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Background Many women stop breastfeeding earlier than what they intended prior to birth. Although there are many studies that focus on the factors that influence women’s antenatal breastfeeding decisions, the factors that influence women’s decisions during the continuum of antenatal and postnatal period are less known. Aim To understand and synthesise the contemporary factors that influence women’s decisions on infant feeding from the antenatal period and across the breastfeeding continuum. Method Five online databases (CINAHL, Medline, PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science) were searched. We included original search articles that were published since 2015 to August 2021 and were available in English. The framework of Whittemore and Knafl was used to guide this integrative literature review. Out of the 872 articles identified, 14 studies met the inclusion criteria of our study. We used theory of birth territory and midwifery guardianship to synthesise the interactions between the themes. Findings Five main themes were identified: (a) Women’s own views, (b) Family and friend’s preferences and advice, (c) Health professional’s preference, advice and practice, (d) Sociocultural norms, and (e) Media representation. The interaction between the themes was explained based on women’s intrinsic and extrinsic power outlined in the birth territory and midwifery guardianship theory. Conclusion The factors that influence women’s decisions towards infant feeding methods are complex and multi-dimensional. Promoting and supporting women towards breastfeeding need to focus on the factors that are tailored for a woman within her social network where she can feel safe about her breastfeeding decisions.

The authors sought to identify the most promising strategies for improving the mental health guardianship process in Los Angeles County for adults with mental illness who are gravely disabled.In May and June 2019, 56 experts, working in hospitals or outpatient facilities or representing legal, advocacy, policy, or forensic organizations, participated in an online modified-Delphi panel, rating the ethical appropriateness, impact on care quality, efficiency, and feasibility of nine strategies for improvement of mental health guardianship. Agreement was determined with the RAND/UCLA appropriateness method, and comments were thematically analyzed.The strategy ranked highest by the participating experts was improving the administrative functioning and judicial processes of entities involved in mental health guardianship proceedings-it was the only strategy that achieved agreement among panelists and was rated highly on all four criteria. Other preferred strategies were enhancing the ability of assertive outpatient mental health teams to serve individuals before they experience a crisis and expanding the continuum of unlocked residential treatment settings.Opportunities exist to improve all stages of the mental health guardianship process. Experts favored strategies that streamline administrative processes, facilitate community integration into treatment, and ensure fidelity to best practices. Improving the mental health guardianship process has the potential to speed up delivery of services, better manage resources, and increase access to treatment for individuals with mental illness who are gravely disabled.

Purpose Creating inclusive LGBTQ+ environments is important in the provision of inclusive care. This cross sectional study assessed whether patient intake forms in pediatric surgery departments were LGBTQ+ inclusive (L-I). Methods North American pediatric surgery departments affiliated with pediatric surgery fellowships or general surgery residencies were contacted to retrieve patient intake forms. Forms were assessed for LGBTQ+ inclusivity using a novel L -I scoring system consisting of 6 criteria: preferred name, pronouns, preferred language, gender identity, sex assigned at birth, and l -I guardianship. Institutions without intake forms were invited to comment on their use of l -I intake questions. Results 59/125 programs responded to our query, 10 of which provided intake forms. Median l -I score was 2/6 points (range 1–4). l -I guardianship was the most common question asked. No intake form asked for pronouns. Of the 49 institutions without forms, 30.5% reported asking l -I questions during initial visits. Narratives from these institutions varied widely. Some institutions supported routine l -I questions while others stated l -I questions were unnecessary, irrelevant, and/or offensive. Conclusions Few North American pediatric surgery departments consistently ask l -I questions during the intake process. Comments questioning the appropriateness and necessity of l -I questions highlight the need for LGBTQ+ education. Level of evidence Level III. Type of study Cross sectional study.

