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Aims and objectives: This study examines fennicisms (i.e., Finnish loanwords and calques) in Finland-Swedish, a Swedish variety spoken in Finland. We investigate how fennicism frequency relates to speakers' regional backgrounds and fluency in Finnish. Methodology: 134 participants from four regions in Finland performed a picture-naming task designed to elicit fennicisms. The participants also rated their own fluency in Finnish. Data and analysis: A regression analysis with the outcome variable of fennicism frequency and the predictors of region, fluency in Finnish, and gender was performed. Findings: Results show that speakers from the more bilingual regions of Southern Finland and Helsinki used significantly more fennicisms than speakers from Ostrobothnia or Swedish-speaking Åland. The study suggests that fluency in Finnish was a strong predictor for fennicism use, as speakers with low or moderate knowledge of Finnish used fewer fennicisms than speakers with high or native(-like) fluency. No significant effect of gender was found. Originality: While fennicisms are considered widespread in Finland-Swedish, there is little previous research on their use and distribution. Implications: The results demonstrate that while many of the fennicisms are well-established in the Finland-Swedish variety, their use is limited to certain groups and communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ausbau processes increase differences between two close written language varieties. Finnish and Kven are considered two ausbau languages today, in contrast to an earlier view which considered Kven to be a dialect of Finnish. In this article, ausbau processes are illustrated by comparing the use of eera verbs, a group constituting international and Scandinavian loanwords in the two languages. Most eera verbs were purged from Modern Written Finnish and they are expressed via other means today. By contrast, Kven accepts eera verbs in the same way as Old Written Finnish. Purism – perceived as avoidance of certain linguistic elements – is the explanation behind ausbau processes in this case, and purist attitudes reflect the identities of language planners. Eera verbs represent a small corner of language, yet their use differentiates Kven from Modern Written Finnish, and underscores the independence of Kven as a separate language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emlen (2017) advances our understanding of Proto-Quechuan, Proto-Aymaran, and their initial linguistic contact. We take as our point of departure phonological patterns of Proto-Aymaran and pre-Proto-Aymaran, some already observed by Emlen and some unmentioned but present with high statistical significance in his data, pertaining to affricate consonants. These patterns indicate that the first lexical borrowings into Aymaran from Quechuan, as well as a subsequent series of reconstructable sound changes, predate the stage of Proto-Aymaran proper. Results of these diachronic developments include the introduction of the place contrast *č ≠ *ĉ, the loss of the aspiration contrast for the affricate(s), and the conditioned application of contrastive glottalization to the affricates. This hypothesis has implications for Quechuan and Aymaran etymology and the internal linguistic histories of both families, including Torero's (1964) problematic observation regarding glottalization as a reflex of retroflection in Cuzco-Bolivian Quechua. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines a famous element in the reports on the canonization of the Qurʾānic text under the auspices of Uthman, in which the committee of scribes that were to write the standard text came to a disagreement on how to write the Qurʾānic word for at-tābūt "Ark." After examining the different versions of the report that contain this episode, and concluding that the report of this episode goes back to the common link of Ibn Šihāb al-Zuhrī (d. 124/741–2), it is shown that early on the linguistic details of this disagreement were no longer understood. However, by examining how Aramaic and Classical Ethiopic loanwords that end in stem-final -ūt or -ōt are treated, this report can be understood as referring to two competing adaptations of this foreign word into Arabic. On the one hand at-tābūt, the form that ends up in the standard text, and on the other hand at-tābāh (or more precisely: at-tābōh), which shows a similar strategy of adaptation as several other central loanwords in the Qurʾān such as aṣ-ṣalāh "prayer" and az-zakāh "alms." