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À partir du cas des insectes auxiliaires utilisés pour la protection et la pollinisation des cultures de tomates sous serre, cet article analyse la relation entre le conseil et la vente de produits d’agrofourniture. Nous décrivons les pratiques des vendeurs d’insectes en tant que conseillers, ainsi que les mécanismes par lesquels ils engagent les clients dans une relation marchande durable. Symétriquement, nous mettons en évidence la façon dont les producteurs appréhendent cette situation et peuvent en jouer. En mobilisant la figure du « capteur-capté » proposée par Franck Cochoy, nous démontrons que cette relation associant conseil et vente ne se réduit pas à une situation de dépendance des agriculteurs vis-à-vis des conseillers, mais qu’elle s’avère réversible. Based on the case of beneficial insects used for the protection and pollination of greenhouse tomato crops, this article analyses the relationship between the agricultural advisory services and the sale of agro-products. We describe the practices of insect sellers in their role as advisors, and the mechanisms by which they engage customers in long-term market relationships. We symmetrically highlight the way in which producers grasp this situation and can play on it. By using the dialectic figure of “captation”, introduced by Franck Cochoy, we demonstrate that this relationship between advice and sales is not just a situation where farmers are dependent on advisors, but one that proves to be reversible.

Au fil d’un dialogue renoue vingt ans apres, les fondateur·rice·s de terrains & travaux, Gilles Bastin, Laure Bonnaud, Olivier Le Noe et Pierre-Paul Zalio, rejoint·e·s rapidement par Ashveen Peerbaye, racontent la naissance de ce qui n’est d’abord que le cahier d’un departement de sciences sociales d’une ecole normale superieure. Du petit collectif, de ses preoccupations, des contextes pedagogique et institutionnel, de la conjoncture intellectuelle vecue par de tout jeunes sociologues, emerge progressivement, d’un numero a l’autre, une revue accueillante aux recherches empiriques en sciences sociales.

2020. An infectious disease caused by a coronavirus (CoV) known as SARS-C0V-2, identified in China at the end of 2019, is affecting the entire world. This type of infection is common in both animals and humans, and coronaviruses are sometimes zoonotic, i.e. transmissible between animals and humans. The OIE (World Organisation for Animal Health) thus reports that MERS-CoV (at the origin of the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome in 2012) was transmitted from dromedary camels to man, whilst the transmission to man of the SARS-CoV coronavirus (which affected several Asian countries in 2003 and triggered a global alert from the WHO) involved bats and civets. For several years now, we have known that nearly 75% of emerging infectious diseases are of zoonotic origin and several experts now believe that the emergence of new diseases at the human-animal interface will be recurrent in years to come: ecosystems are undergoing profound changes due to global warming, damage to biodiversity· or the development of industrial livestock farming, that favor the emergence and spread of pathogens through the density, confinement or circulation of animals.

Sebastien Gardon est un collegue politiste, qui a ete recrute par une ecole d’application du ministere de l’Agriculture pour former les futurs « inspecteurs de la sante publique veterinaire », charges du controle de l’alimentation en France. Notre entretien porte sur son parcours, sur la formation aux sciences sociales d’etudiants veterinaires et futurs fonctionnaires, ainsi que sur les evolutions des politiques publiques du ministere de l’Agriculture.

Communication pour l’école de printemps de l’IRISSO, Rambouillet, mai 2019; This article presents a review of the social science literature on the veterinary profession. It highlights the current debates on the profession. The texts discussed in this review mainly relate to the fields of history, sociology, political sciences and social geography, although multidisciplinary or management studies publications are sometimes referred to. This article analyses four major structuring dynamics: the sociodemographic evolutions that are currently taking place within the profession (1); the transformation of practices and knowledge in relation, on the one hand, to the increase in the number of pets (2) and, on the other hand, to the evolution of farming systems (3); and the ways public authorities govern veterinary public health (4).; Cet article présente une revue de la littérature des sciences sociales sur la profession vétérinaire. Il met en lumière les débats actuels sur la profession. Les textes examinés dans cet état de l'art concernent principalement les domaines de l'histoire, de la sociologie, des sciences politiques et de la géographie sociale, bien qu'il soit parfois fait référence à des publications pluridisciplinaires ou à des études de gestion. Cet article analyse quatre grandes dynamiques structurantes : les évolutions sociodémographiques qui se produisent actuellement au sein de la profession (1) ; la transformation des pratiques et des connaissances en relation, d'une part, avec l'augmentation du nombre d'animaux de compagnie (2) et, d'autre part, avec l'évolution des systèmes d'élevage (3) ; et les modes de gouvernance de la santé publique vétérinaire par les pouvoirs publics (4).