Objectives The residential population of an area is an incomplete measure of the number of people that are momentarily present in the area, and of limited value as an indicator of exposure to the risk of crime. By accounting for the mobility of the population, measures of ambient population better reflect the momentary presence of people. They have therefore become an alternative indicator of exposure to the risk of crime. This study considers the heterogeneity of the ambient population by distinguishing residents, employees and visitors as different categories, and explores their differential impact on thefts, both on weekdays and weekends. Methods We analyze one-year of police recorded thefts across 2104 1 km2 grid cells in a central area in Beijing, China. Controlling for the effects of attractiveness, accessibility, and guardianship, we estimate a series of negative binominal models to investigate the differential effects of the three groups (residents, employees and visitors) in the ambient population on crime frequencies, both on weekdays and during weekends and holidays. Results Overall, larger ambient populations imply larger theft frequencies. The effect of visitors is stronger than the effects of residents and employees. The effects of residents and employees vary over the course of the week. On weekdays, the presence of residents is more important, while the reverse holds true during weekends and holidays. Discussion The effects of ambient population on thefts vary by its composition in terms of social roles. The larger role of visitors is presumably because in addition to being potential victims, residents and employees may also exercise informal social control. In addition, they spend more time indoors than where risk of theft is lower, while visitors might spend more time outdoors and may also bring about greater anonymity and weaken informal social control.

This paper is a qualitative research based on observation and interview among Samin community in Kudus. The purpose of this study is presenting unregistered marriage among Samin community. Samin community is the descendants and followers of Ki Samin Surosentiko, renowned for his nonconformity against the Dutch since 1840s. Following the teaching, Samin people do not registered their marriage and thus they do not feel necessary to obey the government regulation on the minimum age of marriage. The marriage among Samin community will be performed once a girl and a boy perceived to be ready. There are three stages of maturity: adam timur, adam brahi and wong sikep kukuh wali adam. This understanding may lead to child marriage and among its negative impact is divorce. The consequences of unregistered marriage go further to dispute of marital property, right of guardianship, and even conflict between relatives. Nowadays, some Samin people try to find a way to register their marriage in order to get a marriage certificate from the Office of Civil Administration of Kudus. The government needs to pay more attention to the phenomena

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to discuss financial fraud and exploitation against seniors relating to wills, trusts and guardianship. The paper describes how this fraud affects its victims, points out red flags and makes recommendations that may help control this pervasive type of fraud. Design/methodology/approach Information from a range of different sources, such as journal publications, law textbooks, law enforcement websites and estate planning cases are used as a basis to provide information about how fraudsters are committing this type of fraud, which red flags to watch out for and how to prevent this fraud from occurring. Findings Fraud relating to wills, trusts and guardianship is oftentimes difficult to detect and continues to be a grave threat to its victims. While this fraud will likely never be eradicated, specific efforts have been put into place to track financial exploitation. Further steps presented in this paper can be deployed to help rein in these fraud schemes. Practical implications The paper provides useful information about frauds related to wills, trusts and guardianship for stakeholders. This includes, but is not limited to, anyone whose work is related to seniors, such as accountants, lawyers, regulators, bankers, financial planners, law enforcement personnel, academics, medical professionals, caregivers, family members and ethicists. These stakeholders can use this information to help combat this fraud and prevent not only financial losses of seniors but physical harm as well. Social implications Decreasing financial exploitation of seniors will not only improve their financial position and may reduce their reliance on Medicaid but will also improve their mental and physical well-being and save lives. Originality/value Research in the area of maltreatment and exploitation of older adults is still in its early stages, as knowledge of effective prevention, intervention and remediation practices are limited. This paper adds to the research in this arena by drawing on a unique set of resources that shed light on financial fraud commonly committed against seniors. This study also makes much needed recommendations that are aimed to prevent this threat related to wills, trusts and guardianship.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has spurred unprecedented need for specialty palliative care. The Palliative Care Quality Collaborative (PCQC) provides unique infrastructure for rapid data collection and analysis. Objectives: To capture and describe real-time, real-world experiences of specialty palliative care professionals caring for patients with COVID-19 through a rapid reporting tool and registry. Setting: Palliative care clinicians consulted for patients either positive for COVID-19, under investigation for COVID-19, or recovered from COVID-19. Design: The PCQC created a 13-item COVID-19 case report form (CRF), modeled after the PCQC core dataset for specialty palliative care quality measurement. Twelve items offered discrete answer choices and one was open-ended. The CRF was publicized widely (e.g., social media, e-mail list serves) and completed through a link on the PCQC website. Results: Three hundred six reports (298 adult, 8 pediatric) were submitted between April 6, 2020 and October 7, 2020. The majority of patients (83%) were 50 years or older; 25% were 80 or older, and 78% were COVID-19 positive. Male gender identity was significantly more prevalent than female (58% vs. 40%, p < 0.002). The most common comorbidity was cardiovascular disease (23%). Of adult hospital-based patients, 69% were full code before palliative care consultation versus 28% after (p < 0.05). All pediatric patients were full code before and after palliative care consult. Qualitative themes were strained communication with patients, family visitation challenges, communication barriers between clinicians and families, rapid changes in palliative care medical management, community care options difficult to find, lack of testing in community-based settings, and guardianship and legal challenges. Conclusion: Preliminary data from the first 306 patients reported to the PCQC COVID-19 Registry describe palliative care use concentrated among older and higher risk patients and challenges to the provision of palliative care during this pandemic.