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thao Hung or Cheuang has been one of the important poetic works in Northern Laos and Northeastern (NE) Thailand for a long time. The use of Pali and Sanskrit (PL-SKT) words and their meanings in communicating the contents of the story in Northern Laos and Northeastern (NE) Thailand are a fascinating feature of this work. The objectives of this study were to explore the semantic changes in the PL- SKT loanwords, and to explore figures of speech in Thao Hung or Cheuang. The conceptual framework of this study consists of exploring 1) the use of PL-SKT words through semantic change processes and 2) the figures of speech used in Thao Hung or Cheuang. A qualitative method was employed and the data collection was done from the volumes 1-4 of Thao Hung or Cheuang Northeastern Literature Dictionary complied by the Royal Society of Thailand. It was found that there are 679 PL-SKT loanwords in 807 stanzas (Klong) of Thao Hung or Cheuang. Three processes of semantic change, namely, widening of meaning, narrowing of meaning and transferring of meaning, were employed in PL-SKT words. Furthermore, the following seven figures of speech: simile, metaphor, symbol, personification, hyperbole, onomatopoeia, and metonymy were found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ecolinguistics explores the interplay between language and the environment, offering insights into how linguistic elements adapt and evolve. This study examines five cement-related English loanwords in Chinese to uncover the evolutionary mechanisms governing the adaptation of these loanwords by analyzing their ecological dynamics. The research quantitatively evaluates the ecology of these loanwords using two indicators: lexical niche breadth and overlap. The results are as follows: (1) The emergence of English loanwords in Chinese is intricately linked to specific social environments. As new concepts and items are introduced from abroad, the masses initially coin new loanwords, which are later standardized by authoritative bodies. (2) The vitality of the loanwords correlates with their niche breadth. The competition among lexical variants is influenced by niche overlap. The loanwords for cement are ranked by vitality values in descending order—ShuiNi (水泥/water mud): 3.221, YangHui (洋灰/foreign ash): 2.350, ShuiMenTing (水门汀/water-gate concrete): 1.385, HongMaoNi (红毛泥/red-hair clay): 1.202, and ShiMinTu (士敏土/sticky soil): 0.879. (3) The endangerment of the loanwords results from the synergistic interaction between external (nature, society, culture, psychology) and internal (sound, form, meaning, grammar) environments. Intense competition arises due to multiple synonyms for the same entity, and adaptation challenges occur when the loanwords do not precisely fit the entity. Among the five loanwords for cement, the first two exhibit higher vitality and continue to develop sustainably, while the last three show lower vitality and are gradually becoming endangered. As these loanwords undergo continuous evolution, a lexical ecocontinuum emerges: (i) extinct in the wild—ShiMinTu; (ii) critically endangered—HongMaoNi; (iii) endangered—ShuiMenTing; (iv) vulnerable—YangHui; (v) least concerned—ShuiNi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is currently no satisfactory etymology for the hapax legomenon רַפְסֹדוֹת rapsōdôt in 2Chr 2:15 (Eng. 16), although its meaning is agreed to be »rafts, floats«. It is proposed here that the word comes from the phonetically identical Greek word ῥαψῳδία (the ancestor of English rhapsody), which literally means »linked song«. Logs linked together into rafts recalled verses linked together into songs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this article is to present problems in etymological research on colloquial vocabulary using the example of the words bajer and bajerować. The author refers to various attempts to determine the origin of these words. They have been connected with Germ. dial. beiern ‘to ring the bells only moving their hearts’, Pol. bajka ‘tale, story’ and Hung. bájol ‘to charm, to enchant’. The author also presents her own explanation, comparing Pol. bajer and bajerować with Germ. beirren ‘to confuse someone’, but points out that none of the presented etymologies is fully satisfactory [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dictionaries of foreign words in Slovak have a tradition of publication that can be traced for more than one hundred years. Their popularity among users is closely connected to a general interest in so-called language cultivation, which includes a good knowledge of frequently used words of non-native origin. Here, special attention will be paid to suffixed loanwords. In the case of larger sets of loanwords with the same suffix, speakers recognize their similarity and regularity. The central aim of this paper is to investigate how the lexicographic representation of suffixed loanwords in Slovak dictionaries of foreign words developed in the past one hundred years. The analysis focuses on a set of loanwords with three non-native suffixes, namely - ácia ('-ation'), - izmus ('-ism'), and - ita ('-ity'), each of which stands in competition with a corresponding native suffix. It was investigated how the emergence of a competing variant with a native suffix attached to the same foreign base influences the information given by dictionaries. For the analysis, I used five dictionaries of foreign words in Slovak published between 1939 and 2005. Based on a sample of entries from these dictionaries, I distinguish four types of