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This study investigated the distribution of vascular plants in Mt. Anam located in Haksa-ri in Kimwha-eup, Cheorwon-gun, Gangwon-do. Eight surveys were conducted from March 2015 to May 2018. In this survey, a total of 416 taxa of vascular plants were observed, comprising 354 species, 4 subspecies, 52 varieties, and 6 forms belonging to 260 genera and 86 families. This included five taxa of endemic plants (such as Salix koriyanagi Kimura, Clematis brachyura Maxim., and Berberis koreana Palib.), nine taxa of rare plants designated by the Korea Forest Service, two taxa of vulnerable plants (such as Epimedium koreanum Nakai), and seven taxa of least concern plants (such as Aristolochia contorta Bunge). Forty-nine taxa of plants with floristic characteristics were found—1 taxon in Grade V (Epimedium koreanum Nakai), 3 taxa in Grade IV (such as Athyrium iseanum Rosenst.), 12 taxa in Grade III (such as Berberis koreana Palib.), 10 taxa in Grade II (such as Thalictrum rochebrunnianum var. grandisepalum (H. Lev.) Nakai), and 23 taxa in Grade I (such as Chloranthus japonicus Siebold). For invasive alien plants, there were 25 taxa comprising 25 species belonging to 23 genera and 10 families (such as Rumex crispus L., Lepidium virginicum L., and Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.).

The native water-soluble chlorophyll protein, CP663, extracted from Lepidium virginicum, consists of four subunits, each with one chlorophyll (Chl), and the four Chls form two dimers in an orthogon...

Ecological and floristic studies on Lepidium virgincum L. in Egypt revealed the occurrence of a new alien plant species, in Ismailia district 2006 by El-Gazzar and Hammodua. In the present study, a newly discovered distribution of L. virginicum occupies mesic orchards, field edges and arable field habitats in New Damietta coastal area is evaluated. Associated species recorded and soil characteristics of the newly invaded habitats are analyzed. We present here an exhaustive analy­sis of morphological, phenological characteristics and growth characteristics L. virginicum in the different habitats. We found that L. virginicum populations prefer fertile sandy habitats rich in nitrogen and phosphorus. Different growth forms (rosette and erect) and four different leaf morphs (heteries, rhombiodea, tenuis and simplex) dominate during life cycle. Although L. virginicum currently occurs in limited distribution as an alien species in Egypt, its existence in other regions of Egypt is highly probable. The obtained results will be useful for the management and optimizing use of this new invasive, alien weed in the orchards and in the canal bank habitats in the coastal area of Nile Delta.

The essential oil from the annual plant Lepidium virginicum L. was chemically characterized in three consecutive years (2018-2020). The essential oils were evaluated in vitro and in situ on the causal agent of anthracnose in tamarillo fruits (Solanum betaceum). The main volatile constituents were phenylacetonitrile (>60 %), linalool (>10 %), limonene (>7 %) and α-terpineol (>5 %). The essential oil (MIC, 19-30 μg mL-1 ), phenylacetonitrile (MIC, 45 μg mL-1 ) and α-terpineol (MIC, 73 μg mL-1 ) caused a significant inhibition in the conidial viability from a wild strain of Colletotrichum acutatum, which was isolated and identified as a causal agent of anthracnose. The inoculation of conidia from C. acutatum in non-symptomatic tamarillo fruits, followed by the in situ treatment with different concentrations of the essential oil (>30 μg mL-1 ), phenylacetonitrile and α-terpineol, significantly (p

Soil pests of cruciferous crops in Mexico have been gaining importance in recent years; such is the case of Delia spp. (Robineau-Desvoidy) (Diptera, Anthomyiidae), of which, to date, there are no studies on the correct identification of associated species, as well as the range of hosts. In an integrated pest management program, it is essential to know this information to design and implement adequate phytosanitary measures. Plants infested by Delia spp. were collected in the states of Guanajuato, Puebla, and Mexico from June to November 2017 and March to December 2018 in commercial plantations of cruciferous crops (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica, botrytis and capitata), B. napus L., and Raphanus sativus L.) as well as some cruciferous weeds (R. raphanistrum L., Sisymbrium irio L., B. campestris L., Capsella bursa-pastoris L., and Lepidium virginicum L.) in the edges of these crops. The two species found in this study, Delia planipalpis (Stein) and Delia platura (Meigen), identified using male genitalia was corroborated by molecular techniques. Both species emerged from all the sampled hosts, except for C. bursa-pastoris and L. virginicum. The association of the two species in cruciferous crops and weeds, provides valuable information for the management of these insects not only in cruciferous crops but other ones that are strongly attacked by D. platura.

In the framework of floristic and vegetation studies of different parts of the Hyrcanian region of northern Iran, Lepidium virginicum L. (Brassicaceae) is reported here for the first time for the flora of Iran. Along with a distribution map for the species, an identification key is provided for the nine annual or biennial species of Lepidium, already reported from Iran.

This study was based on the collection of the complete genome of Lepidium perfoliatum chloroplast (cp). The full cp genome is 154,264 bp long, containing 130 genes, in which 8 genes are specified for ribosomal RNA (rRNA), while 85 and 37 genes for protein-coding and transfer RNA (tRNA) respectively. Phylogenetic analyss revealed the closed cluster of Lepidium perfoliatum with other Lepidium species such as Lepidium apetalum, Lepidium sativum, Lepidium meyenii and Lepidium virginicum, which helps for the evaluation of how Lepidium perfoliatum is phylogenetically related to other species.