Increased alcohol and cannabis consumption and related harms have been reported since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. Existing evidence shows that substance use and related harms differ by gender. Yet, no Canadian study has applied a gendered lens to alcohol and cannabis consumption use during this time. Our objectives were to (1) provide gender-specific prevalence estimates of self-reported increased alcohol and cannabis use; and (2) examine gender-specific associations between sociodemographic and mental health variables and alcohol and cannabis use.Using data from the Survey on COVID-19 and Mental Health, we calculated nationally representative, gender-specific prevalence estimates and disaggregated them by sociodemographic and mental health variables. Four logistic regression models were used to assess the likelihood of self-reported increased alcohol and cannabis use.The prevalence of self-reported increase in alcohol use (16.2% women; 15.2% men) and cannabis use (4.9% women; 5.8% men) did not differ by gender. For both genders, income, racialized group membership, working in the past week, being a parent/legal guardian of a child aged under 18 and screening positive for depression and anxiety were associated with increased alcohol use. Men and women who were between the ages of 18 to 44, screened positive for depression, or both, were more likely to report increased cannabis use. For women, education was significantly associated with increased alcohol use. For men, being a parent/legal guardian was significantly associated with lower odds of increased cannabis use.Sociodemographic factors, as well as depression and anxiety, were similarly associated with increased alcohol and cannabis use for both men and women in the second wave of the pandemic.On a fait état d’une augmentation de la consommation d’alcool et de cannabis, ainsi que les méfaits qui en découlent depuis le début la pandémie de COVID 19. Les données disponibles montrent que la consommation de substances psychoactives et les dommages qui y sont associés diffèrent selon le genre. Pourtant, aucune étude canadienne n’a adopté de perspective axée sur le genre relativement à la consommation d’alcool et de cannabis pendant cette période. Nos objectifs étaient 1) de fournir des estimations de la prévalence selon le genre d’une consommation autodéclarée accrue d’alcool et de cannabis et 2) d’analyser les associations stratifiées selon le genre entre les variables sociodémographiques et de santé mentale et la consommation d’alcool et de cannabis.À l’aide des données de l’enquête sur la COVID 19 et la santé mentale, nous avons calculé des estimations de prévalence représentatives à l’échelle nationale, spécifique à chaque genre, et les avons ventilées par variables sociodémographiques et de santé mentale. Quatre modèles de régression logistique ont été utilisés pour évaluer la probabilité d’une consommation autodéclarée accrue d’alcool et de cannabis.La prévalence d’une consommation autodéclarée accrue d’alcool (16,2 % chez les femmes, 15,2 % chez les hommes) et de cannabis (4,9 % chez les femmes, 5,8 % chez les hommes) ne diffère pas selon le genre. Pour les deux genres, le revenu, l’appartenance à un groupe dit « racialisé », le fait d’avoir travaillé au cours de la semaine précédente, le fait d’être parent ou tuteur légal d’un enfant de moins de 18 ans et le fait d’avoir reçu un résultat positif au dépistage de la dépression et de l’anxiété sont associés à une consommation accrue d’alcool. Les hommes et les femmes âgés de 18 à 44 ans ou ayant obtenu un résultat positif au dépistage de la dépression étaient plus susceptibles de déclarer une consommation accrue de cannabis. Chez les femmes, le niveau d’éducation est significativement associé à une consommation accrue d’alcool. Chez les hommes, le fait d’être parent ou tuteur légal est associé de manière significative à une probabilité moindre d’augmentation de la consommation de cannabis.Lors de la deuxième vague de la pandémie, les facteurs sociodémographiques ainsi que la dépression et l’anxiété ont été associés de manière similaire à une augmentation de la consommation d’alcool et de cannabis, tant chez les hommes que chez les femmes.Between September and December 2020, 16.2% of women and 15.2% of men self-reported an increase in their alcohol consumption. During the same period, 4.9% of women and 5.8% of men self-reported an increase in their cannabis consumption. Overall, the factors associated with alcohol and cannabis use in gender-specific regression models were similar. For women, higher education was significantly associated with self-reported increased alcohol use. Men who were parents/legal guardians were significantly less likely to report increased cannabis use. For men and women, screening positive for symptoms of depression was significantly associated with higher odds of increased alcohol and cannabis use.Entre septembre et décembre 2020, 16,2 % des femmes et 15,2 % des hommes ont déclaré avoir augmenté leur consommation d’alcool. Au cours de la même période, 4,9 % des femmes et 5,8 % des hommes ont déclaré avoir augmenté leur consommation de cannabis. Dans l’ensemble, les facteurs associés à la consommation d’alcool et de cannabis dans les modèles de régression stratifiés par genre étaient similaires. Chez les femmes, des niveaux de scolarité plus élevés étaient significativement associés à une consommation accrue d’alcool. Les hommes qui étaient parents ou tuteurs légaux étaient significativement moins susceptibles d’avoir déclaré une consommation accrue de cannabis. Chez les hommes comme chez les femmes, le dépistage des symptômes de la dépression était significativement associé à une probabilité plus élevée de consommation accrue d’alcool et de cannabis.

