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Инфективна болест бурзе (Гамборо болест) је контагиозна вирусна болест младих пилића. Узрочник је РНК вирус који припада фамилији Birnaviridae. Испољава тропизам према Фабрицијусовој бурзи доводећи до оштећења лимфоцита и атрофије. Болест се контролише вакцинацијом родитељских јединки и пријемчивих пилића. Употреба атенуираних вакцина може довести до смањења неких технолошких параметара. Циљ овог рада је био да се докаже које од примењених атенуираних вакцина, интермедијарних Гумбокал, Гумбокал D78 и интермедијарне-плус Гумбокал 228Е, индукује најбољи развитак имнунолошког одговора и доводе до најмањих оштећења у ткиву Фабрицијусове бурзе и слезене. Пратили смо да ли делују имуносупресивно на вакцину против Њукастл болести и да ли утичу на смањење телесне масе бројлерских пилића. Основне огледне групе су вакцинисане четрнаестог дана старости против Гамборо болести, а затим су од основних огледних група оформљене подгрупе које су вакцинисане против Њукастл болести у различитим временским периодима: О1-1, О2-2, О3-1 после седам дана, О1-2, О2-2, О3-2 после четрнаест дана, О1-3, О2-3, О3-3 после двадесетједан дан од вакцинације против Гамборo болести .Од првог до четрдесетдругог дана експеримента сваких седам дана је вађена крв пилићима, мерена њихова телесна маса и узорковане бурзе и слезене. Крвни серуми су испитивани на висину титра антитела ЕЛИСА тестом за Гамборо болест, а методом инхибиције хемагутинације за Њукастл болест. Највишу висину титра на Гамборо болест је показала огледна група О1, затим група О2 и најнижи О3. У огледним подгрупама О3-1, О3-2 и О3-3 се испољио имуносупресивни ефекат на имунолошки одговор према Њукастл болести. Фабрицијусовим бурзама је одређивана релативна маса и бурзални индекс да би се установило да ли је дошло до атрофије након примене вакцина. Најнижи бурзални индекс је установљен у огледној групи О3, затим у О2 и у О1. Таквим редоследом су устновљене и патохистолошке промене у бурзи. Добијени резултати указују да употреба интермеди, Infektivna bolest burze (Gamboro bolest) je kontagiozna virusna bolest mladih pilića. Uzročnik je RNK virus koji pripada familiji Birnaviridae. Ispoljava tropizam prema Fabricijusovoj burzi dovodeći do oštećenja limfocita i atrofije. Bolest se kontroliše vakcinacijom roditeljskih jedinki i prijemčivih pilića. Upotreba atenuiranih vakcina može dovesti do smanjenja nekih tehnoloških parametara. Cilj ovog rada je bio da se dokaže koje od primenjenih atenuiranih vakcina, intermedijarnih Gumbokal, Gumbokal D78 i intermedijarne-plus Gumbokal 228E, indukuje najbolji razvitak imnunološkog odgovora i dovode do najmanjih oštećenja u tkivu Fabricijusove burze i slezene. Pratili smo da li deluju imunosupresivno na vakcinu protiv NJukastl bolesti i da li utiču na smanjenje telesne mase brojlerskih pilića. Osnovne ogledne grupe su vakcinisane četrnaestog dana starosti protiv Gamboro bolesti, a zatim su od osnovnih oglednih grupa oformljene podgrupe koje su vakcinisane protiv NJukastl bolesti u različitim vremenskim periodima: O1-1, O2-2, O3-1 posle sedam dana, O1-2, O2-2, O3-2 posle četrnaest dana, O1-3, O2-3, O3-3 posle dvadesetjedan dan od vakcinacije protiv Gamboro bolesti .Od prvog do četrdesetdrugog dana eksperimenta svakih sedam dana je vađena krv pilićima, merena njihova telesna masa i uzorkovane burze i slezene. Krvni serumi su ispitivani na visinu titra antitela ELISA testom za Gamboro bolest, a metodom inhibicije hemagutinacije za NJukastl bolest. Najvišu visinu titra na Gamboro bolest je pokazala ogledna grupa O1, zatim grupa O2 i najniži O3. U oglednim podgrupama O3-1, O3-2 i O3-3 se ispoljio imunosupresivni efekat na imunološki odgovor prema NJukastl bolesti. Fabricijusovim burzama je određivana relativna masa i burzalni indeks da bi se ustanovilo da li je došlo do atrofije nakon primene vakcina. Najniži burzalni indeks je ustanovljen u oglednoj grupi O3, zatim u O2 i u O1. Takvim redosledom su ustnovljene i patohistološke promene u burzi. Dobijeni rezultati ukazuju, Infectious bursal disease (Gumboro disease) is a contagious viral disease of young chickens. The causative agent is an RNA virus that belongs to the family Birnaviridae. It exhibits tropism toward bursa of Fabricius causing damage to cells and atrophy. The disease is controlled by vaccination of susceptible broiler breeders and chickens. The use of attenuated vaccines may lead to the reduction of certain production parameters. The aim of this study was to prove which of the applied attenuated vaccines, intermediate Gumbokal, Gumbokal D78 and intermediate-plus Gumbokal 228E, induces the best immunological response and leads to fewest damages to burza of Fabricijus tissue and spleen. We tracked whether it influences on immunosuppressive vaccine against Newcastle disease and if it leads to reduce of body mass of broiler chickens. Basic experimental groups were vaccinated on the fourteenth day of age against Gamboro diseases, and sub-groups were formed of the basic experimental groups which have been vaccinated against Newcastle disease in different time periods: O1-1, O2-2, O3-1 after seven days, O1-2 , O2-2, O3-2 after fourteen days, O1-3, O2-3, O3-3 after twenty-one days of vaccination against Gumboro disease. From the first to the fourty second day of the experiment, blood was extracted form the chicks every seven days, their body weight was measured and burza and spleen were sampled. Blood serum were assayed for the amount of the antibody titer by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test (ELISA) for Gumboro disease, and with Hemagglutination-inhibition test (HI) for Newcastle disease. The biggest titer for Gamboro disease were showed by experimental group O1, then O2 and group O3 the lowest. In the experimental subgroups O3-1, O3-2 and O3-3 immunosuppressive effect was exhibited on the immune response to Newcastle disease. Relative weight and bursal index were determined for burza of Fabricius to determine whether there was atrophy after administration of the vaccine

