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A rural settlement dating from the Second Iron Age and the Roman period has been unearthed on the airfield site in Chartres. During the first phase of its occupation, dated to the Final Hallstatt or Early La Tène period, it comprised just a few structures, including a probable enclosure. The organisation of the site is difficult to determine, given the paucity of remains unearthed. The presence of a small cellar indicates relatively long-term occupation of this small settlement, the total area of which is unknown. The site was occupied again from La Tène D2a onwards. This rural occupation was marked by a trapezoidal ditched enclosure with an internal partition. The two spaces thus defined are marked by the presence of several buildings, one of which may be associated with a smithy. The morphology of the enclosure attests to a livestock-raising activity, the characteristics of which can be seen in the fauna discarded, mainly from the enclosure ditches. Lastly, a final enclosure dating from the Early Roman period succeeded the earlier agricultural settlement abandoned in the La Tène D2b or early Augustan period. This enclosed occupation was only partially visible. The few structures identified, dated to the early 1st century AD, indicate the proximity of a settlement located outside the excavation area.

During the 1949 archaeological excavations in the protohistorical settlement from Cetate site in Zimnicea (Teleorman county, Romania), a small bronze cast fibula was discovered (Fig. 1/1-2). Details of the circumstances of the discovery could be specified only after the diaries of the old excavations became accessible in summer 2023 (Fig. 1/3). The construction of the fibula corresponds to the "pseudo-Middle La Tène" scheme. Differences in color and corrosion can be observed between the body and the spring (Fig. 1/2). These differences indicate the use of different alloys. Very likely the fibula was made by casting the body over the extremity of the spring wire. The technological and ornamental details of the fibula show some similarities with the Oberleiserberg and Magdalenska gora types from the western Carpathian Basin (Fig. 2/1-2). The closest morphological analogies for the fibula from Zimnicea are provided by a specimen discovered in the vicinity of Shumen, in Bulgaria (Fig. 2/3). Also from that region comes a mold intended for the casting of a "pseudo-Middle Tène" fibula (Fig. 2/4). The fibula from Zimnicea and the finds from the Shumen area (Zimnicea - Shumen type) illustrate a transfer of technology from the Carpathian Basin to the lower Danube Valley (Fig. 3) in the early stage of Late La Tène (LT D1). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ceramic spoons are well known since early prehistory, though their occurence in Iron Age of Central Europe is re-stricted to the area of Jastorf Culture and derivated cultural groups. In this paper, a small number of this artefacts is presented, which come from the Early Roman Period settlement Mlékojedy and other sites in Bohemia as well. Almost all of them could be interpreted as signs of migrations from the late Jastorf Culture area into the Late La Tène Period or representatives of quickly evolving and dispersing Großromstedt Culture at the turn of Late La Tène and Early Roman Periods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fibulae with a knob on a backward-bent foot, of which different variants of the Picugi type are probably best known, evolved in the eastern Adriatic and its hinterland, and the wider south-eastern Alps during the last two centuries BC. A similar but distinct type of fibula named the Rakitno type has been identified based on its morphological characteristics and distribution. Fibulae of this type have mainly been recorded at sites in Bosnia and Herzegovina, but also in the Sava valley and eastern Slavonia. Similarities in the way they are decorated, with a series of knobs on the backward-bent foot, link fibulae of the Rakitno type with other contemporary forms recorded in the south-eastern part of the Carpathian Basin (fibulae of the Jarak type) and the south-eastern Alps (fibulae of the Mihovo type), indicating that designs were exchanged and then adapted to different communities in local workshops. On the other hand, finds of fibulae of the Rakitno type at sites in eastern Slavonia attest to contacts with communities settled in the western Balkans. Despite the absence of finds from closed associations, documented comparisons allow for fibulae of the Rakitno type to be dated to the latter half of the 2nd and the early 1st centuries BC, with the assumption that this design was typical of female costume.

