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5 Totals do not sum to N = 179 because the current source of funding variable was based only on a cohort continuing to receive funding and may have included multiple funding sources for individual cohorts. Although cohort (longitudinal) studies are valuable epidemiological tools, they are resource-intense, highly demanding and might take a long time to bear fruit.[1] It is well known that cohort investigators grow old at the same rate as their study subjects! According to the Web of Science in 2019/2020, the median number of citations of cohort profiles published in the I IJE i was fewer for cohorts without continued funding at 30 compared with 58.5 for funded cohorts. Revisiting the IJE's Cohort Profile series - how have the cohorts fared?. [Extracted from the article]

In this paper, we first describe the current state of health across the world. We then note that despite general good health, it is not everyone's experience and that differences in health among people frequently appear to be unfair. Health promotion is a movement committed to prevention and to creating opportunities for all people to live healthy lives. We examine the application of health promotion to people with intellectual disability. Finally, we bring equity, health promotion and intellectual disability together and ask to what extent people with these problems are victims of inequity. If they are--as seems likely--societies that have built their health services on humane values should assume greater responsibility for meeting their special needs, promoting their opportunities for health as well as managing their illnesses.

Objective To systematically review evidence for the effectiveness of policies, including self-regulation, aimed at reducing industrially produced trans fatty acids (TFAs) in food. Methods The Medline, Embase and Cinahl databases were searched to identify peer-reviewed articles examining the effect of TFA policies. In addition, the first 20 pages of Google searches were examined for articles from the grey literature. A study was included if: (i) it was empirical and conducted in a 'real-world' setting (i.e. modelling studies were excluded); (ii) it examined a TFA policy involving, for example, labelling, voluntary limits or bans; and (iii) it examined a policy's effect on TFA levels in food, people's diets, blood or breast milk. Findings Twenty-six articles met the inclusion criteria: 5 involved voluntary self-regulation; 8, labelling alone; 4, labelling and voluntary limits; 5, local bans and 4, national bans. Overall, the TFA content of food decreased with all types of policy intervention. In general, saturated fat levels increased or decreased, depending on the product type, and total fat content remained stable. National and local bans were most effective at eliminating TFAs from the food supply, whereas mandatory TFA labelling and voluntary TFA limits had a varying degree of success, which largely depended on food category. Conclusion Policies aimed at restricting the TFA content of food were associated with significant reductions in TFA levels, without increasing total fat content. Such policies are feasible, achievable and likely to have an effect on public health. Objectif Examiner systematiquement la preuve de l'efficacite des politiques, y compris l'autoregulation, visant a reduire les acides gras trans (AGT) industriels dans l'alimentation. Methodes Les bases de donnees Medline, Embase et Cinahl ont ete exploitees pour identifier les articles evalues par des pairs, portant sur l'effet des politiques AGT. En outre, on a recherche dans les 20 premieres pages de recherches Google des articles de la litterature grise. Une etude etait prise en compre si: (i) elle etait empirique et conduite dans des conditions <> (c'est-a-dire que les etudes de modelisation ont ete exclues), (ii) elle portait sur une politique AGT impliquant, par exemple, l'etiquetage, les limitations ou interdictions volontaires, et (iii) elle examinait l'effet d'une politique sur les niveaux d'AGT dans les aliments, l'alimentation des personnes, le sang ou le lait maternel. Resultats Vingt-six articles repondaient aux criteres d'inclusion: 5 impliquaient l'autoreguiation volontaire, 8 l'etiquetage seul, 4 l'etiquetage et les limitations volontaires, 5 des interdictions locales et 4 des interdictions nationales. Dans l'ensemble, la teneur en AGT des aliments a diminue avec tous les types de politique d'intervention. En general, les niveaux de graisses saturees ont augmente ou diminue, selon le type de produit, et la teneur totale en matieres grasses est restee stable. Les interdictions nationales et locales ont ete les plus efficaces dans l'elimination des AGT dans l'approvisionnement alimentaire, alors que l'etiquetage obligatoire AGT et les limitations volontaires ont eu un degre de succes variable, qui dependait en grande partie de la categorie des aliments. Conclusion Les politiques visant a limiter la teneur en AGT des aliments ont ete associees a des reductions significatives des niveaux d'AGT, sans augmentation de la teneur totale en graisses. Ces politiques sont faisables, realisables et susceptibles d'avoir un effet sur la sante publique. Objetivo Examinar sistematicamente los datas disponibles sobre la eficacia de las estrategias (incluida la autorregulacion) dirigidas a reducir los acidos grasos de tipo trans (AGT) de produccion industrial en los alimentos. Metodos Se examinaron las bases de datas Medline, Embase y Cinahl para identificar articulos revisados por expertos en los que se estudiara el erecto de las estrategias acerca de las grasas trans. Ademas, tambien se buscaron articulos de literatura gris en las primeras 20 paginas de resultados de Google. Los estudios se incluyeron cuando: (i) se trataba de un estudio empirico que se desarrollo en un entorno del <> (esta es, se excluyeron estudios de modelamiento); (ii) se examinaba una estrategia relacionada con los AGT que incluyera, por ejemplo, etiquetado, limites voluntarios o prohibiciones; y (iii) se examinaba el erecto de una estrategia sobre los niveles de AGT en los alimentos, la dieta de las personas, la sangre o la leche materna. Resultados Veintiseis articulos cumplieron con los criterios de inclusion. De ellos, cinco incluyeron una autorregulacion voluntaria; acho, solo etiquetado; cuatro, etiquetado y limites voluntarios; cinco, prohibiciones locales y cuatro, prohibiciones nacionales. En su conjunto, todas las estrategias redujeron el nivel de AGT en los alimentos. Por regla general, los niveles de grasas saturadas aumentaron o disminuyeron segun el tipo de producto, y el contenido total de grasa permanecio estable. Las prohibiciones locales y nacionales resultaron ser las mas eficaces a la hora de eliminar los AGT de los alimentos, mientras que el etiquetado obligatorio y los limites voluntarios obtuvieron resultados variados, dependiendo, en su mayor parte, de la categoria de alimento. Conclusion Las estrategias dirigidas a la reduccion del contenido de AGT en los alimentos estuvieron asociadas a reducciones significativas de los niveles de AGT sin un aumento del contenido total en grasas. Estas estrategias son factibles, viables y pueden tener un erecto sobre la salud publica., Introduction Trans fatty acids (TFAs) are unsaturated fats found in foods obtained from ruminants, such as dairy products and meat, and in industrially produced partially hydrogenated vegetable oils. (1) Human [...]

