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The current study aimed to explore whether attachment style could predict the fluctuation of weekly mindfulness. A weekly diary design was adopted across one baseline week and five follow-up weeks. Data from 622 Chinese college students were subjected to latent growth modeling. Results showed attachment anxiety negatively predicted the intercept of acting with awareness, present moment attention, and nonjudging while positively predicting the slope of acting with awareness. Attachment avoidance negatively predicted the intercept of acting with awareness and present moment attention and positively predicted the slope of acting with awareness. These suggest that attachment style may impact the fluctuation of weekly mindfulness. Furthermore, both attachment avoidance and anxiety impact the rate of change of acting with awareness across five weeks. These support the idea that compared to securely attached people, insecurely attached people's attention may fluctuate more according to their stress level, shifting between external tasks, other people, or themselves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Children are more likely to become addicted as they become accustomed to using smartphones, and as they observe and imitate their parents using smartphones. This study aims to confirm longitudinally the effect of mother's smartphone addiction on children's smartphone addiction. Latent growth modeling was used to analyze longitudinal relationships between 3615 pairs of children and their mothers from the Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey (KCYPS) (2018–2020). As a result, both the mothers and children's smartphone addiction significantly increased over time. The initial value of the mother's smartphone addiction was found to have a significant effect on the child's initial value and the change rate. Moreover, children's smartphone addiction change rate was significantly affected by the change rate of the mother's smartphone addiction. To intervene in children's smartphone addiction, a family-level approach, as well as parental addiction, must also be addressed, and a preventive approach should focus on those with a low risk of addiction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fear of negative evaluation and prosocial behavior have been identified as predictive factors influencing the development of loneliness in adolescence, representing typical factors in the cognitive and behavioral processes of re-affiliation. The elucidation of plausible direct and indirect pathways linking these pivotal factors to adolescents' loneliness need further exploration. This study aimed to investigate the direct and indirect relationships between the fear of negative evaluation, prosocial behavior, and adolescents' loneliness through the lens of developmental changes. A total of 533 adolescents (49.0% girls, Mage = 15.18 years, SD = 0.71) participated in this longitudinal study, assessed at three timepoints over a span of two years with 12-month intervals. Latent growth modeling uncovered direct associations between the developmental trajectories of both fear of negative evaluation and prosocial behavior with the developmental trajectory of adolescents' loneliness. The developmental trajectory of fear of negative evaluation exhibited an indirect association with the developmental trajectory of loneliness through the mediating role of prosocial behavior. These findings highlighted the roles of cognitive and behavioral re-affiliation processes, both independently and as mediators, in influencing adolescent loneliness, suggesting that interventions aimed at reducing fear of negative evaluation and promoting prosocial behavior could effectively mitigate adolescents' loneliness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medical educators and programs are deeply interested in understanding and projecting the longitudinal developmental trajectories of medical students after these students are matriculated into medical schools so appropriate resources and interventions can be provided to support students' learning and progression during the process. As students have different characteristics and they do not learn and progress at the same pace, it is important to identify student subgroups and address their academic needs to create more equitable learning opportunities. Using latent class growth analysis, this study explored students' developmental trajectories and detected group differences based on their coursework performance in Anatomy within the two years of preclinical education in one medical school. Four subgroups were identified with various intercepts and slopes. There were significant group differences between these subgroups and their standardized scores in MCAT and UCMLE Step 1. The study provides evidence about the heterogeneity of the student population and points out future research directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study examined the mechanism of the effect of childhood harsh parental discipline on the developmental trajectory of loneliness among adolescents. Background: More and more adolescents experience the problem of loneliness. The effect of early parenting on the developmental change of adolescent loneliness has not been sufficiently determined. Method: A total of 1,214 Chinese high school adolescents responded to a series of questionnaires about loneliness, childhood harsh parental discipline, and core self‐evaluation three times at intervals of six months. The latent growth modeling and the structural equation model were established to investigate the developmental change of adolescent loneliness and the mechanism of childhood harsh parental discipline that affected the trajectory of adolescents' loneliness. Results: There was a linear growth pattern in loneliness among high school adolescents. Childhood parental psychological aggression and corporal punishment positively predicted the initial level of loneliness, and childhood parental corporal punishment negatively predicted the changing slope of loneliness. Core self‐evaluation mediated the effect of childhood parental psychological aggression on the trajectory of loneliness. Conclusion: Childhood parental corporal punishment directly affected the trajectory of adolescents' loneliness while childhood parental psychological aggression indirectly affected the trajectory of adolescents' loneliness through core self‐evaluation. Implication s : This study further enriched the research content on the developmental change of loneliness among high school adolescents and revealed the long‐term effect and mechanism of childhood harsh parental discipline on the trajectory of adolescent loneliness, providing new ideas for preventing and alleviating loneliness among adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Social bonding theory assumes that social ties are closely associated with maladaptive behavior, and this theory may be applied to explain the smartphone dependence in adolescence. The purpose of this study was to verify how school adjustment mediated the relationship between the parental neglect and smartphone dependence. The data from Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey were utilized in this study. Participants were 2280 students in the 2nd year of middle school [male 1152, female 1128; 13.89 years (SD = 0.34)] who were followed up for four years. We conducted a Multivariate Latent Growth Modeling (LGM) to verify the relationships between variables. In addition, mediating effect was analyzed using the Bootstrapping Test. Findings indicated that parental neglect was negatively associated with school adjustment in the first wave, and school adjustment showed a greater decrease as parental neglect indicated a greater increase. In addition, school adjustment was negatively associated with smartphone dependence in the first wave, and smartphone dependence showed a greater decrease as school adjustment indicated a greater increase. Mediating effect indicated that parental neglect indirectly influences smartphone dependence fully mediating school adjustment. In conclusion, parental neglect indirectly influences smartphone dependence by interfering with school adjustment. In addition, reducing the negative effects of parental neglect on school adaptation may be an effective strategy to prevent smartphone dependence in adolescence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Life satisfaction among Korean students is declining substantially, and multifaceted improvement efforts are required. Methods We analyzed longitudinal change trajectories for exercise, grit, and life satisfaction levels among Korean adolescents using latent growth modeling with longitudinal data from the Korean Children and Youth Panel Surveys of 2,142 students (male: 1,070, female: 1,072) from sixth grade (2020) through eighth grade (2022). Results The model, which tracked linear changes in the students’ exercise, grit, and life satisfaction, showed consistent declines over three school years for all variables. We also identified a longitudinal causal relationship among exercise, grit, and life satisfaction. A higher grit intercept was associated with higher intercept for—and a partial mediating effect between—exercise and life satisfaction. The grit slope was positively related to the life satisfaction slope, and both the intercept and exercise slope had positive effects on life satisfaction. Moreover, grit had a longitudinal mediating effect between exercise and life satisfaction. Conclusions We discuss the longitudinal change trajectories of exercise, grit, and life satisfaction, the causal and mediating effects among them, and the implications of the findings. These findings bolster our understanding of Korean adolescents’ life satisfaction and have practical significance for designing programs to improve their quality of life.