Stray dogs and cats are a serious public health problem in many countries. Human attitudes about animals may trigger to this problem. Using a questionnaire, evaluated characteristics of responsible guardianship in association with variables related to collective health and socioeconomic factors concerning the owners of dogs and cats participating in a sterilizing public program in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The questionnaire had questions about the owners and animal care. The answers generated a responsible guardianship score (RGS), which was associated with animal owners’ socioeconomic profile. Higher income and education were associated with a higher RGS. Owners with higher income had higher scores concerning castration, rabies vaccination, and veterinary appointments in the last 12 months. Those with higher education also scored higher with respect to veterinary appointments in the last 12 months and vermifuge administration in the last 6 months. Owners of dogs and cats or dogs, only, had higher scores than cat, only, owners with respect to castration, rabies vaccination, and veterinary appointments in the last 12 months, flea product application in the last six months, collecting animals’ feces on public roads and allowing animals to have free access to the street. Cat owners had lower RGS. The questionnaire determined that socioeconomic factors influence responsible guardianship of dogs and cats sterilized in the public program and demonstrated that there is an intermediate level of responsible guardianship according to the collective health. These data will help to create educational materials for people with low income and education and for all cat owners.

W artykule dokonano krytycznej analizy art. 90 k.r.o. odnoszącego się do zmiany nazwiska pasierba przy uwzględnieniu polskiego i zagranicznego dorobku piśmiennictwa i judykatury oraz sformułowano kilka uwag de lege ferenda. Zidentyfikowano także sześć obszarów problemowych: 1) brak wymogu uzyskania zgody drugiego rodzica na zmianę nazwiska dziecka, 2) uniezależnienie dopuszczalności wnioskowania o zmianę nazwiska od sprawowania nad dzieckiem bieżącej pieczy, 3) oderwane od rzeczywistych stosunków rodzinnych wyjątki w zakresie dopuszczalności zmiany nazwiska, 4) niedające się dłużej utrzymać ratio legis wyłączeń z art. 90 § 2 k.r.o., 5) brak wyraźnego zakreślenia granic czasowych na dokonanie zmiany nazwiska oraz 6) zbyt wysoko ustalona granica wiekowa dla dziecka, po przekroczeniu której jest zobowiązane do wyrażenia zgody na zmianę nazwiska.

Resumo Objetivo Realizar a tradução e adaptação cultural para o português do Brasil do Children's Physical Activity Questionnaire. Métodos O processo envolveu as etapas de tradução, síntese, retrotradução, e revisão pelo grupo de tradução. Foi então criada uma versão pré-final e, posteriormente, a versão final do questionário. Resultados Devido ao estilo de vida da população, oito atividades descritas no questionário foram mudadas com o objetivo de adaptá-lo à cultura brasileira, sendo seis atividades esportivas e duas atividades de lazer. Oito pais/responsáveis responderam o questionário no pré-teste, com rapidez, sem inconsistências, e sem relatar dificuldades no entendimento quando realizada a entrevista final. Conclusão A tradução e adaptação cultural do Children's Physical Activity Questionnaire para o português do Brasil resultou na versão C-PAQ.PT.

The Routine Activity Theory proposes that the presence of a suitable target and a motivated offender in the absence of capable guardianship predict criminal behaviors. Prior research has utilized t...