The prevention of biosecurity threats is an international priority and the development of improved phytosanitary treatment technologies is part of New Zealand’s biosecurity science strategy. Twelve temperature/time treatments were investigated as potential methods to devitalise weed seeds. Six weed species, Digitaria violascens, Eleusine indica, Lepidium virginicum, Plantago lanceolata, Portulaca oleracea and Sonchus oleraceus were exposed to treatments of 50˚C, 60˚C or 70˚C each for 1.5 h, 4 h, or 15 h. The efficacy of these treatments was compared with those of two industry standards: (i) 85˚C for 15 h at 40% RH; and (ii) methyl bromide (80 g/m3) for 24 h. The standard treatments were significantly more effective at devitalising weed seeds than the experimental treatments. This study showed that temperatures below 85˚C are generally insufficient for devitalising seeds of the weed species examined.

The phyllosphere and rhizosphere of weeds are important niches for phytobacterial survival. The absence of information in Brazil regarding Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc), the causal agent of black rot in crucifers, motivated this study. Twenty-six weed species belonging to 14 botanical families were included in field experiments between August 2014 and October 2015. Lepidium virginicum and Raphanus raphanistrum (Brassicaceae) demonstrated great potential for survival of Xcc in the phyllosphere, with the bacterium isolated after 56 and 70 days, respectively. Low variation between maximum and minimum temperatures, high rainfall and high relative humidity at specific times of the year contributed to longer Xcc survival periods in the phyllosphere of some species. Xcc survived in the rhizosphere only in R. raphanistrum, where it was isolated for up to 28 days. No relation was found between climatic factors and survival in the rhizosphere. The data indicate that control of brassicaceous weeds will contribute to the control of black rot.

Urban environments are warmer, have higher levels of atmospheric CO2 and have altered patterns of disturbance and precipitation than nearby rural areas. These differences can be important for plant growth and are likely to create distinct selective environments. We planted a common garden experiment with seeds collected from natural populations of the native annual plant Lepidium virginicum, growing in five urban and nearby rural areas in the northern United States to determine whether and how urban populations differ from those from surrounding rural areas. When grown in a common environment, plants grown from seeds collected from urban areas bolted sooner, grew larger, had fewer leaves, had an extended time between bolting and flowering, and produced more seeds than plants grown from seeds collected from rural areas. Interestingly, the rural populations exhibited larger phenotypic differences from one another than urban populations. Surprisingly, genomic data revealed that the majority of individuals in each of the urban populations were more closely related to individuals from other urban populations than they were to geographically proximate rural areas - the one exception being urban and rural populations from New York which were nearly identical. Taken together, our results suggest that selection in urban environments favors different traits than selection in rural environments and that these differences can drive adaptation and shape population structure.

Plants from drylands have developed strategies to germinate even in places where available humidity is sporadic with large periods of drought. Previous works determined germination of cacti species as a response to discontinuous humidity events (“seed hydration memory”). This study is aimed at assessing whether species of the Chihuahuan Desert show a seed hydration memory. Our hypothesis is that seeds of desert species can tolerate periods of dehydration after single or multiple hydration events and subsequently germinate more and faster. We evaluated nine species: Sartwellia mexicana , Echinocactus platyacanthus , Cucurbita foetidissima , Lepidium virginicum , Lesquerella berlandieri , Yucca filifera , Atriplex canescens , Nassella tenuissima , and Ferocactus pilosus , using four treatments: T1 = 24 hours hydration/5 days dehydration (HD), T2 = Three consecutive cycles of 24 hours hydration/5 days dehydration, T3 = 72 hours hydration /5 d dehydration, and T4 = Control. Echinocactus platyacanthus , Nassella tenuissima , Ferocactus pilosus , and Lepidium virginicum showed higher germination with HD treatments than the control . Ferocactus pilosus and Lepidium virginicum had the highest germination in T2, Nassella tenuissima in T3, Echinocactus platyacanthus in any HD treatment while Yucca filifera in the control and T2. Yucca filifera and F. pilosus had the lowest germination rate ( t50 ) in T2; E. platyacanthus in T1 and T2. The remaining species didn’t show differences in t50 between treatments. These results indicate that at least some desert species germinate more and faster after single or multiple hydration- dehydration events evincing the ability of those seeds to retain, during dehydration, the physiological changes produced from seed hydration.

Euchloe olympia was studied in a sand prairie in central Illinois each year for a period of five years to monitor behavior. Adults were followed by groups of observers; groups tracked the type of flowers utilized for nectar, the flight time between visits to plants or the substrate, the distance flown between each plant or substrate, and any additional behaviors (such as oviposition and courtships). We made over 1300 observations of 53 butterflies. Individuals were found to differ significantly in various aspects of their behavior; including nectar source, average time nectaring and flight activity. The main larval food plant was found to be Lepidium virginicum, while the main adult nectar source was found to be Nuttallanthus canadensis. Individuals consistently showed considerable constancy in the flowers they visited.