Background: Life satisfaction among Korean students is declining substantially, and multifaceted improvement efforts are required. Methods: We analyzed longitudinal change trajectories for exercise, grit, and life satisfaction levels among Korean adolescents using latent growth modeling with longitudinal data from the Korean Children and Youth Panel Surveys of 2,142 students (male: 1,070, female: 1,072) from sixth grade (2020) through eighth grade (2022). Results: The model, which tracked linear changes in the students' exercise, grit, and life satisfaction, showed consistent declines over three school years for all variables. We also identified a longitudinal causal relationship among exercise, grit, and life satisfaction. A higher grit intercept was associated with higher intercept for—and a partial mediating effect between—exercise and life satisfaction. The grit slope was positively related to the life satisfaction slope, and both the intercept and exercise slope had positive effects on life satisfaction. Moreover, grit had a longitudinal mediating effect between exercise and life satisfaction. Conclusions: We discuss the longitudinal change trajectories of exercise, grit, and life satisfaction, the causal and mediating effects among them, and the implications of the findings. These findings bolster our understanding of Korean adolescents' life satisfaction and have practical significance for designing programs to improve their quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Patient-Reported Outcome Measures (PROMs), such as the six-item International Knee Documentation Committee Subjective Knee Form (IKDC-6), play a crucial role in assessing health conditions and guiding clinical decisions. Latent Growth Modeling (LGM) can be employed to understand recovery trajectories in patients post-operatively. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess LGM properties of the IKDC-6 in patients with knee pathologies that require surgical intervention and to assess differences between subgroups (i.e., sex and age). A cross-sectional study was conducted using the Surgical Outcome System (SOS) database with patients who had undergone knee arthroscopy. Our results found that preoperative scores did not influence the rate of change overtime. Perceived knee health improved over time, with varying rates among individuals. The adolescent age subgroup and male subgroup exhibited faster recovery rates compared to the older age subgroup and female subgroup. While initial hypotheses suggested IKDC-6 could serve as a prognostic tool, results did not support this. However, results indicated favorable outcomes irrespective of preoperative perceived knee impairment levels. This study provides valuable insights into recovery dynamics following knee surgery, emphasizing the need for personalized rehabilitation strategies tailored to individual patient characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The social value created by organizations has been in the spotlight during periods of rapid social change, such as COVID-19. However, the existing literature has been limited by the inability to demonstrate the cumulative effects of social value over time, which has led to academic and practical limitations. Drawing on stakeholder theory, socially responsible customer behavior, and institutional theory, the author collected data from 208 social enterprises in South Korea over 3 years, from 2017 to 2019, and tested hypotheses using latent growth modeling. This analytical technique, which uses structural equation modeling, estimates the latent growth rate of each data measure by year and analyzes the causal relationship between the growth rate of each variable. The results show that higher levels of social entrepreneurship are associated with higher growth rates of total employment and vulnerable worker employment, followed by higher growth rates of financial performance. The implications of this paper are as follows. First, this study reports that social entrepreneurship can help social enterprises develop sustainably by increasing financial performance. Second, this study overcomes the methodological limitations of the existing literature by reporting the relationship between growth rates. Third, this study reports that social enterprises can help solve employment problems for vulnerable populations, who are often the first to be affected by the economic crisis. Fourth, this study contributes to resolving the conflicting and contradictory perspectives of practitioners and academics on the relationship between social and economic value. Fifth, it offers suggestions for the future direction of the academic field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study explored how sharing verbal status updates on Facebook and receiving Likes, as a form of positive social feedback, correlate with current and perceived changes in Quality of Life (QoL). Utilizing the Facebook Graph API, we collected a longitudinal dataset comprising status updates and Likes received by 1577 adult Facebook users over a 12-month period. Two monthly indicators were calculated: the percentage of verbal status updates and the average number of Likes per post. Participants were administered a survey to assess current and perceived changes in QoL. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and the Auto-Regressive Latent Trajectory Model with Structured Residuals (ALT-SRs) were used to model longitudinal patterns emerging from the objective recordings of Facebook activity and explore their correlation with QoL measures. Findings indicated a positive correlation between the percentage of verbal status updated on Facebook and current QoL. Online positive social feedback, measured through received Likes, was associated with both current QoL and perceived improvements in QoL. Of note, perceived improvements in QoL correlated with an increase in received Likes over time. Results highlight the relevance of collecting and modeling longitudinal Facebook data for the investigation of the association between activity on social media and individual well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to longitudinally examine the change in depressive symptoms immediately following divorce among Korean women during the COVID-19 outbreak, as well as to verify the factors affecting the change in depressive symptoms. Methods: A total of 401 women from the Korean Longitudinal Survey of Women & Families(KLoWF) were analyzed between 2012(4th wave) and 2020(8th wave). Latent Growth Modeling is utilized to assess the overall trajectory of depressive symptoms in women following divorce. Results: In the immediate aftermath of divorce, the level of depressive symptoms in divorced women was high, but gradually decreased over time, only to reappear later on. The factors impacting the initial depressive symptom levels among women post-divorce revealed that lower educational attainment, lower subjective economic status, and poorer subjective health status were associated with higher depressive symptom levels. Among the factors influencing the rate of change in depressive symptoms, living alone emerged as the only statistically significant factor. The depressive symptom levels of women living alone declined gradually, whereas the depressive symptom levels of women living with someone decreased more rapidly. Conclusion: As a result of this study, valuable data can be used to develop practical interventions aimed at enhancing the mental well-being of women post-divorce, particularly during challenging circumstances such as the COVID-19 outbreak.

