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Insomnia is a sleep disorder described as having a failure to sleep, stay asleep, and fall asleep again when waking up at improper time. This review is about the basic knowledge of Insomnia and the introduction of the pharmacology of two corresponding drugs-Zolpidem and Ramelteon. Zolpidem, with the brand name "Ambien," is a non-benzodiazepine and works like Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid to inhibit neurotransmission activities throughout the nervous system, thereby bringing sedative effects to the brain. Ramelteon, also called "Rozerem," functions as melatonin and attaches to the melatonin receptors on the Suprachiasmatic nucleus to block the neuronal firing and induce sleepiness. They are both very crucial pats of the sleep market. The research of Insomnia and two drugs-Zolpidem and Ramelteon-strengthens readers' knowledge about typical sleep disorder and how drugs' treatments work, as well as digging into the drug market and potential development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacterial conjunctivitis is a commonly diagnosed ophthalmic condition with high incidence and prevalence around the globe. Although bacterial conjunctivitis is generally considered self-limiting in nature, topical therapies are applied to limit morbidity and reduce symptoms. Drugs and treatment dealing with bacterial conjunctivitis are associated with bactericidal effects by incorporating pathways within the bacterial cell, including DNA replication and protein synthesis. Diverse antibacterials and analogs provide great potentials for wide spectrum of Gram-negative, Gram-negative, and other pathogens. In this work, the theories for mechanism of three types of antibacterial agents for bacterial conjunctivitis, levofloxacin, tobramycin, and azithromycin, are discussed to facilitate understanding of antibacterial treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breast cancer is the malignant tumor with the highest prevalence among women all over the world. In order to make early diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer, we found NUSAP1 and NEK2, two molecules negatively related to the prognosis of breast cancer, by mining tumor markers related to breast cancer. In this study, we combined several large sample databases, and analyzed the expression of NUSAP1 and NEK2 in normal, various tumors and inflammatory tissues by Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and Log-Rank test, and their relationship with the prognosis of breast cancer patients with various subtypes and different stages. We know that NUSAP1 and NEK2 make violent expressions in tumor and inflammatory tissues, which are negatively correlated with the prognosis of ER+/PR+/HER2-, Luminal A and Luminal B subtypes of breast cancer, and can play an indicative role in the prognosis of patients with middle and low grade breast cancer. NUSAP1 and NEK2, as molecules related to mitosis and Wnt/β-catenin pathway, are unfavorable factors in the prognosis of breast cancer patients, and can be used as tumor markers to indicate early diagnosis, treatment plan formulation and prognosis judgment of breast cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stroke is a very common disease. Hemiplegia is its sequela, but also a high disability rate of the disease. There have been some targeted rehabilitation training and rehabilitation treatment in medicine, but the effect is not obvious or has some limitations. This paper introduces a new kind of rehabilitation robot for this disease, and uses the functional electrical stimulation technology in rehabilitation to realize the treatment and training of this kind of patients. Through the analysis and discussion of the technology and the application of the rehabilitation robot, the feasibility and effectiveness of this kind of robot are verified. Strive to provide new ideas for the rehabilitation of such diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ischemic stroke is one of the two main forms of cerebrovascular accident that ranks the second highest leading killer worldwide. An attack of ischemic stroke would lead to rapid death of neurons accompanied with inflammatory events in the brain, causing acquired disabilities for the survivors. Yet better drugs for ischemic stroke treatment are still in great need. In this literature review, three major compounds are mentioned and concluded that 6-shogaol, 6-paradol, and zingerone have neuroprotective potential and discussed the possibility to make them promising drugs for ischemic stroke treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exosomes are a type of vesicle with the constituents from the viable cells, which can secrete the exosome included. They can be produced, conveyed and uptaken by different and distant cells, and affect the function and behavior of the recipient cells. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (MSC-EXO), among all exosomes derived, gain uncommon consideration because of its potential of tissue repair and regeneration in all kinds of disease treatment. Studies have shown that, indeed, MSC-EXO presents its strong ability to inhibit inflammation, scar formation and promote skin repairing of human skins. Those abilities are proven to be highly relatable to the special miRNAs that exist in the MSC-EXO, which they function through manipulating the interpretation of the protein during the process of gene expression. This review highlights the investigation of therapeutic potential of MSC-EXO on human skin, as well as the relations between the various miRNAs in MSC-EXO and skin tissue repair and regeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neurons are one of the most critical cells in humans, serving as the nervous system's basic building block. It transmits information and provides sensations as well as thoughts in our brains, which make us unique from other organisms, and is essential for the improvement of human society. In the human brain, the ventral tegmental area (VTA) is a hub of diverse neurons that regulates reward, motivation, cognition, and aversion. Scientists have been identifying and