toward acetone were investigated. At its optimal operation temperature, the sensor possesses a good sensitivity, selectivity, linear dependence, low detection limitation, and response/recovery, repeatability as well as long-term stability. Especially for the high sensitivity and fast response/recovery, its response reaches 25.97 for 500 ppm acetone, which is several times higher that of the reported TiO 2 -based sensors. The response and recovery times are only 13 and 8 s, respectively. Those values demonstrate the potential of using as-synthesized TiO 2 for acetone gas detection, particularly in the dynamic monitoring. Apart from these, the mechanism related to the advanced properties was also investigated and presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a new methanol sensing material, the composite of palladium-platinum-In 2 O 3 composited nanocrystalline SnO 2 was successfully obtained by a solid-phase reaction method. The phase composition and the unique structure of as-prepared SnO 2 -Pd-Pt-In 2 O 3 composite were comprehensively characterized using the techniques such as X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), respectively. The results of gas sensing properties indicate that the sensor based on the as-prepared SnO 2 -Pd-Pt-In 2 O 3 composite shows the ultra-high response to methanol at an optimal operating temperature of 160 °C when the mass ratio of SnO 2 , Pd, Pt and In 2 O 3 is 100:0.8:2:30. The gas response toward 100 ppm of methanol reaches as high as 320.73. The detection limit of the sensor is estimated to be 0.1 ppm. The sensor also exhibited good response-recovery properties, selectivity, remarkable repeatability and stability, suggesting its greatly promising application in gas sensing. This work could stimulate an effective means to fabricate methanol sensor with superior performance. At the same time, a possible sensing mechanism of the SnO 2 -Pd-Pt-In 2 O 3 composite is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrazine electro-oxidation takes an important role in direct hydrazine fuel cells (DHFCs) and hydrazine electrochemical sensor, but the high cost of precious metal electrode hinders the practical applications of hydrazine electro-oxidation. In this study, an inexpensive 3D electrode of Ni 3 S 2 @Ni foam was obtained through a hydrothermal condition using sodium sulfide as corrodent and Ni foam as both substrate and Ni source. The formation mechanism of this Ni 3 S 2 layer was studied through a process analysis based on physical chemistry with assistant of the results from characterizations. The obtained Ni 3 S 2 @Ni foam was used as electrode to test its hydrazine electro-oxidation properties in terms of DHFCs and electrochemical sensor. It is found Ni 3 S 2 @Ni foam possesses the ability to electro-oxidize hydrazine and Ni 3 S 2 layer leads to increased activity including lower onset potential and higher current. In the aspect of hydrazine electrochemical sensor, the fabricated Ni 3 S 2 layer leads to increased sensitivity and dynamic response property. The results indicate that as-prepared Ni 3 S 2 @Ni foam possesses a potential for practical application in hydrazine electro-oxidation, and Ni 3 S 2 is a very promising substitute material for noble metals in hydrazine electro-oxidation. At the same time, with the characterization of the as-prepared Ni 3 S 2 @Ni foam electrode on structure, morphology and surface chemical states, the mechanism of the corrosion method as well as enhanced properties were investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An oxidative β-Csp3−H functionalization of tert-butanol ( tBuOH) for the construction of C−S bonds through an iodine-catalyzed Csp3−H/S−H coupling was successfully achieved. Different kinds of mercaptans were shown to be good coupling partners, affording the desired products in good yields. This protocol not only offers a novel method for the synthesis of β-hydroxy thioethers, but also provides an effective strategy for selective radical/radical cross-coupling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anatase–rutile mixed-phase TiO2 is proved to have better photocatalytic activity than pure anatase TiO2, but the preparation of the mixed-phase TiO2 usually needs thermal treatments at more than 500 °C. In this study, we present a one-step nonaqueous sol–gel route to form mixed-phase TiO2 at relatively low temperatures from 160 to 220 °C. The structure, morphology and surface chemical state were examined with X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), respectively. The influence of the preparation temperature on the structural characteristics including grain size and phase content were investigated using the Rietveld refinement. Through TEM, the evolution from sphere-like anatase nanoparticle to hexagonal rutile single-crystal was investigated. The photocatalytic activities of the obtained anatase and anatase-rutile TiO2 were evaluated by degradation of Rhodamine B under visible light, and a distinct enhanced activity was observed. Through the UV-vis spectrum and mass spectrum, the pathway of RhB degradation caused by the mixed-phase TiO2 with visible light was studied. At the same time, the mechanism of the enhanced photocatalytic properties was presented. The mechanisms were verified with UV-vis measurements. It is believed that the obtained mixed-phase TiO2 is one promising candidate for wastewater treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The flow and heat transfer characteristics of supercritical CO 2 heated in helical coiled channel under one-side condition are conducted in this work. The numerical results are compared with the experimental