Objectives: To investigate risk factors for death from asthma using a case-control study design with two control groups. Methods: Cases (n=42) comprised subjects aged 10-59 years who died from asthma. Two control groups were selected: a random sample of asthmatics from the community (n=132) and age and sex matched patients recently admitted to hospital for asthma (n=89). We obtained information from proxies of cases and controls, and their general practitioners, by a structured telephone survey. Matched and unmatched logistic regression analyses were used to determine odds ratios for risk factors for asthma deaths. Results: Compared to community controls, important risk factors for asthma deaths included indicators of asthma severity, use of three or more groups of asthma medications, more extensive use of health services for asthma, poor compliance with asthma medications and regularly missing hospital and general practitioner appointments for asthma. Compared to hospital controls, risk factors for asthma deaths were previous visits to emergency department for asthma, knowledge about asthma medications and regularly missing general practitioner appointments. Conclusions: In this study, severity of asthma, increased health service utilisation and suboptimal asthma self-management were associated with increased risks for asthma death. Implications: People with severe asthma or poorly controlled asthma have a greater risk of dying from their asthma. Both clinicians and non-clinicians managing asthma should regularly assess the appropriateness of management to prevent deaths.

Objective: To describe the measured dietary intakes and anthropometry of a large, free-living population of middle-aged and older Australians who participated in the Australian Blue Mountains Eye Study (BMES), and to identify the sociodemographic characteristics associated with attainment or non-attainment of dietary goals. Method: Anthropometry and dietary intakes were compared with current population dietary goals and Recommended Dietary Intakes for 2,873 people (79% of eligible residents) aged >49 years who participated in the BMES. Nutrient intakes were measured by a validated food frequency questionnaire. Results: Nutrients for which mean intakes deviated most from nutrition goals included: percentages of energy from total and saturated fat, carbohydrate and alcohol (men), as well as absolute intakes of calcium, zinc and fibre. More than half the men (60%) and women (54%) were overweight or obese. Several micro-nutrient goals were more likely to be met in households where the respondents and/ or their spouses were independent. Married men were more likely to meet goals for fibre and iron, but less likely to meet the goal for cholesterol. Several goals were more likely to be met by men and women who had qualifications after leaving school, those with higher job status and non-pensioners, suggesting an socio-economic status dimension. Conclusions and implications: These results indicate that over- rather than under-nutrition is more prevalent among community-dwelling older people, although under-nutrition should not be overlooked. Particular sub-groups that are less likely to meet some dietary goals may require targeting in community nutrition interventions.

Many health-related factors affect how often older adults utilize public health services. These include limitations on walking, stroke history, visual impairment, a history of falls and cancer history. The multivarate model for survey analysis suggested patients with cancer history may be the aged population using health services least frequently.