This study aimed to verify the relationship between job autonomy, job satisfaction, and life satisfaction. In particular, we analyzed job satisfaction's longitudinal mediating effect on the relationship between job autonomy and life satisfaction. This study analyzed the data of 1,035 participants, which were obtained from the Korean Educational Longitudinal Study 2005 panel data; these data are collected by the Korea Educational Development Institute from time to time. The results were as follows. First, job autonomy showed a significant positive effect on job satisfaction. Second, job satisfaction showed a significant positive effect on life satisfaction. Third, this study found that job satisfaction had a full mediating effect between job autonomy and life satisfaction. This study makes a significant contribution to the field of work and well-being by revealing the relationship between job autonomy, job satisfaction, and life satisfaction and by revealing the mediating effect of job satisfaction on the relationship between job autonomy and life satisfaction through its longitudinal analysis. These results are expected to aid in understanding the factors that enhance life satisfaction in early adulthood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Cognitive decline is common in the old age, but some evidence suggests it may already occur during adulthood. Previous studies have linked age, gender, educational attainment, depression, physical activity, and social engagement to better cognitive performance over time. However, most studies have used global measures of cognition, which could mask subtle changes in specific cognitive domains. The aim of this study is to examine trajectories of recent and delayed memory recall from a variable-centered perspective, in order to elucidate the impact of age, gender, educational attainment, depression, physical activity, and social engagement on recent and delayed memory both at initial time and across a 10-year period. Design and participants: The sample was formed by 56,616 adults and older adults that participated in waves 4 to 8 of the Survey of Health, Aging and Retirement in Europe (SHARE). Analyses: We used latent growth modeling to establish latent recent and delayed memory trajectories, and then tested the effects of the aforementioned covariates on the latent intercept and slopes. Results: Results showed that both recent and delayed recall display a quadratic trajectory of decline. All covariates significantly explained initial levels of immediate and delayed recall, but only a few had statistically significant effects on the slope terms. Conclusions: We discuss differences between present results and those previously reported in studies using a person-centered approach. This study provides evidence of memory decline during adulthood and old adulthood. Further, results provide support for the neural compensation reserve theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Craftsmanship is associated with various positive outcomes at both individual and organizational level, and thus has attracted scholarly attention on examining its antecedents. While craftsmanship can be shaped by both contextual factors and personal traits, existing research has dominantly focused on the former, leaving the latter less examined. Such a lack of examination limits our understanding of craftsmanship in workplace. Objective: Following the view that individuals’ intrinsic desire to do the job as the core of craftsmanship, we define craftsmanship spirit (CS) as an individual’s psychological state of feeling competent, transcendent, and valuable during work, which evolves as an individual’s skills and knowledge expand. We then draw on the classic dispositional literature to explore how individuals’ personality traits (conscientiousness and openness to experience) shape the development of CS differently (i.e., the initial level and the developmental trajectory), and test our theory using a latent growth modeling (LGM) approach. Methods: We conducted a four-round on-site questionnaire survey with participants who were employees at a large manufacturing company in China. The final sample consists of 746 matched respondents. Data analysis was performed in Mplus 8.3. Results: Empirical results confirm our hypotheses that both conscientiousness and openness to experience have a positive effect on the initial level of CS. Besides, conscientiousness has a negative effect on the subsequent growth of CS. However, the proposed negative effect of openness to experience on the subsequent growth of CS was not supported when the other four personality traits were considered simultaneously. Conclusion: This study reveals that conscientiousness and openness to experience have an important effect on CS. Specifically, both conscientiousness and openness to experience are associated with a high level of CS, and the former is associated with low growth of CS. This study not only broadened our understanding on the antecedents of CS, but also provided a dynamic perspective to understand CS in workplace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internet altruistic behavior (IAB) is a kind of positive behavior on the Internet, which plays a certain positive role in individuals, interpersonal relationships, organizations and society. However, its developmental trend over time among adolescents is still unclear. To further explore the trajectory, in this study, 267 adolescents were tracked for 4 times by questionnaires in three years. Latent growth modeling was used to explore the development trajectory of IAB, the differences in IAB changes between different genders, and the effect of collective efficacy on IAB changes among Chinese early adolescents. The results showed that, in early adolescents, (a) The IAB of individuals decreased linearly in three years, and there were significant individual differences at the initial level and growth rate. (b) There was no significant gender difference in the development trajectory of IAB over time. (c) The initial level of collective efficacy can positively predict the initial level of IAB, and the growth of collective efficacy can positively predict the growth of IAB. (d) The initial level of IAB can negatively predict the growth of collective efficacy, which was the protective factor for the development of adolescents' collective efficacy. In a word, the present study provided a theoretical guidance for the development of IAB in early adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research over the past 2 decades has repeatedly shown that the evaluation of one's own worth—trait self-esteem—is closely linked to the quality of social relationships and perceptions of social inclusion. However, there is limited evidence on the dynamics between momentary self-esteem and perceptions of social inclusion in everyday life, as well as on their possible long-term (bottom-up) effects on the development of trait self-esteem. We addressed this research gap using longitudinal data from a German multimethodological study (N = 324) in which N = 235 late adolescents (Mage = 17.7; 76% female) and N = 89 older adults (Mage = 63.8; 64% female) were followed over 1 year. Based on three trait questionnaires with 6-month intervals and a 7-day experience-sampling burst at the first measurement point, we investigated momentary dynamics in self-esteem and longitudinal change by using multilevel and latent growth modeling. Results confirmed the positive association between momentary self-esteem and perceptions of social inclusion in everyday life, that is, self-esteem reactivity in both age groups. In addition, both self- and other-reports showed a consistent increase in trait self-esteem over 1 