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Two recent discoveries offer new insights concerning the diversity of non-funerary practices in southern Romania, in Late La Tène period : the tools deposit from Glogova (Gorj County) and the spearheads deposit from Desa (Dolj County). In the upper part of a hill with steep slopes on the territory of the village of Glogova, two treasure hunters discovered a deposit of iron tools. The inventory consists of a share (Henning type B1), two flesh forks (gr. κρεάγρα) and three sickles (Henning type H6/ Babeş type I). These types of tools have been used for a long time, but north of the Lower Danube such items are most commonly found in contexts from the 1st century BC – 1st century AD. The relatively small number of the items is not specific to Roman time sets of tools. Although it cannot be fully confirmed, the synchronization hypothesis between the Glogova deposit and the Padea – Panagjurski Kolonii group should not be lost of sight. The burial place of Glogova items on a steep hill recalls the pre-Roman depositions of tools from mountain contexts (e. g. Cetăţeni, Grădiştea de Munte – Strâmbu, Râpa cu Galbeni and others). The question may be asked whether these deposits represented votive offerings buried in the natural environment, dedicated to deities of the wild nature, as indicated by e. g. the “ Dacian” hoards. In any case, tool and utensil deposits are not an isolated local practice specific exclusively to pre-Roman Dacia, but must be understood in the broader context of tool deposits in Central and Eastern Europe during the Middle and Late La Tène periods. The inventory discovered at Glogova reflects the acculturation of a “ barbarian” world still free to the Mediterranean technology and customs mediated by the Roman economic and political system since the Republican era. The archaeological excavations undertaken in the year 2019 on Castraviţa site at Desa have led to the discovery, among other things, of two iron spearheads. No human cremated remains or ashes were found next to the spearheads, as e. g. in the case of Late La Tène grave 12. The find circumstances suggest the deliberate burial of the two weapons but exclude the hypothesis of a secondary filling or funeral deposition. The non-funeral burial of the two spearheads in a synchronous funeral area could be interpreted as a votive deposition or a cenotaph. The discoveries from square unit 14/ 2019 at Desa – Castraviţa also reveal other suggestive aspects for ancient depositional behaviours. The two iron spearheads were kept in a good state of conservation. The position in which they were found, horizontally and next to a relatively well preserved Late Eneolithic/ Early Bronze Age amphora, indicates however that the wooden shafts of the spears have been broken before their burial. Thus, the local Late La Tène phenomenon of deliberate destruction of wealth had a larger magnitude than reflected by the bent, broken or hit weapons. The lengths of the two spearheads (37.73 and 37.31 cm) are close to the regional average (40.84 cm). By comparison with examples from other regions of Iron Age Europe, the Late La Tène spearheads in the lower Danube region exhibit tendencies of gigantism. A similar trend is illustrated by some local Late La Tène fibulae. Thus, the votive significance of their burial is all the more explicit. By contrast, a miniature replica of a sica-type knife was discovered in grave 12. The burial of miniature items is also part of the Late La Tène depositional practices, but it is still an unexplored topic in the research of Padea – Panagjurski Kolonii group. A number of findings indicate the possibility of relative synchronization between the spearheads and the fibula from the grave 12 and their chronological framing in Late La Tène period. Due to its proportions and ornamentation, this fibula corresponds to the characteristics of the Corlate – Gura Padinii type. However, specimens of this type are strikingly similar to some fibulae discovered in the Carpathian Basin and closely related to some north-Adriatic and Dinaric fibulae of Kastav and Picugi types. Thus, the Corlate – Gura Padinii type can no longer be considered an original creation of the craftsmen from the Lower Danube Basin. All specimens in this typological “ family” show some general features of Mötschwil fibulae specific to the LT C2 phase. But, unlike Mötschwil type, the foot of the Picugi – Gura Padinii fibulae was decorated twice with the motif of a bead framed by bobbins (fr. perle et pirouettes), inspired by the classical ornamentation. The junction of the foot on the bow next to the spiral, the trapezoidal path of the bow and the increase of the number of windings of the spiral represent other “ deviations” from the typical form of the Mötschvil fibulae and constitute morphological changes whose incidence peaked at the beginning of the Late La Tène period (LT D1). The close analogies between the fibulae of the Coralte – Gura Padinii type and the Picugi type reveal the identity of a morphological and ornamental family in which two main divergent tendencies can be observed. (1) The ornamental refinement of classical inspiration illustrated by some specimens can be depreciated by simplification and geometry, due to the “ barbaric” aesthetic and craft filter from the Danube regions (interpretatio barbarica). (2) In the same “ barbaric” environments, local aesthetic and ritual rigor determined the oversize of the specimens, reaching up to pieces with gigantic dimensions. The spread of a common aesthetic model that formed the basis of the ornamentation of the Picugi and Corlate – Gura Padinii types indicates the same distribution networks illustrated by the late republican imports distributed in the LT D1 phase in the northern Balkan regions. Therefore, the adoption of the beads-andbobbins motif on Middle La Tène scheme fibulae foreshadows probably the prestige of Rome''s expanding cultural models. From the perspective of the findings from Glogova and especially Desa, the definition itself of Padea – Panagjurski Kolonii group as exclusive funeral behaviour could be critically reviewed and nuanced. Padea – Panagjurski Kolonii depositional practices were not restricted to the funeral realm but could also include votive behaviours or cenotaphs. The votive or funeral character of a feature can only be determined by methodical and professional survey