data under different conditions and results show good consistency. The effects of pressure, mass flux, heat flux, gravity level, flow direction, buoyant force, and flow thermal acceleration on temperature and heat transfer coefficient are analyzed. Results show that appropriate matching of the heat flux and mass flux generates high heat transfer coefficient with CO 2 fluid staying near pseudo-critical state until the outlet of the channel. Semicircular heating mode reinforces the centrifugal effect and creates crescent-shaped flow pattern with large velocity gradient. The flow instability in both radial and longitude direction induced by the large velocity gradient is quantified by the turbulent kinetic energy and contributes to the heat transfer enhancement. Distribution of circumferential wall temperature at different planes (a) one-side heating without gravity (b) one-side heating with gravity (c) uniform heating with gravity. d in = 9 mm, d out = 12 mm, P = 8 MPa, T in = 288 K, q w = 14 kW/m2, G = 100 kg/m2 s, Re in = 10666. [Display omitted] • Flow and heat transfer characteristics of S-CO 2 under one-side heating condition is simulated in helical coiled channel. • The effects of operating and mechanics parameters on temperature and heat transfer coefficient are analyzed. • Comparison of flow and heat transfer characteristics of S-CO 2 under uniform and one-side heating conditions is performed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Facilitating the glucose electro-oxidation reaction is always of great scientific sense due to its wide applications in sensing, catalysis and biofuel cells. On the road to improving the electrocatalysis of glucose, one-dimensional materials mainly including nanowires and nanotubes are commonly proposed because of their fascinating characters, and both of them are reported capable of offering better catalytic performance compared to commercial Pt/C and Pt black catalysts. However, so far it still confuses us that which structure can provide more favorable properties towards the direct electro-oxidation of glucose. Here we carry out a systematically comparative study of nonenzymatic electrochemical sensors based on vertical nanowire and nanotube arrays for glucose detection. By using bimetallic Pt-Pd as a general model, we demonstrate that nanotube arrays, owing to their larger catalytic area and higher catalyst utilization, show higher activity for glucose electro-oxidation and enzyme-free analysis than nanowire arrays. These findings may be helpful for the future design of more efficient catalyst structures for glucose oxidation and other reactions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: It is widely thought in electro-biochemical analysis that the sensing interfaces play a key role in the enzymeless detection of biomolecules like glucose, ascorbic acid, dopamine and uric acid. On the way to maximize the anti-poisoning sensitivity of nonenzymatic electrochemical glucose sensors as well as achieve favorable selectivity, we propose here a porous interface fabricated by a facile but effective approach for glucose monitoring in alkaline media containing dissolved oxygen. The sensing interface based on porous Cu foams is directly formed on a homemade disposable screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) substrate by electrodeposition assisted with hydrogen evolution simultaneously, and its porosity can be easily tailored through adjusting deposition conditions for the optimal electrocatalytic oxidation of glucose molecules. SEM and BET studies show that the generated Cu foam possesses robust hierarchical porous architectures with greatly enhanced surface area and pore volume, beneficial for the unimpeded mobility of glucose and reaction products. Cyclic voltammetric tests indicate that a diffusion-controlled glucose electro-oxidation reaction occurs at the Cu foam electrode at around +0.35V vs. Ag/AgCl in 0.1M NaOH. Chronoamperometric results obtained under optimized conditions reveal that the proposed sensor exhibits desired poison resistance ability in the presence of chloride ions and significant selectivity to glucose, providing fascinating sensitivities of 2.57 and 1.81mAcm−2 mM−1 for glucose in the linear concentration ranges of 2–80μM and 0.1–5mM, respectively. The limit of detection is calculated to be as low as 0.98μM according to the signal-to-noise ratio of three. In addition, the fabricated sensing interface shows attractive reproducibility (RSD of 5.1% and 7.0% for 15 repeated measurements on a sensor and for measurements on 15 prepared sensors, respectively) and outstanding long-term stability (less than 5% loss in sensitivity over 1 month) for glucose detection. The application of the Cu foam based sensor for monitoring glucose in practical samples is also successfully demonstrated. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Thesaturated vapor pressure of pure 3,5-dichloroaniline was measuredfrom (10.25 to 95.81) kPa in the temperature range from (446.60 to534.94) K using an ebulliometer. The results were fitted by an Antoineequation using a nonlinear least-squares regression method. The calculatedsaturated vapor pressure agrees well with the experimental values.The ideal gas molar enthalpy and ideal gas entropy of vaporization(ΔgidlHm, ΔgidlSm) of3,5-dichloroaniline in the temperature range from (446.60 to 534.94)K were calculated by the combination of the Clausius–Clapeyronequation and Antoine equation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The boundary condition at the solid surface is one of the important problems for the microfluidics. In this paper we study the effects of the channel sizes on the boundary conditions (BC), using the hybrid computation scheme adjoining the molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and the continuum fluid mechanics. We could reproduce the three types of boundary conditions (slip, no-slip and locking) over the multiscale channel sizes. The slip lengths are found to be mainly dependent on the interfacial parameters with the fixed apparent shear rate. The channel size has little effects on the slip lengths if the size is above a critical value within a couple of tens of molecular diameters. We explore the liquid particle distributions nearest the solid walls and found that the slip boundary condition always corresponds to the uniform liquid particle distributions parallel to the solid walls, while the no-slip or locking boundary conditions correspond to the ordered liquid structures close to the solid walls. The slip, no-slip and locking interfacial parameters yield the positive, zero and negative slip lengths respectively. The three types of boundary conditions existing in “microscale” still occur in “macroscale”. However, the slip lengths weakly dependent on the channel sizes yield the real shear rates and the slip velocity relative to the solid wall traveling speed approaching those with the no-slip boundary condition when the channel size is larger than thousands of liquid molecular diameters for all of the three types of interfacial parameters, leading to the quasi-no-slip boundary conditions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A simple, but important three-atom model was proposed at the solid/liquid interface, leading to a new criterion number, λ, governing the boundary conditions (BCs) in nanoscale. The solid wall is considered as the face-centered-cubic (fcc) structure. The fluid is the liquid argon with the well-known LJ potential. Based on the concept, the two micro-systems have the same BCs if they have the same criterion number. The degree of the locking BCs is enhanced when λ equals to 0.757. Such critical criterion number results in the substantial epitaxial ordering and one, two, or even three liquid layers are locked by the solid wall, depending on the coupling energy scale ratio of the solid and liquid atoms. With deviation from the critical criterion number, the flow approaches the slip BCs and there are little ordering structures within the liquid. Always at the same criterion number, the degree of the slip is decreased or the locking is enhanced with increasing the coupling energy scale ratio of the solid and liquid atoms. The above analysis is well confirmed by the molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. The slip length is well correlated in terms of the new criterion number. The future work is suggested to extend the present theory for other microstructures of the solid wall atoms and quasi-LJ potentials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Solubility of aprepitant (form I) in four aqueous mixtures was determined and correlated. • Preferential solvation of aprepitant (form I) were derived via IKBIs method applied to solubility. • Solvent effect on solubility variation was investigated through KAT-LSER model. This contribution reported the equilibrium solubility of aprepitant (form I) in four binary aqueous mixtures of methanol, ethanol, acetone and 1,4-dioxane acquired through a shake-flask method from 283.15 K to 323.15 K under local atmospheric pressure of 101.2 kPa. At the same mass fraction compositions of methanol/ethanol/acetone/1,4-dioxane and temperature, the mole fraction solubility of aprepitant was greater in (1,4-dioxane + water) mixture than in ethanol/acetone/methanol (1) + water (2) mixtures. The relative importance of solute-solvent and solvent-solvent interactions upon the solubility variation was studied by using the linear solvation energy relationships of solvent effect. The Hildebrand solubility parameter and dipolarity-polarizability of the solvents had the main contributions to the solubility variation in methanol/ethanol/1,4-dioxane + water mixtures; while merely dipolarity-polarizability, in (acetone + water) mixture. The preferential solvation was studied by using the method of inverse Kirkwood-Buff integrals in terms of thermodynamic solution properties. The preferential solvation parameters for methanol, ethanol, acetone and 1,4-dioxane presented positive values in methanol/ethanol/acetone/1,4-dioxane-rich and intermediate compositions in the four mixtures, indicating that aprepitant (I) was solvated preferentially by the methanol/ethanol/acetone/1,4-dioxane. It is conjecturable that in these regions aprepitant (I) acts as a Lewis acid with methanol/ethanol/acetone/1,4-dioxane molecules. Moreover, the drug's solubility was mathematically represented via the Jouyban-Acree model obtaining the average relative deviations less than 6.21%. Finally, the standard dissolution enthalpies (Δ H sol o) for aprepitant (I) dissolved in solvent mixtures were obtained from the van't Hoff analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• An AcOH-mediated aerobic oxidative three-component reaction were proposed. • 2-Thioalkylbenzothiazoles were obtained with complete regioslectivity. • The reaction undergoes benzothiazole formation first followed by conjugate addition. • The strategy is tolerant of kinds of functional groups. An AcOH-mediated three-component reaction of 2-aminothiophenols, α , β -unsaturated aldehydes, and thiophenols to prepare the high value-added 2-thioalkylbenzothiazoles was developed. The reaction was conducted under metal-free conditions, where oxygen served as the terminal oxidant. In addition, this strategy is tolerant of