year. However, because the slope parameters did not indicate substantial interindividual variance, we were unable to test for bottom-up effects of self-esteem reactivity. We discuss the importance of daily social experiences for momentary self-esteem in late adolescence and late adulthood but also point to the need for further multimethodological research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We explored differences in distress scores at intake as well as the change in anxiety and depression scores over the course of 12 therapy sessions for Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander (NHPI) college students. Data were collected from the Center for Collegiate Mental Health (N = 256,242). Results support the notion that NHPI college students experience anxiety and depression in therapy differently from other ethnic groups with moderate‐to‐large magnitudes of effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Recently, the fine dust problem caused by rapid industrialization and science and technological development has emerged as a severe social issue worldwide. This also increases the interest in its effect on human life. In particular, there is a growing concern about the harm of fine dust in Korea. Methods This study is based on the PM 2.5 data from 2017 to 2021 provided by Air Korea to estimate changes in ultrafine dust. In addition, the data from the Community Health Survey provided by the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC) from 2017 to 2021 were used to examine the effect between the change in ultra-fine dust and the prevalence of depression. A total of 229 local governments were included in the analysis. The Latent Growth Modeling was carried out to estimate the change in ultra-fine dust and the prevalence of depressions and verify the relationship between ultra-fine dust and the prevalence of depression. Results The analysis result revealed that the ultra-fine dust concentration continued to decrease from 2017 to 2021. However, the depression prevalence increased from an average of 2.60% in 2017 to an average of 3.12% in 2021, suggesting the need for adequate and sufficient welfare policies for depression treatment. As a result of estimating the initial value and change rate of ultra-fine dust and depression prevalence, the higher the initial value of ultra-fine dust, the greater the decrease in ultra-fine dust. In terms of depression, the lower the initial value of the prevalence of depression, the larger the increase in depression prevalence. Conclusions This study is significant in that it revealed the strong association of the longitudinal relationship between ultra-fine dust and depression, one of the biggest issues in Korea, by utilizing large-scale longitudinal data.

Information technology (IT) interruptions are IT-based events that capture users' attention and interfere with other activities. This study focuses on repeated IT interruption and task performance. We draw on dual-process theory and suggest that users may get used to repeated IT interruption, known as habituation, or may become hypersensitive, known as sensitization. We validate the research model based on data from a laboratory experiment with 100 subjects by using a multivariate latent growth model (LGM). With subjective and objective measurement techniques, we show how users respond to repeated IT interruption with physiological arousal, psychological exhaustion, and behavioral task performance. Our results indicate that user responses follow different patterns over time, revealing time-dependent effects of arousal and exhaustion on task performance. We contribute to literature by providing evidence that repeated IT interruption results in unique habituation and sensitization user response patterns compared to a single IT interruption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Physical activity (PA) mitigated psychological distress during the initial weeks of the COVID-19 pandemic, yet not much is known about whether PA had effects on stress in subsequent months. We examined the relationship between change over time in COVID-related stress and self-reported change in PA between March and July 2020. Methods: Latent growth modeling was used to examine trajectories of change in pandemic-related stress and test their association with self-reported changes in PA in an international sample (n = 679). Results: The participants reported a reduction in pandemic-related stress between April and July of 2020. Significant linear (factor mean = −0.22) and quadratic (factor mean = 0.02) changes (Ps <.001) were observed, indicating a deceleration in stress reduction over time. Linear change was related to change in PA such that individuals who became less active during the pandemic reported less stress reduction over time compared with those who maintained or increased their PA during the pandemic. Conclusions: Individuals who experienced the greatest reduction in stress over time during the pandemic were those who maintained their activity levels or became more active. Our study cannot establish a causal relationship between these variables, but the findings are consistent with other work showing that PA reduces stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Longitudinal surveys are a key data collection tool used to estimate social change. Recent developments have accelerated the move from traditional single-mode longitudinal designs to mixed-mode designs. Nevertheless, there are concerns that mixing survey modes may affect coefficients of change at the individual level. We investigate the impact of mixing survey modes on estimates of change using a quasi-experimental design implemented in a long-running UK panel study. Two types of comparisons are carried out: single-mode (face-to-face) design versus sequential mixed-mode (Web–face-to-face) design, and Web versus face to face. Across 41 variables, we find no differences in estimates of individual-level change across modes (designs). However, correlations between intercepts and slopes, an estimate of convergence of respondents, were significantly different for most variables, which led to some biases in estimates of change. Applied researchers are encouraged to do sensitivity checks to ensure their results are robust to mode effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Patient-Reported Outcome Measures (PROMs), such as the six-item International Knee Documentation Committee Subjective Knee Form (IKDC-6), play a crucial role in assessing health conditions and guiding clinical decisions. Latent Growth Modeling (LGM) can be employed to understand recovery trajectories in patients post-operatively. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess LGM properties of the IKDC-6 in patients with knee pathologies that require surgical intervention and to assess differences between subgroups (i.e., sex and age). A cross-sectional study was conducted using the Surgical Outcome System (SOS) database with patients who had undergone knee arthroscopy. Our results found that preoperative scores did not influence the rate of change overtime. Perceived knee health improved over time, with varying rates among individuals. The adolescent age subgroup and male subgroup exhibited faster recovery rates compared to the older age subgroup and female subgroup. While initial hypotheses suggested IKDC-6 could serve as a prognostic tool, results did not support this. However, results indicated favorable outcomes irrespective of preoperative perceived knee impairment levels. This study provides valuable insights into recovery dynamics following knee surgery, emphasizing the need for personalized rehabilitation strategies tailored to individual patient characteristics.

