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Multiple gestations are high risk pregnancies which may be complicated by prematurity,low birthweight, preeclampsia, anaemia, postpartum haemorrhage, intrauterine growth restriction, neonatal morbidity and high neonatal and infant mortality. Preterm labor and birth represent the greatest risk to a multiple pregnancy. Sixty percent of multiples are born prematurely (

Aflatoxins are toxic metabolites produced by moulds of Aspergillus genus (the most relevant producers are Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus). The primary aim of the current research is to follow out the toxic effects of aflatoxin В1 on the morphology of small intestine, which is important for digestion and absorption of feeds and at the same time, to investigate the possibility for prevention of toxic AFB1 effects by addition of the mycosorbent Mycotоx NG (Ceva Sante Animale, France) to the feed. The experiments were carried out with 50 Cobb broiler chickens, divided in 5 groups of 10 chickens (5 male : 5 female in the groups): Group I – control (receiving feed according to species and age); Group II – supplemented with 1 g/kg Mycotox NG; Group III – supplemented with 0.5 mg/kg aflatoxin B1; Group IV – supplemented with 0.8 mg/kg aflatoxin B1; Group V – supplemented with 0.5 mg/kg aflatoxin B1 and 1 g/kg Mycotox NG. The experiment’s duration was 42 days. After conventional histological technics the light microscopical analyze determined that the morphological changes in all small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum) in birds treated at 0.5 mg/kg AFB1 consisted in vascular hyperaemia, single haemorrhagies, partial desquamation of villous epithelium, rarefaction of cells in intestinal lymphatic follicles and in some areas, cup cell hypertrophy and weak distrophy of Lieberkühn glands. Chickens treated with 0.8 mg/kg AFB1 showed more intense dystrophic changes – necrobiotic to necrotic changes of intestinal villi, atrophy of Lieberkühn glands, mononuclear cell infiltration of the propria and severe rarefaction of lymphatic follicular cells. The dietary supplementation of chickens with Mycotox NG resulted in fewer and less severe histological changes – no haemorrhagies but only vascular hyperaemia.

In this experiment, the toxic effects of AFB1 on some haematological parameters were investigated in chickens, namely haemoglobin content (HGB), red blood cell counts (RBC), white blood cell counts (WBC), platelet counts (PLT), haematocrit (HCT), differential white blood cell counts (WBC%), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC). The experiments were conducted with five groups of ten 7-day-old Cobb broiler chickens in each. The formed groups were: group I – control, fed a standard compound feed; group II – experimental, whose feed was supplemented with 1 g/kg Mycotox NG; group III – experimental, receiving 0.5 mg/kg AFB1; group IV – experimental, receiving 0.8 mg/kg AFB1 and group V – experimental, supplemented with 0.5 mg/kg AFB1 and 1 g/kg Mycotox NG. The experiment’s duration was 42 days. Haematological analysis performed on the 21st day of the trial showed reduction in RBC, PLT, HGB and HCT and increased total WBC. The percentages of the different leukocyte classes (differential leukocyte counts) demonstrated increased proportion of pseudoeosinophils and lower percentages of lymphocytes and monocytes. The observed changed tended to become more pronounced on the 42nd day of the experiment. There were no statistically significant changes in MCV, MCH, and MCHC, as well as in eosinophil and monocyte percentages between control and treated groups (р>0.05). The supplementation of the feed with mycosorbent – Mycotox NG (experimental group V) reduced partly the harmful effect of AFB1 on studied haematological indices. There were no substantial changes in studied parameters in chickens from experimental groups I and II.

The aim of the experiment was to evaluate the effect of aflatoxin В1 applied either independently or in combination with Mycotox NG on blood plasma triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in mulard ducks. Four groups of 20 ten-day-old birds each were used. The control group received compound feed according to the species and the age. The feed of group ІІ was supplemented with 0.5 mg/kg aflatoxin B1, of group ІІI – with 0.8 mg/kg aflatoxin B1, whereas group IV received compound feed with 0.5 mg/kg aflatoxin B1 and 2 g/kg Mycotox NG. Blood hormone concentrations were assayed on the 21st and 42nd day in samples collected from v. metatarsalis medialis. Lower blood T3 and T4 were established in groups II and III. The addition of 2 g/kg Mycotox NG to the feed of group IV had not a significant protecting effect against the adverse effects of aflatoxin B1 on blood triiodothyronine and thyroxine concentrations.