kinds of functional groups, providing efficient access to a variety of functionalized benzothiazole derivatives in moderate to good yields. What's more, this reaction has complete regioslectivity and provides a powerful method for building complex molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reasonable design of the semiconducting metal oxides modified by noble metal element compositing and the ingenious construct of the particular microstructure have been proved to be an effective method to promote the gas sensing capability of chemiresistor-type sensors. Herein, Pd–SnO 2 composite nanoporous structure is fabricated by a controllable and low-power hydrothermal method. A novel weak acid glucose-assisted growth method is proposed to promote the formation of nanoporous structure. Under weak acidic environment, the complete hydrolysis of precursor (SnCl 4 ·5H 2 O), leading to nanocrystallines hard to grow and create a large number of small nanoparticles with an average crystallite size of ∼10 nm, which assemble to form interstitial holes between nanoparticles. The experimental results reveal that the Pd–SnO 2 composite nanoporous structure exhibits prominent methane (CH 4) gas sensing performances as compared with pure SnO 2 nanoparticles. Especially, 2.5 mol% Pd–SnO 2 composite nanoporous structure based on sensor shows an ultra-fast response of 17.60 at 3000 ppm within 3 s to reach a stable-state and fast recovers within 5 s at an operating temperature of 340 °C, it has barely been reported that the sensor based on CH 4 gas presented such excellent performances. And more importantly, the sensor based on 2.5 mol% Pd–SnO 2 composite nanoporous structure also possesses high repeatability and long-term stability. These results are due to the fact that the unique nanoporous structures of composite and the chemical sensitization and electronic sensitization of Pd, which provide an effective strategy to achieve eminent gas-sensing performances of CH 4 gas sensors. Gas sensor based on 2.5 mol% Pd–SnO 2 composite nanoporous fabricated by a controllable and low-power hydrothermal method shows high gas response, fast response, high repeatability and long-term stability toward methane gas. Image 1 • Pd–SnO 2 nanoporous is prepared by controllable and low-power hydrothermal method at first time. • Pd–SnO 2 nanoporous based gas sensor shows a high response towards methane. • Sensor has good repeatability, stability, fast response and recovery towards methane. • Nanoporous structure increases surface area and oxygen specie to promote oxidation of methane. • Pd provides an effective strategy to achieve eminent gas-sensing performances of CH 4 gas sensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxygen-deficient Li 1.3 Al 0.3 Ti 1.7 (PO 4) 3 (LATP) was prepared using a hydrothermal method followed by high-temperature calcination. Comprehensive analyses using X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) conclusively demonstrated the successful preparation of oxygen-deficient LATPs under different calcination temperatures in an argon-hydrogen mixed atmosphere. These varying temperatures affected the concentration of oxygen defects in LATP. The hydrothermal precursor was calcined at 700 °C for 6 h to prepare an oxygen-deficient LATP, which was subsequently combined with polyacrylonitrile (PAN) to form a solid composite electrolyte. The composite exhibited a total ionic conductivity of 7.55 × 10−4 S cm−1 at 20 °C. Furthermore, when tested at 25 °C with a current density of 0.025 mA cm−2, the composite displayed good compatibility with a lithium metal anode. At a current density of 0.1 C, the initial discharge capacity was found to be 256.2 mA h g−1, which was maintained at 231.8 mA h g−1 after 100 cycles within the voltage range of 2.0–4.5 V. By judiciously modulating the oxygen defects concentration, it is possible to not only improve the ionic conductivity of the solid composite electrolyte but also to further enhance its discharge capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: To evaluate the impact of a dual glucose‐dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) and glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) receptor agonist tirzepatide (TZP), and its potential dose‐response effect, on heart rate. Methods: Articles were searched from PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane Library, and clinical trials registries (ClinicalTrials.gov) databases. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing TZP at doses of 5, 10 and 15 mg in adults with type 2 diabetes were included. Six study arms were summarized from original research (TZP 5, 10 and 15 mg, GLP‐1 receptor agonists [GLP‐1RAs], insulin, placebo). The GLP‐1RA and non‐GLP‐1RA groups were combined to form a control group. Two reviewers independently extracted data and assessed the quality of each study. Mean differences (MDs) were calculated as effect estimates for continuous outcomes. Pairwise meta‐analyses and network meta‐analyses were conducted. The study protocol was prospectively registered (PROSPERO ID: CRD42023418551). Results: Eight articles were included in this systematic review and meta‐analysis. The mean baseline heart rate ranged from 65.2 to 75.7 beats per minute. Pairwise meta‐analysis showed that, compared with combined the control group, there were significantly greater increases in heart rates in the TZP group (MD 1.82, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.75, 2.89). Similar significant rises were identified when comparing TZP with GLP‐1RAs and non‐GLP‐1RAs (GLP‐1 RAs: MD 2.29, 95% CI 1.00, 3.59; non‐GLP‐1RAs: MD 1.58, 95% CI 0.26, 2.91). TZP 5 mg was