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Stress inevitably occurs during any fish handling and manipulation in culturing, research, or clinical examination situations that require capture and removal of fish from water. Different stress factors can affect the changes in the relative numbers and function of cells of the fish immune system. Catching, transportation and over-crowding caused stress-induced changes in the total number of leukocytes and thrombocytes, as well as changes in the leukocyte formula in Prussian carp (Carassius gibelio, Bloch, 1782) presented here. Cytochemical characterization of leukocyte cell types was performed by applying Myeloperoxidase (MPO), Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) and Sudan Black B (SBB) staining of Prussian carp blood smears. Cytochemical characterization is a rapid and efficient method for white leukocyte differentiation and insight in their functional status. Comparison and analysis in Prussian carp hematological parameters from fish with and without exposure to stressful conditions such as capture, manipulation, transport and holding, revealed significant differences between stressed and non-stressed fish. Significant reduction in the total number of thrombocytes and lymphocytes and the increase in total neutrophil count were observed in stressed animals. However, differences in total leukocyte number and the number of monocytes were not observed. Deviations from the estimated reference intervals for Prussian carp hematological parameters clearly indicated the presence/absence of a stress reaction and to some extent its intensity. Estimated reference intervals and characterization of morphological and cytochemical appearance of blood cells form a solid basis for further research of the cellular immune function and hematology changes in Prussian carp.

This study aimed to assess the influence of different concentrations of zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg) and cadmium (Cd) found in the feed and water provided to bulls on the concentrations of these metals in cryopreserved bull semen, and to determine their influence onto semen quality parameters. Correlations between heavy metal concentrations in the semen and the quality parameters of semen as estimated by computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA) and flow cytometry (FC) methods were determined. A total of 40 cryopreserved semen samples originating from bulls housed in 4 different centers for artificial insemination (A, B, C and D) were examined, making a total of 160 samples. The concentrations of metals and semen quality parameters were determined in cryopreserved semen of 10 bulls from each center, namely 4 samples from each bull. Concentrations of Zn, Pb, Hg and Cd in hay and concentrated feed were within the allowed limits as proposed by the National Research Council (NRC, 2000). A strong negative correlation was detected between curvilinear velocity (VCL) and Zn concentrations in the semen (P < 0.01; r = -0.772) in group D, and a positive correlation of VCL with Pb concentrations (P < 0.05 and r = 0.718) in group B. Mercury concentrations in cryopreserved semen correlated negatively to the percent of live sperm cells with intact acrosomes (V/IA: P < 0.05; r = -0.640) and positively with the percent of dead sperm cells with damaged acrosomes (D/DA: P < 0.01; r = 0.766) in group D. This finding confirms the hypothesis that Hg, even at low concentrations, may cause acrosome damage., Cilj rada bio je da se ispita uticaj različitih koncentracija cinka (Zn), olova (Pb), žive (Hg) i kadmijuma (Cd) iz hrane i vode na koncentracije ovih metala u duboko zamrznutom semenu nakon otapanja i da se ispita njihov uticaj na parametre kvaliteta semena. Korelacije između koncentracije teških metala u semenu i parametra kvaliteta semena su određivane nakon ispitivanja semena kompjuterski asistiranom analizom semena (eng. computer-assisted sperm analysis - CASA) i protočnom citometrijom (eng. flow cytometry - FC). Iz 4 različita centra za veštačko osemenjavanje (A, B, C i D) ispitivano je po 40 uzoraka duboko zamrznutog semena bikova, što čini ukupno 160 uzoraka. Koncentracije metala i parametri kvaliteta semena su određivani u duboko zamrznutom semenu od 10 bikova iz svakog centra, odnosno 4 uzorka od svakog bika. Koncentracije Zn, Pb, Hg i Cd u senu i koncentrovanim hranivima bile su ispod propisanih dozvoljenih vrednosti Nacionalnog Istraživačkog Veća (eng. National Research Council - NRC, 2000). Jaka negativna korelacija uočena je između krivolinijske brzine spermatozoida (eng. curvilinear velocity - VCL) i koncentracije Zn u semenu (P < 0.01; r = -0.772) u grupi D, i pozitivna korelacija između VCL i koncentracije Pb (P < 0.05 and r = 0.718) u grupi B. Koncentracija žive u duboko zamrznutom semenu negativno je korelirala sa procentom živih spermatozoida sa neoštećenim akrozomom (eng. live sperm cells with intact acrosomes - V/IA: P < 0.05; r = -0.640) i pozitivno sa procentom mrtvih spermatozoida sa oštećenim akrozomom (eng. dead sperm cells with damaged acrosomes - D/DA: P < 0.01; r = 0.766) u grupi D. Ovi rezultati potvrđuju hipotezu da Hg, čak i u niskim koncenracijama može da prouzrokuje oštećenje akrozoma.

U ovom izlaganju će biti prikazan uticaj zračenja semena nerastova crvenim delom svetlosnog spektra neposredno pre osemenjavanja na veličinu legla krmača. Korišćene su LED lampe ugrađene u klima boks koje emituju spektar crvene boje, talasne dužine od 620 do 630 nm, sa režimom rada od 10 minuta svetlosti, 10 minuta odmora i 10 minuta dodatnog zračenja. Osemenjavanja su sprovedena u periodu od aprila do maja 2021. godine, na farmi od 1 200 priplodnih krmača. U kontrolnoj grupi su bile 174 krmače, sa prosečnih 4,36 prašenja, a u oglednoj 64, sa paritetom od 4,14. Nazimice nisu bile uključene u statističku obradu. U oglednoj grupi je registrovan veći broj živorođene prasadi za 0,87 (14,05 prema 13,17), ali bez statističke značajnosti, dok je u istoj grupi, zabeležen znatno manji broj avitalne i mrtvorođene prasadi (3,55 prema 4,68; p<0,05). Broj mumificirane prasadi u leglima je bio identičan (0,45). Zračenje semena crvenim svetlosnim zracima, neposredno pre osemenjavanja imalo je pozitivan efekat na broj živorođene prasadi u leglu, ali samo u numeričkoj vrednosti, dok je jasna statistička razlika uočena u pogledu njihove vitalnosti. Ovaj ogled je u toku i očekuje se analiza znatno većeg broja prašenja, a time i jasniji uvid u efekte ovakvog tretmana semena na oprasivost., In this presentation, the influence of irradiation of boar semen by red light spectrum immediately before insemination on the litter size in sows will be presented. LED lamps that emit a red color spectrum with a wavelength of 620-630 nm built into the air conditioning box were used. A mode of operation was: 10 minutes of light, 10 minutes of rest and 10 minutes of additional irradiation. Inseminations were carried out in the period from April to May 2021, on a farm of 1,200 breeding sows. Control group consisted of 174 sows with an average of 4.36 parities, and experimental group of 64 sows, with a parity of 4.14. Gillts were excluded from the statistics. In the experimental group, a higher number of live-born piglets was observed by 0.87 (14.05 vs. 13.17) but with no statistical significance, while in the same group, a significantly lower number of avital and stillborn piglets was also observed (3.55 vs. 4.68; p <0.05 ). The number of mummified piglets in the litters was identical (0.45 piglets) for both groups. Semen irradiation with red light rays immediately before insemination had a positive effect on the number of live-born piglets in the litter, but only in numerical value, while a clear statistical difference was observed in terms of vitality of piglets in litters. This trial is in progress and a significantly larger number of farrowings and a clearer insight into the efficiency of such semen treatment on the fertility is expected.