Granulocytic anaplasmosis in dogs is a disease that is distributed worldwide, caused by the pathogen Anaplasma phagocytophiluin. This disease is transmitted by ticks of the Ixodes genus. So far, no data have been published about the presence and prevalence of dog infections with A. phagocytophilum in the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina and the Republic of Serbia proper. The aim of this seroepidemiological research was to determine the seroprevalence of IgG antibodies to the agent A. phagocytophilum in the population of dogs in Vojvodina, Serbia. This seroepidemiological research involved 84 randomly selected dogs from the area of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina. Aiming to determine the presence of antibodies of class G to the agent Anaplasma phagocytophilum, we used the indirect immunofluorescence antibody test (TEAT). By applying IFAT, in the area of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina, Serbia, specific antibodies of class G to agent A. phagocytophilum were found in the serums of 13/84 dogs, which points to a seroprevalence of 15.5 %. The detection of antibodies to the agent A. phagocytophilum in the dog population in the area of the Autonomous Province Vojvodina is the basis for further epidemiological, clinical and diagnostic research of this infection.

Infektivna bolest burze (Gamboro bolest) je kontagiozna virusna bolest mladih pilića. Uzročnik je RNK virus koji pripada familiji Birnaviridae. Ispoljava tropizam prema Fabricijusovoj burzi dovodeći do oštećenja limfocita i atrofije. Bolest se kontroliše vakcinacijom roditeljskih jedinki i prijemčivih pilića. Upotreba atenuiranih vakcina može dovesti do smanjenja nekih tehnoloških parametara. Cilj ovog rada je bio da se dokaže koje od primenjenih atenuiranih vakcina, intermedijarnih Gumbokal, Gumbokal D78 i intermedijarne-plus Gumbokal 228E, indukuje najbolji razvitak imnunološkog odgovora i dovode do najmanjih oštećenja u tkivu Fabricijusove burze i slezene. Pratili smo da li deluju imunosupresivno na vakcinu protiv Njukastl bolesti i da li utiču na smanjenje telesne mase brojlerskih pilića. Osnovne ogledne grupe su vakcinisane četrnaestog dana starosti protiv Gamboro bolesti, a zatim su od osnovnih oglednih grupa oformljene podgrupe koje su vakcinisane protiv Njukastl bolesti u različitim vremenskim periodima: O1-1, O2-2, O3-1 posle sedam dana, O1-2, O2-2, O3-2 posle četrnaest dana, O1-3, O2-3, O3-3 posle dvadesetjedan dan od vakcinacije protiv Gamboro bolesti .Od prvog do četrdesetdrugog dana eksperimenta svakih sedam dana je vađena krv pilićima, merena njihova telesna masa i uzorkovane burze i slezene. Krvni serumi su ispitivani na visinu titra antitela ELISA testom za Gamboro bolest, a metodom inhibicije hemagutinacije za Njukastl bolest. Najvišu visinu titra na Gamboro bolest je pokazala ogledna grupa O1, zatim grupa O2 i najniži O3. U oglednim podgrupama O3-1, O3-2 i O3-3 se ispoljio imunosupresivni efekat na imunološki odgovor prema Njukastl bolesti. Fabricijusovim burzama je određivana relativna masa i burzalni indeks da bi se ustanovilo da li je došlo do atrofije nakon primene vakcina. Najniži burzalni indeks je ustanovljen u oglednoj grupi O3, zatim u O2 i u O1. Takvim redosledom su ustnovljene i patohistološke promene u burzi. Dobijeni rezultati ukazuju, Infectious bursal disease (Gumboro disease) is a contagious viral disease of young chickens. The causative agent is an RNA virus that belongs to the family Birnaviridae. It exhibits tropism toward bursa of Fabricius causing damage to cells and atrophy. The disease is controlled by vaccination of susceptible broiler breeders and chickens. The use of attenuated vaccines may lead to the reduction of certain production parameters. The aim of this study was to prove which of the applied attenuated vaccines, intermediate Gumbokal, Gumbokal D78 and intermediate-plus Gumbokal 228E, induces the best immunological response and leads to fewest damages to burza of Fabricijus tissue and spleen. We tracked whether it influences on immunosuppressive vaccine against Newcastle disease and if it leads to reduce of body mass of broiler chickens. Basic experimental groups were vaccinated on the fourteenth day of age against Gamboro diseases, and sub-groups were formed of the basic experimental groups which have been vaccinated against Newcastle disease in different time periods: O1-1, O2-2, O3-1 after seven days, O1-2 , O2-2, O3-2 after fourteen days, O1-3, O2-3, O3-3 after twenty-one days of vaccination against Gumboro disease. From the first to the fourty second day of the experiment, blood was extracted form the chicks every seven days, their body weight was measured and burza and spleen were sampled. Blood serum were assayed for the amount of the antibody titer by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test (ELISA) for Gumboro disease, and with Hemagglutination-inhibition test (HI) for Newcastle disease. The biggest titer for Gamboro disease were showed by experimental group O1, then O2 and group O3 the lowest. In the experimental subgroups O3-1, O3-2 and O3-3 immunosuppressive effect was exhibited on the immune response to Newcastle disease. Relative weight and bursal index were determined for burza of Fabricius to determine whether there was atrophy after administration of the vaccine