19 pages, 11 figures, 4 tables, supplementary material https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2021.645738/full#supplementary-material, The entire skin surface of octopus embryos, hatchlings and juveniles bears scattered tufts of tiny chitinous setae within small pockets, from which they can be everted and retracted. Known as Kölliker’s organs (KO), they disappear before the subadult stage. The function of these structures during the early life of the octopus is unknown, despite having been first described nearly two centuries ago. To investigate these organs further, general trends in size of KO distribution and density were analyzed in hatchlings and juveniles of 17 octopod species from all oceans, representing holobenthic, holopelagic and meropelagic modes of life. The size of the KO is fairly constant across species, unrelated to mode of life or hatchling size. The density of KO is similar on ventral and dorsal body surfaces, but hatchlings of smaller size tend to have a higher density of KO on the aboral surface of the arms. Analysis of a series of post-hatching Octopus vulgaris shows KO size to be constant throughout ontogeny; it is therefore a consistent structure during the octopus early life from planktonic hatchling to benthic juvenile. New KO are generated on the skin of the arm tips during the planktonic period and initial benthic lives of juveniles. Their density, on both the mantle and arms, gradually decreases as the octopus grows. In older benthic juveniles, the KO degrades, losing its setae and the base of its follicle becomes exposed as a nearly circular stump of muscle. It is estimated that fully everted KO increase the body surface area by around two-thirds compared to when the KO are retracted. This modular mechanism of body surface extension and roughness probably influences flow-related forces such as drag and propulsion of the moving surface of the young octopus while it is of small size with a relatively large surface area. In addition, the distribution of these organs on the aboral surface of the arms of the octopus and their birefringent properties suggest a role in camouflage. Further research is needed to test these hypotheses of KO function in live animals, FF-Á was supported by an Irish Research Council-Government of Ireland Postdoctoral Fellowship Award (Ref. GOIPD/2019/460). Material contributed by IGG was collected partly through the support of funding from the Japan Science and Technology Agency (grant nos. J130000263, J170000574, AS2715164U and AS0138002); and partly through travel support from the Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology (OIST). SC acknowledges the funding of a FONDECYT research grant (#11170617). Part of material contributed by NO was obtained under the project PICT 201 0670 from the National Agency for Scientific and Technological Research of Argentina. Project funding and support to RV was provided by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (OCTOSET project, RTI2018-097908-B-I00, MCIU/AEI/FEDER, EU), the Spanish Ministry of Education (grant PRX19/00153) and the Spanish government through the “Severo Ochoa Center of Excellence” accreditation (CEX2019-000928-S)

International audience; This article analyses interdependencies in the agri-food system; it focuses on the relationships between agri-supply and agricultural production markets, based on a case study of the emergence and development of an insect market for the protection of crops in the tomato production sector. It mobilizes the sociology of market agencements, thus making it possible to highlight the human and non-human actors, the devices and the market work that link these two markets. From the perspective of Callon's economic sociology, we first analyse the market agencements that gave rise to the beneficial insect market; we then show that it is in part determined by the dynamics of the tomato market, where its customers are to be found. The “market work” in each of the two markets makes their articulation possible. These inter-relationships build an integrated system, from agro-processing through to the commercialisation of tomatoes.

Cephalopods have been included in the legislation on animal experimentation since 2013. The origin of this inclusion is probably due to their neuro-sensory (brain, eye) and behavioural (memory, adaptation) specificities that are unique among non-vertebrates. While welfare conditions are now mastered, clear referencing of '' pain'' and a scale of intensities are not yet available. However, data issued from experience/ observation on several species are now published. Although this cannot be scientifically proven (according to the mammals’ reference), it cannot be excluded that they feel pain, and this must be taken into account to avoid it. Magnesium chloride (MgCl 2 ) and ethanol are effective anaesthetics and can also lead to death by overdose. Methods for euthanizing cephalopods are not described in the legislation., Les céphalopodes sont inclus depuis 2013 dans la législation relative à l’expérimentation animale. L’origine de cette inclusion vient probablement de leurs spécificités neuro-sensorielles (cerveau, oeil) et comportementales (mémoire, adaptation) uniques parmi les non-vertébrés. Si le bien-être est maintenant cadré, le référencement clair de la «douleur » et une échelle d’intensité ne sont pas encore disponibles. Des données d’observation sur plusieurs espèces existent cependant. Sans que cela puisse être prouvé scientifiquement (selon le référentiel mammifère), il ne peut être exclu qu’ils ressentent de la douleur, et à ce titre doivent faire l’objet de précautions pour l’éviter. Le chlorure de magnésium (MgCl 2 ) et l’éthanol sont des anesthésiques efficaces et peuvent également à fortes doses entrainer la mort. Les méthodes pour euthanasier les céphalopodes ne sont pas décrites dans la législation., Bonnaud-Ponticelli Laure. Céphalopodes, expérimentation animale et législation européenne. In: Bulletin de l'Académie Vétérinaire de France tome 174, 2021. pp. 39-42.