studying these neurons in VTA for decades. In 2012, Cohen et al. proposed and identified three types of VTA neurons and named them Type I, II, III neurons. In the study, Cohen et al. have determined that the Type I neurons are DA neurons, and Type II neurons are GABA neurons. However, Type III neurons were not identified, and their specific functions and relationship with Type I and Type II neurons are still unclear. In this paper, we propose investigating the relationship between Type I and Type III neurons by observing the mice's behavior and testing their neuron firing rate in the VTA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The potential of immunotherapy as a treatment method for cancer is obvious based on the significant clinical response of a significant number of patients, mainly to chimeric antigen receptor-expressing pericyte transfer using transgenic autologous T cells. Nevertheless, the vast majority of malignant solid tumors do not respond specifically to CAR-T cell injections such as breast, colon and lung cancers. Suboptimal outcomes have been linked to lower expansion. They are also related to the durability of adoptively transferred CAR-T cells, antigen-negative relapses, and impairment by an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment in a series of clinical trials. The current status of CAR-T cell therapy of solid cancers is discussed. At the same time, this paper also discusses the barriers and how to overcome these obstacles so that CAR-T immunotherapy can be one of the treatment methods for malignant solid tumors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brain tumor is one of the most dangerous disease of human brain. Often treated by radiotherapy, chemotherapy and surgery, timely detection and diagnosis is crucial to patient survival and prognosis. To speed up diagnosis process and improve overall accuracy, researchers keep on finding new techniques that can be implemented in the field of medical image analysis. Recently, deep learning image segmentation models are widely used in brain tumor image analysis, and contests such as BraTS are held annually to facilitate research in this field. In this paper, three attention mechanisms, convolutional block attention module, attention gate and efficient channel attention were combined with full scaled skip connection Unet, and transfer learning from pre-trained Unet's effect was also explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With an expanding number of people suffering from Alzheimer's disease (AD), which not only threatens the happiness of patients' family, but also becomes a substantial burden for the healthcare system worldwide, much attention has been paid to the deficits of linguistic function over the course of AD, and connected language analysis has been utilized as a method of assessing expressive linguistic performance for a long time. Many previous studies focus on picture description tasks in AD, which could provide a simple approach to disease monitoring in clinical scenarios and experiments. Ever-increasing evidence reveals that changes in cerebral blood flow (CBF) can be identified before detecting the clinical symptoms of AD. In vivo measurement of CBF via arterial spin labelling (ASL) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may have the potential to become a clinical tool for early detection and characterization of AD progression. Here we review previous studies on picture description tasks and ASL-MRI, discuss the potential value of these tasks for AD diagnosis, and propose the importance of finding potential biomarkers for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, acute myocardial infarction has become a public health problem attracting worldwide attention. Various countries have adopted various public health policies, among which the quality improvement plan for acute myocardial infarction is the most important part of the measures, which effectively reduces the occurrence of acute myocardial infarction. However, at the same time, the quality improvement plans of various countries still have many inadequacies, which are more worthy of our reflection and improvement. This article will compare the major public health policies of China and developed countries in the United States in dealing with acute myocardial infarction, and then provide reference for improving the quality of life of patients with acute myocardial infarction in China and improving the hospitalization rescue rate of patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Alzheimer's disease, a kind of dementia recognized by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke as a "progressive, neurodegenerative disease", is destroying the life of around 50 million people worldwide. Multiple biomarkers have been detected in relation to AD, with a current emphasis in figuring out how the accumulation of Aβ can be affected by the interplay of ROS, mitochondria, and APOE4. While ROS arises from highly chemicals formed by oxygen and mitochondria being the energy center of human body, APOE4 is a newly-targeted gene connected with AD. This review tries to go through the mechanisms mediated by the three potential factors mentioned above. As the mechanisms count considerably in the cause of AD, the related drugs and therapeutic methods aimed to mitigate the influence brought by the three factors will also be summarized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BDNF is an important regulator of synaptic circuit development, synaptic plasticity and neuroprotection in the brain. Changes in the concentration of BDNF in the human body have been linked to neurodegenerative diseases, neurological diseases, psychological diseases and so on. In order to better understand BDNF concentration changes in vivo, it is important to understand BDNF expression and release. Most studies on BDNF expression and release have been conducted during the preparation and culture of neurons. Therefore, this paper will focus on the expression and release of BDNF in different cells in the brain. In this paper, the synthesis, processing, sorting and induced release of BDNF will be reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gait and balance dysfunction troubles a large number of patients in rehabilitation. Traditional exercise rehabilitation methods have limited effects on patients' walking ability. It is rather important to find other ways to improve the current gait rehabilitation therapy. This paper mainly introduces neuromodulation technologies and the current status of the treatment of dyskinesias, especially gait abnormalities, and summarizes and discusses the treatment results of electric, magnetic, and multi-regulation methods. It is found that each method has a certain effect on gait abnormalities. Neuromodulation technologies provide new research, diagnosis, and treatment ideas for gait rehabilitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Huntington's Disease (HD) is a rare autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder. Typical symptoms of HD include personality changes, depression, and chorea. It is cause by elongated CAG repeats in the Huntingtin gene, or HTT gene. The when there are more than 40 repeats of CAG in the mutated HTT gene (mhtt), HD will be expressed in adulthood. And the early onset (teenage) of HD usually occurs when more than 60 repeats exist. Expressing mhtt gene will cause death of medium spiny neurons (MSN) and results in movement disorders or chorea in HD patients. Noticeably, 95% of the neuron population is made of MSN, which is vulnerable to glutamatergic toxicity (excitotoxicity) and studies suggests that excitotoxicity neuron death is associated with neurodegeneration in HD. There is currently no cure to HD, but several gene therapies, including Antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) and RNAi therapy with Adeno-associated viral (AAV) can effectively delay or control the disease progression. This paper briefly introduces HD's pathogenesis and two gene therapies to treat it, and hope to provide clear clues for future studies that focuses on gene therapies of HD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we briefly explored the historical origin and applications of popular SIR-based compartmental models, especially on the modelling of the on-going SARS-CoV-2 epidemic. We discussed the emergence of the early compartmental models as well as the derivation of SIR-variants from specific studies. Specifically, we discussed the advantages of the addition of specialized compartments in SIR-variants like the SEIR and SVIR model in the modelling of disease latency and effect of vaccination, as well as the application and expansion of these models using published peer-reviewed studies on the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic as instances. Lastly, we briefly went over the limitations of compartmental models and potential substitution approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breast cancer is an aggressive form of cancer that kills many women. Although breast cancer has a high incidence, it death rate is not as high as incidence. This is thanks to the staging approach to breast cancer. Early detection of breast cancer can help doctors and patients better treat the disease. In the last century, the classification of breast cancer was left to the discretion of experienced pathologists. With the progress of technology, machine classification is replacing manual classification. The classifier will save society the time and cost of training pathologists. In the future, it may be possible for a highly accurate classifier algorithm to achieve even higher accuracy than manual classification. This paper summarizes the research direction and progress of breast cancer classifiers up to now and provides the latest research results for medical practitioners and researchers in the discussion section. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the course of time, the pharmaceutical market has developed rapidly. Whether it is traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) or western medicine, the safety and effectiveness of medicine have always been the patients' focus. Unfortunately, the common methods now for testing the medicine, such as HPLC (high-performance liquid chromatography), GC (gas chromatography), and MS (mass spectrometry), usually require destructive pretreatment of the medicinal materials using numerous instruments and chemicals, which is time-consuming and expensive. There is a growing interest in near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy due to its good performance in qualitative and quantitative analysis coupled with chemometrics and computer technology. NIR analysis has the advantages of being less time-consuming, high accuracy, non-destructive testing, and simple sample preparation. This review aims at presenting an overview of recent applications of NIR in traditional Chinese medicine and western medicine analysis. In addition, the basic principle of NIR, the procedure of NIR analyzing including the common data analysis methods and several prospects are mentioned. NIR provides a potential tool for medicine analysis, especially the development of portable NIR has great significance to the future market medicine supervision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Living organisms carries incredible diversity of bacteria. They often live in dense bacterial communities, termed biofilms. Since they are closely packed together rather than being isolated entities, almost everything a bacterium achieves inside a biofilm can have an instantaneous impact on its neighbors. This essay focused on the wide range of mechanisms bacteria evolved to cooperate (secretion of biosurfactants, quorum sensing, and group formation) or to compete with (both indirectly and directly) their neighboring species, and discovered the relationship between mammalian hosts and microbes. It has important medical implications such as treating illnesses by inducing bacterial cooperation and competitiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wnt signaling pathway is known as a highly-conserved signaling event and plays pivotal role in cell proliferation, differentiation, migration as well as stem cell maintenance. It has been well-established that aberrant