Introduction: Tularaemia is a severe bacterial zoonosis caused by the highly infectious agent Francisella tularensis. Microbiological diagnosis of tularemia mainly relies on serology. Within the last decade great efforts have been made to develop more sensitive and specific immunological and molecular techniques for the laboratory diagnosis of tularemia. Occurance of tularemia epidemic in the Southeast of Serbia in 1998/1999. initiated epidemiological as well as microbiological and clinical research in this area. That was the motive to start applying and improving immunodiagnostic tests, and a real challenge for the clinicians to fight the infectious agents, bacteria F. tularensis. Objective: 1. Determination of the correlation between the test results done by immunodignostic, histological, immunohistochemic and molecular methods; assesment of significance of the noted tests in diagnosis and the efficiency assesment in therapy of tularemia patients. 2. Monitoring and evaluation of the serological antibody finding of tularemia patients within the period from 1 to 11 years since the beginning of the disease. 3. Assesment of efficiency of the applied antibiotic therapy on patients suffering from tularemia. Methods: Testing was performed on a group of 113 patients suffering from tularemia in a period starting in 1999.until the end of 2011. Control group included 111 examinees, out of which 31 patient with differential diagnosis of lymphadenopathy of different origin, 20 seropositive brucella patients, 10 seronegative brucella patients, 30 seropositive yersinia patients and 20 voluntary blood donors. During the diagnostic processing of patients, following materials were used: serum and bioptat of lymph node. Total of 270 serum samples were examined, out of which 189 serums suspicious of tularemia, 111 serums from the control groupe and 26 lymph node bioptats. There were 8 diagnostic techniques used on the material mentioned, out of which 6 serological, imunohistochemical

Introduction Ehrlichiosis is a bacterial zoonosis transmitted by hematophagous arthropods - ticks. In humans, it occurs as monocytic, granulocytic, and ewingii ehrlichiosis. Pathological process is based on parasitic presence of Ehrlichia organisms within peripheral blood cells - monocytes and granulocytes. Case Outline Fifty-two year old patient was admitted to hospital due to high fever of over 40°C that lasted two days, accompanied with chills, muscle aches, malaise, loss of appetite, headache, confusion, breathing difficulties, and mild dry cough. The history suggested tick bite that occurred seven days before the onset of disease. Doxycycline was introduced and administered for 14 days, causing the disease to subside. Indirect immunofluorescence assay was used to analyze three serum samples obtained from this patient for Ehrlichia chaffeensis antibodies, and peripheral blood smear was evaluated for the presence of Ehrlichia and Ehrlichia aggregation into morulae. Conclusion Ehrlichiosis should be considered in each case where there is a history of tick bite together with the clinical picture (high fever, chills, muscle aches, headache, generalized weakness and malaise, and possible maculopapular rash). The presence of Ehrlichia chaffeensis antibodies was confirmed in a patient with the history of tick bite, appropriate clinical picture and indirect immunofluorescence assay. This confirmed the presence of human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis, a disease that is uncommonly identified in our country., Uvod Erlihioza je bakterijska zoonoza koja se prenosi hematofagnim artropodama - krpeljima. Kod ljudi se javlja kao monocitna, granulocitna i ewingii erlihioza. Patološki proces je posledica unutar ćelijskog parazitiranja erlihije u monocitima i granulocitima periferne krvi. Prikaz bolesnika Bolesnik star 52 godine primljen je na odeljenje zbog visoke dvodnevne febrilnosti (preko 40°C) koja je praćena drhtavicom, bolovima u mišićima, malaksalošću, gubitkom apetita, glavoboljom, konfuznošću, otežanim disanjem i oskudnim suvim kašljem. U anamnezi je dobijen podatak o ujedu krpelja sedam dana pre prijema. Laboratorijski nalazi su ukazali na trombocitopeniju, leukopeniju, anemiju i povećanje aktivnosti transaminaza u serumu. Bolesnik je lečen doksiciklinom 14 dana, nakon čega su se tegobe povukle. Metodom indirektne imunofluorescencije analizirana su tri uzorka seruma ovog bolesnika na prisustvo antitela na bakteriju Ehrlichia chaffeensis i pregledan je uzorak razmaza periferne krvi na prisustvo erlihija i konglomerata erlihije u morule, koje predstavljaju citoplazmatske vakuole. Zaključak Kod bolesnika s podatkom o ubodu krpelja, odgovarajućom kliničkom slikom i serološkim testom indirektne imunofluorescencije dokazana su antitela za bakteriju Ehrlichia chaffeensis, što ukazuje na humanu monocitotropnu erlihiozu, bolest koja se kod nas retko dokazuje. Na erlihiozu treba misliti kada uz kliničku sliku (visoka febrilnost, groznica, bolovi u mišićima, glavobolja, opšta slabost i malaksalost, eventualno makulopapulozna ospa) postoji podatak o ubodu krpelja.