The archaeological rescue excavations at the Lozan – Lendava site near Špišić Bukovica, carried out in the fall of 2019, uncovered parts of infrastructure of a Late La Tène settlement. The site used to be known as a late medieval lowland hillfort, but the excavations have not confirmed this. The infrastructure of the Late La Tène settlement was represented by the remains of buried structures containing fragments of wheel-thrown pottery, but there were also particular recognizable handmade shapes. The results of the excavations at the Lozan settlement agree with the known facts about the contemporary settlements around Virovitica and Koprivnica, indicating that the Drava Valley was intensively inhabited during the Late La Tène period, i.e. at the end of the 2nd and in the 1st century BC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The museum collection in Varshets shelters several artefacts, which are the focus of the current paper. The selection of items under examination comprises artefacts, datable to the Late Iron Age (3rd–1st century BC/ LT C-D) or to the Roman period (1st– early 2nd century AD). The materials kept in the Varshets museum collection are divided into two major groups related to the local culture and the Early Roman Empire. The native objects are almost entirely typical for the so-called Padea–Spahii group. Most certainly, they came from a destroyed necropolis which consisted of at least three graves. The Early Roman group can safely be linked to the Imperial army of 1st century AD. The appearance of such finds near the mountain can be explained by control of the mountain passes or exploitation of the rich silver deposits. However, the lack of information concerning the exact findspots of the items discussed here makes all interpretations a risky endeavor.

The museum collection in Varshets shelters several artefacts, which are the focus of the current paper. The selection of items under examination comprises artefacts, datable to the Late Iron Age (3rd-1st century BC/LT C-D) or to the Roman period (1st-early 2nd century AD). The materials kept in the Varshets museum collection are divided into two major groups related to the local culture and the Early Roman Empire. The native objects are almost entirely typical for the so-called Padea-Spahii group. Most certainly, they came from a destroyed necropolis which consisted of at least three graves. The Early Roman group can safely be linked to the Imperial army of 1st century AD. The appearance of such finds near the mountain can be explained by control of the mountain passes or exploitation of the rich silver deposits. However, the lack of information concerning the exact findspots of the items discussed here makes all interpretations a risky endeavor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the horizontal and vertical stratigraphy of the site of Bolnica in Paraćin, based on both earlier and the latest archaeological excavations and the material which had been collected for decades by the Hometown Museum in Paraćin, as a result of the construction works connected with the constant urbanisation of the area. The presented archaeological material is attributed to a period from the Early Neolithic to the so-called Dacian La Tène, meaning the 2nd century AD. One of the subjects discussed in this paper is the possibility that the sites of Bolnica and Motel Slatina, in fact, represent one large site, which was artificially divided by the E 75 highway and the Serbian Glass Factory. The comparative analysis, which encompassed the sites positioned on the right bank of the Velika Morava River, showed that this is one of the sites with the most independent chronological sequences in the Central Morava Region. Likewise, the importance of this site as a strategic point and an important intersection on the route from the Danube River to the Central Balkans, and further towards the south and east is underlined. Finally, we analysed the appearance of Dacian material culture during the 1st and the 2nd century AD and compared the occurrence of certain forms and decorations with relevant sites in present-day Romania. The paper cautiously suggests that the Dacian material culture represents traces of the deportation of 100,000 Transdanubians to the territory of Moesia by the legate Silvanus Aelianus, possibly between 61 AD and 64 AD, during the reign of Emperor Nero, which has been partially confirmed by new archaeological excavations at the site of Gloždak-Lidl during 2018. [Project of the Serbian Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development, Grant no. 177020: Cultural Identity, Integrating Factors, Technological Processes and the Role of the Central Balkans in the Development of European Prehistory]