In this paper, the potential antidote efficacy of commercially available formulations of various feed additives such as Minazel-Plus®, Mycosorb®, and Mycofix® was considered by recording their incidence on general health, body weight, and food and water intake, as well as through histopathology and semiquantitative analysis of gastric alterations in Wistar rats treated with the T-2 toxin in a single-dose regimen of 1.67 mg/kg p.o. (1 LD50) for 4 weeks. As an organic adsorbent, Mycosorb® successfully antagonized acute lethal incidence of the T-2 toxin (protective index (PI) = 2.25; p < 0.05 vs. T-2 toxin), and had adverse effects on body weight gain as well as food and water intake during the research (p < 0.001). However, the protective efficacy of the other two food additives was significantly lower (p < 0.05). Treatment with Mycosorb® significantly reduced the severity of gastric damage, which was not the case when the other two adsorbents were used. Our results suggest that Mycosorb® is a much better adsorbent for preventing the adverse impact of the T-2 toxin as well as its toxic metabolites compared with Minazel-plus® or Mycofix-plus®, and it almost completely suppresses its acute toxic effects and cytotoxic potential on the gastric epithelial, glandular, and vascular endothelial cells.

Literally, reproductive immunology was born in bovine on-farm reproduction where seminal experiments intended for developing methods for embryo transfer in cattle were performed. Actually, these experiments led to two of major concepts and fundamental principles of reproductive immunology using the bovine species as a model for biomedical research, namely the concept of acquired immunological tolerance and the paradox of the semiallogeneic bovine foetus whereby such organism can develop within an immunologically competent host. Peter Medawar, a scientist who together with Frank Macfarlande Burnet shared the 1960 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine for discovery of acquired immunological tolerance, while studying dizygotic cattle twins, thereby giving birth to reproductive immunology. Also, these findings significantly influenced development of organ transplants and showed that using farm animals as models for studying transplantation immunology had general relevance for mammalian biology and health including those of humans. However, the interest for further research of the fascinating maternal immune influences on pregnancy and perinatal outcomes and of the prevention and treatment of immunologically mediated reproductive disorders in viviparous mammals of veterinary relevance by veterinary immunologists and reproductive clinicians have been very scarce regarding the application of nonspecific immunomodulatory agents for prevention and treatment of subfertility and infertility in pigs and cattle, but still broadening knowledge in this area and hold great potential for improving such therapy in the future. The aim of the current overview is to provide up-to-date information and explaining/translating relevant immunology phenomena into veterinary practice for specialists and scientists/clinicians in reproduction of animals.

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of using tannin supplement in ration for mid-lactation dairy cows (90 +/- 17 days in milk) and the number of lactation on metabolic profile parameters values. Additionally, the effect of tannin supplementation on cows' production characteristics in the 2nd lactation was evaluated. Research was conducted on 80 Holstein cows divided into two groups of 40 cows (control and experimental group) that included 16 cows in 2nd and 12 in 3rd and 4th lactation. The tannin supplement Tanimil SCC (40 g/cow/day; 40% of tannins) was added in the total mixed ration (TMR) of experimental group, while the control group of cows was fed ration without the tannin supplement. The trial lasted 60 days. Dairy cows, fed diet supplemented with tannin, had markedly lower values (P lt 0.05) of B-hydroxybutyrate concentration (0.79 vs. 0.96 mmol/L) and lower blood urea concentration (5.89 vs. 6.93 mmol/L). Difference in the blood glucose concentrations (3.92 vs. 3.89 mmol/L) was not significant. The lactation number had no significant effect on values of metabolic profile parameters (concentration of glucose, B-hydroxybutyrate and urea). The effect of interaction of lactation number and tannin supplement on the values of examined parameters of metabolic profile was not significant. Supplementation of tannin in the diet for cows in the second lactation, had a positive effect (P lt 0.05) on the milk yield (4.42%) and yield of 4% fat corrected milk (FCM, 5.24%). The use of tannin, improved concentration (3.20 vs. 3.12%) and yield (from 1.16 to 1.24 kg/day) of milk protein (P lt 0.05). Addition of tannin also improved concentration and yield of milk fat, as well as the concentration of lactose. The supplementation of Tanimil SCC to mid-lactation dairy cows had a positive impacts on reduction of blood content of B-hydroxybutyrate and urea, and improved productive performances of cows in the second lactation.