International audience; Eyes morphologies may differ but those differences are not reflected at the molecular level. Indeed, the ability to perceive light is thought to come from the same conserved gene families: opsins and cryptochromes. Even though cuttlefish (Cephalopoda) are known for their visually guided behaviors, there is a lack of data about the different opsins and cryptochromes orthologs represented in the genome and their expressions. Here we studied the evolutionary history of opsins, cryptochromes but also visual arrestins in molluscs with an emphasis on cephalopods. We identified 6 opsins, 2 cryptochromes and 1 visual arrestin in Sepia officinalis and we showed these families undergo several duplication events in Mollusca: one duplication in the arrestin family and two in the opsin family. In cuttlefish, we studied the temporal expression of these genes in the eyes of embryos from stage 23 to hatching and their expression in two extraocular tissues, skin and central nervous system (CNS = brain + optic lobes). We showed in embryos that some of these genes (Sof_CRY6, Sof_reti-1, Sof_reti-2, Sof_r-opsin1 and Sof_v-arr) are expressed in the eyes and not in the skin or CNS. By looking at a juvenile and an adult S. officinalis, it seems that some of these genes (Sof_r-opsin1 and Sof_reti1) are used for light detection in these extraocular tissues but that they set-up later in development than in the eyes. We also showed that their expression (except for Sof_CRY6) undergoes an increase in the eyes from stage 25 to 28 thus confirming their role in the ability of the cuttlefish embryos to perceive light through the egg capsule. This study raises the question of the role of Sof_CRY6 in the developing eyes in cuttlefish embryos and the role and localization of xenopsins and r-opsin2. Consequently, the diversity of molecular actors involved in light detection both in the eyes and extraocular tissues is higher than previously known. These results open the way for studying new molecules such as those of the signal transduction cascade.

Development and evolution of the shell in cephalopods is difficult to establish as there is few species with a calcified shell that could be fossilized (stable in geological time). Internal cuttlebone of sepiids is so particular that homologies are difficult to find. The developmental sequence in embryos give some response elements by comparison with adult cuttlebone. The macro and microstructure of adult shell is well known but an approach at nanostructural level allows to determine structure and composition of the two main parts, the dorsal shield and chambered part. We evidence in the embryonic shell, mainly organic, a light calcification of the shell, which occurs directly as aragonite, as it is all along the formation of the shell and whatever the parts. In embryonic shell, the prismatic and/or lamellar layers, present in adult, are not differentiated and the dorsal shield grows progressively, from posterior to anterior. Despite microstructural differences, all layers of both chambered part and dorsal shield are composed of rounded nanogranules (between 50 and 100 nm), similar to what is found in other mollusc shells. Finally, the presence of pillars evidenced in embryo suggests either that their absence in extinct lineages of sepiids is the result of a diagenetic process or that they are a novelty in present sepiid species.

Cet article analyse la mise en place des indicateurs de performance, éléments emblématiques du « puzzle doctrinal » du New Public Management (NPM), par l’administration chargée de la politique de contrôle et de suivi des installations classées pour la protection de l’environnement (ICPE). Fondé sur de nombreuses observations de terrain, il montre comment ces instruments sont définis par les services centraux du ministère de l’Environnement puis comment ils sont appropriés tout au long de la chaîne hiérarchique de l’inspection, dans les directions régionales et les unités départementales. En suivant cette perspective longitudinale et sectorielle, l’analyse permet de rendre compte de la façon dont la logique managériale de l’indicateur est en partie redéfinie par les logiques de métier des inspecteurs. Ce faisant, elle invite à ne pas envisager le NPM comme une liste de prescriptions ou de recettes « prêtes à l’emploi » conçues par une haute fonction publique gestionnaire en surplomb des services administratifs considérés, mais plutôt à considérer comment l’administration sélectionne, traduit et adapte ces outils néo-managériaux pour résoudre de façon opportuniste les problèmes d’organisation auxquels elle fait face.

