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In the supplementary material to this paper we noted some errors in supplementary Online Resource 4: (a) The title ‘CHEERS checklist’ should be deleted and replaced with ‘CHEERS checklist and adapted scoring criteria’. (b) We should have cited the following two references: Lynch et al., 2019 and Husereau et al., 2013 in the title: • D. Husereau, M. Drummond, S. Petrou, C. Carswell, D. Moher, D. Greenberg, et al. Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards (CHEERS)–explanation and elaboration: a report of the ISPOR health economic evaluation publication guidelines good reporting practices task force. Value in Health, 16 (2) (2013), pp. 231-250 • M. Lynch, R. De Abreu Lourenco, M. Flattery, M. Haas. Reviewing the cost-effectiveness of long-acting reversible contraceptive methods in an Australian context. Aust. N. Zeal. J. Obstet. Gynaecol., 59 (2019), pp. 21-35 (c) In Row 7 (Comparators), the example offered ‘e.g. IUS is used rather than LNG-IUS20 or Mirena’ should be disregarded because ‘LNG-IUS20 or Mirena’ was included in error and was not relevant to this paper. The authors would like to apologise for any inconvenience caused.

BACKGROUND: Incontinence-associated dermatitis is a common, under-recognized painful skin condition associated with poorer quality of life, increased nurse workloads, and costs. OBJECTIVE: To systematically review economic evidence for the prevention and treatment of incontinence-associated dermatitis. DESIGN: Systematic review of quantitative research. DATA SOURCES: PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, York Centre for Reviews and Dissemination database, Econlit, Tufts' Cost-Effectiveness Analysis Registry, and Web of Science. REVIEW METHODS: A comprehensive search for studies on resource use (costs), health outcomes, and cost-effectiveness of interventions for incontinence-associated dermatitis was conducted. Screening, data extraction, and initial quality assessment were conducted independently by two reviewers, with disagreements/queries regarding quality settled through consensus with the larger team. Quality evaluated using the Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards checklist and results narratively arranged. FINDINGS: Seventeen studies (10 for prevention, one for treatment and six for both prevention and treatment) included. All studies measured resource use from a healthcare provider perspective; 14 quantified resources in monetary terms. Considerable variation existed in the resource use data primarily due to differences in the type of resources counted, selected time horizons, valuation methods, and reporting approaches. Ten studies provided evidence of their intervention to be cost saving (or at least cost avoiding). Five studies on barrier products provided evidence to be cost saving: three for prevention, one for treatment, and one for both prevention and treatment. Two studies of cleanser and barrier products provided evidence to be cost saving for the prevention and treatment of incontinence-associated dermatitis. One study found a cleanser to be a cost saving preventative intervention. One bowel management system was found t

New motherhood is mediated through the material world. In this liminal, vulnerable period of matrescence, consumption of and interaction with objects co- constitutes the mother and her child. Material culture is central to motherhood, as mothers negotiate preparation, mastery and memorialisation of their maternal role through objects. While some objects are used once then discarded, other objects are saved for longer periods, either by individuals within private collections or by curators in cultural institutions. In preserving certain aspects of the material culture with which mothers interact, a form of maternal heritage is created which is inescapably partial. This article examines the ways in which mothers, mothering and motherhood are preserved and memorialised in public and private collections. It analyses maternal material culture in cultural institutions alongside personal archives, drawing out the synchronies and divergences between them as well as the ways in which material culture has changed since the mid-twentieth century. It concludes by discussing the ways in which the maternal heritage constituted through institutional and private archiving makes possible certain aspects of the history of mothers while obscuring others.

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and targets aimed at improving access to water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) are also an opportunity for the transformation of gender norms. To facilitate this transformation, this paper makes a call to action for global and national efforts for organi-zational, professional, and personal change. Several NGOs are leading a process towards a more reflective and transformative approach. This paper presents a number of examples – from headquarters, and others from country offices and research institutes – of the changes under way to support a stronger connection between the ‘outer faces’ of WASH professionals in the sector and the individual, personal inner spaces. The paper concludes with a set of recommendations for personal and organizational change.

Motherhood brings significant change in the way women spend and experience their time. Having children is an intensely personal experience. Yet, much of the practical impact upon mothers’ time is shaped by the social organisation of work and care, which means the daily demands of parenting and child-raising vary over time and place. This chapter uses nationally representative time use surveys from four countries (Australia, Finland, Korea and Spain) to compare parents’ overall workloads when paid and unpaid work is scheduled over the day and week, gender divisions of work and care and the subjective time pressure associated with transitions to parenthood. It discusses how the findings relate to family policy, national work time regimes and social attitudes towards gender roles, mothering and fatherhood.