This study tested the longitudinal measurement invariance of Elliot and McGregor's (2001) achievement goal scale that adopted the standard 2 × 2 achievement goal model, and examined the growth trajectories of emerging adults' achievement goals over time. We followed a sample of 311 Chinese college students over a 3-year period. Results revealed that the achievement goal scale demonstrated longitudinal measurement invariance. Results from latent growth modelling showed an overall decline over time in three types of achievement goals (mastery approach and mastery avoidance goals showed linear decreases; performance approach goals showed a nonlinear decrease). Individual variability was observed in the initial levels of all four types of achievement goals. There were significant individual differences in the growth rate of performance avoidance goals, but not in those of the other three types of goals. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The present study's objective was to examine the protective factors of fear of cancer recurrence (FCR) as well as its trajectory. The study encompassed a sample of 494 women participating in an international longitudinal research project named "Predicting Effective Adaptation to Breast Cancer to Help Women to BOUNCE Back" (BOUNCE). The participants had recently been diagnosed with breast cancer (BC), ranging from tumor stage I to III, and were undergoing BC treatments. The study underscores the stability observed in the FCR levels and highlights the influence of coping self-efficacy on the initial FCR levels. However, greater positive cognitive–emotion regulation did not appear to contribute to the level or reduction of FCR. These findings bear significant implications, emphasizing the necessity of targeted coping strategies for BC patients during a critical timeframe, to mitigate the impact of FCR, a factor that is liable to undermine the quality of life and mental well-being of BC survivors. The current study aimed to examine the fear of cancer recurrence (FCR) trajectory and protective predictors in women coping with breast cancer (BC). The study's model investigated whether a higher coping self-efficacy and positive cognitive–emotion regulation at the time of the BC diagnosis would lead to reduced levels of FCR at six months and in later stages (12 and 18 months) post-diagnosis. The sample included 494 women with stages I to III BC from Finland, Italy, Portugal, and Israel. They completed self-report questionnaires, including the Fear of Cancer Recurrence Inventory (FCRI-SF), the Cancer Behavior Inventory-Brief Version (CBI-B), the Cognitive–Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ short), and medical–social–demographic data. Findings revealed that a higher coping self-efficacy at diagnosis predicted lower FCR levels after six months but did not impact the FCR trajectory over time. Surprisingly, positive cognitive–emotion regulation did not predict FCR levels or changes over 18 months. FCR levels remained stable from six to 18 months post-diagnosis. This study emphasizes the importance of developing specific cancer coping skills, such as coping self-efficacy. Enhancing coping self-efficacy in the first six months after BC diagnosis may lead to lower FCR levels later, as FCR tends to persist in the following year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the proliferation of coproduction concepts in various B2C contexts, knowledge on how coproduction shapes customer relationships is still surprisingly limited, as prior studies find mixed results and are bound to a short-term perspective. The present study addresses these limitations by providing first insights into the underlying psychological processes that explain differences in the short- and long-term relationship consequences of positive and negative coproduction perceptions. Drawing from the multiple inference model, this research shows how customers' ambivalent attributions of a firm's coproduction motives (i.e., firm-serving and customer-serving) affect customer satisfaction, willingness to pay, and spending behavior over time. The results of a latent growth analysis based on a longitudinal field study (n1 = 12,662; six waves) show that coproduction can harm customer relationships in the long-run, as the detrimental effects of firm-serving motive attributions are temporally more persistent than the favorable but ephemeral effects of customer-serving motive attributions. An additional experiment (n2 = 931) and field study (n3 = 360) confirm the generalizability of the key findings and provide new managerial insights into how firm-specific characteristics of a coproduction concept (i.e., coproduction intensity, design freedom, monetary savings) influence customer attributions different coproduction motives and thereby shape customer relationships over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the importance of task-supported language teaching (TSLT) in developing L2 speaking and listening skills, existing literature fails to trace the changes in L2 learners’ affective responses longitudinally during this type of instruction. After collecting three waves of questionnaire data, the present study explores how 60 L2 learners’ English listening- and speaking-related motivation and self-efficacy changed during a nine-week course of instruction at a university in China. Latent growth modeling was used to analyze questionnaire data. The results show a significant increase in students’ intrinsic motivation and self-efficacy in L2 listening during task implementation in contrast to a decrease in their extrinsic L2 listening motivation in TSLT classrooms. Learners with higher English proficiency tended to have better listening self-efficacy, and changes in L2 speaking motivation and self-efficacy were not salient. Implications for teaching and learning L2 listening and speaking are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development pattern of career adaptability has an important influence on individual mental health and career outcomes. Based on career construction theory, our study explored the development characteristics of the career adaptability of college students during the school-to-work transition and discussed how the notions of future work selves and core self-evaluation affect the development trajectories and development patterns of career adaptability. Our study investigated 429 college graduates at an interval of 6 months over the course of 1 year. The results indicated that the graduates had a positive career adaptability trajectory during the school-to-work transition. There were three different development patterns: rapid growth group, growth group, and stationary group. Future work selves predicted career adaptability positively and dynamically. A higher core self-evaluation predicted a higher initial level of career adaptability and a slower development speed. Our study has important implications for enriching career construction theory and career counseling practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study explored how sharing verbal status updates on Facebook and receiving Likes, as a form of positive social feedback, correlate with current and perceived changes in Quality of Life (QoL). Utilizing the Facebook Graph API, we collected a longitudinal dataset comprising status updates and Likes received by 1577 adult Facebook users over a 12-month period. Two monthly indicators were calculated: the percentage of verbal status updates and the average number of Likes per post. Participants were administered a survey to assess current and perceived changes in QoL. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and the Auto-Regressive Latent Trajectory Model with Structured Residuals (ALT-SRs) were used to model longitudinal patterns emerging from the objective recordings of Facebook activity and explore their correlation with QoL measures. Findings indicated a positive correlation between the percentage of verbal status updated on Facebook and current QoL. Online positive social feedback, measured through received Likes, was associated with both current QoL and perceived improvements in QoL. Of note, perceived improvements in QoL correlated with an increase in received Likes over time. Results highlight the relevance of collecting and modeling longitudinal Facebook data for the investigation of the association between activity on social media and individual well-being.