associated with smaller increases in heart rates compared to TZP 10 mg and TZP 15 mg (TZP 10 mg: MD −0.97, 95% CI −1.79, −0.14; TZP 15 mg: MD −2.57, 95% CI −3.79, −1.35). TZP 10 mg increased heart rate less than TZP 15 mg (MD −1.5, 95% CI −2.38, −0.82). Network meta‐analysis indicated that TZP 15 mg was associated with significant increases in heart rate compared with TZP 5 mg (MD 2.53, 95% CI 1.43, 3.62), TZP 10 mg (MD 1.44, 95% CI 0.35, 2.53), GLP‐1RAs (MD 3.46, 95% CI 1.67, 5.25), insulin (MD 2.86, 95% CI 1.32, 4.41) and placebo (MD 2.96, 95% CI 1.36, 4.57). Conclusions: Our study showed not only that there was a greater increase in heart rate in the TZP group than in the control, GLP‐1RA and non‐GLP‐1RA groups, but also that the 15‐mg dose of TZP had the strongest impact on increasing heart rates compared with the other five inventions, with a TZP dose‐response impact on heart rate. Further research on the effects of TZP treatment‐related increases in heart rate is required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Palladium‐catalyzed direct C−H activation of indole benzenoid moiety has been achieved in the past decade. However, palladium‐catalyzed remote C−H activation of indoles is rare. Herein, we report a challenging palladium‐catalyzed remote C4‐H phosphonylation of indoles by a radical approach. The method provides access to a series of C4‐phosphonylated indoles, including tryptophan and tryptophan‐containing dipeptides, which are typically inaccessible by direct C4‐H activation due to its heavy reliance on C3 directing groups. Notably, unexpected C6‐phosphonylated indoles were obtained through blocking of the C4 position. The preliminary mechanistic studies indicated that the reactions may proceed via a C7‐palladacycle/remote‐activation process. Based on the strategy, examples of remote C4‐H difluoromethylation with BrCF2COOEt are also presented, suggesting that the strategy may offer a general blueprint for other cross‐couplings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Palladium‐catalyzed direct C−H activation of indole benzenoid moiety has been achieved in the past decade. However, palladium‐catalyzed remote C−H activation of indoles is rare. Herein, we report a challenging palladium‐catalyzed remote C4‐H phosphonylation of indoles by a radical approach. The method provides access to a series of C4‐phosphonylated indoles, including tryptophan and tryptophan‐containing dipeptides, which are typically inaccessible by direct C4‐H activation due to its heavy reliance on C3 directing groups. Notably, unexpected C6‐phosphonylated indoles were obtained through blocking of the C4 position. The preliminary mechanistic studies indicated that the reactions may proceed via a C7‐palladacycle/remote‐activation process. Based on the strategy, examples of remote C4‐H difluoromethylation with BrCF2COOEt are also presented, suggesting that the strategy may offer a general blueprint for other cross‐couplings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High aspect ratio silver nanowires (AgNWs) with ultra-long length and thin diameter were synthesized through bromine ion (Br−)-assisted one-step synthesis method. The bromine ions were used as pivotal passivating agent. When the molar ratio of Br−/Cl− was 1:4, the average diameter of AgNWs was as low as ~40 nm, the average length was as high as ~120 μm, and the aspect ratio reached 2500. Networks of AgNWs were fabricated using as-prepared high-quality AgNWs as conducting material and hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) as the adhesive polymer. As a result, a low sheet resistance down to ~3.5 Ω sq−1 was achieved with a concomitant transmittance of 88.20% and a haze of 4.12%. The ultra-low sheet resistance of conductive film was attributed to the long and thin AgNWs being able to form a more effective network. The adhesion of the AgNWs to the substrate was 0/5B (ISO/ASTM). The insights given in this paper provide the key guidelines for bromine ion-assisted synthesis of long and thin AgNWs, and further designing low-resistance AgNW-based conductive film for optoelectronic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photosynthetic efficiency is the primary determinant of crop yield, including vegetative biomass and grain yield. Manipulation of key transcription factors known to directly control photosynthetic machinery can be an effective strategy to improve photosynthetic traits. In this study, we identified an Arabidopsis gain-of-function mutant, cogwheel1-3D , that shows a significantly enlarged rosette and increased biomass compared with wild-type plants. Overexpression of COG1 , a Dof transcription factor, recapitulated the phenotype of cogwheel1-3D , whereas knocking out COG1 and its six paralogs resulted in a reduced rosette size and decreased biomass. Transcriptomic and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analyses demonstrated that COG1 and its paralogs were required for light-induced expression of genes involved in photosynthesis. Further chromatin immunoprecipitation and electrophoretic mobility shift assays indicated that COG1 can directly bind to the promoter regions of multiple genes encoding light-harvesting antenna proteins. Physiological, biochemical, and microscopy analyses revealed that COG1 enhances photosynthetic capacity and starch accumulation in Arabidopsis rosette leaves. Furthermore, combined results of bioinformatic, genetic, and molecular experiments suggested that the functions of COG1 in increasing biomass are conserved in different plant species. These results collectively demonstrated that COG1 acts as a key regulator of plant biomass by promoting photosynthesis