This article develops a new theory of how dictators can solve the guardianship dilemma. I study a dynamic game to show that the dictator may build a large army and deal with the guardianship dilemma by resorting to international conflicts. Specifically, when a military revolt is imminent, the dictator can obtain enough resources to buy off the military by attacking and ultimately defeating his international opponent. The framework thus shows that a weakly institutionalized polity may either have a small military or have a large military and be more aggressive on the international stage.

This study addresses the need to analyse the personal learning environments and self-efficacy of unaccompanied foreign minors. In addition, it seeks to identify existing relationships between these two parameters and establish an explanatory model which can help to understand the present situation of this collective regarding their inclusion in the educational sphere of society. A total of 292 unaccompanied foreign minors (UFM) aged between 8 and 17 years participated in this comparative and cross-sectional research study. A questionnaire to measure PLE and social integration in UFM, and the student’s self-efficacy scale (ACAES) was administered. From the results, it is observed that once UFM pass the 9-month period, improvements are seen in their academic planning and management, In addition to an improved use of educational resources. They showing positive effort and being self-efficacious in their academic performance. Nonetheless, communication and social interaction declines considerably. The model established a strong relationship between self-efficacy and PLE.

This study aims to see the process of conversing the clan of adopted children by the community in Tumbak Village Posumaen District and the reasons they adopt children and to analyze them in terms of Islamic law. This research method is field research in Tumbak Village using interview analysis to the actors of the clan conversion and their biological parents. The results of the study revealed that parents conversed their clan after adopting a child to make the adopted child feel like their biological child and, most of the local people adopted a child because the couple had no children. However, in this incident, it turned out that there was a change in the name or surname of the adopted children since the adoptive parents intent to make them feel truly like biological offspring. Islam considers this a wrong affair. Even though the child is being cared for by adoptive parents, they are still not allowed to forget the biological parents, because this will have an impact on the inheritance and guardianship matters of the adopted child.

Agri-food safety management is critical for consumer protection and economic development. However, few studies have examined factors that motivate farmers and other actors in the agri-food chain to sell contaminated farm produce from a criminological perspective. This study employed Routine Activity Theory to examine the factors that cause farmers to violate agri-food safety laws during the process of selling farm produce. Data were gathered through six focus group discussions with 54 farmers and in-depth interviews with 29 key stakeholders in the agri-food chain in Uasin Gishu County, Kenya. The results revealed that farmers breaches of food safety regulations are motivated by economic and social factors as well as opportunities provided by markets for contaminated farm produce. A lack of guardianship in terms of poor regulation, the low risk of detection and the lack of education for farmers, traders and consumers are other factors that motivate non-compliance with food safety regulations.