Plant invasions are a major component of global change, but they may be affected by other global change components. Here we used a mesocosm-pot experiment to test whether high water availability, nitrogen (N) enrichment and their interaction promote performance of three invasive alien plants (Lepidium virginicum, Lolium perenne and Medicago sativa) when competing with a native Chinese grassland species (Agropyron cristatum). Single plants of the three invasive and the one native species were grown in the center of pots with a matrix of the native A. cristatum under low, intermediate or high water availability and low or high N availability. The invasive species L. virginicum and M. sativa grew larger, and produced a higher biomass relative to competitors than the native species A. cristatum did. Increasing water availability promoted biomass production of all species, but water availability did not change the biomass of the central plants relative to that of the competitors. Nitrogen addition also increased biomass production of all species, and it increased the biomass of the central plants more so than that of the competitors. The positive effect of N addition on the biomass of the central plants relative to that of the competitors increased with increasing water availability. However, compared to central plants of the native species, the positive effect of N addition on the relative biomass of L. virginicum decreased when water availability increased. These interactions indicate that future changes in water availability and N enrichment may affect the invasion success of different alien species differently. published

The purpose of this study is to offer the flora data for conserving the biodiversity of Gyeongju National Park by objective surveying and analysing the flora distributed in Mt. Gumi District, Gyeongju National Park, South Korea. The flora of Mt. Gumi were surmmarized as 476 taxa including 97 families, 297 genera, 419 species, 3 subspecies, 46 varieties and 8 forms. The rare plants were 6 taxa such as Aristolochia contorta, Paeonia lactiflora var. trichocarpa, Potentilla discolor, Berchemia berchemiaefolia, Trigonotis icumae and Iris odaesanensis. The Korean endemic plants were 9 taxa such as Carpinus laxiflora, Pseudostellaria coreana, Philadelphus schrenkii, Indigofera koreana, Lespedeza maritima, Vicia chosenensis, Galium koreanum, Lonicera subsessilis and Weigela subsessilis. The specific plants by floristic region were 38 taxa such as Salix chaenomeloides(I), Hylomecon vernalis (I), Oxalis obtriangulata (I), Viola orientalis(II), Adoxa moschatellina (II), Cirsium chanroenicum (II), Vitex negundo var. incisa (III) and so forth. The naturalized plants were 36 taxa such as Fallopia dumetorum, Chenopodium album, Lepidium virginicum, Amorpha fruticosa, Euphorbia supina, Carduus crispus, Erigeron strigosus, Festuca myuros and so forth. The invasive aline plant was Aster pilosus. The target plants adaptable to climate change were 8 taxa such as Artemisia rubripes, Carpesium macrocephalum and so forth.

The aim of the research was to analyze characteristics of naturalized plants in reservoirs of Gyongsan-si to provide necessary information for future management of naturalized plants. All plants were identified and recorded by using field surveys. The results showed that 164 taxa in total (62 families, 126 genera, 148 species, 13 varieties and 2 forms) were found and the numbers of naturalized plants was 23 taxa: 9 families, 19 genera, 22 species, 1 varieties. 65%(15 taxa) of the total population were originated from North America, followed by Europe(21.7%(5 taxa)), Africa(8.7%(2 taxa)) and Asia (4.4% (1taxa)). 9 taxa in naturalized plants were invaded during the third period(1964-present). Naturalized Index(NI) and Urbanization Index(UI) were 13.9% and 7.2%, respectively. This result indicated that NI of the study area was higher than the Korean average of NI(10.3%) suggested by Ko(1995). Finally, the research found 14 taxa (Rumex crispus L., Lepidium virginicum L., Trifolium repens L., Oenothera biennis L., Taraxacum officinale Weber, Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers., Ambrosia artemisii folia L., Aster pilosus Willd., Aster subulatus var. sandwicensis A. G. Jones, Bidens frondosa L., Lactuca scariola L., Panicum dichotomiflorum Michx.) that would have a negative impact on reservoir ecosystems. Therefore, the proper management and

Water-soluble chlorophyll-binding proteins (WSCPs) are interesting model systems for the study of pigment-pigment and pigment-protein interactions. While class IIa WSCP has been extensively studied by spectroscopic and theoretical methods, a comprehensive spectroscopic study of class IIb WSCP was lacking so far despite the fact that its structure was determined by X-ray crystallography. In this paper, results of two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy applied to the class IIb WSCP from Lepidium virginicum are presented. Global analysis of 2D data allowed determination of energy levels and excitation energy transfer pathways in the system. Some additional pathways, not present in class IIa WSCP, were observed. The data were interpreted in terms of a model comprising two interacting chlorophyll dimers. In addition, oscillatory signals were observed and identified as coherent beatings of vibrational origin.

We aimed with this study to evaluate the potential of oilseed crops planted following soybean, in terms of their ability to inhibit the occurrence of weed species under Brazilian Savannah cropping systems. The long-term experiment was installed in 2010 at Dourados, MS, Brazil, and in completely randomized blocks design with five replications with 12 × 24 m plot size. For three consecutive years (2010/11, 2011/12 and 2012/13), soybeans were planted in all the area by October/November being harvested in February/March, when previously marked plots were planted in April with: (1) radish (Raphanus sativus); (2) rapeseed (Brassica napus); (3) crambe (Crambe abyssinica); (4) winter fallow-no plantation after soybeans. In all years the same crop was repeated at the same plots, with no crop rotation. Phytosociological characterization of weed species was carried out in winter (after oilseeds harvest), pre-planting and post-emergence of soybean for the three years. Relative abundance, frequency and dominance, as well as the importance value for each species, was obtained. Areas were also intra-characterized by the coefficients of Simpson, Shannon-Weiner and Shannon-Weiner’s Evenness Proportion, and areas were compared for species dissimilarity with Jaccard’s presence-only coefficient, by multivariate cluster analysis. Oilseed crops definitely contribute for sustainable weed management as a cultural tool. The most important oilseed crop weeds in the Savannah-like region of Brazil were Amaranthus hybridus, Richardia brasiliensis, Lepidium virginicum, Leonotis nepetifolia and Hybanthus parviflorus. After three years of repetitive crop succession, some weeds were selected, and rotation in Winter is advised at least every two or three years.