Dokazivanje virusnih infekcija pĉela od velikog je interesa za pravilnu procjenu odnosa izmeĊu domaćina i potencijalnog patogena. Do izrade ove doktorske teze, na teritoriji Bosne i Hercegovine nije bilo prouĉavanja koja bi dokaz virusnih infekcija pĉela dovela do mogućnosti kliniĉke procjene patološkog odnosa za eko-genotip prilagoĊene pĉelinje zajednice. Evolucijski adaptirani virusi medonosne pĉele Apis mellifera carnica, sa stanovišta veterinarske entomologije, veterinarske virusologije i infektivnih bolesti, te saznanja veterinarskog servisa uopšte, nisu bili dovoljno prepoznati. Pojava i dostupnost molekularnih dijagnostiĉkih metoda omogućile su senzitivno i specifiĉno dokazivanje dijela genoma virusa koji inficiraju pĉelinje zajednice. Iz ekstrahovanih uzoraka templata razliĉitih uzoraka homogenizata sluĉajno uzorkovanih pĉela, RNK, sa jednim parom prajmera za svaki virus, pojedinaĉno, redoslijedom: BQCV, DWV, SBV, ABPV, KBV, CBPV uraĊeni su amplifikacijski protokoli i dobijeni rezultati za klasiĉan, end point, RT-PCR. Ovom doktorskom disertacijom dobijeni su prvi rezultati koji se odnose na utvrĊivanje prisustva i raširenosti virusnih infekcija kod vrste Apis mellifera u pĉelinjacima Bosne i Hercegovine. Od oko dvadeset virusa koji inficiraju pĉele i pĉelinje zajednice, metodama primjenjive molekularne dijagnostike u ovoj doktorskoj tezi dokazivali smo prisustvo virusnih infekcija za šest najviše prouĉavanih virusa pĉela. Dobijeni rezultati dokazali su prisustvo pet od šest traţenih virusa sa razliĉitim kombinacijama koinfekcija te raznolikom prostornom distribucijom virusa. Poznavanje sloţenih mehanizama virusnih infekcija pĉelinjih zajednica neophodnost je koja sa novim saznanjima proglašava neke od virusa emergentnim patogenima, koji bitno narušavaju opstanak pĉelinje zajednice. U patološko-sinergistiĉkom odnosu sa nametnikom pĉelinje zajednice Varroa destructor neki pĉelinji virusi uzroci su globalno registrovanih gubitaka. Dio istraţivanja u radu odnosi, Evidence of viral infection of bees is of great interest for the proper assessment of the relationship between host and pathogen potential. By making this doctoral thesis on the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina, where before was no present study of evidence of viral infections, lead to ability on clinical evaluation of pathological relations for eco-genotype adapted colonies. Evolutionarily adapted viruses honeybee Apis mellifera, from the veterinary entomology, veterinary virology and infectious diseases, and knowledge of the veterinary services in general, have not been recognized enough. The appearance and availability of molecular diagnostic methods have allowed sensitive and specific detection part of the genome of the virus that infects the colonies. Templates were extracted from samples of different patterns, homogenisate, randomly sampled bees, RNA, with a pair of primers for each virus, respectively, in the order: BQCV, DWV, SBV, ABPV, KBV, CBPV amplification protocols were done and the results obtained by conventional, end point, RT -PCR. This doctoral dissertation obtained the first results concerning the determination of the presence and spread of viral infections in the species Apis mellifera in Bosnia and Herzegovina. From about twenty viruses that can infect bees and hives using diagnostic methods applicable in this doctoral thesis we demonstrate the presence of viral infections of six most studied viruses of bees. The obtained results showed the presence five of the six essential viruses in forms of co-infection with different combinations and varied virus spatial distribution. Awareness of the complex mechanisms of viral infections in colonies is that the new knowledge proclaimed a virus as "emergent pathogen" that significantly impairs the survival of honeybee colonies. The pathogenic synergistic relationship with the parasite Varroa destructor causes that bee viruses are globally listed as reasons for losses. Part of the research work was relat

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) je uzročnik akutne hepatis E infekcije kod ljudi. HEV se prenosi putem zagaĎene vode i odgovoran je za nastanak mnogobrojnih epidemija velikih razmera u zemljama u razvoju Azije i Afrike. Hepatitis E je prvi put kod svinja izolovan 1997. godine, a kasnije je dokazan i kod ostalih ţivotinjskih vrsta, kao što su: divlje svinje, jelen, zečevi, pacovi, ptice i ostalo. Prva istraţivanja prisustva HEV infekcije kod domaćih i divljih svinja u Srbiji sprovedena su 2008. godine. HEV RNK je dokazana u 30% uzoraka fecesa i 45% uzoraka organa (Petrovic et al., 2008). Analizom uzoraka krvnih seruma svinja u individualnim gazdinstvima ustanovljena je seroprevalencija od 34,6% (Lupulovic et al, 2010). Cilj ovog istraţivanja je ispitivanje raširenosti HEV infekcije kod svinja na farmama na teritoriji Vojvodine, kao i ispitivanje HEV seroprevalencije kod ljudi u Vojvodini. Od metoda za istraţivanje korišćene su: nekomercijalni ELISA test (in-house ELISA), komercijalni ELISA test, Western-blot metod, real-time RT -PCR i imunohistohemijska metoda za detekciju HEV antigena. Materijal za ispitivanje su bili uzorci krvi svinja (300) sa 3 farme na teritoriji Juţne Bačke i Srema i uzorci krvi ljudi (294), kao i uzorci fecesa, ţuči, jetre i mesa sakupljeni u klanicama od 95 tovljenika i 50 prasadi. Prisustvo specifičnih antitela IgG klase protiv hepatitis E virusa dokazano je kod svinja na sve tri ispitujuće farme. Primenom in house ELISA testa ustanovljena je seroprevalencija od 37% na farmi A, 31% na farmi B i 54% na farmi C, dok je primenom komercijalnog ELISA testa utvrĎeno 40% seropozitivnih svinja na farmi A, 41% na fami B i 65% na farmi C. Uporednom analizom rezultata dobijenih sa oba ELISA testa, ustanovljena je prosečna seroprevalencija od 40,66% in house ELISA testom, odnosno 48,66% komercijalnim ELISA testom. Sprovedena su i istraţivanja prisustva specifičnih antitela IgG klase protiv HEV u krvnim serumima dobrovoljnih davalaca krvi i kod pacijenata. Prime, Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the causative agent of acute hepatitis E infection in humans. HEV is transmitted through contaminated water and is responsible for the outbreaks of many large-scale epidemics in the developing countries of Asia and Africa. Swine HEV was first isolated in 1997, and was later detected in other animal species, such are: wild boar, deer, rabbits, rats, birds and more. The first investigations of HEV infection in domestic and wild pigs in Serbia were carried out in 2008. HEV RNA was detected in 30% of faecal samples and 45% of the tissue samples (Petrovic et al., 2008). Analysing the blood samples of beckyard pigs, the seroprevalence of 34,6% was determined (Lupulovic et al, 2010). The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of HEV infection in pigs on farms in Vojvodina, as well as testing the HEV seroprevalence in humans. The methods used for this study were: non-commercial ELISA (in house ELISA), the commercial ELISA, Western blot method, real-time RT-PCR and immunohistochemical method for the detection of HEV antigen. Material for the study were: blood samples of pigs (300) from 3 farms on the territory of South Backa and Srem and blood samples of people (294), as well as faeces, bile, liver and meat collected in slaughterhouses from 95 fatteners and 50 piglets. The presence of specific IgG antibodies against the hepatitis E virus in pigs has been detected on all three examinated farms. Upon the application of in house ELISA, the seroprevalence of 37% was establised on farm A, 31% in farm B and 54% on farm C, while using a commercial ELISA , 40% of seropositive pigs were detected on farm A, 41% of fami B and 65% Farm C. The comparative analysis of the results obtained with both ELISA, determined the average seroprevalence of 40,66% by in house ELISA and 48,66% by commercial ELISA. The research of the presence of specific IgG antibodies against HEV in the serum of blood donors and patients were also conducted. Upon the applicatio