ZusammenfassungDie Betreuung von erwachsenen Patientinnen mit insbesondere schwersten psychiatrischen Erkrankungen im klinischen geburtshilflichen Alltag ist selten, stellt aber aufgrund ihrer Komplexität eine große Herausforderung für alle beteiligten Professionen dar. Die Krankheitsbilder sind sehr variabel. In der Versorgung gibt es eine Reihe von Zuständigkeiten, die ineinandergreifen. Für die Geburtsplanung ist die medizinisch-fachliche Zusammenarbeit von Psychiatrie, Geburtsmedizin und Pädiatrie notwendig. Die Patientinnen werden oftmals durch gesetzliche Betreuer*innen vertreten. Für das Wohl der Familie und der Kinder ist das Jugendamt zuständig. Die rechtlichen Grundlagen liefern im Wesentlichen das Bürgerliche Gesetzbuch, das Strafgesetzbuch und spezifisches Landesrecht, deren Einhaltung durch Gerichte überwacht wird. Anhand von Fallbeispielen werden typische psychiatrische Krankheitsbilder exemplarisch vorgestellt. Juristisch definierte Anwendungen wie Unterbringung, unterbringungsähnliche freiheitsentziehende Maßnahmen, ärztliche Zwangsmaßnahmen und rechtfertigender Notstand werden erläutert. Im Sinne einer thematischen Analyse werden diese auf die Fallbeispiele angewendet und das peripartale Management wird vor dem rechtlichen Hintergrund diskutiert. Die genaue Kenntnis der juristischen Hintergründe erleichtert Geburtsmediziner*innen die Handlungsabläufe und die interdisziplinäre Zusammenarbeit insbesondere an perinatologischen Zentren.

Background The “unbefriended” patient does not demonstrate capacity to make their own medical decisions, does not have an advance directive, and lacks a surrogate decision maker. For these patients without a designated health care proxy, hospitals may need to petition for public guardianship, a notoriously arduous process with undefined impact on hospital resources. Objective The objective of this study was to describe the characteristics, system needs, and financial impact of unrepresented inpatients in an academic, tertiary care, urban medical center. Methods The Northwestern Memorial Hospital Quality and Patient Safety Committee approved a systematic needs assessment. Retrospective chart review was conducted for patients admitted from September 1, 2013 to August 31, 2019 for whom the hospital petitioned for a public guardian. Results From fiscal years 2014 to 2019, 156 patients were petitioned for public guardianship. The number of cases rose sequentially from 8 in 2014 to 44 in 2019. The 2 most common conditions that impaired capacity were neurocognitive disorders (56.4%) and psychotic disorders (17.9%). The psychiatry consultation service consulted 71.2% of cases vs 71.1%. There were 2347 medically unnecessary hospital days related to the pursuit of guardianship, and the associated costs to the health system were estimated to be more than $5.8 million. Conclusions The number of unbefriended patients who lacked decisional capacity necessitating public guardianship dramatically escalated over 5 years. These patients had high rates of homelessness and psychiatric illness, consistent with previous research. Further investigation is needed to understand and address the needs of this vulnerable population.