and starch accumulation. Manipulating COG1 to optimize photosynthetic capacity would create new strategies for future crop yield improvement. This study characterizes the functions of the Dof transcription factor COG1 in increasing plant biomass and reveals that COG1 can directly bind to the promoters of multiple genes encoding light-harvesting antenna proteins to promote their expression. Overexpression of COG1 significantly increased photosynthetic capacity, starch accumulation, and biomass production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract In this work, irregular sub-micron flaky silver with a diameter of 200–600 nm and a thickness of ca. 70 nm was rapidly synthesized at room temperature. It is believed that the fastest crystal growth rate of silver nucleus along the {1 1 1} facets and the inevitable growth of outshoots on the (1 1 1) planes or in other crystal facet directions eventually resulted in the formation of irregular sub-micron flaky silver. Highlights • Irregular sub-micron flaky silver was rapidly synthesized at room temperature. • The conductive pastes doped with irregular sub-micron flaky silver revealed a good conductivity of 3.1 × 10−4 Ω·m. • The possible formation mechanism of irregular sub-micron flaky silver was discussed. Abstract In this paper, irregular sub-micron flaky silver has been rapidly synthesized at room temperature. The product was detailedly characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and ultraviolet visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy. The average diameter and thickness of the irregular sub-micron flaky silver were 200–600 nm and ∼ 70 nm, respectively, and the flake-particle ratio of product was over 95%. Further, the possible formation mechanism of the irregular sub-micron silver flakes was discussed. The conductive pastes doped with irregular sub-micron flaky silver revealed a good conductivity of 3.1 × 10−4 Ω·m, indicating its potential applications in the electronic materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The aim of this study was to evaluate the stability and accuracy of glucose measurements determined using the metabolic heat conformation (MHC)-based non-invasive glucometer in a multicentre, self-controlled clinical trial. This device is the first to obtain a medical device registration certificate awarded by the National Medical Products Administration of China (NMPA). Methods: The multicentre clinical study was conducted at three sites and enrolled 200 subjects whose glucose was measured with a non-invasive glucometer (the Contour Plus blood glucose monitoring system) and by venous plasma glucose (VPG) measurements, in a fasted state and at 2 and 4 h after meals. Results: Based on both the non-invasive and VPG measurements, 93.9% (95% confidence interval 91.7–95.6%) of the blood glucose (BG) values fell within consensus error grid (CEG) zones A + B. The measurements obtained in a fasted state and at 2 h after meals were more accurate, with 99.0% and 97.0% of the BG values, respectively, falling within zones A + B. Compared to those subjects who received insulin, the proportion of values in zones A + B and the correlation coefficients were 3.1% and 0.0596 higher, respectively. The accuracy of the non-invasive glucometer was influenced by the level of insulin resistance calculated by the homeostatic model assessment method, which had a correlation coefficient with the mean absolute relative difference of − 0.1588 (P = 0.0001). Conclusion: The MHC-based non-invasive glucometer assessed in the present study demonstrates generally high stability and accuracy in the glucose monitoring of people with diabetes. The calculation model needs to be further explored and optimised for patients with different diabetes subtypes, levels of insulin resistance and insulin secretion capacity. Clinical trial registry number: ChiCTR1900020523. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cerium oxide nanoparticles/multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) composites are synthesized by a facile hydrothermal method without any surfactant or template. The morphology and microstructure of samples are examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transition electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectrum and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Electrochemical properties of the MWCNTs, the pure CeO 2 , and the CeO 2 /MWCNTs nanocomposites electrodes are investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge/discharge (GDC) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements. The CeO 2 /MWCNTs nanocomposite (at the mole ratio of 1:1) electrode exhibits much larger specific capacitance compared with both the MWCNTs electrode and the pure CeO 2 electrode and significantly improves cycling stability compared to the pure CeO 2 electrode. The CeO 2 /MWCNTs nanocomposite (at the mole ratio of 1:1) achieves a specific capacitance of 455.6 F g −1 at the current density of 1 A g −1 . Therefore, the as prepared CeO 2 /MWCNTs nanocomposite is a promising electrode material for high-performance supercapacitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Macro-/nanoporous Al-doping ZnO powders with enhanced gas sensing properties are prepared by a solution combustion method using Zn(CH 3 COO) 2 ·2H 2 O, Zn(NO 3 ) 2 ·6H 2 O, Al(NO 3 ) 3 ·9H 2 O, N 2 H 4 ·H 2 O and C 2 H 5 NO 2 as precursors. Characterization by TEM, SEM and BET techniques demonstrates that the Al-doping ZnO powders have a coral-like morphology with a hierarchically porous structure from macro pores, with the wall containing smaller mesopores. The gas-sensing characteristics