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Several studies show that increasing the intake of plant foods such as blueberries decreases the risk of obesity, diabetes, heart disease and overall mortality. For this reason, the consumption of fruit and vegetables has increased in healthy diets. Essentiality, a healthy diet constitutes eating almost five portions of fruits and vegetables per day.

Fil: Malovini, Emiliano. Becario Posdoctoral. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Almirante Brown 500. Chacras de Coria. Mendoza. M5528AHB. Argentina. Fil: Arancibia, Celeste. Becario Doctoral. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo-Corporación Vitivinícola Argentina (COVIAR). Fil: Durán, Martín. Becario Doctoral. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Fil: Fontana, Ariel. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza (IBAM). Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET). Grupo de Bioquímica Vegetal. Fil: De Rosas María Inés. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal. Instituto de Biología Agrícola (IBAM) Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET). Fil: Deis, Leonor. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal. Instituto de Biología Agrícola (IBAM) Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET). Fil: Gargantini, Raquel. Instituto Nacional de Vitivinicultura (INV). Mendoza. Argentina. Av. San Martín 430. Mendoza. Argentina. Fil: Bottini, Rubén. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza (IBAM). Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET). Fil: Cavagnaro, Bruno. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal. Instituto de Biología Agrícola (IBAM) Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET). Fil: Martínez. Liliana. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal. Instituto de Biología Agrícola (IBAM) Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET). Berry skins from red grape cultivars contain significant amounts of polyphenols that contribute to wine quality and provide health benefits. These compounds can be elicited by plant hormones. The aim of this work was to increase the content of anthocyanins (ANT) and trans-resveratrol (T-RES) by application of abscisic acid (ABA) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) in five red V. vinifera cvs. (Bonarda, Malbec, Syrah, Cabernet Sauvignon, and Pinot Noir), in two Argentinean contrasting growing regions (Santa Rosa and Valle de Uco). Results showed positive and differential effects of ABA and MeJA on the total ANT content for the diverse cultivars with changes in the proportions of blue and red ANT. ABA increased total ANT in both viticultural region, while MeJA had a positive effect only in Santa Rosa. Also, ABA and MeJA induced an accumulation of T-RES in different cultivars, regardless of the region; T-RES accumulation elicited by ABA was not previously described. This work brings out the possibility to use these hormones as practical tools to produce high-quality red wines in two contrasting viticultural regions. Sitio de la revista: http://revistas.uncu.edu.ar/ojs/index.php/RFCA/article/view/2731

Malbec and Bonarda are the two most widely cultivated grape varieties in Argentina, and their derived red wines are recognized worldwide, being their intense color a major quality trait. The temperature during fruit ripening conditions berries color intensity. In the main viticulture region of Malbec and Bonarda a 2–3 °C increase in temperature has been predicted for the upcoming years as consequence of the global climate change. In the present study, this predicted temperature raise was simulated under field-crop conditions, and its effect on anthocyanin pigmentation in berries of Malbec and Bonarda was monitored by HPLC analysis throughout the ripening process, in two growing seasons. Additionally, expression levels of regulatory (MYBA1 and MYB4) and structural (UFGT and Vv3AT) anthocyanin genes were monitored in Malbec berry skins. Although cultivar-dependent time-course variation was observed for total anthocyanin content, in general, the berries of both cultivars grown under high temperature (HT) conditions had significantly lower total anthocyanins (∼28–41% reduction), and a higher proportion of acylated anthocyanins, than their respective controls. Expression of MYBA1 and UFGT, but not MYB4, was correlated with anthocyanin pigmentation at half ripening and harvest, whereas overexpression of the acyltransferase gene Vv3AT was associated with higher anthocyanin acylation in HT berries. These results suggest that color development and pigment modifications in Malbec berries under HT are regulated at transcriptional level by MYBA1, UFGT, and Vv3AT genes. These data contribute to the general understanding on the effect of high temperatures on anthocyanin biochemistry and genetic regulation, and may have direct implications in the production of high-quality wines from Malbec and Bonarda. Fil: de Rosas, María Inés. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas. Cátedra de Fisiología Vegetal; Argentina Fil: Ponce, María Teresa. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas. Cátedra de Fisiología Vegetal; Argentina Fil: Malovini, Emiliano Jesus. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas. Cátedra de Fisiología Vegetal; Argentina Fil: Deis, Leonor. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas. Cátedra de Fisiología Vegetal; Argentina Fil: Cavagnaro, Juan Bruno. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas. Cátedra de Fisiología Vegetal; Argentina Fil: Cavagnaro, Pablo Federico. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Mendoza-San Juan. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria La Consulta; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina

Resveratrol (trans-3,4′,5-trihydroxystilbene) is an abundant stilbene compound that can be found in a large number of plant products, including the skins and seeds of grapes and wines. Many scientific evidence has demonstrated that resveratrol exerts a plethora of biological function, especially cardiovascular protective, antiplatelet, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, blood glucose-lowering, anticancer, antiaging, and anti-obesity activities. Recently, published data have shown that resveratrol protects also against some neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease and obesity, as well as is effective in the management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal woman without an increased risk of breast cancer. Its anti-inflammatory properties are thought to be responsible for anxiolytic properties, as well as its demonstrated antidepressant efficacy. Because of the important activities of resveratrol, there is an increasing interest in producing grapes or wines with higher contents of this compound and a higher nutritional value. Many biotic like fungi or abiotic elicitors, UV-C irradiation, jasmonic acid, salicylic acid, H2O2, O3, and CaCl2 can trigger the resveratrol synthesis in grape berries. Under the same elicitation pressure, viticultural and enological factors can substantially affect resveratrol concentration in the wine. However, one major concern is its poor solubility and absorption when it is given orally, which may lower its biological effectiveness and which has been attributed to its extensive hepatic glucuronidation and sulfation. Recent studies showed that the methoxylation on the free hydroxyl groups of resveratrol could reduce its metabolization and increase its plasma exposure. Different strategies have been assessed to improve trans-resveratrol bioavailability. Many biological mechanisms of action have been proposed for the observed benefits of light to moderate wine consumption on cognitive function in later life. Other stilbenoid compounds such as pterostilbene and 3′-hydroxypterostilbene have promising application for the management and treatment of chronic disorders. However, human studies of stilbenoid compounds are still lacking. Future clinical research for these compounds in chronic diseases is necessary to investigate their physiological and pharmacological effects and safety.

Regarding nutrition, the new trend of consumption includes vegetables and fruits in the diet and concludes that new preference is to natural foods. Red grape berries constitute a great candidate to this target because of their high phenolic content, including anthocyanins which play a major role in their nutraceutical properties. Anthocyanins are responsible for many of the red-orange to blue-violet colors present in plant tissues. These compounds are excellent antioxidants because they are easily oxidized under stress circumstances and thus contribute to the fruits’ and vegetables’ protective effect regarding degenerative and chronic diseases. Anthocyanins are synthesized via the phenylpropanoid pathway, and their biosynthesis is regulated not only genetically but also physiologically. They are naturally produced by plants in response to biotic and abiotic stresses. There are five common anthocyanins in grapevine: cyanidin, peonidin, delphinidin, petunidin, and malvidin. Their accumulation varies with the cultivar; the environmental conditions, especially light intensity and temperature; plant growth regulators; and vineyard management practices. Climate change may affect the metabolic composition of grapevine such as anthocyanins content of grape berry and so the final wine quality. The evidence linking consumption of anthocyanins from the diet to beneficial human health outcomes has been presented over multiple experimental platforms and disease targets. When superior animals consume these functional foods or wine, the anthocyanins are absorbed in the digestive tract. It has been shown that the possible transporter of anthocyanins is associated to a bilitranslocase in the gastric epithelium. Due to their many benefits to human health, anthocyanins should be present in all human diets.