In 1964, the École nationale supérieure des industries agroalimentaires—a French engineering school specialized in agrifood industries located in Massy, in the Paris area—hosted a research and consulting group in economics. Within about ten years, the “Groupe de Massy,” later named OMNIUM, produced a significant amount of data and studies on a rapidly changing agrifood sector. This article aims to understand the emergence and production modalities of this knowledge. The importance of contract financing, the scale of the empirical work carried out, and the type of knowledge ultimately produced are characteristic of a knowledge production regime that developed in France from the 1960s onward and aimed to bring industrial modernity to French society and the French economy.; En 1964, l’École nationale supérieure des industries agroalimentaires accueille un groupe de recherche et d’étude en économie à Massy. En l’espace d’une dizaine d’années, le « Groupe de Massy », dénommé ensuite OMNIUM, a produit une somme conséquente de données et d’études sur un secteur agroalimentaire en pleine mutation. Cet article vise à comprendre l’émergence et les modalités de production de ces savoirs. L’importance du financement par contrat, l’ampleur du travail empirique effectué et le type de connaissances finalement produites sont caractéristiques d’un régime de production des savoirs qui se développe en France à partir des années 1960, et vise à faire advenir la modernité industrielle dans la société et l’économie française.

Avec cet ouvrage issu de sa these de doctorat, Delphine Berdah rend compte d’une recherche de grande ampleur : il s’agit d’analyser, sur une soixantaine d’annees, la gestion des crises agricoles et sanitaires liees a la tuberculose et a la fievre aphteuse, en France et au Royaume-Uni, en articulant medecines humaine et veterinaire. Il en resulte un livre dense, tres informe, qui deviendra assurement une reference pour la comprehension et la mise en perspective de l’action publique des nombreu...

Article type: Full length article Three-dimensional structural evolution of the cuttlefish Sepia officinalis shell from embryo to adult stagesThe cuttlefish shell is an internal structure with a composition and general organization unique among molluscs. Its formation and the structure-function relation are explored during Sepia officinalis development, using Computerized Axial Tomography Scanning (CAT-scan) 3D analyses coupled to physical measurements and modelling. In addition to the evolution of the overall form, modifications of the internal structure were identified from the last third embryonic stages to adult. Most of these changes can be correlated to life cycle stages and environmental constraints. Protected by the capsule during embryonic life, the first internal chambers are sustained by isolated pillars formed from the dorsal to the ventral septum. After hatching, formation of pillars appears to be a progressive process from isolated points to interconnected pillars forming a wall-delineated labyrinthine structure. We analysed the interpillar space, the connectivity and the tortuosity of the pillar network. The labyrinthine pillar network is complete just prior to the wintering migration, probably to sustain the need to adapt to high pressure and to allow buoyancy regulation. At that time, the connectivity in the labyrinth is compensated by an increase in tortuosity, most probably to reduce liquid diffusion in the shell. Altogether these results suggest adjustment of internal calcified structure development to both external forces and physiological needs.

National audience

Cet article analyse la mise en place des indicateurs de performance, éléments emblématiques du « puzzle doctrinal » du New Public Management (NPM), par l’administration chargée de la politique de contrôle et de suivi des installations classées pour la protection de l’environnement (ICPE). Fondé sur de nombreuses observations de terrain, il montre comment ces instruments sont définis par les services centraux du ministère de l’Environnement puis comment ils sont appropriés tout au long de la chaîne hiérarchique de l’inspection, dans les directions régionales et les unités départementales. En suivant cette perspective longitudinale et sectorielle, l’analyse permet de rendre compte de la façon dont la logique managériale de l’indicateur est en partie redéfinie par les logiques de métier des inspecteurs. Ce faisant, elle invite à ne pas envisager le NPM comme une liste de prescriptions ou de recettes « prêtes à l’emploi » conçues par une haute fonction publique gestionnaire en surplomb des services administratifs considérés, mais plutôt à considérer comment l’administration sélectionne, traduit et adapte ces outils néo-managériaux pour résoudre de façon opportuniste les problèmes d’organisation auxquels elle fait face.Français