Changes in blood concentrations of some biochemical indices (alpha amylase, lipase, insulin and blood glucose) as well as in pancreas morphology were monitored in mulard ducks with experimental aflatoxicosis В . The experiments were conducted with 4 groups of 20 10-day-old mulard ducks: group I – 1 control, fed a standard compound feed according to the species and the age; group II – experimental, whose feed was supplemented with 0.5 mg/kg AFB , 1 group III – experimental, supplemented with 0.8 mg/kg AFB and group IV – experimental, supplemented with 0.5 mg/kg AFB and 2 g/kg Mycotox NG. The 1 1 duration of the experiment was 42 days. By the 21st day of the experiment, ducks from groups II and III showed reduced activity of enzymes and blood glucose. The observed changes tended to become more pronounced by the 42nd day of the trial. Histopathologically, the pancreas exhibited intralobular swelling, disorganisation and disintegration of glandular acini, various extents of dystrophic changes, mononuclear infiltrates as well as necrobiotic changes depending on the dose of ingested toxin. The supplementation of contaminated feed with a mycosorbent (Mycotox NG) reduced statistically significantly the changes in blood biochemical parameters as well as the severity and frequency of observed histological lesions.

The toxic effect of AFB in mulard ducks was evaluated through the changes in several blood parameters, namely uric acid, urea, creatinine, creatine 1 kinase, calcium, inorganic phosphate, sodium and potassium. Also, the morphological changes in kidney parenchyma were evaluated. Experiments were conducted with 4 groups of 20 10-day-old mulard ducks: group I – control, fed a standard compound feed according to the species and the age; group II – experimental, whose feed was supplemented with 0.5 mg/kg AFB , group III – experimental, supplemented with 0.8 mg/kg AFB and group IV – experimental, 1 1 supplemented with 0.5 mg/kg AFB and 2 g/kg Mycotox NG. The duration of the experiment was 42 days. The blood analysis results by the 21st day of the trial 1 showed reduced concentrations of urea, creatinine, uric acid, calcium, inorganic phosphate, sodium and potassium, and higher creatine kinase activity in groups II and III. These changes tended to become more pronounced by the 42nd day from the beginning of the experiment. Morphological alterations of kidney parenchyma consisted in degeneration in renal tubules, congestion, desquamation and disintegration of tubular cells with pyknotic changes in cell nuclei, necrobiotic changes and haemorrhages depending on the amount of ingested toxin. The dietary supplementation of group IV with Mycotox NG decreased the severity of observed blood changes as well as the frequency and severity of histological lesions (hyperaemia and mild granular dystrophy with pyknotic nuclei).

Several poduction traits (live body weight, daily weight gain, feed conversion, daily feed consumption) and relative weights (g/100 g body weight) of visceral organs (liver, kidneys, heart, bursa of Fabricius, thymus, spleen, pancreas, gizzard and proventriculus) were investigated in broiler chickens with experimentally induced aflatoxicosis B1. The experiments were carried out with five groups of ten 7-day-old Cobb broiler chickens in each. The groups were as followed: group I – control (fed standard compound feed according to the age and species); group II – experimental, whose feed was supplemented with 1 g/kg Mycotox NG, group III – experimental, receiving 0.5 mg/kg AFB1; group IV – experimental, receiving 0.8 mg/kg AFB1 and group V – experimental, supplemented with 0.5 mg/kg AFB1 and 1 g/kg Mycotox NG. The duration of the experiment was 42 days. The dynamics of live weight, daily weight gain, daily feed consumption and conversion were followed out on 21, 35 and 49 days of age. The differences between relative visceral organ weights between control and experimental groups were determined after the trial’s end. Lower live body weight, daily weight gain, daily feed consumption as well as increased feed conversion and higher relative weights of the liver, kidneys, heart, pancreas, spleen, gizzard and proventriculus were found out in groups ІІI and IV. Simultaneously, the relative weights of the thymus and bursa of Fabricius were statistically significantly reduced. The supplementation of the feed of experimental group V with 1 g/kg Mycotox NG resulted in substantial reduction of negative effects of AFB1 on production traits and visceral weights. There were no statistically significant differences between studied parameters between group II, receiving only mycosorbent, and controls.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the toxic effects of aflatoxin В (AFB ) on production traits (live body weight, weight gain, feed intake and 1 1 feed conversion) and relative weights (g/100 g body weight) of visceral organs (liver, kidneys, thymus, spleen, Bursa of Fabricius, heart, gizzard and proventriculus) in mulard ducklings. The experiment was carried out with four groups of 30 10-day-old ducklings each over 42 days. The groups were as followed: group І – control, which received standard feed according to the species and age, group ІІ – experimental, which received compound feed with 0.5 mg/kg AFB , group ІІI – receiving compound feed supplemented with 0.8 mg/kg AFB and group IV – compound feed supplemented with 0.5 mg/kg AFB and 2 1 1 1 g/kg Mycotox NG. In experimental groups II and III, the body weight, weight gain, feed intake were lower, feed conversion ratio was higher as well as the relative weights of liver, kidneys, heart, pancreas, gizzard and proventriculus. At the same time, the relative weight of the thymus, bursa of Fabricius and the spleen were considerably reduced. The supplementation of feed of group IV with Mycotox NG protected birds from the negative effects of AFB on production traits and 1 prevented changes in the weights of visceral organs.