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Some pottery fragments and a combe represent the few indices for a small late La Tène (“ dacian”) settlement discovered in the site Dealul Viilor, near Sighişoara (Mureş County, Romania). Most likely, the artefacts date back to the first century B. C. Although extremly modest, this settlement integrates into a very complex archaeological landscape dominated by the oppidum from Sighişoara “ Wietenberg”

The additional rescue archaeological excavations of the AN 5 Petrijevci - Karaševo 1 site, on the route of D34 state road bypassing Petrijevci, uncovered the remains of archaeological structures located on the northern slopes of a gentle elevation next to a place where a small stream used to run. The central part of the excavated area contained post-holes and narrow ditches, but also fragments of La Tène and medieval pottery, indicating that the excavations comprised the northern edge of the prehistoric and medieval settlement standing to the south of today's Petrijevci and the route of the future bypass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the article is to present a unique finding -- almost the entire female bronze chain belt, which was found in the cadastral area of Hluboká u Kunštátu, in a hilly terrain quite far from the traditional settlement of the La Tène period. Based on its location under a flat stone, sacrifice or storage can be considered. Thanks to its integrity, the artefact ranks among the unique findings from the Late La Tène period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The paper presents a series of finger rings with/or gems of Mediterranean origin unearthed in Bohemia in Late Iron Age contexts. The rings and gems are studied from formal and stylistic point of view; results of technological analyses are also taken into consideration. The assemblage of finger rings from Bohemia is subsequently confronted with other Transalpine finds. The imported rings are relatively numerous in Bo‑ hemia but they are of a mediocre quality. Issues concerning the function of rings in the Late La Tène society as well as their role as indicators of romanisation are discussed in the end of the paper.

In the long tradition of research into the La Tene period in the region of South Pannonia many questions have been raised, but economic activity, especially agriculture and cattle-breeding, have not received due attention. The existing archaeological data permit the hypothesis that both settlement and agriculture intensified during this period, and these activities may have induced changes in the landscape. However, apart from sporadic comments, this topic has not been the object of research. The development of landscape archaeology and stable isotope analyses have made possible a better understanding of the ways people moved through landscape, used and changed it. It should be borne in mind that landscapes are not only spaces out of which humans derive resources in the most rational way, but also a product, medium, and a reflexion of various individual and collective experiences on social, symbolic and historical levels. The paper discusses the possibilities and perspectives of application of stable isotope analyses of carbon and strontium in animal bones retrieved from the late La Tene settlements in South Pannonia, with the aim of verifying the existing hypotheses and formulating new ones concerning economic practices and socio-political circumstances.

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The La Tesserie site (Couesmes, Indre-et-Loire) was found during an archaeological evaluation in 2007. This site is a rural dwelling located on 2.5 ha on the route of a future departmental road (RD766, Château-la-Vallière). Excavations were carried out during the winter 2008-2009 by Indre-et-Loire’s Departmental Archaeological Service (SADIL), managed by Bénédicte Quilliec. The settlement from the end of La Tène is organized around a quadrangular ditch (about 60 m side) with different kinds of constructions (structures, functions, sizes) Knowledge of this kind of site is still lacking because it depends directly on the archaeological survey as in the remainder of the Indre-et-Loire department. Therefore the excavation of La Tesserie was a great opportunity because the entire surface covered by the settlement was excavated providing useful information. In the light of the new data resulting from the study of several assemblies coming from varied structures, it is possible to better define the architectural constructions and identify the ceramic, bronze and iron furnishings and also animal bones and seeds. In addition this study enabled comparison to be made with various similar sites in the north of France.