of the ZnO samples with different Al-doping concentrations are investigated and the results indicate that the gas sensor prepared from 2.5 at% Al doping ZnO powders shows the highest gas sensitivity and selectivity towards n -butanol. A maximum gas response of 751.95 towards 100 ppm n -butanol is achieved at the operating temperature of 300 °C. The mechanisms of responses are also proposed considering the unique material structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pure and Al-doped macro-/nanoporous ZnO were synthesized via solution combustion method by using zincacetate dihydrate (Zn(CH 3 COO) 2 ·2H 2 O), zinc nitrate hexahydrate (Zn(NO 3 ) 2 6H 2 O), aluminum nitrate nonahydrate (Al(NO 3 ) 3 ·9H 2 O), hydrazine hydrate (N 2 H 4 ·H 2 O) and glycine (C 2 H 5 NO 2 ) as precursors. The morphology, structure and catalytic properties of the as-synthesized macro-/nanoporous products were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), UV–Vis spectroscopy, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) nitrogen adsorption-desorption and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), respectively. Pure and Al-doped ZnO have coral-like shape with the pores size ranging from several nanometers to ten micrometers. The walls of the macropores contain smaller nanopores, exhibiting the hierarchically porous morphology. The catalytic activities of the as-synthesized samples were tested by measuring the degradation efficiency of azo dye Congo red (CR) under visible light, UV light and dark light, respectively. The results show excellent removal capacity for organic pollutants CR in wastewater. Macro-/nanoporous Al-ZnO with different contents of Al have better catalytic degradation efficiency than pure ZnO. The experimental results indicate the potential use of macro-/nanoporous Al-ZnO for catalytic degradation of Congo red dye in different environments, which provides a potentially low-cost alternative for the remediation of azo-dye effluents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liraglutide has been extensively applied in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus and also has hepatoprotective effects. However, the role of liraglutide treatment on liver injury in a mouse model of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) induced by streptozotocin (STZ) and its underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated. In the present study, diabetes was initiated in experimental animals by single-dose intraperitoneal inoculation of STZ. Forty female C57BL/6J mice were equally assigned into five groups: diabetic group, insulin+diabetic group, liraglutide+diabetic group, insulin+liraglutide+diabetic group, and control group for eight weeks. Diabetic mice exhibited a significantly elevated blood glucose level and decreased body weight, and morphological changes of increased steatosis and apoptosis were observed in the liver compared with the control. Furthermore, a significant increase in the levels of malondialdehyde and inflammatory markers such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and the proapoptotic proteins caspase-3 and Bax were observed in the livers of diabetic mice, together with marked increases in antioxidants superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) as well as antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2, all of which were significantly mitigated by treatment with liraglutide, insulin, and their combinations. Interestingly, liraglutide monotherapy showed better efficacy in ameliorating liver injury in T1DM mice than insulin monotherapy, similar to the combined drug therapy. Furthermore, the expression of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway-associated molecules was upregulated in the liver of mice treated with liraglutide or insulin. The results of the present study suggested that liraglutide improves T1DM-induced liver injury and may have important implications for the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in patients with T1DM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Experimental and epidemiological studies have indicated an association between diabetes exposure and an increased risk of liver cancer due to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). However, to date, no systematic study has specifically investigated the burden of NASH-related liver cancer due to exposure to high fasting plasma glucose (HFPG) levels worldwide. Methods: The number and rate of deaths and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) from HFPG-induced NASH-related liver cancer were estimated based on the results of the 2019 Global Burden of Disease Study. The estimated annual percentage changes (EAPCs) for age-standardized death or DALYs rates were calculated using a generalized linear model with a Gaussian distribution to quantify the temporal trends in the global burden of NASH-related liver cancer attributable to HFPG. The strength and direction of the association between the sociodemographic index (SDI) and death or DALY rate were measured using Spearman's rank-order correlation. Results: Globally, approximately 7.59% of all DALY and 8.76% of all mortalities of NASH-related liver cancer in 2019 were due to HFPG. The age-standardized death and DALY rates of NASH-related liver cancer attributable to HFPG increased from 1990 to 2019. The corresponding EAPCs were 0.69 (95% UI 0.48–0.89), and 0.30 (95% UI 0.05–0.56), respectively. This increasing pattern was most obvious in the high- and low-SDI regions. The age-standardized mortality and DALYs rate of NASH-related liver cancer attributable to HFPG varies considerably worldwide, with