Based on the positive youth development perspective, we develop a series of models including family assets, intentional self-regulation, and happiness to analyze the paths between the intercepts and slopes of the constructs. A sample of 1214 school children (Mage = 12.89, SD = 0.51) was followed from their 1st–3rd year of junior high school. The results showed that Chinese adolescents have good, stable family assets, which positively predict the increased trajectory of their intentional self-regulation (ISR) and happiness. Additionally, the initial level and change rates of ISR played a mediating role rather than a moderating role in the relationship between family assets and adolescents' happiness, but such indirect effects were not observed when family assets and school assets were considered simultaneously. These findings suggest that a sufficient level of resources in the family context can effectively promote adolescents' happiness. Crucially, as a developmental strength, ISR can help to place adolescents on the trajectory to happiness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite decreases in adolescents' cigarette use over the past decade, overall rates of adolescent tobacco use have increased. Research examining adolescents' changes across a range of tobacco products reflective of the current market, as well as multilevel predictors of use trajectories is needed. Data derive from Waves 1–4 (W1-4; 2013–2018) of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) study. Participants included 975 adolescents who used ≥1 tobacco product (cigarettes, electronic cigarettes [ECIGs], traditional cigars, cigarillos, filtered cigars, snus, smokeless tobacco [SLT], hookah) at any wave (W1 M age = 13.29 [0.86], 54.2% male; 54.5% White, 25.9% Hispanic). Utilizing latent growth curve modeling (separate models per product), adolescents displayed increases in their past 30-day use of all tobacco products from W1-4. Greater W1 use was predicted by identifying as non-Hispanic (cigarettes); lower parent education (SLT); greater externalizing problems (cigarillos); greater motives (all products except cigarillos); greater youth-reported household smoking rules (cigarillos); and greater isolation (ECIGs). More use across time (i.e., higher slope) was predicted by older age (cigarettes); identifying as male (ECIGs, SLT), Black (vs. White; cigarillos), White (vs. Black, Hispanic; ECIGs, SLT); fewer externalizing problems (SLT); fewer motives (ECIGs); fewer youth-reported rules (cigarillos, SLT); and greater geographic isolation (cigarettes, SLT). Although some individual-level factors (i.e., motives, externalizing problems) predicted greater W1 use (i.e., intercept) only, interpersonal- (parent rules) and community-level (geographic isolation) factors were associated with changes in use over time (i.e., slope). Intervention efforts may address such factors to reduce adolescents' escalations in use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Public attitudes toward immigrants influence their adaptation to new circumstances. This study examines public attitudes toward immigrants in the United States to identify the patterns of attitude change from 1996 to 2014; the relationship between individuals' income and the trajectory of attitudes toward immigrants is investigated as well. Method: I conducted a latent growth model using the General Social Survey data sets (1996, 2004, and 2014), which included a module on immigration. The total sample size was 3,639. All participants were U.S. citizens. Results: General attitudes toward immigrants have significantly worsened from 1996 to 2014 (intercept = 2.510, slope = −.025, p <.001). Respondents' annual household income influenced the trajectory of attitudes toward immigrants (β =.002, SE =.001, p =.006), with poorer households having more negative attitudes toward immigrants. Conclusions: Study findings warn of growing anti-immigrant sentiments. Further investigation is needed to correct negative stereotypes and misconceptions about the harm caused by immigration to the U.S. economy and welfare of the population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Children's mastery motivation (MM) increased dramatically from 18 to 54 months. • The slope of MM varied from toddlerhood to preschool age, with the most increase from 42 to 54 months. • Maternal warmth at 18 months was positively related to initial levels of MM. • Maternal assertive physical control was negatively related to initial levels of MM. • Maternal assertive physical control predicted the slope of MM over time. The goal of this study was to investigate the development of young children's goal-directed behaviors in challenging settings––an important behavioral component of mastery motivation – and to examine the relations of maternal warmth and control to its trajectory from toddlerhood to preschool age. A behavioral component of mastery motivation was observed during children's (N = 251, 140 boys) increasingly challenging cognitive tasks at 18, 30, 42, and 54 months of age. Maternal warmth and assertive physical control were observed in both the challenging cognitive task and a challenging social task (i.e., clean-up task) at 18 months. A latent basis growth curve was identified, which suggested that this aspect of children's mastery motivation increased at different speeds from 18 to 54 months. Specifically, it increased 25% of the overall change between 18 and 30 months, increased only 2% between 30 to 42 months, and then increased by 73% from 42 to 54 months. Maternal high warmth and low assertive physical control during the challenging cognitive task were related to a higher initial intercept but a slower increasing slope of this aspect of mastery motivation over time. In a somewhat similar manner, in the challenging social task, maternal high warmth and low maternal assertive physical control were at least marginally related to a high initial intercept, but the two maternal behaviors were unrelated to the slope. This study is one of the first to identify the longitudinal developmental trajectory of this behavioral component of mastery motivation in very young children, and the results point to the importance of reducing maternal assertive physical control across contexts to foster the early development of mastery motivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Customer loyalty is vital to the survival of online stores. Many cross-sectional studies have shown that e-store loyalty is strongly affected by perceived website usefulness (PU) and satisfaction with a purchase experience. By its very nature, loyalty develops cumulatively over multiple purchases. Yet, our understanding of how longitudinal changes in PU and satisfaction influence the development of (i.e., change in) loyalty remains limited. Drawing upon the information-processing perspective and experiential perspective of customer evaluation, this study shows that PU has a stronger effect on loyalty in the first purchase. In subsequent purchases, PU changes less (i.e., is more stable) than satisfaction. Furthermore, change in satisfaction has a stronger effect in the development of (i.e., change in) loyalty. This study extends research by clarifying the differential longitudinal changes and effects of two important antecedents of e-store loyalty. For practitioners, the findings suggest a longitudinal approach to initiate and nurture e-store loyalty that focuses on clarifying the usefulness of website to new customers, while increasing the satisfaction of returning customers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to examine the factor structure, the simplex structure, and the self-determination continuum of the Youth Behavioral Regulation in Sport Questionnaire (YBRSQ); to test longitudinal invariance of the YBRSQ and