Hormonske i metaboličke promene, kao i energetska neravnoteža, mogu uticati na zdravlje, proizvodnju i reproduktivne performanse mlečnih krava. Kraj gestacije i početak laktacije kod muznih krava prati niz endokrinih i metaboličkih promena u organizmu i zbog toga je tranzicioni period (3 nedelje pre i 3 nedelje posle teljenja) veoma značajan. Promene koje prate ovaj period dovode do izmena u funkcijama ćelija imunskog sistema (i urođenog i stečenog), tako da mogu biti razlog manje ili više izražene imunosupresije i sve češćih supkliničkih i kliničkih poremećaja zdravlja i reprodukcije. Moguće posledice su: produženi servis period i rano isključenje mlečnih grla iz dalje proizvodnje (usled mastitisa i endometritisa). Ovo se ponekada dešava već u prvoj laktaciji. Neutrofilni granulociti su, kao prva linije odbrane, ključne ćelije u odbrani organizma od bakterija, virusa, gljivica, parazita i drugih stranih ćelija. Od funkcionalne aktivnosti ovih ćelija zavisi opšta otpornost samog organizma, a složena priroda imunskog sistema otežava razumevanje njegove smanjene funkcije u peripartalnom periodu. Iako postoje različite hipoteze o promenama funkcija neutrofilnih granulocita, kao prve linije odbrane organizma u tranzicionom periodu i dalje nije poznato koji faktori dovode do imunosupresije. Tokom tranzicionog perioda uočavaju se promene u vrednostima pojedinih biohemijskih parametara krvi, međutim, njihova koncentracija nije konstantna tokom čitavog perioda da bi, sa III sigurnošću, mogla da objasni nastanak imunosupresije. Cilj ove doktorske disertacije je bio da se utvrdi stepen funkcionalne aktivnosti neutrofilnih granulocita iz pune krvi zdravih krava u periodu pre i posle teljenja, kao i njena korelacija sa metaboličkim i hematološkim promenama koje prate ovaj period. Ispitivana je grupa od 21 krave, koje su praćene u periodu od treće nedelje pre partusa, do treće nedelje nakon partusa, u 7 nedeljnih termina. Poslednje uzorkovanje krvi je izvršeno šest nedelja posl, AB Hormonal and metabolical changes, as well as energy disbalans might have an impact on health, productivity and reproductive performances of dairy cows. The end of gestation and the beginning of lactation in dairy cows are accompanied by a series of endocrine and metabolic changes in their body. Therefore the transition period (3 weeks before and 3 weeks after partus) is of great importance. Changes during this period might be the reason for compromited immune system cells functions (both of innate and adaptive arm) resulting in a more or less expressed immunosuppression. They also might lead to the frequent subclinical and clinical disorders of health and reproduction. Possible consequences are: prolonged service period and an early exclusion of dairy cows from further production due to the mastitis and endometritis occurence. In some cases, this happens already in the first lactation. As the first line of defense, neutrophil granulocytes are the key cells in the body protection from bacteria, viruses, fungies, parasites and other foreign cells. General resistance of the organism itself, depends on the functional activity of these cells. Complex nature of the immune system complicates understanding of its lowered function in peripartal period. It is still unknown which factors lead to immunosuppression, although, there are different hypothesis about changed functions of neutrophil granulocytes, as the first line of defense, during the transition period. Moreover, during the transition period, concentrations of some blood biochemical parameters are not stable, so this can not explain the genesis of immunosuppression with acceptable certainty. The aim of this PhD thesis was to estimate functional activity of neutrophil granulocytes in the blood of healthy cows before and after VIII calving, as well to establish possible correlations with metabolic and hematology parameters changes during this period. A group of 21 Simmental cows was monitored during the seven wee

Leptin, a biomolecule secreted by adipose tissue, enchances productivity in cattle, especially affecting milk traits. The aim of this study was to detect leptin gene polymorphism on exon 3 (A59V locus) and intron 2 (SAU3AI locus) in the endangered population of autochtonous Busha cattle and associations with milk traits. The study included 46 cows: 36 Busha and 10 half-bred. Milk analyses comprised determination of somatic cell counts, fat, protein, lactose, total solids and solids-not-fat (SNF) concentrations and freezing point depression (FPD). Polymorphisms were determined by PCR-RFLP technique. A single A59V genotype (CC) was affirmed, and two SAU3AI genotypes, AA and AB, with frequencies of 78.26% and 21.74%, respectively. Comparing the obtained results for chemical characteristics of milk between cows with AA and AB, no significant differences were found, except for SNF content and FPD values. Cows with AA genotype had significantly lower (p = 0.021) average SNF content (8.74%) in milk compared to the average SNF content (9.28%) in those with genotype AB, while cows with genotype AA (-0.54 degrees C) had significantly higher (p = 0.004) average FPD values than those with AB genotype (-0.58 degrees C). The absence of BB genotype and significant differences in the investigated functional traits between two SAU3AI genotypes and the absence of A59V polymorphism (presence of only CC genotype) show that the Busha cattle breed, although being an autochtonous low-producing native breed used for meat and milk production, harbours polymorphism on gentic markers characteristic of high production dairy cows.

Introduction: Hormonal and metabolic changes, as well as energy imbalance, can affect health, production and reproductive performance of dairy cows. In the present study, we evaluated phagocytosis and respiratory burst neutrophil activity during the transition period and early lactation and compared it with biochemical and hematological parameters in dairy cows. Methodology: Simmental cows (n = 21) were enrolled in the study. Whole blood samples were collected weekly from 3 weeks pre- calving until 6 weeks post calving. Basic metabolic and blood parameters were assessed by routine laboratory analyses, while neutrophil functions were analyzed by commercial test kits. Results: Optimal neutrophil response was observed pre and post calving. The highest value was recorded in the 6th week after calving (89.54 +/- 7.61%) and being significantly higher (p < 0.01) as compared to values recorded at two and one week before and one week after calving. The percentage of activated neutrophils was high during the entire study period: from 70.80 +/- 5.22% at the beginning of the study to 89.54 +/- 7.61% at the end of the study. During the study period, production of Reactive Oxidative Species by neutrophils was positively correlated with beta-hydroxybutyrat and non-esteri tied fatty acids values (0.454** and 0.423**, respectively) and calcium levels (0.164* and 0.212**, respectively). Conclusions: The most prominent changes in all parameters had no influence on phagocytic and respiratory burst activity of neutrophils. Neutrophil function is preserved at the optimal level during the transition period and early lactation in Simmental cows.