the middle SDI region having the highest death and DALY rates in 2019 (DALY 0.96 [95% UI 0.23–2.18]; death 0.05 [95% UI 0.01–0.11]). Conclusion: The burden of NASH-related liver cancer attributable to HFPG has increased over the past three decades, particularly in regions with high and low SDI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a pair of fluorescent probes CPO were designed for the detection of SO2 derivatives based on the FRET principle. The acceptor part of the CPO probes is made of oxonium and the donor part is coumarin derivatives. Probe CPO1 has stable chemical properties and relatively outstanding optical properties, with ultra-fast response time (<30 s), excellent specificity ability, a 137 nm emission window gap, and mitochondrial targeting capability; it was used for cell experiments and prepared as fluorescent strips for the measurement of Na2SO3 concentrations in aqueous solutions. Probe CPO2 exhibits obvious variation in the fluorescence ratio in different solvents. Owing to the weak fluorescence of CPO2, compound CPO2 was not utilized for further experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the clinical characteristics of patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1)-related insulinoma and their relationship with specific biochemical changes and to summarize the features of treatment options for the Chinese population with this disease and the impact on long-term prognosis.Methods: "MEN1" and "insulinoma" were used when searching the Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH) medical record retrieval system to obtain clinical information about patients. We identified patients diagnosed with MEN1-associated insulinoma based on endocrinological, radiological, and pathological examinations, and subsequently analyzed their clinical data.Results: A total of 55 patients with MEN1-associated insulinoma were included, including 29 (52.7%) men and 26 (47.3%) women. The parathyroid gland was the most commonly affected (78.2%), followed by the pituitary gland (69.1%) and adrenal gland (16.4%). Insulinoma was the first manifestation of MEN1 in at least 23.6% (13/55) of patients. Nineteen (34.5%) patients presented with initial symptoms of hypoglycemia before the age of 22 years. Among the 24 Patients with high serum calcium (Ca) had significantly lower serum insulin levels than those with normal serum Ca levels (p < 0.001) during hypoglycemic episodes. However, serum C-peptide level at 0.5 h and serum insulin level at 1 h was higher in patients with hypercalcemia than in patients with normal serum Ca levels in the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), although the differences were not statistically significant. Multifocal pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNETs) were present in 38 (69.1%) patients; most of them (55.6%, 20/36) underwent multiple enucleations, and 45% (9/20) had a postoperative recurrence. Five patients (10%) who underwent distal pancreatectomy developed pancreatic insufficiency after an average of seven years. patients who underwent genetic testing, 23 (95.8%) were positive for MEN1 mutation, with mutations most commonly found in exons 2 (21.7%) and 3 (13%).Conclusions: In our study, the rates of postoperative recurrence and long-term complications in patients with MEN1 with multifocal pNETs were significantly different from those in other international centers and might be related to the choice of surgical method. In addition, elevated serum Ca levels in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism may affect insulin secretion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three-dimensional macro/mesoporous CoO-CeO was prepared via a facile self-sustained decomposition of metal-organic complexes. Porous CoO-CeO was characterized using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy/transmission electron microscopy imaging, N adsorption/desorption and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to examine the morphology and microstructure to find out the cause. CoO-CeO with the 3D hierarchical porous structure consisting of nanoparticles is a coral-like shape with a size of tens of micrometers and exhibits the hierarchically porous morphology, in which the walls of the macropores contain smaller mesopores. The catalytic performance of the porous CoO-CeO for CO oxidation has been studied. Among the obtained catalysts, the porous CoO-CeO with 20 wt% Co exhibits the best catalytic activity and the 50 % CO conversion can be reached at 74 °C. The presence of transition metal element Co can promote the production of oxygen vacancies and improve oxygen mobility, which result in enhancing the oxygen-storage capacity of porous CoO-CeO and its catalytic performance for CO conversion. Graphical Abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ZnO quantum dots (QDs), a few nanometers in size, were synthesized by a sol–gel method using different solvents (methanol, ethanol and hexanol). The structural, morphological and photoluminescent properties were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), photoluminescence spectrometry, and UV-vis spectroscopy. The results indicated that ZnO QDs with good dispersion, ranging in size from 3.3 nm to 7.7 nm, could be controlled easily by the solvents. The ZnO QDs exhibited strong visible emission from green to orange. The reasons for the change in emission color are believed to be the quantum size effect and the change in defect concentration due to the different solvents used in their preparation. A possible mechanism for the photoluminescence of ZnO QDs is also presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]