The women activists in Sri Lanka, namely the Muslim Women Research and Action Forum (MWRAF) advocate for reform in the Muslim Marriage and Divorce Act of Sri Lanka (MMDA). Nonetheless, since the Shāfiʿī Madhhab is predominant in Sri Lanka, the All-Ceylon Jam-e-athul Ulama (ACJU) - the mainstream organization of the jurists in Sri Lanka refutes the demands of the MWRAF. Consequently, there has been a deadlock over the years between the MWRAF and the ACJU. Hence, this research aims to analyse the critiques of the MWRAF regarding the validity of Walī (legal guardian) in a marriage and the responses of the ACJU. Accordingly, it explores the arguments of the women activists and their justifications such as the prioritisation of the opinions of the Ḥanafī jurists, refusal of the Ḥadīths regarding the Walī and the claim that the Ḥadīths regarding the Walī are contradictory to the Qur’an. Moreover, it analyses the coercion of matured and unmatured bride. Since this is a juristic analysis, it draws on the Quran, the Ḥadīths and the opinions of the classical and the modern jurists. Finally, this research finds that the critiques of the women activists are against the majority opinion of the jurists and proves that validating the marriage without Walī cause detrimental effects in the Muslim Community of Sri Lanka. Hence, this research enlightens the women activists regarding validity of Walī in a marriage providing the persuasive evidence from the divine texts and the prominent jurists. Keywords: Islamic Jurisprudence, Marriage, Sri Lanka, Walī, Women Activists

The ever-increasing use of telecommunication technologies and the Internet have led to an increase in new technology-facilitated types of crime and deviance. Due to the challenges posed by the unique environment of cyberspace on the formal crime control agents (e.g., the police), the role of informal guardians becomes particularly salient. The recent research suggests that informal guardianship against conventional crimes is common and that victims who are more socially active are more likely to receive help. However, it is not clear whether the same patterns of guardianship can be observed in cyberspace. To improve our understanding of how guardianship operates in cyberspace, the current study analyses the data from a sample of U.S. adults who were surveyed about their experiences with cyber abuse. The data was analyzed using mixed methods: a thematic analysis of open-ended responses, followed up by the logistic regression using Bayesian variable selection with the stochastic search algorithm. Our findings suggest that family, friends, intimate partners, authorities, work contacts, online friends, and netizens are most likely to provide guardianship. We also found that similar to conventional crimes like robbery or assault, the levels of guardianship responsibility are predictive of intervention against cyber abuse. Finally, we have established a link between the levels of regular interactions with various social groups and guardians’ availability and willingness to intervene. Implications for theory and practice, as well as future directions for research, are also discussed.

This guidance aims to: (1) encourage student guardians to increase their children's interest in learning during the Covid-19 pandemic at SDN Dukuh 01; (2) identify ways to increase student interest in learning during the Covid-19 pandemic at SDN Dukuh 01; and (3) raise parents' awareness of the importance of their children's education. The guardianship training was done via a WhatApp group that included parents and guardians of grade 2 and 3 pupils at SDN Dukuh 01, totaling 48 guardians. Parents frequently accompany their children to study at home, according to the findings of processing the questionnaire data given after the parents have finished coaching 80 percent of the pupils. And 70% of parents frequently motivate their children at home while they are learning. 70 percent of parents and guardians of students establish a comfortable environment for their children to study at home, and 60 percent of parents vary and innovate their children's everyday activities at home to increase their children's interest in learning.

When Marina Tsvetaeva lived in exile in villages surrounding Prague (1922-25) and in Paris (1925-39), she wrote extensively in verse and correspondence on her personal and emotional relationship to Czechia. Scholars have demonstrated how Tsvetaeva created a Czechia through poetry that could serve as a second or surrogate homeland; this article will show that she also imagined Czechia as a personified figure who could actively participate in that relationship. Theoretical reflections on experiences of exile provide many ways for displaced people to attempt to re-create a center of identity and alleviate the devastating loss of their homeland. In Tsvetaeva’s case, creating a poetic Czechia capable of mutual engagement allows a dynamic of guardianship or protection to develop. First, while Tsvetaeva lived in Czechoslovakia, this imagined Czechia served as her protector from the destruction of identity posed by exile as seen in the lyric ‘The Prague Knight’ (‘Пражский рыцарь’). Then, while living in France, Tsvetaeva turned to serve as Czechia’s protector from destruction at the hands of Nazi occupation as seen in the cycle ‘Poems to Czechia’ (‘Стихи к Чехии’). In our own time, concerns of mass displacement and lost centers of belonging are more and more urgently prescient.

