Search

Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit Herstellung und Verwendung der Materialien für am deutschsprachigen Markt erhältliche Kaffeekapseln sowie mit deren Entsorgung mit Fokus auf Österreich Die Materialien werden in drei Gruppen eingeteilt: Aluminium, Kunststoffe und Biokunststoffe. Eine Definition des Begriffs „Biokunststoffe" ist ebenso Bestandteil dieser Arbeit wie eine Erläuterung von „industriell kompostierbar“ und „heimkompostierbar". Das Produkt Kaffee stellt besondere Anforderungen an seine Verpackung, insbesondere Sauerstoff und Wasserdampfdichtheit, die von den eingesetzten Materialien unterschiedlich gut erfüllt werden. Am besten sind die Barriereeigenschaften bei Aluminium, das allerdings in seiner Primärherstellung äußerst energieintensiv ist. Daher ist das Recycling von Aluminium auch aus ökonomischer, aber auch aus ökologischer Sicht für die Hersteller von Kaffeekapseln relevant. Im österreichischen LEH sind vor allem Aluminiumkapseln zu finden, aber auch zunehmend heimkompostierbare Kunststoffe. Diese können zu einer Reduktion der Verpackungsabfälle führen. Es gibt verschiedene Möglichkeiten, Kaffeekapseln zu entsorgen. Der ideale Entsorgungsweg hängt vom Kapselmaterial ab und kann entweder über speziell eingerichtete Sammelstellen oder über den heimischen Kompost erfolgen. Eine Entsorgung in der Biotonne ist nicht zu empfehlen, da in der Praxis die Kapseln vorsortiert werden. Auch die Entsorgung über den Restmüll schöpft das Recyclingpotential nicht optimal aus, da hier Kapselmaterial und Kaffee nicht getrennt werden. Der Anteil des Kapselmaterials am Gesamtabfallaufkommen ist sehr gering, sodass Kaffeekapseln in der Kreislaufwirtschaft nur eine untergeordnete Rolle spielen. This Bachelor thesis deals with the production and use of materials for coffee capsules available on the German speaking market as well as their disposal with a focus on Austria. The materials are divided into three groups: Aluminum, plastics and bioplastics. A definition of the term "bioplastics" is also part of this thesis as is an explanation of "industrially compostable" and "home compostable". The product coffee places special demands on its packaging, in particular oxygen and water vapor impermeability, which are met to varying degrees by the materials used. The barrier properties are best with aluminum, which is, however, extremely energy intensive in its primary production. Therefore, the recycling of aluminum is also relevant for the manufacturers of coffee capsules from an economic, but also from an ecological point of view. In Austrian food retailing, mainly aluminum capsules are found, but also increasingly home compostable plastics. These can lead to a reduction in packaging waste. There are various ways to dispose of coffee capsules. The ideal disposal route depends on the capsule material and can be either via specially set up collection points or via domestic compost. Disposal in the organic waste is not recommended, as in practice the capsules are pre-sorted. Disposal via residual waste also does not make optimum use of the recycling potential, since capsule material and coffee are not separated here. The share of capsule material in total waste generation is very low, so coffee capsules play only a minor role in the circular economy.

Additional file 14: Fig. S7. Evaluation of the role of histone H2Av (His2Av) in transcriptional control of temperature-regulated genes in S2R+ cells. (A) To address the role of His2Av in temperature-dependent regulation of gene expression in S2R+ cells, we added His2Av dsRNA or lacZ dsRNA for control to culture aliquots followed by a shift to the indicated temperatures after four days. Twenty-four hours after the shift, we isolated total RNA for analysis with microarrays. Three replicate experiments were performed. (B) Analysis of transcript levels of His2Av and Act5C (for control) confirmed successful depletion of His2Av transcripts. Bar diagrams display transcript levels (average of three biological replicates and s.d.) at the analyzed temperatures. Average expression at the three temperatures observed after treatment with lacZ dsRNA was set to 100%. (C) Analysis of His2Av depletion by immunoblotting. S2R + _MtnAp-His2Av-mRFP cells (Lidsky et al. 2013) were treated with dsRNA derived from lacZ (for control) and two distinct His2Av amplicons (H2Av_1 and H2Av_2) for three and 5 days as indicated. Cell extracts were analyzed by immunoblotting with anti-mCherry (detecting His2Av-mRFP) and anti-PSTAIR (loading control). The combined treatment with both His2Av dsRNA preparations (H2Av_1 + 2) for 5 days was found to reduce His2Av-mRFP levels to 40% of controls according to quantification of signal intensities and normalization based on anti-PSTAIR signals. (D) Effects of His2Av depletion on the S2R+ cell transcriptome. A volcano plot is displayed with probes associated with signal intensities that were significantly (FDR

Additional file 4: Fig. S2. Increased use of distal polyadenylation sites at low temperature. (A-C) Microarray probes with pronounced CoolUp signals were observed to detect specifically the annotated transcripts with the longest 3′ untranslated region, as illustrated in case of the gene (A) RpLP1, (B) Kap-α3 and (C) ewg. The positions recognized by different probes are indicated (vertical bars of light grey shading) in a scheme with the transcribed region and the annotated transcripts. The bar diagrams below display signal intensities (mean of three biological replicates) observed with these probes after incubation of S2R+ cells at different temperatures (11, 14, 25 and 30 °C).

