Marina Brasó-Vives, Ferdinand Marlétaz, Amina Echchiki, Federica Mantica, Rafael D. Acemel, José L. Gómez-Skarmeta, Diego A. Hartasánchez, Lorlane L. Targa, Pierre Pontarotti, Juan J. Tena, Ignacio Maeso, Hector Escriva, Manuel Irimia, Marc Robinson-Rechavi, Department of Ecology and Evolution [Lausanne], Université de Lausanne = University of Lausanne (UNIL), Dept of Genetics, Evolution and Environment [London] (UCL-GEE), University College of London [London] (UCL), Centre for Genomic Regulation [Barcelona] (CRG), Universitat Pompeu Fabra [Barcelona] (UPF)-Centro Nacional de Analisis Genomico [Barcelona] (CNAG), Andalusian Centre for Developmental Biology (CABD), Department of Computational Biology, Microbes évolution phylogénie et infections (MEPHI), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Hospitalier Universitaire Méditerranée Infection (IHU Marseille), Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, and IRBio, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain, Biologie intégrative des organismes marins (BIOM), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire océanologique de Banyuls (OOB), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics [Lausanne] (SIB), MRR acknowledges support from the Swiss National Science Foundation grant 31003A/173048, and from the Etat de Vaud. FMar acknowledges support from the Royal Society grant URF\R1\191161. MI acknowledges support from European Research Council ERC‑StG‑LS2‑637591. HE acknowledges support from the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR‑16‑CE12‑0008‑01 and ANR‑19‑CE13‑0011). PP acknowledges support from the French Government under the 'Investissements d’avenir' program managed by the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (Méditerranée Infection 10‑IAHU‑03). IM acknowledges support from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation and the European Union (RYC‑2016‑20089 and PGC2018‑099392‑A‑I00). JJT acknowledges support from the ERC (Grant Agreement No. 740041) and the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (PID2019‑103921GB‑I00)., ANR-16-CE12-0008,CHORELAND,Détermination de la conservation du landscape génomique de régulation au cours de l'embryogenèse des chordés(2016), ANR-19-CE13-0011,NEUCECHO,Dynamique de l'induction neurale au niveau de la cellule unique chez les chordés(2019), Swiss National Science Foundation, Royal Society (UK), European Research Council, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (France), Agence Nationale de la Recherche (France), Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), and Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España)
[Background]: Amphioxus are non-vertebrate chordates characterized by a slow morphological and molecular evolution. They share the basic chordate body-plan and genome organization with vertebrates but lack their 2R whole-genome duplications and their developmental complexity. For these reasons, amphioxus are frequently used as an outgroup to study vertebrate genome evolution and Evo-Devo. Aside from whole-genome duplications, genes continuously duplicate on a smaller scale. Small-scale duplicated genes can be found in both amphioxus and vertebrate genomes, while only the vertebrate genomes have duplicated genes product of their 2R whole-genome duplications. Here, we explore the history of small-scale gene duplications in the amphioxus lineage and compare it to small- and large-scale gene duplication history in vertebrates. [Results]: We present a study of the European amphioxus (Branchiostoma lanceolatum) gene duplications thanks to a new, high-quality genome reference. We find that, despite its overall slow molecular evolution, the amphioxus lineage has had a history of small-scale duplications similar to the one observed in vertebrates. We find parallel gene duplication profiles between amphioxus and vertebrates and conserved functional constraints in gene duplication. Moreover, amphioxus gene duplicates show levels of expression and patterns of functional specialization similar to the ones observed in vertebrate duplicated genes. We also find strong conservation of gene synteny between two distant amphioxus species, B. lanceolatum and B. floridae, with two major chromosomal rearrangements. [Conclusions]: In contrast to their slower molecular and morphological evolution, amphioxus’ small-scale gene duplication history resembles that of the vertebrate lineage both in quantitative and in functional terms., RR acknowledges support from the Swiss National Science Foundation grant 31003A/173048, and from the Etat de Vaud. FMar acknowledges support from the Royal Society grant URF\R1\191161. MI acknowledges support from European Research Council ERC-StG-LS2-637591. HE acknowledges support from the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR-16-CE12-0008-01 and ANR-19-CE13-0011). PP acknowledges support from the French Government under the “Investissements d’avenir” program managed by the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (Méditerranée Infection 10-IAHU-03). IM acknowledges support from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation and the European Union (RYC-2016-20089 and PGC2018-099392-A-I00). JJT acknowledges support from the ERC (Grant Agreement No. 740041) and the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (PID2019-103921GB-I00).