Chromium is a chemical element whose biological activity is still subject of study in domestic animals. In humans and laboratory animals it has been proven that chromium has impact on the effects of insulin, with the consequent effect on the regulation of carbohydrate, protein, and lipid metabolism. This effect is particularly pronounced in young animals during the growth period. In addition to the effects on the insulin signal pathway, there are indications that chromium may also affect the IGF system. Nevertheless, expect the influence of chromium on changes in IGF-I concentration, previous studies did not investigate influence of chromium on other components of this system (IGF-binding proteins and receptors for IGF molecules). The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of peroral chromium (chromium enriched yeast) administration on the insulin axis and IGF system in calves at the age from one to four months. This age was chosen because it is the period when calves are switching from milk feeding to forages and concentrate, characteristic for adult ruminants and represents a period of metabolic turnover. Twenty-four Holstein-Friesian calves aged 1 month (32 ± 3 days) were chosen for the study and divided into two groups. The PoCr group (n = 12) that perorally received 0.04 mg of Cr/kg of body mass during 70 days. Chromium dissolved in milk was administered to each calf using a syringe that caused suckling reflex. The NCr group (n = 12) acted as a control group, and has received milk, by peroral application and with no added Cr during the same period. Muscle tissue samples were taken from both groups on days 0 and 70. Blood samples were taken in the intervals of 10 days, meaning on days 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, and 70, when body mass was also measured. Intravenous glucose tolerance tests (IVGTT) were performed, four times during the experiment, meaning on days 0, 30, 50. and 70..., Hrom je hemijski elemenat čija je biološka aktivnost još uvek predmet izučavanja kod domaćih životinja. Kod ljudi i laboratorijskih životinja je dokazano da hrom utiče na efekte insulina sa posledičnim uticajem na regulaciju metabolizma ugljenih hidrata, proteina i lipida, Ovaj efekat je posebno izražen kod mladih jedinki tokom perioda rasta. Osim uticaja na insulinski signalni put, postoje indicije da hrom može uticati i na IGF sistem, ali u dosadašnjim ispitivanjima, osim uticaja hroma na promene koncentracije IGF-I, uglavnom nije proučavan uticaj hroma na ostale komponente ovog sistema (IGF vezujuće proteine i receptore za IGF molekule). Cilј ove disertacije je bio da se ispita uticaj peroralnog davanja hroma (organski trovalentni hrom vezan za kvasac) na insulinsku osovinu i IGF sistem kod teladi uzrasta od mesec dana do četiri meseca. Ovaj uzrast je odabran jer je to period kada telad prelazi sa mlečne ishrane na ishranu kabastim i koncentrovanim hranivima, svojstvenu odraslim preživarima i predstavlja period metaboličkog “prestrojavanja”. Za ogled je izabrano 24 teladi holštajn-frizijske rase uzrasta mesec (32±3) dana, koja su podeljena u dve grupe. Teladi PoCr grupe (n=12) je svakodnevno, izazivanjem refleksa sisanja brizgalicom, peroralno aplikovan hrom rastvoren u mleku, dok je kontrolnoj, NCr grupi (n=12) u istom periodu aplikovano samo mleko. Tokom ogleda, od obe grupe, su uzimani uzorci mišićnog tkiva 0. i 70. dana, kao i uzorci krvi u intervalima od 10 dana, odnosno 0., 10., 20., 30., 40., 50., 60. i 70. dana, kada je vršeno i merenje telesne mase. Takođe su izvedeni intravenski testovi opterećenja glukozom (IVGTT) četiri puta u toku trajanja ogleda i to 0., 30., 50. i 70 dana ogleda. U uzorcima mišičnog tkiva određivana je zastupljenost proteina signalnog puta insulina i to: insulinskog receptora (IR), supstrata insulinskog receptora fosforilisanog na tirozinu 632 (pIRS-1 Tyr632), supstrata insulinskog receptora fosforilisanog na na serinu 307 (pIRS-1

Hrom je hemijski elemenat čija je biološka aktivnost još uvek predmet izučavanja kod domaćih životinja. Kod ljudi i laboratorijskih životinja je dokazano da hrom utiče na efekte insulina sa posledičnim uticajem na regulaciju metabolizma ugljenih hidrata, proteina i lipida, Ovaj efekat je posebno izražen kod mladih jedinki tokom perioda rasta. Osim uticaja na insulinski signalni put, postoje indicije da hrom može uticati i na IGF sistem, ali u dosadašnjim ispitivanjima, osim uticaja hroma na promene koncentracije IGF-I, uglavnom nije proučavan uticaj hroma na ostale komponente ovog sistema (IGF vezujuće proteine i receptore za IGF molekule). Cilј ove disertacije je bio da se ispita uticaj peroralnog davanja hroma (organski trovalentni hrom vezan za kvasac) na insulinsku osovinu i IGF sistem kod teladi uzrasta od mesec dana do četiri meseca. Ovaj uzrast je odabran jer je to period kada telad prelazi sa mlečne ishrane na ishranu kabastim i koncentrovanim hranivima, svojstvenu odraslim preživarima i predstavlja period metaboličkog “prestrojavanja”. Za ogled je izabrano 24 teladi holštajn-frizijske rase uzrasta mesec (32±3) dana, koja su podeljena u dve grupe. Teladi PoCr grupe (n=12) je svakodnevno, izazivanjem refleksa sisanja brizgalicom, peroralno aplikovan hrom rastvoren u mleku, dok je kontrolnoj, NCr grupi (n=12) u istom periodu aplikovano samo mleko. Tokom ogleda, od obe grupe, su uzimani uzorci mišićnog tkiva 0. i 70. dana, kao i uzorci krvi u intervalima od 10 dana, odnosno 0., 10., 20., 30., 40., 50., 60. i 70. dana, kada je vršeno i merenje telesne mase. Takođe su izvedeni intravenski testovi opterećenja glukozom (IVGTT) četiri puta u toku trajanja ogleda i to 0., 30., 50. i 70 dana ogleda. U uzorcima mišičnog tkiva određivana je zastupljenost proteina signalnog puta insulina i to: insulinskog receptora (IR), supstrata insulinskog receptora fosforilisanog na tirozinu 632 (pIRS-1 Tyr632), supstrata insulinskog receptora fosforilisanog na na serinu 307 (pIRS-1, Chromium is a chemical element whose biological activity is still subject of study in domestic animals. In humans and laboratory animals it has been proven that chromium has impact on the effects of insulin, with the consequent effect on the regulation of carbohydrate, protein, and lipid metabolism. This effect is particularly pronounced in young animals during the growth period. In addition to the effects on the insulin signal pathway, there are indications that chromium may also affect the IGF system. Nevertheless, expect the influence of chromium on changes in IGF-I concentration, previous studies did not investigate influence of chromium on other components of this system (IGF-binding proteins and receptors for IGF molecules). The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of peroral chromium (chromium enriched yeast) administration on the insulin axis and IGF system in calves at the age from one to four months. This age was chosen because it is the period when calves are switching from milk feeding to forages and concentrate, characteristic for adult ruminants and represents a period of metabolic turnover. Twenty-four Holstein-Friesian calves aged 1 month (32 ± 3 days) were chosen for the study and divided into two groups. The PoCr group (n = 12) that perorally received 0.04 mg of Cr/kg of body mass during 70 days. Chromium dissolved in milk was administered to each calf using a syringe that caused suckling reflex. The NCr group (n = 12) acted as a control group, and has received milk, by peroral application and with no added Cr during the same period. Muscle tissue samples were taken from both groups on days 0 and 70. Blood samples were taken in the intervals of 10 days, meaning on days 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, and 70, when body mass was also measured. Intravenous glucose tolerance tests (IVGTT) were performed, four times during the experiment, meaning on days 0, 30, 50. and 70...