Additional file 24: Fig. S14. Characterization of SR9 and SR9rg cells. (A-D) Identification of a functional target locus for RMCE in SR9rg cells. Whole genome sequencing was used for the characterization of the clonal SR9rg cell line. Hybrid paired reads, where one read aligns to genomic sequences and the mate read to pUC57-RMCE-target plasmid sequences were identified and used for mapping chromosomal insertions of pUC57-RMCE-target. An insertion that is competent for RMCE was identified on chromosome 3 L in an intron of the CG13288 gene. (A) The genomic region (dmel_r6.19, chr3L:5904000 to chr3L:5921000) with CG13288 as visualized by GBrowse 2.0 is displayed on top. The cumulative base coverage by hybrid paired reads mapping to this region is indicated by the blue bars below (from 0 to 55 reads/bp). Black arrows emphasize the distal clustering of the abrupt end of the alignments on either side, corresponding to the genome-plasmid junctions. Primers “L” and “R” (red arrows) with sequences close to the left and right ends of this genomic region were used for confirmation of the insertion by PCR (see panel D). (B) A linearized representation of pUC57-RMCE-target is shown on top. The grey bars below display the cumulative base coverage (from 0 to 51 reads/bp) by the hybrid paired reads mapping to the CG132888 region. Black arrows and dashed lines indicate breakpoints (abrupt clustered ends of read alignments). Primers “r” and “l” (red arrows) with sequences close to the right and left ends of the plasmid region were used for confirmation of the insertion by PCR (see panel D). (C) Proposed organization of pUC57-RMCE-target insertion in the CG13288 region. The plasmid pUC57-RMCE-target is inserted almost completely, starting from breakpoint “l” and extending to the breakpoint “r” (see panel B). The inserted plasmid region is flanked by a tandem duplication of the genome region between “L” and “R” (see panel A). Primers used for confirmation of the proposed organization are indicated (red arrows). (D) PCR assay for confirmation of the proposed organization of the pUC57-RMCE-target insertion in the CG13288 region and of its competence for RMCE. Genomic DNA isolated from the indicated cells was analyzed by PCR with the primer pairs indicated in the red boxes. Primer P in the last pair anneals to the pst_E1n region, which is only present after RMCE, i.e., only in the SR9rg > pst_E1n cells. L = oEC264, R = oEC267, l = oEC263, r = oEC265, P = YB654. (E) Characterization of SR9 cells. These cells were obtained after transfection of S2R+ cells with the plasmid pMT-cas9-hygror schematically shown on top. For confirmation of CuSO4-inducible expression of cas9 in the SR9 cells, they were cultured in parallel with the parental S2R+ cells for 24 h without or with 500 μM CuSO4 as indicated. Total extracts were probed by immunoblotting with an anti-FLAG. Ponceau S staining (not shown) indicated comparable sample loading, as also indicated by a non-specific anti-FLAG band (*). The specific signal representing 3xFlag-nls-Cas9-nls (predicted molecular weight 164.67 kDa) is indicated as well (arrowhead).

Additional file 9: Fig. S3. Temperature-regulated alternative polyadenylation. (A-D) 3′ RNA-Seq data obtained from S2R+ cells (A, C) and adult male flies (B, D) after 24 h of incubation at different temperatures (11, 14, 25 and 30 °C) was used for an analysis of temperature effects on the choice of polyadenylation sites (PASs). (A,B) Histograms illustrate the frequency of alternative polyadenylation (APA) in S2R+ cells (A) and adult male flies (B), as detected after pooling all data obtained at the different temperatures from the three biological replicates. In total, 14,669 PASs were detected in S2R+ cells, and 22,378 in adult male flies. These were assigned (see Materials and Methods) to a total of 7495 and 10,757 expressed genes in S2R+ cells and adult male flies, respectively. (C,D) Temperature effects on APA. For genes with multiple PASs, we compared the two PASs with highest presence (read counts) across all conditions and required the log2 fold change to be in opposite directions when comparing the read counts at the high (25 and 30 °C) with those at the low (11 and 14 °C) temperatures. The scatter plots display the fold changes at the proximal and distal of these two most strongly affected PASs in S2R+ cells (C) and adult flies (D). Blue dots represent genes (class I), where preference of the distal over the proximal PAS at low temperature is significant in comparison to the high temperature. Red dots represent genes (class II), where temperature change has a significant effect in opposite direction.

Additional file 3: Fig. S1. Concordance of transcript levels after quantification with different methods. (A-C) Temperature effects on transcript levels in S2R+ cells were analyzed using either qRT-PCR (A), microarrays (B) or 3′ RNA-Seq (C). The bar diagram displays relative expression levels at the different temperatures, as detected by the different methods. Expression at 25 °C was set to 1. For each analysis, culture aliquots were shifted for 24 h to the indicated temperatures (11, 25 and 30 °C) before RNA isolation. Representative CoolUp genes (CG13694, CG6321, CG32944, Orct2, Lip4) and CoolDown genes (Hsp23, Hsp22, DNApol-α50), as well as genes (Atg1, Pten), which were barely temperature regulated, were selected for validation by qRT-PCR. In case of qRT-PCR, mean and s.d. of three technical replicates are displayed. In case of the microarray data, mean and s.d. of three biological replicates and multiple probes, if present, are shown. In case of the 3′ RNA-Seq data, mean and s.d. of three biological replicates are presented.