In Europe, of all the vector transmitted diseases, the occurrence of lyme disease is the one most often registered, and the most significant vector Borrelia burgdorferi is the tick Ixodes ricinus. Both humans and animals contract lyme disease. The risk of the occurrence of lyme disease is in correlation with potential exposure to tick bites and depends on the density of the tick population in the endemic area, the percentage of ticks infected with the cause of lyme disease, the duration and the nature of the activity of the susceptible population in a certain area. The objective of these investigations was to determine the entomological and the ecological risk index, as well as to assess the risk of transmission of the cause of lyme disease in the territory of Vojvodina Province in the Republic of Serbia. Ticks were collected at 12 locations in the South Bačka District of Vojvodina. A total of 1400 ticks were identified up to the level of species. After establishing the infection of ticks with the cause of lyme disease, the entomological and the ecological index was determined for the given regions using microscopic examination in a dark field. Two species of ticks aere identified in this geographic region (Ixodes ricinus and Dermacentor marginatus). Examining I. ricinus, the prevalence of infection B. burgdorferi was established, ranging up to 33.1%. The ecological risk index indicates that there is a potential risk of humans and animals becoming infected at 8 localities. It was determined for 3 localities that there is a definite actual risk of the transferrence of causes of lyme disease., U Evropi se, od svih vektorski prenosivih infekcija, najčešće registruje lajmska bolest, a najznačajniji vektor Borrelia burgdorferi je krpelj Ixodes ricinus. Od lajmske bolesti obolevaju ljudi i životinje. Rizik za pojavu lajmske bolesti je u korelaciji sa potencijalnim izlaganjem ubodu krpelja i zavisi od gustine populacije krpelja u endemskom području, procenta krpelja zaraženih uzročnikom lajmske bolesti, dužine i prirode aktivnosti prijemčive populacije na određenom području. Cilj ovog istraživanja je da se ustanove entomološki i ekološki indeks rizika, kao i da se proceni rizik transmisije uzročnika lajmske bolesti na području Vojvodine, Srbija. Prikupljanje krpelja je obavljeno na 12 lokacija Južnobačkog okruga, Srbija. Ukupno je do nivoa vrste identifikovano 1400 krpelja. Nakon utvrđivanja zaraženosti krpelja uzročnikom lajmske bolesti, primenom mikroskopskog pregleda u tamnom polju, izračunati su entomološki i ekološki indeks rizika za data područja. Identifikovane su dve vrste krpelja na našem geografskom području - Ixodes ricinus i Dermacentor marginatus. Kod I. ricinus utvrđena je prevalencija infekcije izazvane B. burgdorferi, koja se kretala do 33,1%. Ekološki indeks rizika ukazuje na to da potencijalni rizik od zaražavanja ljudi i životinja postoji na 8 lakaliteta. Za 3 lokaliteta je utvrđen definitivan aktuelni rizik za prenošenje uzročnika lajmske bolesti.