U ovom revijalnom radu su izneta savremena shvatanja mehanizama delovanja, uloga i mogućnosti primene imunostimulatornih supstanci u veterinarskoj medicini. Imunofarmakologija je ne tako nova grana farmakologije, nastala iz sve očiglednije potrebe da se lekovima i drugim prepratima utiče na funkcije imunskog sistema, kako ljudi tako i životinja. U veterinarskoj medicini inunostimulatori imaju poseban značaj zbog toga što postoji stalna potreba za zaštitom zdravlja životinja u uslovima intenzivne proizvodnje. Jedan od najvećih problema u primeni imunomodulatornih supstanci leži u činjenici da jedna te ista supstancija, u zavisnosti od načina i režima doziranja, može delovati imunosupresivno ili imunostimulatorno. Ovi efekti zavise i od trenutnog funkcionalnog stanja imunskog sistema samog pacijenta. Osim prikaza literaturnih podataka, izneta su i sopstvena iskustva autora proizašla iz brojnih laboratorijskih ispitivanja i ogleda na farmama. Ona se pre svega odnose na primenu manan-oligosaharida u povećanju stepena resorpcije kolostralnih imunoglobulina kod teladi i prasadi, primenu manan-oligosaharida u terapiji puerperalne disgalakcije krmača, primenu ekstrakta goveđeg timusa kod pacova sa imunosupresijom izazvanom jonizujućim zracima, primenu ekstrakta zida Mycobacterium phlei (Mcb. phlei) u poboljšanju reproduktivnih rezultata krmača, primenu ekstrakta ostriga u terapiji endometritisa krava i primenu visokih doza vitamina C u terapiji subkliničkih oblika mastitisa mlečnih krava. Takođe je opisana i imunomodulatorna uloga antihelmintika levamizola ispitana na modelu eksperimentalnog autoimunog encefalomijelitisa pacova kao i uticaj ekstrakta kukureka (Helleborus odorus Waldst et Kit) na nespecifične odbrambene mehanizme pacova., This review article deals with the contemporary understanding of the action mechanisms, roles and possibilities for immunostimulatory substances usage in the veterinary medicine. Immunopharmacology is not that new branch of pharamacology, raised from the obvious need to influence functions of the immune system both in humans and animals by medicaments or other substances. In veterinary medicine inunostimulants are of special significance because there is a permanent need for animal’s health protection under conditions of intensive production. Immunostimulants achieved a special significance since the total ban of antibiotics usage as growth stimulators resulting in reduced health protection, especially in the intensive production. One of the major problems regarding immunomodulators lays in the fact that the same drug, depending on the regime and dose, may exert both immunosuppressive and immunostimulatory effects. These effects are also dependent on the current status of the immune system functions of the particular patient. In adition to the literature data, we present our own experiences raised from the numerous laboratory investigations and field trials. This accomplish usage of mannan-oligosacharides in enhancing degree of absorption of colostral immunoglobulins in calves and piglets, application of the bovine thymic extract in irradiated immunosuppressed rats, usage of the mannan-oligosacharides in the therapy of puerperal dysgalactia in sows, usage of Mcb. phlei call wall extract in improving reproductive results in sows, usage of the oyster extract in the therapy of cows endometritis and application of the high vitamin C doses in the therapy of subclinical mastites in dairy cows. Immunomodulatory effects of anthelmintic drug, Levamisole, in the model of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis of rats are described as well. In addition, we have investigated effects of Helleborus odorus (Waldst et Kit) extracts on innate defense mechanisms in rats.

Napredak tehnologije i direktna primena najnovijih nauĉnih saznanja omogućili su, do sada, najvišu produkciju mleka po kravi u farmskim uslovima. Usled intenzivne i jednostrane selekcije na visoku mleĉnost, došlo se do granica biološkog potencijala ove ţivotinjske vrste. Imperativ povećanja proizvodnje (odnosno profita), gde se u velikom broju sluĉajeva, krave iscrpljuju do krajnjih fizioloških granica, nanosi štetu njihovom zdravstvenom stanju uz zanemarivanje osnovnih bioloških principa. Visoko-mleĉne krave se uvode u stanje kontinuiranog metaboliĉkog stresa, koji neminovno rezultira zdravstvenim i proizvodnim problemima. Indirektno se, kao posledica narušavanja imunološkog statusa jedinki, pojavljuje najvaţniji zdravstveni i ekonomski problem u mleĉnom govedarstvu, a to je upala mleĉne ţlezde - mastitis. Štete u vidu smanjene proizvodnje ĉine preko 70% svih gubitaka produkcije mleka, dok leĉenje mastitisa ĉini preko 50% svih intervencija na farmama mleĉnih krava. Posebno treba naglasiti ĉinjenicu da se najveći deo problema u realnim uslovima proizvodnje odnosi na supkliniĉke mastitise, koji nisu direktno vidljivi i oni dovode do najvećih finansijskih gubitaka. Zbog toga su farme bez adekvatnog programa mera kontrole i suzbijanja supkliniĉkog mastitisa, zapati sa ugroţenim opstankom. Smatra se da se fiziološke potrebe odraslih preţivara u vitaminu C obezbeĊuju aktivnošću bakterijske mikroflore buraga. Vitamin C nije esencijalan dijetalni dodatak u ishrani odraslih preţivara. MeĊutim, istovremeno je dokazano da se zdravstveno stanje organizma preţivara poboljšava kada se vitamin C dodaje u hranu u uslovima stresa ili bolesti. TakoĊe je poznato da oralna aplikacija nije toliko efikasna kao parenteralna. Rana laktacija predstavlja najkritiĉniji period reproduktivno-proizvodnog ciklusa, kada se mobilišu gotovo svi raspoloţivi fiziološki resursi i tada dolazi do pada koncentracije askorbinske kiseline u krvnoj plazmi mleĉnih krava. Istovremeno se od mleĉnih krava oĉeku, Development of new technologies and direct application of the latest scientific findings enabled the highest milk production per cow ever in farm conditions. Due to the intense and narrow selection for high milk yield today, we approached the limits of the biological potential of this species. The imperative of increased production (or profit), where in a good number of cases cows are exhausted to the extreme physiological limits in order to achieve greater milk production, harming their health status and fully neglecting basic biological principles. In this way, we are introducing them into a state of continuous stress, which inevitably results in a wide range of health and/or production problems. Indirectly, as a result of disturbance of the immune status, the most important health and economic problem within dairy cattle production, appears inflammation of the mammary gland - mastitis. The damage in terms of reduced milk production account for over 70% of all milk production losses, while treating mastitis comprise over 50% of all interventions on dairy farms. We should emphasize the fact that the biggest part of the problem in real production conditions is related to subclinical mastitis, which is not directly visible. The real fact is that subclinical mastitis brings the largest financial losses. A farm without adequate program of measures to control and combat subclinical mastitis doesn’t have “bright” future. It is believed that sufficient physiological needs of adult ruminants in vitamin C are provided by activity of the rumen bacterial microflora. Also, it is believed that vitamin C is not essential dietary nutrient in the diet of adult ruminants, but their body condition are improved when they had vitamin C added to the diet in situation of stress or illness. Also, oral application is not as effective as the parenteral route. After calving, in its early phase of lactation there is a decrease in concentration of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) in the blood plasma

