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We study the channel estimation problem for a reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS)-assisted millimeter-wave (mmWave) multi-user multiple-input multiple-output (MU-MIMO) system. In particular, it is assumed that the channel between a RIS and a base station (BS) exhibits a near-field line-of-sight (LoS) channel, which is a dominant signal path in mmWave communication systems. Due to the high-rankness and non-sparsity of the RIS-BS channel matrix in our system, the state-of-the-art (SOTA) methods, which are constructed based on far-field or near-field non-LoS (NLoS) channel, cannot provide attractive estimation performances. We for the first time propose an efficient near-field LoS/NLoS channel estimation method for RIS-assisted MU-MIMO systems by means of a piece-wise low-rank approximation. Specifically, an effective channel (to be estimated) is partitioned into piece-wise effective channels containing low-rank structures and then, they are estimated via collaborative low-rank approximation. The proposed method is named PW-CLRA. Via simulations, we verify the effectiveness of the proposed PW-CLRA., Comment: Submitted to the IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 12 pages, 8 figures

Bradykinesia, characterized by involuntary slowing or decrement of movement, is a fundamental symptom of Parkinson's Disease (PD) and is vital for its clinical diagnosis. Despite various methodologies explored to quantify bradykinesia, computer vision-based approaches have shown promising results. However, these methods often fall short in adequately addressing key bradykinesia characteristics in repetitive limb movements: "occasional arrest" and "decrement in amplitude." This research advances vision-based quantification of bradykinesia by introducing nuanced numerical analysis to capture decrement in amplitudes and employing a simple deep learning technique, LSTM-FCN, for precise classification of occasional arrests. Our approach structures the classification process hierarchically, tailoring it to the unique dynamics of bradykinesia in PD. Statistical analysis of the extracted features, including those representing arrest and fatigue, has demonstrated their statistical significance in most cases. This finding underscores the importance of considering "occasional arrest" and "decrement in amplitude" in bradykinesia quantification of limb movement. Our enhanced diagnostic tool has been rigorously tested on an extensive dataset comprising 1396 motion videos from 310 PD patients, achieving an accuracy of 80.3%. The results confirm the robustness and reliability of our method.

Hybrid beamforming is an emerging technology for massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems due to the advantages of lower complexity, cost, and power consumption. Recently, intelligent reflection surface (IRS) has been proposed as the cost-effective technique for robust millimeter-wave (mmWave) MIMO systems. Thus, it is required to jointly optimize a reflection vector and hybrid beamforming matrices for IRS-aided mmWave MIMO systems. Due to the lack of RF chain in the IRS, it is unavailable to acquire the TX-IRS and IRS-RX channels separately. Instead, there are efficient methods to estimate the so-called effective (or cascaded) channel in literature. We for the first time derive the near-optimal solution of the aforementioned joint optimization only using the effective channel. Based on our theoretical analysis, we develop the practical reflection vector and hybrid beamforming matrices by projecting the asymptotic solution into the modulus constraint. Via simulations, it is demonstrated that the proposed construction can outperform the state-of-the-art (SOTA) method, where the latter even requires the knowledge of the TX-IRS and IRS-RX channels separately. Furthermore, our construction can provide robustness for channel estimation errors, which is inevitable for practical massive MIMO systems., Comment: Submitted to IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology

Channel estimation is one of the key challenges for the deployment of extremely large-scale reconfigurable intelligent surface (XL-RIS) assisted multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems. In this paper, we study the channel estimation problem for XL-RIS assisted multi-user XL-MIMO systems with hybrid beamforming structures. For this system, we propose an {\em unified} channel estimation method that yields a notable estimation accuracy in the near-field BS-RIS and near-field RIS-User channels (in short, near-near field channels), far-near field channels, and far-far field channels. Our key idea is that the effective (or cascaded) channels to be estimated can be each factorized as the product of low-rank matrices (i.e., the product of the common (or user-independent) matrix and the user-specific coefficient matrix). The common matrix whose columns are the basis of the column space of the BS-RIS channel matrix is efficiently estimated via a {\em collaborative} low-rank approximation (CLRA). Leveraging the hybrid beamforming structures, we develop an efficient iterative algorithm that jointly optimizes the user-specific coefficient matrices. Via experiments and complexity analysis, we verify the effectiveness of the proposed channel estimation method (named CLRA-JO) in the aforementioned three classes of wireless channels., Comment: submitted to IEEE Transactions on Communications