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U zaštitnim istraživanjima lokaliteta Donji Miholjac - Đanovci na trasi južne obilaznice grada Donjeg Miholjca ustanovljeno je naseljavanje lokaliteta u eneolitiku (badenska i lasinjska kultura), kasnom latenu i antici te ranom i kasnom srednjem vijeku. Prapovijesna naselja ukazuju na intenzitet rasprostiranja na istočnijim dijelovima lokaliteta. Ranosrednjovjekovni objekti grupirani su na tri mjesta sporadično u središnjem, zapadnom dijelu središnjeg i samom zapadnom dijelu lokaliteta. Antičko i kasnosrednjovjekovno naselje zauzimaju najveću površinu, gotovo čitavim lokalitetom, s time da se kasnosrednjovjekovno naselje širi dalje na istok od antičkoga. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After three years of research carried out on the oppidum of Cordes-Chateloi at Hérisson, a planned excavation has just been completed on the Gallic rampart of the site. It took place at a place named Babylon, a little plateau on which the massive Celtic bank is supported. The excavations disclosed some unexpected remains, as it happens a wall and a paved way in a monumental style, which seem to indicate the presence of a gateway giving access to the oppidum.

Zusammenfassung: Die genaue Grabungsdokumentation der Scheiterhaufengräber unter den Tumuli aus Cugir und Tarinci, die paläobotanischen, anthropologischen und -zoologischen Untersuchungen sowie die Metallanalysen der Bronzegegenstände aus dem Wagengrab in Cugir, die ethnografischen und (experimentell-)archäologischen Analysen der Scheiterhaufenverbrennung eröffnen neuen Wege in der Forschung der Scheiterhaufenbestattungen der Spätlatène- bzw. der frühen Kaiserzeit an der unteren Donau, auf der Balkanhalbinsel und für das vorrömische Dakien. Zunächst wurden die Anlage der Verbrennungsstellen und der Aufbau der Scheiterhaufen herausgearbeitet: Die bei den Ausgrabungen entdeckten Bestattungsspuren mit dem für die Verbrennung des Leichnames, der Tierkadaver und der Grabausstattung benötigtem Brennmaterial sowie die Untersuchung der Verbrennungsspuren an den Knochen und den Gegenständen ermöglichten sowohl die Rekonstruktion des Scheiterhaufens als auch die des Verlaufs der Begräbniszeremonie. Der Scheiterhaufen, die Grabausstattung und der Grabhügel selbst vermitteln den Aufwand (d. h. die soziale Energie) bei der jeweiligen Bestattung auch durch den Vergleich mit anderen Gräbern aus dem Umfeld. Auf diesem Wege wird die Position des Toten in der jeweiligen Gemeinde beleuchtet. Somit kann die Scheiterhaufenbestattungssitte sowohl in den griechisch-westpontischen Kolonien - in denen sie eine traditionelle Grabform war - als auch in den Bestattungen des Typus Padea-Panagiuriski kolonii (zumeist Waffengräber) sowie in den frühkaiserzeitlichen Hügelgräbern Thrakiens nachvollzogen werden. Résumé: La documentation de fouilles de bûchers funéraires découverts sous les tumulus de Cugir et de Tarinci, les analyses archéobotaniques, archéozoologiques et ostéologiques, l'examen de la composition métallurgique des objets en bronze de la tombe à char de Cugir, ainsi que les enquêtes ethnologiques et expérimentales de bûchers funéraires ouvrent de nouvelles perspectives sur les rites de crémation pendant le période de La Tène Finale et des débuts de l'époque Romaine dans les régions du bas Danube, des Balkans et de la Dacie. Notre enquête commence par établir comment les sites d'incinérations étaient organisés et comment les bûchers funéraires étaient construits. Les données relatives à la crémation des défunts et au combustible nécessaire, les carcasses d'animaux et le mobilier funéraire ainsi que l'examen de traces de combustion sur les ossements et les objets nous permettent de reconstruire non seulement les bûchers mais aussi les rites funéraires. Les bûchers, le mobilier funéraire et les tumuli nous permettent du juger l'investissement (donc l'énergie sociale) que représentent ces monuments funéraires par rapport à d'autres sépultures de la région et ainsi de mieux comprendre le niveau social des défunts au sein de leurs communautés. Le rite de la crémation sur bûcher, documenté dans les colonies grecques et de l'ouest du Pont Euxin (riches en traditions funéraires) comme aussi dans