Various plants possess non-photosynthetic, hydrophilic chlorophyll (Chl) proteins called water-soluble Chl-binding proteins (WSCPs). WSCPs are categorized into two classes; Class I (photoconvertible type) and Class II (non-photoconvertible type). Among Class II WSCPs, only Lepidium virginicum WSCP (LvWSCP) exhibits a low Chl a/b ratio compared with that found in the leaf. Although the physicochemical properties of LvWSCP have been characterized, its molecular properties have not yet been documented. Here, we report the characteristics of the LvWSCP gene, the biochemical properties of a recombinant LvWSCP, and the intracellular localization of LvWSCP. The cloned LvWSCP gene possesses a 669-bp open reading frame. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry analysis revealed that the precursor of LvWSCP contains both N- and C-terminal extension peptides. RT-PCR analysis revealed that LvWSCP was transcribed in various tissues, with the levels being higher in developing tissues. A recombinant LvWSCP and hexa-histidine fusion protein (LvWSCP-His) could remove Chls from the thylakoid in aqueous solution and showed an absorption spectrum identical to that of native LvWSCP. Although LvWSCP-His could bind both Chl a and Chl b, it bound almost exclusively to Chl b when reconstituted in 40 % methanol. To clarify the intracellular targeting functions of the N- and C-terminal extension peptides, we constructed transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana lines expressing the Venus protein fused with the LvWSCP N- and/or C-terminal peptides, as well as Venus fused at the C-terminus of LvWSCP. The results showed that the N-terminal peptide functioned in ER body targeting, while the C-terminal sequence did not act as a trailer peptide.

This study is carried out to offer raw data and establish strategy for conservation and restoration of river ecosystem by objective surveying and analysing the flora and vegetation distributed in Hwang river, Gyeongsangnam-do. The flora identified in this site were 406 taxa including 95 families, 252 genera, 360 species, 3 subspecies, 40 varieties and 3 forms. The rare plants were 3 taxa including Sagittaria sagittifolia subsp. leucopetala, Hydrocharis dubia and Acorus calamus. The endemic plants were 4 taxa including Populus tomentiglandulosa, Salix koriyanagi, Paulownia coreana and Weigela subsessilis. The specific plants by floristic region were 17 taxa including Salix siuzevii, Poncirus trifoliata, Potamogeton maackianus and so forth. The naturalized plants were 39 taxa including Phytolacca americana, Chenopodium glaucum, Lepidium virginicum, Oenothera erythrosepala, Xanthium canadense, Lolium multiflorum and so forth. The invasive alien plants were Ambrosia artemisiifolia and Ambrosia trifida. The whole NI and UI were each 9.6% and 13.9%. The hydrophytes were 27 taxa including Marsilea quadrifolia, Nymphaea tetragona, Ceratophyllum demersum, Trapa japonica and so forth. In the results of growth forms of the hydrophytes, emergent species were 14 taxa, 3 taxa of floating-leaved species, 4 taxa of free-floating species and 6 taxa of submerged species. The dominant vegetations were Salix spp. community, Miscanthus sacchariflorus community, Phragmites japonica community and Phragmites communis community.

The purpose of this study is to offer the raw data for conserving the biodiversity of urban ecosystem by objective surveying and analysing the vascular plants distributed in major sites of Yangsan-si, Gyeongsangnam-do. The results are as follows. The numbers of vascular plants were summarized as 522 taxa including 110 families, 314 genera, 459 species, 4 subspecies, 46 varieties and 13 forms. The rare plants were 5 taxa including Aristolochia contorta, Drosera rotundifolia, Potentilla discolor, Viola albida and Hydrocharis dubia. The endemic plants were 13 taxa including Salix koriyanagi, Carpinus laxiflora, Stewartia pseudocamellia, Weigela subsessilis and so forth. The specific plants by floristic region were 30 taxa including Caltha palustris, Caryopteris incana, Ilex macropoda, Monochoria korsakowii and so forth. The naturalized plants were 44 taxa including Phytolacca americana, Lepidium virginicum, Solanum americanum, Aster subulatus var. sandwicensis, Panicum dichotomiflorum and so forth. The invasive alien plants were 5 taxa including Sicyos angulatus, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Ambrosia trifida, Aster pilosus and Paspalum distichum.

To examine the anti-cancer effects of Lepidium virginicum L., the anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects of a water extract of L. virginicum leaves (WELVL) and of L. virginicum roots (WELVR) were investigated in HCT116 human colon carcinoma cells. The treatment of HCT116 cells with WELVL and WELVR resulted in the inhibition of growth and morphological changes in a concentration-dependent manner by inducing apoptosis. The growth inhibition and apoptosis induction by WELVR was stronger than that of WELVL thus, we determined that WELVR was the more optimal extract for this study. The increased apoptotic events in HCT116 cells caused by WELVR were associated with an up-regulation of Fas ligand, Bax, and Bad expression, a down-regulation of Bcl-2, Bcl-, and Bid expression, and a decrease in the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP, ). WELVR treatment induced the proteolytic activation of caspase-3, -8, and -9, and the degradation of caspase-3 substrate proteins, such as poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), -catenin, and phospholipase C- (PLC-). In addition, apoptotic cell death induced by WELVR was correlated with a down-regulation of inhibitors of the apoptosis protein (IAP) family, such as the X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP), cIAP-1, and cIAP-2. These findings suggest that the WELVR-induced inhibition of cell proliferation is associated with the induction of apoptotic cell death. WELVR may be a potential chemotherapeutic agent for the control of HCT116 human colon carcinoma cells.