Understanding the effect of chemical composition on the strength of magnetic interactions is key to the design of magnets with stronger exchange interactions. The magnetic divalent first-row transition metal (TM) thiocyanates are a class of chemically simple layered molecular frameworks. Here, we report two new members of the family, manganese (II) thiocyanate, Mn(NCS)$_{2}$, and iron (II) thiocyanate, Fe(NCS)$_{2}$. Using magnetic susceptibility measurements on these materials and on cobalt (II) thiocyanate and nickel (II) thiocyanate, Co(NCS)$_{2}$ and Ni(NCS)$_{2}$, respectively, we identify significantly stronger net antiferromagnetic interactions between the earlier TM ions-a decrease in the Weiss constant, \theta, from 29 K for Ni(NCS)$_{2}$ to -115 K for Mn(NCS)$_{2}$-a consequence of more diffuse 3d orbitals, increased orbital overlap and increasing numbers of unpaired $\it{t}$$_{2g}$ electrons. We elucidate the magnetic structures of these materials: Mn(NCS)$_{2}$, Fe(NCS)$_{2}$ and Co(NCS)$_{2}$ order into the same antiferromagnetic commensurate ground state, whilst Ni(NCS)$_{2}$ adopts a ground state structure consisting of ferromagnetically ordered layers stacked antiferromagnetically. We show that magnetic molecular frameworks with significantly stronger net exchange interactions can be constructed by using earlier TMs., Comment: 19 pages, 11 figures

We present a comprehensive ab initio investigation on Mg$_3$Bi$_2$, a promising Mg-ion battery anode material with high rate capacity. Through combined DFT (PBE, HSE06) and $G_0W_0$ electronic structure calculations, we find that Mg$_3$Bi$_2$ is likely to be a small band gap semiconductor. DFT-based defect formation energies indicate that Mg vacancies are likely to form in this material, with relativistic spin-orbit coupling significantly lowering the defect formation energies. We show that a transition state searching methodology based on the hybrid eigenvector-following approach can be used effectively to search for the transition states in cases where full spin-orbit coupling is included. Mg migration barriers found through this hybrid eigenvector-following approach indicate that spin-orbit coupling also lowers the migration barrier, decreasing it to a value of 0.34 eV with spin-orbit coupling. Finally, recent experimental results on Mg diffusion are compared to the DFT results and show good agreement. This work demonstrates that vacancy defects and the inclusion of relativistic spin-orbit coupling in the calculations have a profound effect in Mg diffusion in this material. It also sheds light on the importance of relativistic spin-orbit coupling in studying similar battery systems where heavy elements play a crucial role.

Low-dimensional magnetic materials with spin-$\frac{1}{2}$ moments can host a range of exotic magnetic phenomena due to the intrinsic importance of quantum fluctuations to their behavior. Here, we report the structure, magnetic structure and magnetic properties of copper(II) thiocyanate, Cu(NCS)$_2$, a one-dimensional coordination polymer which displays low-dimensional quantum magnetism. Magnetic susceptibility, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, $^{13}$C magic-angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MASNMR) spectroscopy, and density functional theory (DFT) investigations indicate that Cu(NCS)$_2$ behaves as a two-dimensional array of weakly coupled antiferromagnetic spin chains ($J_2 = 133(1)$ K, $\alpha = J_1/J_2 = 0.08$). Powder neutron-diffraction measurements confirm that Cu(NCS)$_2$ orders as a commensurate antiferromagnet below $T_\mathrm{N} = 12$ K, with a strongly reduced ordered moment (0.3 $\mu_\mathrm{B}$) due to quantum fluctuations., Comment: 11 pages, 7 figures