les sépultures de type Padea-Panagiuriski kolonii et les tumulus du Haut Empire en Thrace, peut ainsi être mieux appréhendé. Abstract: The detailed excavation records of the pyres under the barrows of Cugir and Tarinci, the analysis of the human, animal and plant remains they contained, the metallurgical examination of the bronze objects from the vehicle burial of Cugir, and the ethnographic and experimental investigations of pyre cremations open new research perspectives concerning cremations of the Late La Tène and Early Roman period in the lower Danube, Balkan and Dacian regions. This investigation attempts to ascertain how cremation sites were set up and how pyres were constructed. The archaeological evidence for cremated bodies and the fuel needed for the incineration of humans, animal corpses and grave goods, as well as the examination of traces of cremation on bones and artefacts enable us to reconstruct not only the pyres themselves but also the funerary rites involved. Pyres, grave goods and barrows give an indication of the level of funerary investment (i.e. social energy) when compared to other burials in the region. From this it becomes possible to gain insights into the social position of the deceased within their communities. The rite of cremation on pyres documented in the Greek/western Pontic colonies (which is rich in such traditions) as well as the burials of the Padea-Panagiuriski kolonii type (mainly weapon burials) and those of the Early Roman barrow burials of Thrace can thus be better comprehended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The Jezerine-type fibulae are one of the most popular forms of attire from the Late La Tène period, that is, the LT D2 phase. They have been recorded in a wider European area, from the western part of the Mediterranean basin throughout all of continental Europe to the Baltic, and a large number of them originated in eastern Slavonia, Syrmia and northern Serbia, an area that, in the Late Iron Age, was inhabited by a political group known from ancient literary sources as the Scordisci. Many of these finds can be attributed to the Jezerine-type II fibulae, which spread to southeastern Pannonia via a communication route that went through the Sava valley. A smaller group of finds includes copies of the Jezerine-type fibulae which were tailored according to the tastes of the local users. The results of the PIXE analysis of the composition of the alloy from which cast fibulae were made show quite a heterogeneous picture, indicating that the finds from southeastern Pannonia were produced in different workshops located in areas spreading from northern Italy and the southeastern Alpine region, over the western Balkans to southern Pannonia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

this article looks at a group of swords and associated scabbards from the transition of the Late La tène to the Roman period. Werner (1977) put forward the hypothesis of their Norican origin, while in later publications their production on the territory of the treveri is also presumed.Our research has shown that parts of all four items from Slovenia for which the composition of the metal has been determined, are of pure brass. In view of the fact that the same applies to the three analysed items of this group from Germany and Slovakia, as well as the finding that the name stamp on one of the swords of the group reveals a Latin name, we assume that they were made in a Celto-Roman milieu; their distribution seems to suggest North-eastern ancient Italy as the possible area of their production.

This article considers the function of the ramparts of late La Tène oppida. If the three traditional functions exist for these sites (defensive, show and symbolic) it is however the symbolic function which is of overriding importance. A parallel can thus be drawn with the idea of the pomerium, well-known in the Etrusco-Roman world. In effect the symbolic delimitations are attested at different levels among the Celts as much for the temenos of sanctuaries as for the territory of the civitas. It is not surprising that the appearance of the first urban sites, the oppida, should be accompanied by a symbolic delimitation as with Greek and Roman towns.