Mineralne materije su neophodne za odvijanje bioloških funkcija i izgradnju tkiva biljaka, životinja i ljudi. Do sada je u živoj prirodi otkriveno ukupno 89 hemijskih elemenata, od koji su 27 esencijalni, a 16 ima značajnu ulogu u normalnim fiziološkim funkcijama organizma. Prirodni faktori životne sredine kao i različiti antropogeni zagađivači, utiču na funkcije reproduktivnog trakta i na kvalitet sperme životinja i ljudi. Termin „metali u tragovima“ podrazumeva koncentraciju u tkivima nižu od koncentracije gvozđa. Toksično dejstvo teških metala se zasniva na stimulaciji formiranja slobodnih radikala i reaktivnih kiseoničnih vrsta u organizmu što uzrokuje oksidativni stres i dovodi do lipidne peroksidacije membrane. Na taj način, oni mogu da izazovu oštećenja ćelija, poremećaje funkcija enzima ili genetskog materjala (DNK). U organizam se unose hranom, vodom ili dospevaju preko vazduha. Teški metali koji su toksični za spermu su Pb, Cd, Hg i Ni. Najmanje količine ovih elemenata oštećuju spermatozoide i dovode do smanjenja njihove pokretljivosti i broja. Oni negativno utiču na proces kapacitacije i akrozomsku reakciju, smanjuju aktivnost enzima koji učestvuju u odbrani od oksidativnog stresa i dovode do promena u tkivu testisa. Cilj naših istraživanja je bio određivanje koncentracija cinka, olova, žive i kadmijuma u hrani i vodi za priplodne bikove, vodi korišćenoj za izradu razređivača kao i u sadržaju otopljenih pajeta i analiza njihovog mogućeg uticaja na parametre kvaliteta sperme. Koncentracija spermatozoida i broj spermatozoida po dozi su bili u zadovoljavajućem opsegu kao i prosečne vrednosti procenta ukupno pokretljivih spermatozoida, ukupnog broja pokretljivih spermatozoida u dozi, procenta i broja progresivno pokretljivih spermatozoida i između grupa bikova nisu dokazane statistički značajne razlike u srednjim vrednostima. Prosečan broj brzih spermatozoida u dozi je bio manji u odnosu na standardne vrednosti u svim grupama bikova. Srednje prosečne vrednost, Minerals are necessary for maintaining biological functions and also are incorporated in plants, animals and human tissues. So far, presence of 89 chemical elements is documented in live organisms, and out of it, 27 are essential, while 16 plays significant role in normal physiological functions. Environmental factors and also antropogenic pollutants influence functions of the reproductive tract and quality of the human and animals semen. Term „trace elements“ is used for those with lower concentration than the iron has. Toxic effects of so called „heavy metals“, are based on their ability to stimulate free radicals and reactive oxygen species formation in the body. This leads to oxidative stress and membrane lipid peroxidation. By this mechanism, they can cause cells damage, enzyme dysfunction and DNK damage. These elements may reach live organisms by food, water and air. Toxic heavy metals are: Pb, Cd, Hg and Ni. Vary small amounts of theese metals in ejaculates can damage sperm cells lower their number and motility. They also exert negative effects on the capacitation process and acrosomal reaction, decrease activity of enzymes involved in antioxidative defense causing changes in testicular tissue. The aim of our investigations was to determine concentrations of zinc, lead, mercury and cadmium in feed and water for breeding bulls, water used for extender preparation and in the content of thawed straws and to analyse their possible influence on the semen quality parametrs. In the all examined samples of feed and water, concentrations of heavy metals were below the acceptable levels, as regulated by appropriate adapted roles and regulations. Sperm concentration and number of sperm cells in a dose were in the satisfactory range as were mean values of the total motile sperm cells, total number of motile cells in a dose and percent and number of cells showing progressive motility. Between groups no statistically significant differences were noted. Mean number of the f

Mannan-oligosaccharides (MOS) are prebiotics that may prevent bacterial adhesion to mucosal surfaces and neutralize their toxins without causing tissue damage. For that reason, they have been used as feed additives for more than 20 years. They exert positive influence on animals by selective stimulation of growth and/or activity of one or limited number of non pathogenic bacteria in the digestive tract. Systemic positive effects of MOS may be attributed to absorption of bacterial fermentation products and by improving hosts health status. Addition of mannan-oligosaccharides (MOS) to cow's colostrum (5 g/L) resulted in significant enhancement of IgG concentration in neonatal calf’s sera. Calves were fed colostrum, supplemented with Bio-Mos (5g/L), three times during the first 24 hrs of life and Ig G concentration was determined at 6, 12, 24 and 48h following birth. Same phenomenon was documented in numerous experiments on piglets which were allowed to suckle free, followingper oral application of MOS suspension. Piglets were orally dosed with 10 mL of a 75g/L mannanoligosaccharide suspension in saline water at parturition and 12 hrs after birth. In the piglet’s trial, blood samples were collected only 48h after birth. In our trials, IgG concentration was measured by radial immunodiffusion (anti-bovine and anti-pig IgG RID plates, INEP, Zemun). In treated, calves and piglets, a significant improvement in IgG sera concentration was achieved. Titersof the antiBHV-1 antibodies in the calvessera 24 hrs after birth and after 7 days, were higher in the Bio-Mosfed group and differences were statistically significant when compared to the control group. Improvement of passive immunological transfer significantly reduced calves mortality rate on the farm. We have also investigated possibilities for therapy of sows, suffering from puerperal endometritis by intra uterine application of sterile MOS suspension. We have used MOS-based product (Yeast Call Wall, Alltech, Fermin, Senta

The aim of this study was to determine the impact of the level of progesterone in the cycle preceding insemination, as well as the ability to shorten the open days period of primiparous cows which were under the control of progesterone (P group - 43 cows), compared to the control group of primiparous cows that was not under progesterone supervision (C group – 62 cows). Progesterone concentration was determined in the whole milk by EIA test. The concentration of progesterone in the diestrus preceding the first insemination was significantly higher for the cows that become pregnant, in relation to the non-pregnant cows (6.70±2.77 ng/m to 3.60±1.92 ng/ml; p> 0.01). Values for the concentration of progesterone ≥5ng/ml in the above period provided a very high probability of conception (80%). Time to first insemination in the group P was reduced by 10.56 days (83.03 vs. 93.59 days), and the number of inseminations decreased by 0.24 (1.14 vs. 1.38), but no statistical significance was observed. Statistical significance was determined for shortening of the open days period by 25.06 days in the P group (80.46 vs. 105.52 days, p=0.024). Progesterone test can be used as a reliable tool in the control of sexual cycle, for better understanding of the physiological significance of different concentrations of progesterone in the conception as well as in the improvement of reproductive parameters in high productive animals.