Lyme disease is a multisystemic disease, zoonotic in nature, caused by the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex. In the continent of Europe, these spirochetes are predominantly transmitted by ticks of the genus Ixodes. Small mammals and birds have particular significance as reservoirs of the cause of lyme disease. The objective of these epidemiological investigations was to determine the value of IgG seroprevalence to Borrelia burgdorferi and to secure the geographic distribution of seropositive dogs in Vojvodina. The investigations covered 135 dogs that were not vaccinated against lyme disease. The indirect ELISA test was used to determine IgG prevalence to Borrelia burgdorferi antigens. Reactive blood serums of dogs were tested again using the rapid immunochromatographic and immunoblot test. A seroprevalence of G class antibodies to antigens of lyme disease causes of 8.1% (11/135) was established in the examined dog population of Vojvodina. The biggest number of positive results was recorded for the South Bačka District. The presented value for the seroprevalence of anti-Borrelia burgdorferi antibodies in the dog population indicates the exhistence of a significant risk of humans becoming infected with the cause of lyme disease in Vojvodina., Lajmska bolest je multisistemsko oboljenje, zoonoznog karaktera, izazvano uzročnikom Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex. Ove spirohete se na evropskom kontinentu dominantno prenose krpeljima iz roda Ixodes. Poseban epidemiološki značaj imaju mali sisari i ptice kao rezervoari uzročnika lajmske bolesti. Cilj ovog epidemiološ kog istraživanja je da se utvrdi vrednost seroprevalencije IgG na Borrelia burgdorferi i sagleda geografska distribucija seropozitivnih pasa u Vojvodini. U ispitivanje je bilo uključeno 135 pasa koji nisu vakcinisani protiv lajmske bolesti. Za utvrđivanje prevalencije IgG na antigene Borrelia burgdorferi korišćen je indirektni ELISA test. Reaktivni krvni serumi pasa su ponovo testirani primenom brzog imunohromatografskog i imunoblot testa. Ustanovljena je seroprevalencija antitela klase G na antigene uzročnika lajmske bolesti od 8,1% (11/135) u populaciji pasa na području Vojvodine. Najveći broj pozitivnih rezultata je zabeležen u Južnobačkom okrugu. Navedena vrednost seroprevalencije anti-Borrelia burgdorferi antitela u populaciji pasa ukazuje na postojanje značajnog rizika za infekciju kod ljudi izazvanu uzročnikom lajmske bolesti u Vojvodini.

Background: Hemoplasmas are eperythrocytic procaryotes, including Mycoplasma species which were recently transferred from the genera Eperythrozoon and Haemobartonella, based on their similarity of the 16S rRNA sequences, and newly identified hemotropic mycoplasmas. Eperythrozoonosis of pigs is caused by the haemotrophic bacterium M. suis, and the disease has a worldwide distribution. The disease manifests as a severe and often fatal acute febrile icteroanemia, mainly in piglets, pregnant sows before parturition and fattening pigs exposed to stress. The aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of IgG to M. suis in swine populations in Serbia, using a Western Blot test with the recombinant protein MSG1. Materials, Methods & Results: Four farms were chosen to represent the main swine-producing geographic regions of Serbia, including South Backa District (farms 1 and 2), North Backa District (farm 3) and Branicevo District (farm 4). A total of forty-six clinically healthy pigs, age 8-20 weeks, were included in the study. Blood samples from pigs randomly selected from the four farms were collected by jugular vein puncture into serum vacutainer tubes with clot activator. After clotting at room temperature for 1 h, blood samples were centrifuged at 1500 g, for 15 min at room temperature. Sera were carefully harvested and stored at -20 degrees C until assayed. The sera samples were tested by the Western Blot test with recombinant protein MSG1 (p40). Production of recombinant protein MSG1 (p40), dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting were performed as previously described by Hoelzle. Specific IgG antibodies to MSG1 of M. suis were identified in 20 of the 46 samples tested, giving a total seroprevalence of 43.47%. The M. suis-specific antibody response was detected in pigs from all tested farms, within farm seroprevalences of 54.54% on farm 1; 27.27% on farm 2; 36.36% on farm 3 and 53.84% on farm 4. Discussion: Reports on the preval

U eksperimentalnom istraživanju smo želeli da utvrdimo da li ciprinidni herpes virus 3 (CyHV-3) može izazvati infekciju kod vrsta riba koje, prema raspoloživim podacima, nisu prijemčive za ovaj virus. U cilju utvrđivanja da li ove vrste riba, mogu doprineti širenju virusa, linjak, tolstolobik, amur, zlatni i srebrni karaš, su eksponirani CyHV-3 putem kohabitacije sa inficiranim šaranom bez kliničkih simptoma. Nakon toga, su kohabitirale sa zdravim šaranima tokom naredne dve nedelje, nakon čega je vršeno ispitivanje prisustva CyHV-3 pomoću PCR. Utvrđeno je prisustvo CyHV-3 u organima svih ispitivanih vrsta riba, kao i u organima šarana nakon dvonedeljne kohabitacije sa njima. U našem istraživanju je potvrđeno da CyHV-3 može izazvati latentnu infekciju kod inficiranih riba, kao i da CyHV-3 ima više domaćina nego što se ranije mislilo. Naše istraživanje doprinosi boljem razumevanju prenošenja CyHV-3 i ukazuje na značaj drugih vrsta riba koje se najčešće gaje u polikulturi sa šaranom u epizootiologiji CyHV-3., Cohabitation studies with common carp were conducted to determine whether the Cyprinid Herpes Virus 3 can infect and establish a productive infection in fish species that according to available data, are not susceptible to this virus. In order to examine if other fish species can contribute to further spreading of the virus, goldfish, silver carp, grass carp, prussian carp and tench were exposed to CyHV-3 through cohabitation with infected carp without clinical symptoms. After this period they cohabitated with naive carp for two weeks and were examined for CyHV-3 by PCR. Our results showed that CyHV-3 was present in the organs of these fish species and also in organs of naive carp after two weeks in cohabitation, suggesting that CyHV-3 may cause latent infection, and also that has a potential to infect a broader host range than it was believed before. Our study adds on better understanding of CyHV-3 transmission not just in its primary host, but also suggests the importance of common fish species in polyculture with carp in the epidemiology of CyHV-3.