Arsenic (As) contamination is widespread in the industrial areas of northwest Ohio. Plant species that both take up As and are appropriate for the climate and growth conditions of the region are needed for phytoremediation to be successfully employed. Actively growing plants from 22 species of native genera were exposed to As in hydroponics systems (either 0, 10, or 50 mg As L−1; 1 week) and commercially available potting mix (either 0, 10, 25, 100, or 250 mg As L−1; 2 weeks), depending on their growth conditions. Aboveground plant tissues were harvested and digested, and concentrations of As were determined by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectrometry. The highest tissue concentrations of As (mg As kg−1 dw) were recorded in seven plant species: Rudbeckia hirta (661), Helenium autumnale (363 in tissues formed after exposure to As), Lupinus perennis (333), Echinacea purpurea (298), Coreopsis lanceolata (258), Lepidium virginicum (214), and Linum lewisii (214). These seven species ar...

This study describes new recombinant water-soluble chlorophyll (Chl)-binding proteins (WSCP) from Lepidium virginicum (LvWSCP). This complex binds four Chls (i.e. two dimers of Chls) per protein tetramer. We show that absorption, emission, hole-burned (HB) spectra and the shape of the zero-phonon hole (ZPH) action spectrum are consistent with the presence of uncorrelated excitation energy transfer between two Chl dimers. Thus, there is no need to include slow protein relaxation within the lowest excited state (as suggested in a previous analysis of cauliflower WSCP [Schmitt, F.-J. et al. (2008) J. Phys. Chem. B, 112, 13951; Pieper, J. et al. (2011) J. Phys. Chem. B, 115, 4053]) in order to explain the large shift observed between the maxima of the ZPH action and emission spectra. Experimental evidence is provided which shows that electron exchange between lowest energy Chls and the protein may occur, i.e. electrons can be trapped at low temperature by nearby aromatic amino acids. The latter explains the shape of nonresonant HB spectra (i.e. the absence of antihole), demonstrating that the hole-burning process in LvWSCP is largely photochemical in nature, though a small contribution from nonphotochemical hole burning (in resonant holes) is also observed.

Lepidium virginicum L. ��� Ajaccio, quartier Belv��d��re, trottoir du bord de la rue Jean Chieze, issue de la D11, au bas de la villa ��Floria�� et face �� la villa ��L���air du maquis�� [41��55���17������N 8��43���40������E], 90 m, une dizaine d���individus, certains de 40 cm de haut, en fleurs et avec les silicules, 4.5.201 4, Paradis, G. s.n. (Hb. priv��). Cette adventice, originaire d���Am��rique du Nord, n���a ��t�� signal��e qu����� Porto et Portivecchju (JEANMONOD & GAMISANS, Fl. Corsica (ed. 2): 574, 2013)., Published as part of Jeanmonod, Daniel, 2015, Notes �� la flore de Corse, XXV, pp. 109-140 in Candollea 70 (1) on page 125, DOI: 10.15553/c2015v701a10, http://zenodo.org/record/5720895

Summary Micropropagation is a technique to ensure a constant and uniform source of medicinal plants. In this report, we describe the micropropagation of Lepidium virginicum L. (Brassicaceae), a wild plant used as an antiamoebic in traditional Mexican medicine. In vitro-germinated seeds were cultured in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium to obtain pathogen-free cotyledons, hypocotyls, and apical bud (AB) explants. For induction of morphogenesis, the effect of cytokinins, benzyladenine (BA) and kinetin (KN), combined with auxin, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) was evaluated. The best rate of shoot proliferation was induced 15 d after culture on MS mineral medium supplemented with IAA:KN (0.57:13.94mM) from AB explants. Maximum shoot elongation was achieved without plant growth regulators. The effect of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) (14.76mM) was evaluated for in vitro root induction; 60 d after culture all the shoots had developed roots. All rooted plants were successfully transferred to pots and 100% acclimatized in ex vitro conditions. The methanol extracts from the micropropagated active explants of L. virginicum showed and IC50 antiprotozoal value between 141.90 and 268.53m gm l 21 .

• Background and Aims Brassicaceae, with nearly 340 genera and more than 3350 species, anchors the low range of angiosperm genome sizes. The relatively narrow range of DNA content (0·16 pg < 1C < 1·95 pg) was maintained in spite of extensive chromosomal change. The aim of this study was to erect a cytological and molecular phylogenetic framework for a selected subset of the Brassicacae, and use this as a template to examine genome size evolution in Brassicaceae. • Methods DNA contents were determined by flow cytometry and chromosomes were counted for 34 species of the family Brassicaceae and for ten Arabidopsis thaliana ecotypes. The amplified and sequenced ITS region for 23 taxa (plus six other taxa with known ITS sequences) were aligned and used to infer evolutionary relationship by parsimony analysis. • Key Results DNA content in the species studied ranged over 8-fold (1C = 0·16–1·31 pg), and 4·4-fold (1C = 0·16–0·71 pg) excluding allotetraploid Brassica species. The 1C DNA contents of ten Arabidopsis thaliana ecotypes showed little variation, ranging from 0·16 pg to 0·17 pg. • Conclusions The tree roots at an ancestral genome size of approximately 1x = 0·2 pg. Arabidopsis thaliana (1C = 0·16 pg; ∼157 Mbp) has the smallest genome size in Brassicaceae studied here and apparently represents an evolutionary decrease in genome size. Two other branches that represent probable evolutionary decreases in genome size terminate in Lepidium virginicum and Brassica rapa. Branches in the phylogenetic tree that represent probable evolutionary increases in genome size terminate in Arabidopsis halleri, A. lyrata, Arabis hirsuta, Capsella rubella, Caulanthus heterophyllus, Crucihimalaya, Lepidium sativum, Sisymbrium and Thlaspi arvense. Branches within one clade containing Brassica were identified that represent two ancient ploidy events (2x to 4x and 4x to 6x) that were predicted from published comparative mapping studies.