Ducklings are among the most sensitive avian species to the toxic effects of aflatoxin В (AFB ). In this experiment, the toxic effects of AFB on liver 1 1 1 morphology, blood plasma aspartate amino-transferase (AST), alanine amino-transferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), γ-glutamyltransferase (γ-GT), albumin, blood glucose, and plasma total protein (TP) were established in mulard ducks. The experiment was carried out with four groups of 20 10-day-old ducklings each. Each group included three subgroups with 10 birds. The groups were as followed: group І – control (which received standard feed according to the species and age), group ІІ – experimental, which received compound feed with 0.5 mg/kg AFB , group ІІI– receiving 1 compound feed supplemented with 0.8 mg/kg AFB and group IV – compound feed supplemented with 0.5 mg/kg AFB and 2g/kg Mycotox NG. The 1 1 experiment lasted for 42 days. Blood biochemical data on the 21st day of the experiment showed increased activity of assayed enzymes and reduced concentrations of albumin, total protein and glucose in groups receiving only AFB . The observed changes tended to become more pronounced by the 42nd 1 day of the trial. Macroscopically, livers were enlarged, rounded, with yellowish colour and a frail consistency. Histopathologically, a various extent of dystrophy was detected depending on the dose of ingested toxin. The addition of 2 g/kg Mycotox NG to the feed of experimental group IV (containing 0.5 mg/kg AFB ) 1 reduced the harmful effects of AFB on blood biochemical indices and significantly lowered the severity and frequency of observed histological lesions.

Godkänd; 2008; 20090113 (joreri)

A clinical case of haemangiosarcoma of the spleen and liver in a male mixed breed dog, of age 10 years and 8 months, weighing 8 kg, is presented. The clinical signs were general and noncharacteristic. Initially, the disease was diagnosed by ultrasonography and blood laboratory investigations. Ultimately, the type of the growth was determined by a histological examination of a spleen specimen. The liver metastases were evidenced by ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy. The prognosis was poor.

Con más de un siglo de historia en el país y brindando cobertura médica a más de la mitad de los uruguayos a través de una modalidad que integra las funciones de seguro y prestador de servicios, las instituciones de asistencia médica colectiva (IAMC) han presentado en la última década un déficit persistente: el 52% de los beneficiarios están adscritos a instituciones con un déficit mayor al 4% sobre ingresos. Se trata de analizar cuál ha sido el impacto de la regulación en algunos aspectos relacionados con el comportamiento de la oferta concentración y cuotas del mercado, selección de riesgos, fijación de los precios y de la demanda selección adversa y el efecto de los copagos en la utilización de servicios. El mensaje desde la regulación no parece haber promovido los incentivos adecuados para un comportamiento eficiente y de calidad por parte de las IAMC, siendo uno de los temas clave a abordar en un contexto de reforma sectorial. Collective medical care institutions have been in existence for more than a century and have provided medical care to more than half of Uruguayans through a modality that integrates insurance and provision of services. In the last decade, these institutions have presented a persistent deficit: 52% of the beneficiaries are members of institutions with a deficit of more than 4%. We analyze the impact of the regulation of certain aspects related to the behavior of supply (market concentration and quotas, risk selection, price fixing) and demand (adverse selection and the effect of the co-payments in services utilization). The regulation seems not to have promoted the necessary incentives to efficiency and quality by the IAMC, one of the key aspects to be approached in the context of sectorial reform.