© 2017 Oxfam GB. This article presents the results of empirical research conducted in Central Vietnam in 2016 into water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) initiatives. It uncovered changes in gender relations and power dynamics at both household and community levels, aiming to explore the extent to which both practical and strategic interests of women can be influenced and changed by WASH policies and programming. In particular, we were interested in assessing the impact of a Gender and WASH Monitoring Tool (GWMT), developed by Plan International Australia and Plan Vietnam, on women’s strategic gender needs. In this article, we discuss the types of changes reported by women and men of different ages and ethnicities and the reasons for their occurrence. There were a wide range of reported reasons for change, with implications for our understanding of the relationship between changes in gender relations at the household and community levels. We also consider the relationship between wider shifts in social norms in the context of rural Vietnam. The Vietnam research highlights the roles that WASH initiatives can play in furthering strategic gender needs and hence promoting gender equality and women’s empowerment. It also shows the importance of addressing Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 5 (on gender equality) and SDG 6 (on water and sanitation) together.

Assimilation of remotely sensed soil moisture data (SM-DA) to correct soil water stores of rainfall-runoff models has shown skill in improving streamflow prediction. In the case of large and sparsely monitored catchments, SM-DA is a particularly attractive tool. Within this context, we assimilate satellite soil moisture (SM) retrievals from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR-E), the Advanced Scatterometer (ASCAT) and the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) instrument, using an Ensemble Kalman filter to improve operational flood prediction within a large (> 40 000 km2) semi-arid catchment in Australia. We assess the importance of accounting for channel routing and the spatial distribution of forcing data by applying SM-DA to a lumped and a semi-distributed scheme of the probability distributed model (PDM). Our scheme also accounts for model error representation by explicitly correcting bias in soil moisture and streamflow in the ensemble generation process, and for seasonal biases and errors in the satellite data. Before assimilation, the semi-distributed model provided a more accurate streamflow prediction (Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency, NSE = 0.77) than the lumped model (NSE = 0.67) at the catchment outlet. However, this did not ensure good performance at the "ungauged" inner catchments (two of them with NSE below 0.3). After SM-DA, the streamflow ensemble prediction at the outlet was improved in both the lumped and the semi-distributed schemes: the root mean square error of the ensemble was reduced by 22 and 24%, respectively; the false alarm ratio was reduced by 9% in both cases; the peak volume error was reduced by 58 and 1%, respectively; the ensemble skill was improved (evidenced by 12 and 13% reductions in the continuous ranked probability scores, respectively); and the ensemble reliability was increased in both cases (expressed by flatter rank histograms). SM-DA did not improve NSE. Our findings imply that even when rainfall is the

Assimilation of remotely sensed soil moisture data (SM–DA) to correct soil water stores of rainfall-runoff models has shown skill in improving streamflow prediction. In the case of large and sparsely monitored catchments, SM–DA is a particularly attractive tool. Within this context, we assimilate active and passive satellite soil moisture (SSM) retrievals using an ensemble Kalman filter to improve operational flood prediction within a large semi-arid catchment in Australia (>40 000 km2). We assess the importance of accounting for channel routing and the spatial distribution of forcing data by applying SM–DA to a lumped and a semi-distributed scheme of the probability distributed model (PDM). Our scheme also accounts for model error representation and seasonal biases and errors in the satellite data. Before assimilation, the semi-distributed model provided more accurate streamflow prediction (Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency, NS = 0.77) than the lumped model (NS = 0.67) at the catchment outlet. However, this did not ensure good performance at the "ungauged" inner catchments. After SM–DA, the streamflow ensemble prediction at the outlet was improved in both the lumped and the semi-distributed schemes: the root mean square error of the ensemble was reduced by 27 and 31%, respectively; the NS of the ensemble mean increased by 7 and 38%, respectively; the false alarm ratio was reduced by 15 and 25%, respectively; and the ensemble prediction spread was reduced while its reliability was maintained. Our findings imply that even when rainfall is the main driver of flooding in semi-arid catchments, adequately processed SSM can be used to reduce errors in the model soil moisture, which in turn provides better streamflow ensemble prediction. We demonstrate that SM–DA efficacy is enhanced when the spatial distribution in forcing data and routing processes are accounted for. At ungauged locations, SM–DA is effective at improving streamflow ensemble prediction, however, the

Parkinson's disease (PD) patients and their normal controls performed two experiments involving a sequential movement task, depressing a series of buttons at choice points along a response board. Visual or auditory cues were presented prior to each move according to various contingencies. PD, a disorder characterised by degeneration of the basal ganglia (BG), typically manifests with poor execution of motor sequences. We found that external cueing facilitated motor sequencing in PD patients. In particular, auditory cues which occurred late in the movement cycle maximally facilitated switching between subcomponents of a sequence. Based on physiological Endings reported in the primate literature it is suggested that external cues enhance performance by replacing defective, internally generated cues (discharges) of the BG. This has implications for the use of physical training strategies in the treatment of PD.