Cat Scratch Disease (CSD) is an infective disease of animals and humans caused with Bartonella henselae. Prevalence of infection varies between 0 and 68% depending on different population of cats and geographical region. Naturally infected cats are often clinically healthy and are inapparent germ carriers. In this investigation 40 cats from the area of Novi Sad were analyzed. After the epidemiological questionnaire was made, all cats were clinically investigated. To determine the presence of specific antibodies of class G on Bartonella henselae the method of indirect immunofluorescence was used. For the first time in Serbia, in the area of Novi Sad municipality the infection caused by Bartonella henselae in the population of cats was detected. Prevalence of specific antibodies of class IgG on Bartonella henselae antigen in the population of cats was 57%. The most common clinical manifestations in seropositive cats were gingivitis and lymphoadenopathy., Bolest mačijeg ogreba (BMO) je infektivno oboljenje životinja i ljudi izazvano sa Bartonella henselae. Prevalencija infekcije varira u zavisnosti od populacije mačaka i geografskog regiona i kreće se od 0 do 68%. Prirodno inficirane mačke su često klinički zdrave, inaparentne kliconoše. U istraživanje je bilo uključeno 40 mačaka sa područja Novog Sada. Nakon uzimanja epidemiološke ankete, sve mačke su klinički pregledane. Za utvrđivanje prisustva specifičnih antitela klase G na antigene Bartonella henselae korišćen je test indirektne imunofluorescencije. Na geografskom području grada Novog Sada i okoline, po prvi put je u Republici Srbiji, utvrđeno prisustvo infekcije izazvane uzročnikom Bartonella henselae u populaciji mačaka. Prevalencija specifičnih antitela klase IgG na antigen Bartonella henselae u populaciji mačaka iznosila je 57%. Najčešće kliničke manifestacije kod seropozitivnih mačaka bile su gingivitis i limfadenopatija.

Patogena hemoplazma, nazvana Mycoplasma suis (prethodni naziv Eperythrozoon suis) je uzročnik eperitrozoonoze svinja ili ikteroanemije svinja. Uzročnik može inficirati i ljude. Oboljenje je veoma rasprostranjeno u svetu. Najčešća je latentna infekcija svinja izazvana M. suis. Nakon delovanja faktora stresa, oboljenje se klinički manifestuje. Akutni tok se odlikuje pojavom febrilnog stanja i ikteroanemije. Dijagnoza oboljenja se, uobičajeno, postavlja na osnovu epizootiološke ankete, kliničkog pregleda i mikroskopskog pregleda razmaza krvi svinja obojenog, najčešće, po Gimzi. Razvijene su savremene metode molekularne biologije poput PCR, koje su osetljivije i specifičnije u postavljanju dijagnoze infekcije svinja izazvanih M. suis. Primenom PCR testa, ovim ispitivanjem je utvrđeno prisustvo M. suis na farmama svinja u Republici Srbiji., The presence of two types of haemoplasm can be established in the swine population. Pathogenic haemoplasm, named Mycoplasma suis (previously called Eperythrozoon suis) is the cause of swine eperythrozoonosis or swine ichtheroanaemia. The cause of this disease can also infect humans. The disease has spread all over the world. The most frequent form is latent infection of swine caused by M. suis. The disease is clinically manifest following action by the stress factor. The acute course of the disease is characterized by the occurrence of a febrile condition and ichtheroanaemia. The disease is usually diagnosed based on an epizootiological poll, a clinical examination, and a microscopic examination of a blood smear stained most often according to Giemsa. Contemporary methods of molecular biology have been developed, such as PCR, which are more sensitive and specific in making a diagnosis of swine infection caused by M. suis. In these investigations, the presence of M. suis on pig farms in the Republic of Serbia has been determined using the PCR test. .

We assayed the presence of antibodies specific for Rickettsia typhi, R. akari, and R. conorii in sera of persons from several localities in Serbia with different geographic, climatic, and lifestyle characteristics. Sera from 140 patients with unclear clinical symptoms and 273 healthy persons were tested for the presence of rickettsiae-specific antibodies by indirect immunofluorescence assay. In this study, for the first time we detected the presence of rickettsiae from the spotted fever group in Serbia. We detected the presence of antibodies against R. conorii in the samples from all tested localities. The proportion of positive cases was low in the plain agricultural areas but reached up to 23% in the mountain areas. We also observed a significant number of cases positive for antibodies against R. akari. Antibodies specific for the antigens of R. typhi were detected in only 2 samples from the municipality of Pec (Kosovo region). These findings contribute to the prevalence of Rickettsia species in Southeast Europe. Our study also revealed a dramatic lack of awareness of rickettsioses among medical personnel and pointed to the need for urgent measures that would help improve the current situation in the region.