Neonatalne infekcije bakterijama i virusima, pre svega infekcija konjskim herpesvirusom 1 i neonatalna septikemija, predstavljaju glavni uzrok gubitaka novorođene ždrebadi. Ključni problem je najčešće nedovoljan transfer kolostralnog imuniteta. Procena imunog statusa kod novorođene ždrebadi ima veliki značaj u dijagnostici, predviđanju i preveniranju neonatalnih infekcija. Pravovremenom supstitucijom imunoglobulina u slučaju nedovoljnog transfera kolostralnih antitela, naime, mogu se sprečiti komplikacije koje su veoma često odgovorne za uginuće novorođene ždrebadi. Ispitivanje pasivnog transfera kolostralnih imunoglobulina, sadržaja pojedinih frakcija serumskih proteina, IgG i titra specifičnih antitela protiv konjskog herpesvirusa 1 kod novorođene ždrebadi izvedeno je na dve ergele lipicanera i kasača. Ispitivanjem je obuhvaćeno 12 kobila lipicanske rase, koje nisu vakcinisane protiv konjskog herpesvirusa 1, uključujući i njihovih 12 ždrebadi, zatim na 12 kobila rase američki i srpski kasač, koje su tokom graviditeta trokratno vakcinisane protiv herpesvirusa 1, uključujući, takođe, i njihovih 12 ždrebadi. Po 6 ždrebadi iz svake grupe je, pri tome, neposredno posle rođenja u prvom napoju dobilo kolostrum sa dodatkom mineralnog adsorbenta na bazi zeolita, dok je drugih 6 dobilo kolostrum bez zeolita. Analizom dobijenih rezultata dokazana je korelacija između koncentracije gama globulina u krvnom serumu kobila i sadržaja imunoglobulina u njihovom kolostrumu, bez statistički značajnih razlika između dve grupe kobila, uz postojanje statistički značajnih razlika između dve grupe kobila u titru specifičnih antitela protiv konjskog herpesvirusa 1..., Neonatal infections caused by bacteria and viruses, primarily by equine herpes virus 1, together with neonatal septicaemia, present the majore causes of newborne foal loss. The key problem is most often insufficient transfer of colostral immunity. Assessment of immunity status in newborne foals has a great importance in diagnostics, prediction and prevention of neonatal infection. By timely substitution of immunoglobulin in cases of insufficient transfer of colostral antibodies, complications leading to death of newborn foals can be prevented. Testing of passive transfer of colostral immunoglobulin, content of certain serum protein fraction, IgG and titres of specific antibodies against equne herpes virus 1 in newborn foal was done in two Lipizzaner and Trotter farms. The testing included 12 Lipizzaner mares, not vaccinated against equine herpes virus 1, including their 12 foals, and 12 American and Serbian Trotter mares which were three times vaccinated during pregnancy against equine herpes virus 1, including their 12 foals too. Six foals from each group received their first colostrums with zeolite based mineral adsorbent, while the other 6 foals received colostrums without zeolite. Analysis of the obtained results proved correlation between gamma globulin concentration in mare serum and the content of immunoglobulin in their colostrum, without statistically significant differences between the two group of mares, but with statistically significant differences in titres of specific antibodies against equine herpes virus 1...

Osnovni cilj ovog istraživanja je bio da se ispita mogucnost terapije puerperalnih endometrita krmaca, intrauterinom aplikacijom sterilne suspenzije manan-oligosaharida (MOS) i uporede dobijeni rezultati sa rezultatima klasicne terapije primenom metakrezol sulfonske kiseline sa metanolom (Lotagen, Byk Gulden, Germany). Mananoligosaharidi su prebiotici koji imaju sposobnost da sprece adherenciju patogenih bakterija za površinu sluzokože, kao i da neutrališu njihove toksine, a da pri tome ne oštete tkivo. Postavljena je pretpostavka da je moguce izlecenje krmaca obolelih od endometritisa nakon prašenja uz manji procenat recidiva i ispoljavanje pozitivnih efekata na prirast prasadi usled blagovremene normalizacije produkcije mleka. Ispitivanje je izvedeno na 4 ogledne i jednoj kontrolnoj grupi krmaca sa po 10 plotkinja u svakoj. Ogledne grupe su sacinjavale krmace kod kojih je 2 -3 dana po prašenju, uocen purulentni vaginalni iscedak i koje imaju smanjen apetit. Plotkinje su bile hranjene prema standardnim normativima (AOC tablice, 1993). Klinicka procena zdravstvenog stanja krmaca je vršena na dan terapije i nakon 2-5 dana. Od krmaca oglednih grupa su prikupljani uzorci sadržaja uterusa za citološka i mikrobiološka ispitivanja, a neposredno posle toga vršena je jednokratna aplikacija sterilne suspenzije MOS preparata ili Lotagena. Posle 2-5 dana, uziman je kontrolni ispirak. Za terapiju je korišcen preparat na bazi manan-oligosaharida (YCW – Yeast Cell Wall, Alltech, Fermin, Senta) u kolicinama od po 5, 10 i 20 grama (prva, druga i treca grupa) suspendovanog u 100ml fiziološkog rastvora. Plotkinjama cetvrte grupe je aplikovan Lotagen (Byk Gulden, Germany), u kolicini od 100ml i koncentraciji od 2 %. Preparati za citološke analize su bojeni metodom May-Grunwald Giemsa, a njiihova analiza je vršena metodom direktne svetlosne mikroskopije pomocu mikroskopa Olympus BH-2, (Japan) imerzionim objektivom na ukupnom uvecanju od 1000 x. Odreivano je prisustvo neutrofilnih i eoz, The main goals of these investigations were to explore possibilities for therapy of sows suffering from puerperal endometritis by intra uterine application of sterile mannan-oligosaccharide (MOS) suspension and to compare obtained results with standard therapy with Lotagen (Byk Gulden, Germany). Mannan-oligosaccharides are prebiotics that may prevent bacterial adhesion to mucosal surfaces and to neutralize their toxins without causing tissue damage. It was postulated that this therapeutical approach may result in successful curing of diseased sows, lower percent of recidivism and positive effects on piglet’s growth due to improved milk production. A trial was conducted on four experimental and one control group of sows consisting of 10 animals each. Experimental groups were formed of sows with purulent vaginal discharge 2-3 days post farrowing along with reduced apatite. Animals were fed standard food mixtures (AOC Tables, 1993). Clinical examination was performed on the day of therapy and 2-5 days latter. Uterus content samples for bacteriological and cytological examination were collected on the day of first clinical examination and immediately after that, sterile MOS suspension or Lotagen were administered by means of catheter. After 2-5 days, a second sampling was performed. We have used MOS-based product (Yeast Call Wall, Batch No 6.9.175, Alltech, Fermin, Senta) in the amounts of 5, 10 and 20g (I, II and III group) suspended in 100ml of saline. Sows from the group IV were treated in the same way by 100ml of 2% Lotagen solution. Smears for cytological analyses were stained by May-Grunwald Giemsa method and analyzed by means of direct light microscopy (Olympus BH-2, Japan), using immersion objective and at total magnification of 1000 X. We have determined presence of neutrophylles, eosinophylles, lymphocytes, monocytes, epithelial cells and bacteria as well as their structure. Bacteriological examination was performed by standard plating procedures on Columbia a