The State and the veterinary profession. How public policies contribute to the regulation of professional activityThis article investigates the dynamics of the relationships between the State and professional groups by analyzing the case of the veterinarians. It shows that these relationships are not limited to the construction and the defence of a jurisdiction but also concern the regulation of professional activity, i.e. the definition of knowledge, practices modalities of exercise, sources of incomes, etc. Having examined the process of professionalization of veterinarians from the 19th century onwards, the article analyses the ways sanitary public policies (in particular in the domains of slaughterhouse inspection, farm animal health management, and drugs regulation) contribute to regulate veterinarians’ activity, in their relations to their clients, their professional competitors, and amongst themselves.; Cet article se penche sur la dynamique des rapports entre l’État et un groupe professionnel, en analysant le cas des vétérinaires. Il montre que ces rapports ne se limitent pas à la construction et la défense d’une juridiction, mais concernent également la régulation de l’activité professionnelle, c’est-à-dire la définition des savoirs, des pratiques, des modalités d’exercice, des formes de revenus, etc. Après avoir examiné le processus de professionnalisation des vétérinaires depuis le XIXe siècle, l’article s’attache à analyser la façon dont des politiques publiques sanitaires (notamment dans les domaines de l’inspection en abattoir, de la gestion sanitaire en élevage et de la régulation du médicament) contribuent à réguler l’activité des vétérinaires, dans leurs relations à la clientèle, à leurs concurrents professionnels ou entre eux.

International audience

International audience; In metazoans, there is a remarkable diversity of photosensitive structures; their shapes, physiology, optical properties, and development are different. To approach the evolution of photosensitive structures and visual function, cephalopods are particularly interesting organisms due to their most highly centralized nervous system and their camerular eyes which constitute a convergence with those of vertebrates. The eye morphogenesis in numerous metazoans is controlled mainly by a conserved Retinal Determination Gene Network (RDGN) including pax, six, eya, and dac playing also key developmental roles in non-retinal structures and tissues of vertebrates and Drosophila. Here we have identified and explored the role of Sof-dac, Sof-six1/2, Sof-eya in eye morphogenesis, and nervous structures controlling the visual function in Sepia officinalis. We compare that with the already shown expressions in eye development of Sof-otx and Sof-pax genes. Rhodopsin is the pigment responsible for light sensitivity in metazoan, which correlate to correlate visual function and eye development. We studied Sof-rhodopsin expression during retina differentiation. By in situ hybridization, we show that (1) all of the RDGN genes, including Sof-pax6, are expressed in the eye area during the early developmental stages but they are not expressed in the retina, unlike Sof-otx, which could have a role in retina differentiation; (2) Sof-rhodopsin is expressed in the retina just before vision gets functional, from stage 23 to hatching. Our results evidence a role of Sof-six1/2, Sof-eya, and Sof-dac in eye development. However, the gene network involved in the retinal photoreceptor differentiation remains to be determined. Moreover, for the first time, Sof-rhodopsin expression is shown in the embryonic retina of cuttlefish suggesting the evolutionary conservation of the role of rhodopsin in visual phototransduction within metazoans. These findings are correlated with the physiological and behavioral observations suggesting that S. officinalis is able to react to light stimuli from stage 25 of organogenesis on, as soon as the first retinal pigments appear.

International audience; En France, depuis 1810, la prévention des pollutions et des risques industriels repose sur une inspection : les entreprises susceptibles de porter atteinte à l’environnement doivent obtenir une autorisation préfectorale et sont soumises à un contrôle de l’administration. Comme le ministère dont ils dépendent, les services d’inspection ont subi depuis une vingtaine d’année des réformes successives, inspirées par le NPM, visant à améliorer leur efficacité à meilleur coût. Notre communication comprend deux moments. Dans un premier temps, nous mettrons en évidence comment le NPM se traduit dans l’inspection des installations classées, en suivant l’émergence de deux types de mesures : la mise en place d’indicateurs chiffrés de performance, inscrits dans la LOLF à partir de 2004 et l’instauration d’un « troisième régime » pour les installations classées, entre l’autorisation et la déclaration. Si le premier instrument est banal, le deuxième dispositif est spécifique d’une politique de contrôle : il consiste à modifier le droit pour instaurer une nouvelle classification des établissements, donc hiérarchiser l’attention que l’inspection leur porte. L’une et l’autre mesures instaurent la version française d’une réglementation fondée sur le risque, conçue pour allouer les ressources proportionnellement aux risques, donc diminuer le coût du contrôle. Dans un second temps, nous analyserons la façon dont ces mesures sont mises en œuvre dans les services d’inspection observés.