Eight medicinal plant extracts (Bidens pilosa Linn, Eysenhardtia polystachya Sarg, Lepidium virginicum L., Litsea glaucescens H.B.K., Mirabilis jalapa Linn., Satureja macrostema Brieq., Sophora secundiflora Lag, and Tagetes micrantha Cav.) were tested for their effect on jejunum muscular contractility. All showed inhibitory activity and extracts of M. jalapa and S. macrostema exhibited highest activity with inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of 18 and 73 µg/mL, respectively. Thus, we could corroborate some common traditional uses afforded to these plants. Flowers (petals, calices, and buds) of M. jalapa were the most active part of the plant. We obtained a semipurified sample of the flowers that was more or less five times more active than the crude extract. Furthermore, β-sitosterol, a compound reported as constitutive of M. jalapa, showed no effect on jejunum contractility.

Induced responses to herbivores are common and well documented in plants. It has been hypothesized that the evolutionary ecology of induced responses can be un- derstood by studying benefits of induction in the presence of herbivores and costs of induction in the absence of herbivores. Phenotypic benefits and costs of induction would indicate that such plasticity in defense could be adaptive (i.e., that phenotypes matched to their environmental conditions have higher relative fitness than unmatched phenotypes). However, few studies to date have investigated the benefits and costs of induction in the same system. In this study, induced responses of Lepidium virginicum to herbivory reduced feeding by generalist noctuid caterpillars in choice and no-choice experiments. Induced plant responses to herbivory were correlated with an increase in the number of trichomes per leaf and an increase in the diversity of the putatively defensive chemical compounds, glucosinolates, present in the foliage of damaged plants compared to undamaged controls. Induction did not affect the feeding behavior of the larvae of the specialist butterfly, Pieris rapae. In field experiments, induction reduced natural colonization of plants by aphids com- pared to both unmanipulated controls and controls that were damaged (but not induced) by clipping a leaf from the plant using a pair of scissors. Induced plants were more likely to survive in the field than clipped plants, a result that suggests a net fitness benefit of induction when leaf tissue removal was controlled. In experiments conducted in the absence of herbivores, damage induced responses did not reduce the root or shoot biomass of plants grown at low density. At high plant density, induction was associated with both reduced root biomass and increased aboveground growth, suggesting that induction may cause an allocation shift, rather than a loss of total biomass. Induced responses of plants satisfy a necessary component of adaptive plasticity because plants in variable herbivore environ- ments maximize relative fitness by adjusting their defensive phenotype.

Populations of horseweed and Virginia pepperweed resistant to the herbicide paraquat were found in several fruit orchards in Essex County, Ontario, Canada, where paraquat had been applied four to five times per year for at least 10 yr. Dose–response experiments were conducted in the greenhouse for each species, using 2-to 4-mo-old plants from populations that had received repeated exposure to paraquat and those that had not. The paraquat dose that reduced shoot dry weight by 50% (ED50) was estimated for each population. Resistant populations of horseweed had ED50 values 25 to 35 times higher than susceptible populations. A resistant population of Virginia pepperweed had an ED50 10 times higher than susceptible populations.

The wild crucifers,Rorippa indica andLepidium virginicum, are known to serve as host plants for the diamondback moth (DBM),Plutella xylostella, but they are less suitable than the preferred cultivated cruciferous plant, cabbage, in terms of adult body size and fecundity. The life history traits and flight activity of DBM adults grown on various host plants were investigated. The adults thus reared on each host plant were divided into three size groups (small, medium and large). In general, female adults grown on the wild crucifers were less fecund and lived longer than those reared on cabbage. Flight activity was higher in adults grown on wild crucifers than in those reared on cabbage. Male adults flew longer than females. Fecundity, longevity, flight activity and morphometrical characters of adults were positively correlated with pupal weight in individuals reared on the same host plant. A negative relationship was found between fecundity and flight activity in females of the same size group, but a positive one was observed in females reared on the same host plant.

The larvae ofPlutella xylostella were fed on five wild crucifers,Capsella bursa-pastoris, Lepidium virginicum, Cardamine flexuosa, Rorippa indica, R. islandica and a crop, cabbage. The developmental period of the immature stages, adult longevity, preoviposition period, fecundity and morphometrical characters of the adults were measured. The flight activity of the adults was also measured by the tethered flight method. All the wild plants except forR. islandica were less suitable host plants than cabbage, and larvae which were fed on these less suitable plants emerged as smaller adults with shorter wings. The smaller female adults had lower fecundity but a higher flight activity. Smaller adults measured in terms of their pupal weight among individuals fed on the same host plant had longer wings. These smaller adults with longer wing flew more actively.

Aqueous extracts of some medicinal plants used by Purepecha (a Mexican ethnic group) for the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases were tested against Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi and Shigella boydii. Antimicrobial activity was detected in extracts from Lepechinia caulescens (Ort.) Epl., Lepidium virginicum L. and Tanacelum parthenium (L.) Sch. Bip.