Mental health issues impair decision-making capacity, more so in elderly people. Impaired decision-making capacity can make person unfit to enter into various civil deeds and agreements. Such civil deeds can include guardianship, property transaction, holding a bank account, having voting rights, making a will, donating an organ, etc. This article focuses on importance of mental health in entering into above-mentioned civil agreements, how to do assessments to determine if one is fit to enter into civil agreements, and what are the legal ways in which a person can avail help to execute his/her civil rights even when affected by mental health issues.

This exploratory study used semi-structured interviews with 90 U.S.-Mexico port-of-entry-crossers to investigate whether they or someone they know experienced gender-based misconduct while crossing. Results revealed U.S. Customs officers (1) asked for or gave travelers a phone number; and (2) made inappropriate comments or queries, such as suggestive comments and asking travelers' about their relationship status. Other experiences mentioned included unwanted touching and officers misusing private information obtained from travelers' legal documents to contact them on social media. Participants also described how fear of retaliation rendered them suitable targets for these behaviors. Finally, participants referenced capable guardianship by noting how the presence of family members influenced Customs officers' behavior.

In the last decade, and especially after the 2013 Virginia court case of Ross and Ross v. Hatch, there has been a dramatic increase in knowledge, use, and legal recognition of supported decision-making (SDM) in the United States. SDM is a methodology in which people work with trusted friends, family members, and professionals who help them understand their situations and choices so they may make their own decisions and direct their lives. After the Hatch case, in which a young woman with Down syndrome defeated a petition for permanent guardianship by demonstrating that she uses SDM, this methodology has increasingly been considered and used as an alternative to guardianship to enable people to retain their legal rights and make life choices to the maximum extent possible. This article reviews the guardianship laws of the 50 U.S. states and the District of Columbia. Using criteria we developed, in light of the findings and values expressed in Hatch, we assessed the extent to which those laws recognize or encourage the use of SDM as an alternative to guardianship and as a means to enhance self-determination for people in guardianship. We then offer recommendations for future SDM research, policy, education, and advocacy efforts.

OBJECTIVE To address frequently asked questions regarding the use of the Guardianship Act, the Mental Health Act and the Public Health Act within New South Wales EDs and present an algorithm to guide the use of this legislation. METHODS An ED-specific algorithm was developed for the use of the three pieces of legislation. Then an emergency psychiatrist and an emergency physician reviewed the algorithm with ED staff to understand its usefulness and where further detail was required. Frequently asked questions were collated. RESULTS Frequently asked questions are addressed with reference to the algorithm. CONCLUSION This paper offers an algorithm that can be easily followed for use in EDs across New South Wales.

The aim of this study was to examine the differences between selected lifestyle and socioeconomic parameters among preschool (3–7 years of age) children of differing adiposity status. The study was conducted from February to June 2018 in 20 randomly selected kindergartens in Kraków, Poland. Triceps, biceps, subscapular, suprailiac, abdominal and calf skinfold thicknesses were measured. The sum of all six skinfolds was calculated and the children were subsequently characterized by low (≤–1 SD [standard deviation]), normal (–1 to 1 SD) or high body fat (≥1 SD). Socioeconomic and lifestyle characteristics were obtained using a questionnaire filled out by the children’s parents or legal guardians. Preschool children in the high adiposity category had, on average, fewer siblings and longer screen time; additionally, their parents had lower education and more often worked in manual jobs, in comparison to the children in the low and average adiposity categories. In conclusion, it was observed that children in different adiposity categories varied in terms of some socioeconomic as well as lifestyle characteristics. Knowledge regarding the influence that those factors can have on the metabolic health of children is essential for children’s present as well as future well-being. Moreover, it can help health care professionals and parents decide what intervention and/ or preventive measures should be undertaken to ensure the best possible outcomes, as the development of successful obesity prevention strategies should rely on evidence-based information. Nonetheless, future research examining the issue of factors influencing the metabolic health of children, as well as these outcomes later in life, is crucial. Well-planned studies including a large number of individuals, as well as longitudinal research, will be particularly beneficial in this regard.