International audience; En France, la question de la transversalité est au cœur de la construction du ministère de l’environnement. Elle l’était à sa création en 1971. Elle l’est encore au moment de sa restructuration en 2007 lorsque le ministère « protecteur » de l’écologie fusionne avec les deux ministères « développeurs » de l’équipement et de l’industrie (au niveau central et en région). Le projet de ce regroupement est en effet de rendre l’action publique environnementale plus efficiente en forçant ces trois administrations sectorielles à coopérer et à parler d’une seule voie sur tous les sujets qui les opposent (par exemple, l’implantation d’une infrastructure de transport ou d’un établissement industriel à proximité d’une zone naturelle sensible). La communication, qui retrace les différents épisodes de cette fusion, montre dans un premier temps les difficultés des réformateurs pour traduire cet objectif en principes d’organisation et comment, dans ces conditions, il finit par s’effacer devant d’autres buts, liés à la préservation des positions professionnelles héritées des trois ministères d’origine. Le texte montre également qu’en se déplaçant vers le niveau régional, la réforme laisse une plus grande place au laisser faire et à l’improvisation, sur une multitude de scènes faisant intervenir des acteurs variés. Dans ce contexte, la traduction structurelle de la transversalité s’opère pragmatiquement et façonne au final un ministère et des services opérationnels qui doivent autant aux rationalités et concurrences héritées du passé, qu’à la vision floue d’un avenir promis au développement durable puis à la transition énergétique.

National audience

Embryonic cuttlefish can first respond to a variety of sensory stimuli during early development in the egg capsule. To examine the neural basis of this ability, we investigated the emergence of sensory structures within the developing epidermis. We show that the skin facing the outer environment (not the skin lining the mantle cavity, for example) is derived from embryonic domains expressing the Sepia officinalis ortholog of pax3/7, a gene involved in epidermis specification in vertebrates. On the head, they are confined to discrete brachial regions referred to as “arm pillars” that expand and cover Sof-pax3/7-negative head ectodermal tissues. As revealed by the expression of the S. officinalis ortholog of elav1, an early marker of neural differentiation, the olfactory organs first differentiate at about stage 16 within Sof-pax3/7-negative ectodermal regions before they are covered by the definitive Sof-pax3/7-positive outer epithelium. In contrast, the eight mechanosensory lateral lines running over the head surface and the numerous other putative sensory cells in the epidermis, differentiate in the Sof-pax3/7-positive tissues at stages ∼24–25, after they have extended over the entire outer surfaces of the head and arms. Locations and morphologies of the various sensory cells in the olfactory organs and skin were examined using antibodies against acetylated tubulin during the development of S. officinalis and were compared with those in hatchlings of two other cephalopod species. The early differentiation of olfactory structures and the peculiar development of the epidermis with its sensory cells provide new perspectives for comparisons of developmental processes among molluscs. J. Comp. Neurol. 522:3004–3019, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Background: In the cuttlefish Sepia officinalis, iridescence is known to play a role in patterning and communication. In iridophores, iridosomes are composed of reflectins, a protein family, which show great diversity in all cephalopod species. Iridosomes are established before hatching, but very little is known about how these cells are established, their distribution in embryos, or the contribution of each reflectin gene to iridosome structures. Results: Six reflectin genes are expressed during the development of iridosomes in Sepia officinalis. We show that they are expressed in numerous parts of the body before hatching. Evidence of the colocalization of two different genes of reflectin was found. Curiously, reflectin mRNA expression was no longer detectable at the time of hatchling, while reflectin proteins were present and gave rise to visible iridescence. Conclusion: These data suggest that several different forms of reflectins are simultaneously used to produce iridescence in S. officinalis and that mRNA production and translation are decoupled in time during iridosome development. Developmental Dynamics 242:550–561, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Protein compounds constituting mollusk shells are known for their major roles in the biomineralization processes. These last years, a great diversity of shell proteins have been described in bivalves and gastropods allowing a better understanding of the calcification control by organic compounds and given promising applications in biotechnology. Here, we analyzed for the first time the organic matrix of the aragonitic Sepia officinalis shell, with an emphasis on protein composition of two different structures: the dorsal shield and the chambered part. Our results highlight an organic matrix mainly composed of polysaccharide, glycoprotein and protein compounds as previously described in other mollusk shells, with quantitative and qualitative differences between the dorsal shield and the chamber part. Proteomic analysis resulted in identification of only a few protein compounds underlining the lack of reference databases for Sepiidae. However, most of them contain domains previously characterized in matrix proteins of aragonitic shell-builder mollusks, suggesting ancient and conserved mechanisms of the aragonite biomineralization processes within mollusks. Biological significance The cuttlefish's inner shell, better known under the name “cuttlebone”, is a complex mineral structure unique in mollusks and involved in tissue support and buoyancy regulation. Although it combines useful properties as high compressive strength, high porosity and high permeability, knowledge about organic compounds involved in its building remains limited. Moreover, several cuttlebone organic matrix studies reported data very different from each other or from other mollusk shells. Thus, this study provides 1) an overview of the organization of the main mineral structures found in the S. officinalis shell, 2) a reliable baseline about its organic composition, and 3) a first descriptive proteomic approach of organic matrices found in the two main parts of this shell. These data will contribute to the general knowledge about mollusk biomineralization as well as in the identification of protein compounds involved in the Sepiidae shell calcification.