Although exogenous treatment of plants with jasmonic acid (JA) may result in induced responses similar to plant defences induced by herbivory, few studies have compared the details of insect herbivory and JA-mimicked responses. We compared volatiles of two crucifer species, Cardamine impatiens and Lepidium virginicum, in response to Plutella xylostella larval feeding and exogenous application of JA, over the entire period of time when induced changes were detectable. Significant differences in the composition and timing of volatiles occurred between herbivory and JA treatments in both plants. The quantity of nitrile and isothiocyanate released in response to herbivory was significantly larger than that upon JA treatment. In each of the two plant species, most volatile components were emitted immediately upon larval feeding and their quantity dropped rapidly once feeding ceased. In contrast, the emission of volatiles in response to JA treatment lasted for a longer period of time, and the maximum emission rate was recorded 2 and 3 days after JA treatment in L. virginicum and C. impatiens respectively. These findings are discussed in the context of signal-transduction pathways and mechanisms involved in induced emissions of plant volatiles, as well as induced defences mediated by plant volatiles

Salinity is an abiotic stress that limits both yield and the expansion of agricultural crops to new areas. In the last 20 years our basic understanding of the mechanisms underlying plant tolerance and adaptation to saline environments has greatly improved owing to active development of advanced tools in molecular, genomics, and bioinformatics analyses. However, the full potential of investigative power has not been fully exploited, because the use of halophytes as model systems in plant salt tolerance research is largely neglected. The recent introduction of halophytic Arabidopsis-Relative Model Species (ARMS) has begun to compare and relate several unique genetic resources to the well-developed Arabidopsis model. In a search for candidates to begin to understand, through genetic analyses, the biological bases of salt tolerance, 11 wild relatives of Arabidopsis thaliana were compared: Barbarea verna, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Hirschfeldia incana, Lepidium densiflorum, Malcolmia triloba, Lepidium virginicum, Descurainia pinnata, Sisymbrium officinale, Thellungiella parvula, Thellungiella salsuginea (previously T. halophila), and Thlaspi arvense. Among these species, highly salt-tolerant (L. densiflorum and L. virginicum) and moderately salt-tolerant (M. triloba and H. incana) species were identified. Only T. parvula revealed a true halophytic habitus, comparable to the better studied Thellungiella salsuginea. Major differences in growth, water transport properties, and ion accumulation are observed and discussed to describe the distinctive traits and physiological responses that can now be studied genetically in salt stress research.

Lepidium iberis Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 2: 645. 1753. "Habitat in Germania, Gallia, Italia, Sicilia secus vias." RCN: 4694. Lectotype (Rich in Cafferty & Jarvis in Taxon 51: 534. 2002): Herb. Linn. No. 824.19 (LINN). Current name: Lepidium virginicum L. (Brassicaceae). Note: This name had been treated as a synonym of L. graminifolium L. (1759) by some authors, e.g. Vasconcellos in Tutin & al., Fl. Europaea 1: 333 (1964), despite L. iberis pre-dating the latter. Rich’s typification avoided an unfortunate change of name, L. iberis becoming a synonym of L. virginicum L. (1753), rather than an earlier name for the taxon known as L. graminifolium., Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part L), pp. 610-650 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on page 620, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.291971

Knowledge about mutagenic properties of plants commonly used in traditional medicine is limited. A screening for genotoxic activity was carried out in aqueous or alcoholic extracts prepared from 13 medicinal plants widely used as folk medicine in Cuba: Lepidium virginicum L. (Brassicaceae); Plantago major L. and Plantago lanceolata L. (Plantaginaceae); Ortosiphon aristatus Blume, Mentha × piperita L., Melissa officinalis L. and Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng. (Lamiaceae); Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf (Poaceae); Passiflora incarnata L. (Passifloraceae); Zingiber officinale Roscoe (Zingiberaceae); Piper auritum HBK. (Piperaceae); Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (Anacardeaceae) and Momordica charantia L. (Cucurbitaceae). A plate incorporation assay with Aspergillus nidulans was employed, allowing detection of somatic segregation as a result of mitotic crossing-over, chromosome malsegregation or clastogenic effects. Aspergillus nidulans D-30, a well-marked strain carrying four recessive mutations for conidial color in heterozygosity, which permitted the direct visual detection of segregants, was used throughout this study. As a result, only in the aqueous extract of one of the plants screened ( Momordica charantia ) a statistical significant increase in the frequency of segregant sectors per colony was observed, and consequently, a genotoxic effect is postulated.

679 Lepidium virginicum L Fam. Brassicaceae Virginische Kresse Passerage de Virginie Stengel 15-60 cm hoch, aufrecht, oben meist verzweigt, mit sehr kurzen, r��ckw��rts gekr��mmten Haaren. Untere Bl��tter oval bis lanzett-lich, gestielt, gez��hnt oder fiedertei-lig. Bl��tter oberhalb der Stengelmitte lineal-lanzettlich, 5-15mal so lang wie breit, teilweise entfernt gez��hnt. Kronbl��tter weiss, 1-1,5 mm lang, l��nger als dieKelchbl��tter. Sch��tchen flach, breitoval, 2,5-4 mm lang, vorn mit fl��gelartigem Rand und deutlich ausgeran-det, am Grunde verschm��lert, auf etwa gleich langen, kurz behaarten Stielen. Samen fl��gelartig berandet. Bl��te Mai-September. Standort: Wegr��nder, Bahnareale, Schuttstellen, kollin-montan. Zerstreut im Mittelland und Jura, Alpen nur l��ngs der Seen und im Haslital (ca. 20, 3L). Stammt aus Amerika. Oek. Z. 66x~4x?-T, H. (1109), Published as part of Konrad Lauber & Gerhart Wagner, 1991, Flora der Kantons Bern (pp 356 - 358 _ Lepidium), Bern :Paul Haupt Verlag on page 356