Phenolic compounds are components responsible of the sensorial characteristics of red wine. Indeed, they present important properties for human health. In the present work, the effects of combined in field treatments (water-stress and exogenous ABA) on phenolic accumulation were evaluated for berries and wine. The responses were assessed by UV–Vis and CZE. A differential phenolic regulation was observed under the same conditions and good correlations were achieved for grape and wine. ABA appears to regulate the content of each phenols under study depending on plant water-status. Although the effects of water-stress and exogenous ABA were similar in magnitude, our results support evidence suggesting that both affect different metabolic pathways. ABA supply increased catechin and malvidin synthesis for both water statuses while the resveratrol was enhanced only for water-stress. Indeed, ABA reduced the quercetin content for both water statuses. In vitro assays were carried out to estimate the effects of combined treatments (temperature-exogenous ABA) on anthocyanin accumulation in berries and pulp. These tests demonstrated that the effect of ABA was dependent on the hormonal level (207% for 0.5 g L−1 and 307% for 1 g L−1 of ABA). Effect of temperature varied according to the phenological state. In pulps, we detected an increase of anthocyanin after ABA treatments.

El IPCC (Panel Intergubernamental sobre Cambio Climático) ha pronosticado cambios principalmente en las temperaturas, precipitaciones y eventos extremos. Ya se han detectado durante el siglo XX aumentos en la temperatura de la superficie del globo terrestre de 0,6°C±0,2°C. La fisiología, productividad y ciclo fenológico de las plantas depende de las condiciones climáticas. En este trabajo, se analizaron series meteorológicas de 50 años, en tres oasis productivos de Mendoza, Argentina, a través de índices climáticos y ecológicos. Se compararon estadísticamente estos índices, en dos décadas de la serie (una inicial y otra final) y se evaluó su variación en el tiempo mediante regresión lineal. El análisis comparativo de las dos décadas mostró diferentes cambios según la zona en estudio. En la zona Este mayor número de índices que podrían afectar la viticultura sufrieron variación. En la zona Norte y Sur, el número de índices climáticos y ecológicos que presentaron cambios fueron menores que en la zona Este. Conocer los cambios climáticos ocurridos a nivel local, su magnitud en los últimos 50 años y su tendencia permitirá evaluar sus posibles impactos en la fisiología vitícola, modificación de la fenología, acumulación de azúcares y compuestos fenólicos como también elaborar nuevos estudios y estrategias para mitigar los efectos negativos.

The production of grapevine secondary metabolites can be magnified by abiotic stresses or exogenous abscisic acid. Selected phenolic compounds were determined in grape and wine by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry with the aim to asses the physiological responses of plants submitted to water stress and hormonal treatments. Exogenous abscisic acids as well as postveraison water stress produce differential enhancements on phenolic accumulation on Cabernet Sauvignon grapes and such effects were reflected in wine. Resveratrol and malvidin were enhanced by both abscisic acid and water stress and the improvement produced by such factors was additive. On the other hand, the synthesis of gallic acid, (+) catechin, quercetin and caffeic acid was not stimulated by water deficit. Combined hormonal-water stress treatments produced three positive effects on wine quality; a) increments of blue compounds, b) increments of flavonols and flavan 3-oles that favor copigmentation of wines, c) higher antioxidant compounds concentration with the consequent health benefits. Fil: Quiroga, Andrea Mariela. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias Económico Sociales; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas; Argentina Fil: Deis, Leonor. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Cs.agrarias. Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza; Argentina Fil: Cavagnaro, Juan Bruno. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Cs.agrarias. Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza; Argentina Fil: Bottini, Ambrosio Ruben. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto de Biologia Agricola de Mendoza. ,universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Cs.agrarias. Instituto de Biologia Agricola de Mendoza; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina Fil: Silva, Maria Fernanda. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Cs.agrarias. Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza; Argentina