The Cephalopod Sequencing Consortium (CephSeq Consortium) was established at a NESCent Catalysis Group Meeting, ``Paths to Cephalopod Genomics-Strategies, Choices, Organization,'' held in Durham, North Carolina, USA on May 24-27, 2012. Twenty-eight participants representing nine countries (Austria, Australia, China, Denmark, France, Italy, Japan, Spain and the USA) met to address the pressing need for genome sequencing of cephalopod mollusks. This group, drawn from cephalopod biologists, neuroscientists, developmental and evolutionary biologists, materials scientists, bioinformaticians and researchers active in sequencing, assembling and annotating genomes, agreed on a set of cephalopod species of particular importance for initial sequencing and developed strategies and an organization (CephSeq Consortium) to promote this sequencing. The conclusions and recommendations of this meeting are described in this white paper.

Background: Nitric oxide (NO) is implied in many important biological processes in all metazoans from porifera to chordates. In the cuttlefish Sepia officinalis NO plays a key role in the defense system and neurotransmission. Results: Here, we detected for the first time NO, NO synthase (NOS) and transcript levels during the development of S. officinalis. The spatial pattern of NO and NOS is very dynamic, it begins during organogenesis in ganglia and epithelial tissues, as well as in sensory cells. At later stages, NO and NOS appear in organs and/or structures, including Hoyle organ, gills and suckers. Temporal expression of NOS, followed by real-time PCR, changes during development reaching the maximum level of expression at stage 26. Conclusions: Overall these data suggest the involvement of NO during cuttlefish development in different fundamental processes, such as differentiation of neural and nonneural structures, ciliary beating, sensory cell maintaining, and organ functioning. Developmental Dynamics 241:390–402, 2012. V C 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

International audience; Within Mollusca, cephalopods exhibit a particularly complex nervous system. The adult brain is formed from the fusion of several "typical" molluscan ganglia but it remains poorly understood how these ganglia emerge, migrate, and differentiate during embryogenesis. We studied the development of both central and peripheral nervous system by antibodies raised against alpha-tubulin and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in Sepia officinalis embryos to visualize neurites and catecholamine-containing neurons, respectively. In early embryos, when organs start delineating, some ganglia already exhibited a significant fiber network. TH-like immunoreactivity was detected in these fibers and in some primary sensory neurons in the embryo periphery. These data attest to the occurrence of an early embryonic sensory nervous system, likely effective, transient in part, and in relation to the perception of external cues. Concerning the peripheral nervous network, the stellate ganglia emerged as a plexus of numerous converging axons from TH-like immunoreactive sensory cells, first at the mantle edge, and then in the whole mantle surface. Later, TH-immunopositive motor fibers, originating from the stellate ganglia, penetrated the circular muscles of the mantle. These patterns reveal the setup of a mantle midline with likely attractive and repulsive properties. Our findings seem to challenge the widespread, still accepted, view of a late differentiation of cephalopod ganglia, and provides significant data for further investigations about axonal guidance during cephalopod development.

International audience; Cephalopods are emerging as new developmental models. These lophotrochozoans exhibit numerous morphological peculiarities among molluscs, not only regarding their nervous system but also regarding their circulatory system, which is closed and includes three hearts. However, the molecular control of cardiac myogenesis in lophotrochozoans is largely unknown. In other groups, cardiac development depends on numerous different genes, among them NK4 seems to have a well-conserved function throughout evolution. In this study, we assessed the expression pattern of SoNK4, the Sepia officinalis NK4 homologue, during Sepia officinalis development by whole-mount in situ hybridization. SoNK4 expression begins before morphogenesis, is not restricted to prospective cardiac muscles but above all concerns mesodermal structures potentially rich in muscles such as arms and mantle. These results suggest an important role of SoNK4 in locomotory (somatic) muscles development of Sepia officinalis, and thus a new role for NK4.