to examine differential item functioning in the YBRSQ responses as a function of sex, type of sport, and competitive level; and to explore the dynamics of change and stability of motivational regulation across the competitive season in a sample of 736 adolescent athletes involved in intensive training settings across 3 measurement points (beginning, middle, and end). Results provided evidence of a simplex structure of YBRSQ scores and revealed differences between self-determination-theory-based measures of motivation in various contexts. Results revealed partial strict temporal invariance of the YBRSQ and did not reveal differential item functioning. Finally, the results demonstrated an increase in amotivation and external regulation and a decrease in intrinsic motivation across the season, probably because of daily pressures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aims: Carriers of the apolipoprotein E ε4 allele (APOEɛ4) have an increased risk of developing dementia (e.g., Alzheimer's disease). However, it is less clear whether the APOEɛ4 might also be involved in cognitive aging among the non-clinical population of older adults. While some studies have suggested that the APOEɛ4 is related to accelerated cognitive decline in the normal aging process, others have failed to provide compelling evidence of such an impact. Notably, these discrepancies may depend on methodological shortcomings, including short time spans, few assessments, and small sample sizes. The present study overcomes the above limitations and aims to clarify the impact of the APOEɛ4 genotype on long-term longitudinal changes in cognitive functions in middle-aged and older adults in Japan. Methods and results: The data were retrieved from the National Institute for Longevity Sciences-Longitudinal Study of Aging (NILS-LSA) survey (N = 1832; 40 to 79 years of age at baseline). The participants were tested over nine waves covering a period of approximately 20 years. Latent Growth Curve (LGC) modeling was employed to test the impact of the interaction between APOEɛ4 status and age on several cognitive functions. Four tests of the WAIS-R were administered: Information, Similarities, Picture completion, and Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST). The results showed that the APOEɛ4 carriers experienced a more pronounced decline in the DSST (p = 0.001) and Similarities (p = 0.022) tests. A similar tendency was found in the Information test (p = 0.034). By contrast, no effect was found in the Picture completion test (p = 0.563). Conclusions: APOEɛ4 carriers seem to exhibit a steeper cognitive decline, which becomes apparent in old age. This effect is more robust in fluid cognitive skills (DSST) than crystallized cognitive skills (Information and Similarities). Overall, the APOEɛ4 genotype may be a significant risk factor in normal (i.e., non-clinical) cognitive aging.

How do formal time allocations in teams affect team learning trajectories and performance? We argue that allocating more time for transition phases induces steeper learning trajectories that engender a positive group atmosphere, which in turn improves team performance by improving coordination quality. We tested our hypotheses in a laboratory experiment in which teams worked on a creative design task over multiple iterations. Using a latent growth modeling approach, we found that teams with shorter action and longer transition phases during prototyping had lower initial performance but steeper learning trajectories, which indirectly led to better final team performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the development of reading and mathematical competence in early secondary education and aims at identifying distinct profiles of competence development. Since reading and mathematical competences are highly correlated both cross-sectionally and longitudinally, we expected to find a generalized profile of competence development with students developing parallel in reading and mathematical competences. Moreover, previous research confirmed individuals' specific focus on one of the two domains, for example, in their interest, self-concept, or motivation. Also, differences in competence levels between both domains were found in cross-sectional studies. Therefore, we hypothesized that additional to the generalized profile, there are specialized profiles of competence development with students developing distinctively faster in one of the two domains. To identify both types of profiles, latent growth mixture modeling was used on a sample of 5,301 students entering secondary education from the German National Educational Panel Study. To demonstrate the robustness of the results, these analyses were repeated using different model specifications and subgroups with higher homogeneity (with students belonging to the highest track, i.e., "Gymnasium"). The results indicate only small to non-existent specialized profiles of competence development in all conditions. This finding of roughly parallel development of reading and mathematical competences throughout early secondary education indicates that potential specializations are less important at this point in students' educational careers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to investigate the influence of public administration education on the development of college students' public service motivation over time. The data come from a four-wave panel survey of 868 Taiwanese undergraduate students who enrolled in college in 2015; 418 of them majored in public administration and 450 majored in business administration. Latent growth modeling was employed to capture a change of overall public service motivation and individual public service motivation dimensions. Our findings show that students' public service motivation tends to change during the college years, while public administration education may not significantly contribute to its development. Points for practitioners: Research findings offer some implications for practice. Given that public service motivation seems to be changeable, it becomes relevant for public managers to invest in developing employees' motivation to serve and make a positive difference in others' lives. However, any in-service training aiming to foster employee public service motivation should not focus too much on knowledge delivery, but rather accentuate the establishment and practice of service values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study aimed to examine the fear of cancer recurrence (FCR) trajectory and protective predictors in women coping with breast cancer (BC). The study’s model investigated whether a higher coping self-efficacy and positive cognitive–emotion regulation at the time of the BC diagnosis would lead to reduced levels of FCR at six months and in later stages (12 and 18 months) post-diagnosis. The sample included 494 women with stages I to III BC from Finland, Italy, Portugal, and Israel. They completed self-report questionnaires, including the Fear of Cancer Recurrence Inventory (FCRI-SF), the Cancer Behavior Inventory-Brief Version (CBI-B), the Cognitive–Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ short), and medical–social–demographic data. Findings revealed that a higher coping self-efficacy at diagnosis predicted lower FCR levels after six months but did not impact the FCR trajectory over time. Surprisingly, positive cognitive–emotion regulation did not predict FCR levels or changes over 18 months. FCR levels remained stable from six to 18 months post-diagnosis. This study emphasizes the importance of developing specific cancer coping skills, such as coping self-efficacy. Enhancing coping self-efficacy in the first six months after BC diagnosis may lead to lower FCR levels later, as FCR tends to persist in the following year.