The work was carried out to evaluate the herbicide flumioxazin performance compared to commercial patterns applied in pre-emergency in the transplanted onion culture. Field trials were carried out in Monte Alto, SP, arranged in a randomized complete block design with four repetitions. The used herbicides were: flumioxazin (0,080; 0,120; 0,180; 0,240 kg ha-1), oxadiazon + linuron (0,500 + 0,900 kg ha-1), linuron (1,350 kg ha-1) and oxadiazon (0,75 kg ha-1). Two controls also were maintained, one with and other without weed control during all the culture cycle. The portions consisted of four spaced lines of 0,36 m and three meters in length each, totalling 4,32 m2 area. Were considering useful the three central lines. The distance among plants in the line was 0,36 m. All the herbicides were considered excellent for the Lepidium virginicum control, standing out flumioxazin (100%) in all the dosages, until the 80 days after application (DAA), with great selectivity for the culture. The plants recovered well of the initial symptoms of the oxadiazon (0,750 kg ha-1). The mixture oxadiazon + linuron (0,500 + 0,900 kg ha-1) as well as isolated linuron (1,350 kg ha-1), promoted fitotoxicity varying moderate to medium.

Polypeptide composition of the large and small subunits of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase from Lepidium africanum , L. bonariense , L. densiflorum , L. hyssopifolium , L. ruderale and L. virginicum have been studied by isoelectric focusing analysis. Each species is characterized by an individual polypeptide pattern. Subunit composition of this enzyme appears to be a convenient taxonomic tool for separating Lepidium species, repeatedly confused in the literature due to considerable intraspecific variation.

Two kinds of water-soluble chlorophyll-protein complexes were prepared from leaves of Lepidium virginicum L., one (CP661) from the plant cultivated in a green house from seeds collected near Mono Lake, CA, and the other (CP663) from a plant collected at Narashino, Chiba, Japan, by ammonium sulfate fractionation followed by column chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and Sephacryl S-200. The chlorophyll · proteins were further purified by crystallization. CP661 has absorption peaks at 661, 468, 439, 419, 380, 339 and 272 nm. CP663 had absorption peaks at 663, 469, 438, 419, 379, 338 and 272 nm. Estimated molecular weights were 78 000 for CP661 and 80 000 for CP663 by gel filtration chromatography and 83 000 for CP661 and 107 000 for CP663 by an equilibrium sedimentation method. 1 mol chlorophyll · protein contained 4 mol chlorophyll a and b with ratios of 1.0 in CP661 and 1.6 to 1.9 in CP663, but no carotenoids. These characters are different from those of chlorophyll-protein complexes which are prepared from the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts with detergents.

The Tarahumara Indians of the north-west Mexican Highland practice a method of using several weeds for food which are called “quelites”. These weeds play an important role in the Tarahumara diet and seem to be connected with maize-cultivation in a special way. In bio-assays with two quelites species, Bidens pilosa sens. lat. (Cobblers' pegs) and Lepidium virginicum (Pepper grass) and different cultivars of maize (Zea mays L.) it could be demonstrated that water extracts of leaves of B. pilosa and L. virginicum cause a significant stimulation of seedling growth of maize. Different cultivars of maize showed no differences in being stimulated by extracts of B. pilosa. This indicates an allelopathic potential of the two tested quelites species. Extracts of leaves of older plants of B. pilosa (shortly before flowering) do not show this effect. Different water extracts of maize snowed an indifferent influence on germination and seedling growth of B. pilosa and L. virginicum. Considering these results the practice of the Tarahumara Indians — leaving the quelites a certain amount of time among their maize and harvesting them after that — appears to be a stimulatory method for growing maize. The maize-quelites double-crop system seems to be highly tuned and may be understood as a result of a process of cultural learning among the Tarahumara Indians.

Larvae of Pieris rapae (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) were reared on several crucifer species and varieties which differed in their nitrogen content, either naturally or because they had been fertilized with NH4NO3. Growth rates, food consumption rates, and efficiencies of food utilization were determined for fifth instar larvae on all plants, using standard methods. Larvae on low-nitrogen plants consumed food faster, utilized it less efficiently, and utilized N more efficiently than larvae on high-nitrogen plants. As a result, growth rates and rates of accumulation of N into larval biomass were as high on plants of 1.5% (dry wt) N as on plants of 4.8% (dry wt) N. There was no correlation between larval growth rate and reported patterns of glucosinolate content in the food plants. We attribute low N accumulation rates and growth rates on Lepidium virginicum, Lunaria annua, and Thlaspi arvense to the presence in these plants of unique secondary compounds or atypical glucosinolate breakdown products. Larvae fed on Dentaria diphylla and on the most highly fertilized collards (6.1%% dry wt N) accumulated N and grew at unusualy high rates. This may be because N in these plants was more digestible than in the other food plants. We suggest that larvae of P. rapae adjust their feeding rates to maximize the rate at which they can accumulate N, and thus the rate at which they can grow, on any given food plant. There is a limit to the rate at which N can be accumulated, because N is utilized less efficiently as it is consumed faster. We conclude that the growth of P. rapae larvae is limited by the availability of N in their food plants, that N budgets for such larvae are of greater ecological significance than energy budgets, and that, in this case at least, natural selection favors the rate (power output) rather than the efficiency of a biological process.

Water-soluble chlorophyll-proteins were prepared from leaves of Lepidium virginicum, by means of ammonium sulfate fractionation followed by column chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and Sephacryl S-200. After intensive purification the chlorophyll-proteins were crystallized by dialysis against an ammonium sulfate solution.