U okviru ove doktorske disertacije je ispitivan uticaj sastojaka petroletarskog (PEK), hloroformskog (HEK), metanolnog (MEK) i vodenog ekstrakta (EK) rizoma i korena Helleborus odorus Waldst. et Kit. na hematološke parametre, odgovor akutne faze (brzinu sedimentacije i koncentraciju proteina akutne faze) i funkcije neutrofilnih granulocita (stepen fagocitoze i intenzitet oksidativnog praska) kod Wistar pacova. Kontrolnoj grupi je intramuskularno (IM) aplikovan sterilan fiziološki rastvor u količini od 2,5 ml/kg TM. Ogledne grupe su IM tretirane različitim ekstraktima kukureka u dozama od 50, 100 ili 200 mg/kg TM, a krv za analizu je uzimana posle 24h. Osim toga, ispitivan je i uticaj vodenog i metanolnog ekstrakta aplikovanih 24h nakon trokratnog tretmana pacova deksametazonom u dozi od 1 mg/kg TM, na uočene efekte. Ogled je izveden na ukupno 147 pacova podeljenih u 21 grupu od po 7 jedinki. Aplikovanje različitih doza (50, 100 ili 200 mg/kg TM) metanolnog i vodenog ekstrakta je dovelo do značajnog povećanja broja ukupnih leukocita, broja i procenta neutrofilnih granulocita, srazmernog primenjenoj dozi. Ove promene su bile izražene i kada se ekstrakti primenjuju 24h nakon aplikacije deksametazona. Aplikovanje ovih ekstrakata je imalo za posledicu smanjenje broja i procenta limfocita i povećanje neutrofilno/limfocitnog indeksa u svim oglednim grupama. Srednje vrednosti navedenih parametra su se neznatno menjale posle aplikovanja petroletarskog i hloroformskog ekstrakta. Ispitivani ekstrakti nisu uticali na broj i procenat monocita, ali je povećanje broja ovih krvnih elemenata registrovano kod primene MEK i EK nakon tretmana pacova deksametazonom. Upotrebljeni ekstrakti nisu ispoljili hemolitičku aktivnost, koncentracija hemoglobina je bila značajno povećana, a broj trombocita smanjen. Značajno bržu sedimentaciju u svim posmatranim intervalima su imali eritrociti pacova oglednih grupa kojima su aplikovani pojedinačni ekstrakti kukureka ili u kombinaciji sa deksametazo, Within the framework of this PhD thesis, we investigated effects that ingredients of petroleum ether (PHE), chloroform (CHE), methanol (MHE) and aqueous extract of rhizome and root of Helleborus odorus Waldst. et Kit. (HE) might have on hematological parameter values, acute phase response (sedimentation rate and concentration of acute phase proteins) and neutrophil granulocytes functions (intensity of phagocytosis and oxidative burst) in Wistar rats. Sterile saline, in the amount of 2,5 ml/kg BW, was applied intramuscularly (IM) to the animals in a control group. The experimental groups were treated intramuscularly with different Hellebores extracts in a doses of 50, 100 or 200 mg/kg BW and blood was collected following 24 hrs. We have also investigated the influence of methanol and aqueous extracts injected 24 hrs after triple treatments of rats with dexamethasone in a dose of 1 mg/kg BW on the parameters enlisted above. The experiment was conducted on the total of 147 rats divided in 21 groups consisting of 7 animals each. Application of different MHE and HE doses (50, 100 or 200 mg/kg BW) resulted in significant increase of total leukocyte count, number and percent of neutrophil granulocytes and this efect was dose dependent. These effects were also evident 24 hrs following dexamethasone treatment. In all experimental groups, lymphocyte count and percent of lymphocytes was decreased while neutrophil/lymphocyte index was increased. Other two extracts (PHE and CHE) did not exert significant effects on the above mentioned parameters. Hellebores extracts didn't influence monocyte number and percent, but increase in their number was registered after treatment with MHE and HE following dexamethasone injections. Thrombocyte count was decreased. Applied extracts didn't exert hemolitic activity and hemoglobin concentration was significantly increased. Sedimentation rate in all observed intervals was significantly increased in all groups treated with Hellebores extracts al

This paper describes a procedure of laparoscopic insemination (LAI) performed in 42 Ile de France ewes with deep-frozen rams' semen. Frozen semen doses was imported from France, originating from two rams (A and B), and used intermittently in three LAI cycles on different females. The ewes were examined ultrasonographically for pregnancy, two months following insemination and data of lambing were recorded at the end. Total achieved lambing rate was 61.90% (26/42) and total number of lambs was 49 (prolificacy 1.88; 1.16 lambs per sheep included in LAI protocol). Three labs from 2 ewes were stillborn and one dyed at 10th day after lambing. Lambing rates for rams A and B were 53.85% (14/26) and 75.00% (12/16), respectively. Introduction of laparoscopic insemination of sheep with imported deep-frozen semen of top quality rams, gaining technical experience and achieving conception rate over 65% could make this technique acceptable in improving genetic potential of top quality sheep flocks., U radu je opisan postupak laparoskopskog osemenjavanja (LAO) primenjen kod 42 ovce rase Ile de France duboko zamrznutim semenom. Tokom tri ciklusa osemenjavanja naizmenično je korišćeno seme dva ovna (A i B), uvezeno iz Francuske. Nakon dva meseca od osemenjavanja ovce su pregledane na sjagnjenost ultrasonografskom metodom i analizirani su podaci o jagnjenju. Ostvarena je koncepcija od 61,90% (26/42) i dobijeno je ukupno 49 jaganjaca (indeks jagnjena 1,88 po ojagnjenoj ovci, odnosno, 1,16 jagnjeta po ovci uključenoj u protokol LAO). Tri jagnjeta od dve ovce bila su mrtvorođena i jedno jagnje je uginulo 10. dana nakon jagnjenja. Sjagnjenost od semena ovna A iznosila je 58,85% (14/26) a od ovna B 75,00% (12/16). Uvođenje laparoskopskog osemenjavanja ovaca, uvoz duboko-zamrznutog semena vrhunskih ovnova, sticanje iskustva i ostvarenje koncepcije od preko 65% može ovu tehniku učiniti prihvatljivom u popravljanju genetskog potencijala kvalitetnih stada ovaca.