Abstract Background Perinatal (antenatal and postpartum) depression impacts approximately 12% of mothers. Perinatal depression can impact everyday functioning for mothers, and the relationship with, and development of, their children. The purpose of this study was to investigate depression trajectories from the antenatal period through 54-months postpartum and associations with child body mass index at 54-months postpartum. Methods This study applied latent growth modeling to the Growing Up in New Zealand study, which is a longitudinal pregnancy cohort study that provides nationally representative-level data, to investigate associations between depression at three time points (antenatal, 9-months postpartum, 54-months postpartum) and child body mass index at 54-months (n=4897). Results The average slope of depression for this sample is low and decreases over time. When child BMI was added to the model as an outcome variable, both antenatal depression (B=.25, p

OBJECTIVE: More media exposure and life stressors are associated with higher levels of externalizing behaviors in young children; however, their joint impact on externalizing behavior trajectory is unknown. This study assessed the relationship of stressful life events (SLE), media exposure, and additional demographic and family variables on the trajectory of externalizing behaviors in preschool-aged children. METHODS: Participants were children ages 3 to 5 years from a large, 18-month duration, randomized control trial to reduce inappropriate media exposure. The sample was recruited from community pediatrics' practices. Intervention and control groups were collapsed, with study arm a covariate. Latent growth modeling (LGM) was conducted, with main outcome of externalizing behaviors at 6, 12, and 18 months after study initiation. Primary exposures of interest were total daily media hours. SLE, intimate partner violence, and harsh parenting. RESULTS: Final analyses included 613 children. LGM without covariates revealed a significant decrease in mean externalizing score between baseline and 18 months. LGM with covariates revealed that individuals with more media exposure exhibited more externalizing behaviors and SLE significantly predicted a slower decline in externalizing behaviors. Externalizing behavior at 18 months was significantly predicted by SLE, child age, white non-Hispanic race, and harsh parenting. CONCLUSIONS: Exposure to a greater number of stressful life events appears to slow the age-appropriate decline in externalizing behaviors for preschool-aged children, while harsh parenting and media exposure are associated with more externalizing behavior. Findings highlight the importance of screening and surveillance in primary care and the need for early intervention efforts targeted to these risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a combined motivational and volitional intervention based on the theory of planned behavior aimed at promoting expansion-oriented job crafting behaviors. Participants were employees working in different companies, assigned to either an intervention (n = 53) or a control group (n = 55). Results of a field study (including premeasure, postmeasure, and weekly diaries) indicated that the intervention enhanced participants' perceptions of behavioral control referred to job crafting and awareness regarding others' engagement in job crafting. Latent change growth modeling showed that participation in the intervention led to participants shaping their job crafting intentions during the weeks, which translated into more frequent job crafting behaviors at the end of the study period. Besides, the intervention served to trigger weekly work-related flow experiences in terms of high absorption while working. Findings suggest that job crafting interventions can benefit from the inclusion of self-regulatory strategies complementing goal setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Motivational interactions during multiple language learning have been largely neglected in language motivation research. To fill this gap, we investigate longitudinal relations between Swiss German students' value beliefs in English, French, and German in upper secondary schools and whether there are differences in motivational development between multilingual and monolingual students. Multivariate latent growth modeling was used to analyze data from 850 students (Mage = 15.61 years, SD =.62; 54% female) gathered yearly from Grades 9 to 11. Results suggest an interference between students' value beliefs in English and the other 2 languages. Students who reported higher value beliefs in English in Grade 9 showed steeper decreases in their value beliefs for French and German from Grades 9 to 11. However, stronger increases in English value beliefs over time were associated with stronger increases in French and German value beliefs. Moreover, while multilingual students reported higher initial value beliefs in French and English, they also showed steeper decreases in French and English value beliefs over time compared to their monolingual peers. Findings are discussed in relation to their implications for teaching practice and future research directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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• Prenatal smoking and alcohol use were linked to changes in impulsivity. • Prenatal alcohol use was linked to slower rate of change in inattention. • Unsafe neighborhoods negatively affected aspects of executive functioning. Adverse prenatal substance use and environmental stressors have been linked to prefrontal cortex (PFC) impairments, the brain region that regulates executive functioning. Executive functions (e.g., inhibitory control, working memory, and cognitive flexibility) are crucial for sophisticated cognitive activities throughout child and adolescent development. There is little research on how prenatal substance use and environmental stressors longitudinally program executive functioning in children over time. We investigated the associations between prenatal/environmental stressors (i.e., maternal prenatal substance use, maternal-fetal bonding, and neighborhood disorganization) and executive function performance among low-income African American youth from age 6 until age 18. Analyses were based on four waves of data collected between 1994 and 2014 in the Memphis New Mothers Study, a longitudinal randomized controlled trial that was an intervention during pregnancy and the first two years of the child's life in low-SES women and their first-born children. Mothers and their children were followed longitudinally through 18 years post-childbirth. Prenatal substance use (e.g., prenatal smoke, alcohol, and drug use) and environmental stressor (e.g., food environment, maternal-fetal bonding and neighborhood disorganizations) evaluations were gathered from mothers and children prenatally and postnatally before the age of 4.5 years. Executive function was assessed using the Child Behavior Checklist for impulsivity and inattention, while the coding subscale of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Third Edition, the reading recognition subtest of the Peabody Individual Achievement Test, and the digit span subtest of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale were employed to assess working memory at three time periods (6, 12, and 18 years). Covariate-adjusted latent growth models estimated the associations between prenatal substance use and environmental stressors and changes in executive functioning over three time points. Prenatal smoking and alcohol use were associated with changes in impulsivity scores over 12 years. Prenatal alcohol use predicted higher inattention at baseline and a slower rate of change from ages 6 to 18. Neighborhood disorganization at ages 6 and 18 predicted higher inattention and lower working memory in youth at age 18, respectively. Our findings underscore the long-term impact of prenatal substance use exposures and neighborhood environments on cognitive development and highlight the importance of early interventions to mitigate these effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]