The trial excavations of the prehistoric site in Mali Bilač located on the western slopes of Dilj on the eastern part of the Požega basin were carried out during April 2011 (Fig. 1). In 1993, armament (swords in the scabbards, spears, shield bosses), parts of costumes (fibulae) and fragments of bronze and ceramic vessels were found by chance at the local cemetery; these finds probably belong to the dual warrior grave from the earlier phase of the Late La Tène period (LT D1). The small scale trial excavations in 2003 have not resulted in the discovery of any new graves, except for the findings collected from the destroyed grave 1. In April 2011, after the area around the cemetery was destroyed by construction works, the remaining area around the cemetery was fully explored. During the excavations the remains of two incineration graves that confirm the assumption of the existence of Late La Tène cemetery were discovered on the highest, southern part of the ridge. Only the bottom parts of grave pits were preserved. In grave 2 a part of the bronze pin was found, probably a part of a fibula, and in addition a S-shaped bowl and fragments of another vessel, probably kantharoi. The smaller pile of burned bones was deposited south of the bowl (Fig. 5). Only few ceramic fragments were preserved in the grave 3. Trial excavations have confirmed the former knowledge about the chronological picture of the cemetery in Mali Bilač, which, according to the findings from a ruined grave, belongs to LT D1 period, i.e. to the second half of the 2nd and the beginning of 1st century BC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The excavations at the settlement in Virovitica revealed fibulae which, along with many ceramic forms, allow us to place the settlement in the Late La Tène period. Similarities with the ceramic finds from contemporaneous settlements in the Slovenian part of Podravina and Prekmurje are particularly numerous. Fibula cast in lead bronze belongs to the female attire of the Late La Tène period, and different variants of similarly cast fibulae have been found at the sites of the La Tène Culture in Central Europe. The bronze fibulae of the Beletov vrt type, found in the fillings of pit-dwellings in the north-eastern part of the settlement, are considered to be one of the characteristic Late La Tène forms of the Mokronog Group. In view of the typological characteristics and distribution, it can be presumed that the fibulae originated from workshops located in the area of Podravina. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The excavations at the settlement in Virovitica revealed fibulae which, along with many ceramic forms, allow us to place the settlement in the Late La Tène period. Similarities with the ceramic finds from contemporaneous settlements in the Slovenian part of Podravina and Prekmurje are particularly numerous. Fibula cast in lead bronze belongs to the female attire of the Late La Tène period, and different variants of similarly cast fibulae have been found at the sites of the La Tène Culture in Central Europe. The bronze fibulae of the Beletov vrt type, found in the fillings of pit-dwellings in the north-eastern part of the settlement, are considered to be one of the characteristic Late La Tène forms of the Mokronog Group. In view of the typological characteristics and distribution, it can be presumed that the fibulae originated from workshops located in the area of Podravina. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work we attempt to elucidate the chronological and geographical origin of deeply coloured and black glass dating between 100bc andad 300 on the basis of their major and trace element compositions. Samples from the western and eastern parts of the Roman Empire were analysed. Analytical data were obtained by means of a scanning electron microscope – energy-dispersive system (SEM–EDS, 63 samples analysed) and laser ablation – inductively coupled plasma – mass spectrometry (LA–ICP–MS, 41 samples analysed). Among the glass fragments analysed, dark brown, dark purple and dark green hues could be distinguished. Only among the dark green fragments could a clear compositional distinction be observed between fragments dated to the periods before and afterad 150. In the early samples (first centurybc to first centuryad), iron, responsible for the green hue, was introduced by using impure sand containing relatively high amounts of Ti. In contrast, a Ti-poor source of iron was employed, containing Sb, Co and Pb in trace quantities, in order to obtain the dark green colour in the later glass samples. The analytical results obtained by combining SEM–EDS and LA–ICP–MS are therefore consistent with a differentiation of glassmaking recipes, detectable in glass composition, occurring in the period aroundad 150. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]