The most reliable diagnosis of an infectuous disease is confirmed by isolation of its pathogen. When it comes to brucellosis, it is important to know that brucella isolation is rarely successful; it is not only very complicated but is as well hazardous for laboratory workers. Due to the above mentioned reasons, it is reasonable to use serological tests for routine diagnosis of this zoonose. This paper deals with examination of bovine sera samples with the aim to detect the titer of specific antibodies against brucellosis. In order to choose and evaluate properly the best test in terms of applicability, speed of performance, and provision of correct results, five serological tests were assayed: rapid serum plate agglutination (Rose Bengal test), Brucella abortus bovis test (RB, BAB test); serum agglutination test (titration) - by Wright, as micro method (mSAT); reaction of complement fixation, and also as micro method (mCF); indirect imunoenzyime test (iELISA) and competitive imunoenzyme test (cELISA). This paper includes 630 samples of bovine blood sera, as well as positive and negative international antibrucella serum as the mandatory control. The presence of specific antibodies against brucella was determined in 125 samples of bovine blood sera. Based on the analysis of the results obtained, evaluation of sensitivity and specificity of these tests was conducted. iELISA and RB test proved to be the most sensitive, while the highest specificity was determined in mCF, and less specific were mSAT and iELISA. RB test had the lowest specificity., Najsigurnija dijagnostika bolesti infektivnog karaktera vrši se izolacijom uzroč nika. Kada je bruceloza u pitanju, mora da se ima u vidu, da je izolacija brucela uspešna u niskom procentu, veoma komplikovana i predstavlja opasnost po laboratorijske radnike. Zbog navedenih razloga, primena seroloških testova u rutinskoj dijagnostici ove zoonoze je opravdana. U ovom radu su vršena ispitivanja uzoraka seruma goveda radi određivanja prisustva titra specifičnih antitela protiv brucela, u svrhu dijagnostikovanja bruceloze. U nameri da se pravilno izbabere i proceni najbolji test u smislu aplikativnosti, brzine izvođenja i dobijanja pouzdanih rezultata, tokom ispitivanja je korišćeno pet seroloških testova: brza serumska aglutinacija na pločici - Rose Bengal test - Brucella abortus bovis test (RB, BAB test); spora aglutinacija (u titraciji) - metoda po Wrightu, kao mikrometoda (mSAT); reakcija vezivanja komplementa, takođe kao mikrometoda (mRVK); indirektni imunoenzimski test (iELISA) i kompetitivni imunoenzimski test (cELISA). Ispitivanjem je bilo obuhvaćeno 630 uzoraka krvnog seruma goveda kao i pozitivni i negativni internacionalni antibrucela serumi kao obavezne kontrole. Prisustvo specifičnih antitela protiv brucela vrsta ustanovljeno je u 125 uzoraka krvnog seruma goveda. Na osnovu analize dobijenih rezultata vršena je procena osetljivosti i specifičnosti navedenih testova. Najosetljivijim su se pokazali iELISA i BAB test, a najveća specifičnost je ustanovljena kod mRVK. Manje specifični bili su mSAT i iELISA, a najmanja specifičnost je ustanovljena kod BAB testa.

Tularemia is zoonotic disease caused by Francisella tularensis. The reservoirs of disease are the mamals of geni Lagomorpha and Rodentia and vectors are ixodic ticks and other haematophagic insects., Original contains color plates: All DTIC reproductions will be in black and white. Pres: The First World Congress on Chemical and Biological Terrorism, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 21-27 Apr 2002. p204-306 This article is from ADA411272 Chemical and Biological Medical Treatment Symposium - Industry II World Congress on Chemical and Biological Terrorism

In this work, we describe a dot-enzyme linked immunosorbent assay with two different antigens of Brucella canis. The antigens, soluble sonic and outer membrane proteins were adsorbed on to a solid nitrocellulose surface. The test was applied to 40 field serum samples previously analyzed by the rapid slide agglutination test and the 2-mercaptoethanol tube agglutination test. Sera were obtained from clinically suspected dogs of different age, sex and breed. Sera were also obtained from four clinically healthy animals and used as a negative control. One sample originated from a female with a high antibody titer and positive isolation of Brucella canis. Out of the 44 examined sera, 19 had agglutination titers > 1/50. A positive reaction to proteins of the soluble sonic extract, was obtained with 10 sera and with outer membrane proteins with 7 sera. All positive sera in the dot-ELISA had agglutination titers > 1/100. This study shows that proteins of soluble sonic extract of Brucella canis in dot-ELISA are reliable and highly specific for rapid diagnosis of brucellosis in dogs., U radu je opisana tehnika dot-ELISA sa dva različito pripremljena antigena Brucella canis. Kao čvrsta faza za nanošenje antigena korišćena je nitrocelulozna membrana zbog većeg kapaciteta za vezivanje proteina. Testom je analizirano 40 seruma koji su prethodno ispitani brzim aglutinacionim testom i sporim aglutinacionim testom sa 2-merkaptoetanolom. Uzorci seruma su dobijeni od klinički sumnjivih pasa različitog pola, starosti i rase. Dodatna četiri seruma, dobijena od klinički zdravih životinja, služila su kao negativna kontrola. U ispitivanje je uključen i serum ženke sa visokim aglutinacionim titrom kod koje je izolovana B. canis. Od svih ispitanih seruma, 19 je imalo aglutinacioni titar > 1/50. Sa citoplazmatskim proteinima pozitivnu reakciju je dalo 10 seruma, a sa proteinima spoljašnje membrane 7. Svi pozitivni serumi u dot ELISA testu su imali aglutinacioni titar > 1/100. Naše proučavanje je pokazalo da su citoplazmatski proteini B. canis u dot ELISA testu pouzdani i visoko specifični za brzu dijagnostiku bruceloze pasa.

Endemic Balkan nephropathy (EBN) is a kidney disease of unknown etiology limited to Bulgaria, Rumania and former Yugoslavia. Primary kidney tissue cultures were established as explants from tissue obtained at operations from 5 EBN patients with urinary tract tumors. Four out of the five biopsy specimens on extended culture incubation at 33°C yielded a coronavirus virus (EBNV) which was cytopathogenic for human fibroblast and Vero cells. In cells inoculated with EBNV, cytoplasmic immunofluorescence was found using antisera for human coronaviruses OC43 and 229E as well as the porcine transmissible gastroenteric virus and avian (chicken) bronchitis virus. In neutralization tests, EBNV failed to react with antisera to these viruses. Using hyperimmune serum raised with EBNV, positive cytoplasmic immunofluorescence was seen with cells infected with OC43, 229E, TGV and significantly with the kidney tissue of the biopsy specimens from the EBN patients. A screen for neutralizing antibody using the EBN virus revealed that 87.2% of EBN patients on dialysis were positive, also 74% of people from an endemic area were also positive, while only 13.5% from outside were positive. It is suggested that a coronavirus is involved in the etiology of the disease and that humans are an incidental host of a coronavirus zoonosis.