activation or hyperactivation of Wnt signaling pathway has observed in and positively correlated with various cancer and tumor types. Wnt signaling pathway was shown to participate in different cancer and tumor development through metabolic reprogramming, which means the normal metabolism process has been altered to support the abnormally increased energy consumption from cancer cells feeding their rapid growth and proliferation. In this review, we've summarized the most critical and recent advances research of Wnt signaling in tumor and cancer metabolic reprogramming as well as provide guidance for future drug development and targeted therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canine dirofilariasis is a global parasitic disease caused by Dirofilaria immitis with a pooled prevalence of 10.91%. Given the zoonotic potential and clinical importance of canine dirofilariasis, investigating its diagnosis and treatment is deemed important, which may also help to control its prevalence. Current diagnostic methods include microfilarial tests, immunodiagnostic antigen tests, polymerase chain reaction technique, and imaging. In which the combination of microfilarial tests and antigen tests is recommended to use in annual screening due to the established specificity, sensitivity, and accuracy. Despite the high accuracy of polymerase chain reaction technique, it has not been broadly used in commercial settings. Imaging, on the other hand, helps to determine the severity of infection. In terms of treatment, 3 injections of melarsomine dihydrochloride with adjunct use of macrocyclic lactones and tetracyclines are recommended to all dogs, except those with caval syndrome. However, due to inevitable severe complications, prevention is deemed vital. The use of macrocyclic lactones for prevention is preferred and highly recommended to all owners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the year of 2020, COVID-19 pandemic threatened the safety of entire human race. The virus has incredibly strong ability to spread and mutate which quickly spread all over the world and resulted in a perhaps the most serious pandemic in human history. During the early stage of the pandemic there was no viable treatment or antibody, non-pharmaceutical has been carried out trying to contain the spread of the infection. Although right now, some tested vaccines have been distributed in multiple countries, the effectiveness the possible side effects of the vaccine are still waiting to be verified. Mankind still needs a certain amount of time to reach large-scale immunity and may even forever co-exist with this coronavirus. It took the entire world almost a year to develop effective vaccines against this virus. With such developed medical technologies, what makes it so difficult to develop a vaccine against the COVID-19 virus? What kind of virus exactly is COVID-19, and did we sum up any experience from this pandemic to deal with the next possible epidemic more efficiently? This article will explain these problems in a comprehensive and detailed way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breast cancer is the most common cancer nowadays, and is also one of the leading causes of death among women worldwide. In recent years, with the extensive application of high-throughput sequencing and gene expression profiling, it has become more and more convenient to dig and identify tumor molecular markers. This study aims to find potential biomarkers related to breast cancer molecular subtyping and prognosis, and provide evidence for diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer. This study combined the data of several large breast cancer databases and conducted in-depth analysis. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and Log-Rank test were used for the prognosis of patients with different subtypes of breast cancer. By analyzing the data collected, it is found that BRCA1 and SQLE were generally negatively correlated with the prognosis of breast cancer patients, ER/PR positive patients, and HER2 negative patients, and had significant negative correlation with prognosis in LN- and Luminal A breast cancer. As an adverse-prognostic factor, BRCA1 and SQLE have strong prognostic significance in patients with mild breast cancer and can be potential tumor markers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parkinson's Disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease that affects 0.1% of the general public, especially older people. Due to this fact, the medical community pays more and more attention to the pathology, risk factors, and treatments of PD. The fundamental pathology of PD includes misfolding and Lewy Bodies, which are cytotoxic and accumulate in different parts of the brain and eventually kill the dopaminergic neurons. The loss of the dopaminergic neurons affects the motor signaling pathway in the brain the most while affecting other pathways in the brain as well. The risk factors of PD could be genetic or environmental, including oxidative stress. According to advanced research nowadays, it seems like PD is the result of combining all the factors, especially aging and environmental ones. Unfortunately, the medical community has not come up with a treatment to heal PD patients, but rather alleviating the symptoms or slowing down the progress. However, the drug Levodopa (L-dopa), though causing certain complications, shows effective results on patients and the surgical treatment for those who are not responsive to drugs anymore. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adversity stress dramatically influences the morphology, physiology, biochemistry and molecular properties of plants, thus affecting the photosynthesis. As one of the most significant agricultural industries in the world, the horticulture industry causes huge economic losses every year due to the harsh environments. As a result, it is of great importance to study the mechanism of cold and drought resistance of horticultural plants. This thesis reviews the research progress related to adversity stress in horticultural plants in the past five years. It is found that improving cold and drought tolerance of plant is a rather complex adaption mechanism and regular network. Under the adversity stress conditions, the electrical conductivity of plant leaf presents a rising trend. The longer the stress time, the more the conductivity increases, which may be related to the damage of plant cell membrane structure under long-term adversity stress. In addition, past few years have witnessed the study of several important genes and transcription factors that regulate plant anti-adversity. Among them, AP2/ERF and NAC transcription factors respond to drought and low temperature stress at the same time, which is of significant research value for the subsequent cultivation of stress-resistant varieties. Therefore, at the molecular level, microorganisms, genetic engineering, and metabolic engineering techniques can be adopted to regulate plant antioxidant enzyme activities and maintain the cell osmotic pressure balance, so as to improve the plant resistance to low temperature and drought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, many types of CRISPR/Cas9 have been utilized for clinical purpose. As a new and promising method, CRISPR/Cas9 manages to correct mutant and deficit DNA sequence to cure certain diseases fundamentally. Until now, CRISPR-based therapeutic gene editors have mainly been used to cure diseases related to single gene mutations like sickle cell anemia, and much advance has been achieved. Other applications involve editing chimeric antigen receptor T cells, creating human disease phenotype on animals, knocking out genes whose transcription products may give rise to life-threatening diseases. Some gene therapies have already been carried out on patients, showing certain curative effects. However, many challenges emerged during the progress of gene editing, such as off-target editing, low editing and delivery efficiency, and chromosomal translocation due to error repair after double strand breaks. These uncertain factors severely hamper the forward pace of gene editing. Accordingly, many solutions are raised to tackle these problems, including the optimization of the tools, usage of different cell repair pathways and invention of engineered editors. In this review, we will discuss the traditional approaches and other newly-invented ways of gene editing, how they can be used in therapeutic treatment, the challenges that come up in applications and the related moral issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The number of researches on rehabilitation application for patients with cerebral palsy is increasing gradually under the current background. However, the most proper method for cerebral palsy rehabilitation is still uncertain. For this purpose, we tried to sort out the existing rehabilitation techniques for cerebral palsy patients in this article. We generally summarized the existing methods as exercise therapy, physical therapy, occupational therapy, Chinese-Western medicine combined therapy and other therapy. Among them, we believe that instrument-assisted exercise therapy has gradually become an emerging treatment trend. Physical therapy has also been widely used, and with recreation and repeatability, occupational therapy is able to promote the patients' willingness of participation. Chinese-Western medicine combined therapy is preferred by some researchers for its low cost and little side-effect. There are various rehabilitation techniques for cerebral palsy patients, and corresponding treatment methods should be decided according to the actual situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The factors causing schizophrenia are multifaceted, and studies have shown that the disease has heritability. Dopamine hypothesis is one of the pathogenesis hypotheses of schizophrenia. This paper analysed the relationship between genes, dopamine and schizophrenia, and focuses on four important genes associated with schizophrenia. Through analysis, this paper suggests possible ways in which susceptibility genes may cause disease. This paper will lay a foundation for the further study of dopamine in schizophrenia and provide a drug target for the treatment of schizophrenia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breast cancer is by far the most common tumor. In terms of all malignant diseases, breast cancer is considered as one of the major contributors to death for postmenopausal women, taking up for 23%. There is still a lack of effective treatment. Survival rate of patients who suffer from advanced breast cancer is correlated with the amount of lymphatic metastasis, tumor size, age group and hormone receptor state, as well as the staging of the cancer itself. It also has correlation with the existence of lymph node and internal organ metastases. From the perspectives of age, immunohistochemical type, metastasis, and local treatment of terminal cancer patients, this paper summarizes from the aspect of race to explore the effect of survival prognosis of those who are diagnosed with advanced breast cancer, aimed at better guiding the clinical treatment and prolonging the survival duration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancer is one of the major health problems for human and patients with advanced stage cancer have ultra-low 5-year survival rate. Therefore, improving early cancer detection accuracy rate is necessary. The measurement of tumor purity plays an important role in the early diagnosis of cancer and the tracking of patient's condition. In addition, how to estimate tumor purity accurately is also a significant biological problem. Predicting tumor purity based on DNA methylation is a prevalent method. In this article, we discuss using different linear regression models to estimate tumor purity. Two main questions need to be solved to accurately estimate tumor purity. We first discussed the features selection methods in biological and mathematical aspect which reduce the collinearity between cell types and make deconvolution more stable. In addition, we also compared 4 different linear regression model usually used in this question and analyzed their advantages and disadvantages respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]