L’abattoir constitue un lieu décisif pour la sécurité sanitaire des aliments. Des agents des services vétérinaires y sont postés en permanence et travaillent aux côtés du personnel de l’abattoir pour assurer le contrôle sanitaire des denrées produites. Ce contrôle repose sur la construction d’une position individuelle d’autorité par chaque agent, l’échange constant entre membres des équipes d’inspection et l’établissement d’une « bonne distance » avec les ouvriers sur la chaîne. Récemment, des crises et alertes sanitaires, ainsi que les réformes de modernisation de l’action publique ont conduit à l’introduction d’un plus grand formalisme dans le contrôle : la référence aux normes, les modalités d’intervention et les façons d’en rendre compte ont ainsi progressivement été transformées. Cet article étudie le passage d’une approche pédagogique de l’inspection à une approche procédurale, dans laquelle l’écrit acquiert une portée inédite. Il s’attache aux implications concrètes et relationnelles que cela entraîne pour les inspecteurs et met en évidence comment la perspective d’une intervention judiciaire guide ces transformations. Slaughterhouses are a decisive link in a healthy food chain. Officials from veterinary services, stationed there full-time, work next to personnel on the line so that the food produced is safe for human consumption. Each inspector has to lay the grounds for his/her individual position of authority to exercise controls. This control also depends on ongoing exchanges among inspection team members and on their knowing the distance to keep from workers on the line. Recent food and health scares, along with reforms for modernizing interventions by public authorities, have made controls more formalistic. References to standards and procedures for carrying out interventions and filing reports have been thoroughly modified. This study in France of the switch from an educational approach to food inspection to a procedural one, wherein written texts have an unprecedented scope, focuses on the concrete implications for inspectors, especially in terms of human relations. Light is shed on how the possibility of legal action has shaped these changes.

Cephalopods possess the most complex centralized nervous system among molluscs and the molecular determinants of its development have only begun to be explored. To better understand how evolved their brain and body axes, we studied Sepia officinalis embryos and investigated the expression patterns of neural regionalization genes involved in the mediolateral patterning of the neuroectoderm in model species. SoxB1 expression reveals that the embryonic neuroectoderm is made of several distinct territories that constitute a large part of the animal pole disc. Concentric nkx2.1, pax6/gsx, and pax3/7/msx/pax2/5/8 positive domains subdivide this neuroectoderm. Looking from dorsal to ventral sides, the sequence of these expressions is reminiscent of the mediolateral subdivision in model species, which provides good evidence for "mediolateral patterning" conservation in cephalopods. A specific feature of cephalopod development, however, includes an unconventional orientation to this mediolateral sequence: median markers (like nkx2.1) are unexpectedly expressed at the periphery of the cuttlefish embryo and lateral markers (like Pax3/7) are expressed centrally. As the egg is rich with yolk, the lips of the blastopore (that classically organizes the neural midline) remain unclosed at the lateral side of the animal pole until late stages of organogenesis, therefore reversing the whole embryo topology. These findings confirm - by means of molecular tools - the location of both ventral and dorsal poles in cephalopod embryos.

This paper explores the contribution that women past and present have made to cephalopod research. It includes short biographies of eight female cephalopod researchers who are now deceased: Jeanne Villepreux-Power, Anne Massy, Grace Watkinson, Grace Pickford, Anna Bidder, Zulma Castellanos, Katharina Mangold and Martina Roeleveld. In addition, biographies are provided for six female cephalopod researchers who are now retired but who have made an enormous contribution to cephalopod knowledge during their lifetimes: Nancy Voss, Marion Nixon, Joyce Wells, Julia Filippova, Eve Boucaud-Camou, and Renata Boucher-Rodoni. Online supplementary information provides a bibliography of the research outputs of these 14 researchers, who between them, since 1837 have published more than 800 scientific papers making an in-depth contribution to the field of cephalopod research.

The sepiids are characterized by their cuttlebone or sepion, an internal shell resulting from secondary mineralization of a chitinous ‘gladius’. The various species are identified using a combination of shell criteria and ‘soft-part’ characters. Using mitochondrial genes, we established phylogenetic relationships of sepiids including the three accepted genera (Sepia, Sepiella, Metasepia) and a species complex of uncertain status (Doratosepion). We showed the Sepia genus to be paraphyletic and found no direct correlation between geographical distribution and systematics. We mapped, on the molecular tree, shell characteristics commonly used as reliable diagnostic criteria for taxonomy. Due to the plasticity of the shell, these characters did not appear phylogenetically informative. In an attempt to define systematic categories related to phylogenetic relationships, new clear synapomorphies need to be established for each genus, necessitating a revision of the genus Sepia. © 2006 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2006, 89, 139–150.

Bonnaud Laure, Lascoumes Pierre. Quelle administration pour le développement durable ?. In: Revue Juridique de l'Environnement, n°1, 2015. pp. 9-12.

National audience