dictionary definitions used to describe suffixed loanwords. Then I propose a model explaining the historical and logical relationships between these four definition types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research shows that several factors influence the adaptation of English phonemes in Spanish Anglicisms: speaker age, English proficiency, and geographic distance from the U.S.A, among others.Due to globalization, increased mobility, and the ubiquitous availability of English media, the question arises whether these factors are still relevant in today's world. For the present study, 70 speakers from Mexico and Spain read a word list containing Anglicisms aloud. A generalized linear mixed effects model was applied to analyze which factors directly influence pronunciation. Results show that the realization of Spanish grapheme-phoneme correspondences plays a major role in the adaptation process. Moreover, the analysis shows that it is exposure to the English language that mainly influences the pronunciation: the more exposure speakers from both countries have to the English language, the more likely they are to imitate the English pronunciation instead of the realization of Spanish grapheme-phoneme correspondences. Finally, the analysis revealed differences not only between the phonemes and the speakers but also between the words included in the study and once more highlighted that every word has a history of its own. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offers an overview of the oldest West Karaim written sources with a special focus on the Slavic lexical elements they contain. The main goal of the article is to present the phonetic adaptation processes these loanwords underwent and to answer the question from which Slavic languages they were borrowed. The Slavic linguistic material presented in this article was collected from manuscripts created in the first 100 years of the written history of West Karaim, i.e. in the period between 1671 and 1772. The year 1772, i.e. the year in which the First Partition of Poland took place, has been chosen as the closing time limit mainly because the second half of the 18th century was the time when Slavic-West Karaim bilingualism became a widespread phenomenon which, in turn, resulted in markedly different adaptation processes than in the early decades of these contacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article the possible Iranian etymology of three hitherto unexplained Old Armenian words is discussed: Arm. aptak 'slap, blow' < Ir. * apitāka -, to be compared with Man.Parth. and MP abdāg 'assailant'; Arm. žapawēn 'hem, border' compound of Parth. * žī(h) , equivalent of NP zeh 'string, hem, decoration' + Arm. apawēn 'cover, shelter, refuge'; Arm. xawsim 'to speak' from a metathetic form of MIr. * wā̆xs -, inchoative formation from the root * vac - 'to speak'. Finally, Szemerényi's convincing explanation of Arm. awgnem 'to help' and zawravign 'aid, helper, defender' as related to an OIr. noun * abigna - 'helper' attested in several anthroponyms (e.g. OP Bagābigna -) is reaffirmed and substantiated since it remained mostly unnoticed in the subsequent literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the correspondence between the borrowability indices from the Loanwoard Typology (LWT) project and Castilianization indices from the Atlas Lingüístico Galego (ALGa) across seven semantic fields. To this end, we identified all Castilianisms in the ALGa and conducted a quantitative analysis to compare these indices. Results obtained indicate a mismatch between the rankings of the LWT project and the ALGa. For example, the field 'The body' has the highest level of Castilianization according to the ALGa but the lowest borrowed score in the LWT project. Moreover, Castilianization levels in the ALGa show greater dispersion than borrowability levels from the LWT project. In fact, in each semantic field, many concepts (52.2%) have low levels of Castilianization, between 0% and 10%, and only a few concepts have high levels. A more detailed analysis of three semantic fields ('The body', 'Agriculture and vegetation', and 'The physical world') suggests that explanations based solely on semantic criteria (such as the existence of an unalterable central lexicon) are insufficient; other factors such as prestige, urbanization, cultural modernity, frequency of word usage, and perhaps other intralinguistic factors should be taken into account. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the inflections of Latin proper names in the Old English translation of Bede's Historia Ecclesiastica. Whereas most common Latin loans are integrated into the Old English system as far as inflections are concerned, proper names, like scientific loans, can retain Latin inflections in some contexts. The analysis of the more than 700 tokens in this text reveals that the prototypical paradigm of Latin proper names results from a mixture of Latin and Old English patterns. The choice of inflections seems to be chiefly conditioned by grammatical case. While the nominative and accusative are modeled after Latin with very few exceptions, the dative and genitive are influenced by Old English paradigms as well. Both Latin and Old English inflections are evenly distributed in the dative. However, marking on names seems to be secondary and determined primarily by additional morphosyntactic means such as determiners or prepositions. As for the genitive, the predominant inflection, thematic vowel plus -s, results from the fusion of the inflections in both languages grounded in phonetic or spelling similarities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study examines variation in the pluralization of Hebrew loan nouns that end with a vowel. Most loan nouns take the plural suffix -im with no variation, while loan nouns that end with vowels other than a show variation with respect to deleting and not deleting the final vowel. Hebrew native nouns that end with vowels other than a are relatively rare and therefore the Hebrew morphological mechanism is not accustomed to pluralizing them. The paper proposes a hierarchy that predicts which vowels are more or less likely to be deleted. It is based on the accessibility of deletion in existing pluralization paradigms within native words, in addition to the interaction of markedness and faithfulness constraints. The study provides further support for the claim that the mechanism of word formation takes into account not only the word itself but also its relations to other words in a paradigm. In addition, it sheds light on morphological adaptation of loanwords and provides predictions with respect to their degree of integration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper deals with an important aspect of the integration of loan nouns into the grammatical systems of languages attesting to grammatical gender, namely gender assignment. Traditionally, it is assumed that gender assignment takes place according to the internal assignment rules of the replica language. In many cases, however, the original grammatical gender is borrowed along with the source word. This is the case of gender copy which often takes place under special (sociolinguistic) conditions and is used as assignment strategy in languages to a different extent. A special focus of my study is on gender assignment and particularly gender copy in the contact of languages of different assignment types (formal vs. semantic). The empirical data comes from five European languages in different sociolinguistic situations, attesting to different assignment systems and of different language branches of two language families – Indo-European (Romanian, Slavic, and Indo-Arian) and Nakh-Daghestanian (Lezgic and Tsezic). The analysis shows that gender copy is possible mostly in the contact of languages of the same assignment type. In the contact of languages of the formal assignment type, gender copy often goes along with the formal adjustment of the loan word. Sociolinguistic circumstances play an important role as to the possibility and frequency of the occurrence of gender copy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zechariah 4:12 has been perplexing exegetes and scholars throughout the ages, hampering efforts to explain the message of the lampstand vision in Zech 4 as a whole. The current paper will suggest a path towards a solution by showing that the hapax legomenon צנתרות in this verse means “centaurs.” This claim, which found little support in research so far, reaches its full persuasive power by a deep linguistic, exegetical, and cultural-comparative analysis. Namely, it will be argued that phonetically *צנתר fully accords with κένταυρος if the palatalization /k/ > [t͡s] is assumed, and when Jerome’s overlooked reading sinthoroth is considered. This interpretation is further supported by iconographic data which has so far escaped the scholarly discussion of this verse. As it demonstrates, Zech 4 is based on the Sacred Tree motif iconography, in which hybrid entities are only expected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This paper presents a constraint-based grammar of Mandarin low vowel + nasal coda (loVN) sequences first as acquired by L1 learners, and then as transferred to L2 English. Methods: We simulate phonological learning in Harmonic Grammar using a gradual, error-driven GLA learner, drawing on evidence from L1 Mandarin speakers' perceptual data to support our initial state assumptions. We then compare our simulation results with L2 English production (both anecdotal and ultrasound data), as well as evidence from Mandarin loanword phonology. Results: Our results align with multiple patterns in the previous empirical literature, including an asymmetry among surface repairs for VN sequences, and we show how these emerge from our assumptions about both the L1 Mandarin grammar and the grammar's evaluation method (i.e., weighted constraints). Discussion: We discuss the extent to which these results derive from our somewhat novel analysis of place contrasts in L1 Mandarin, and the variability in loVN outputs that we encode directly into the L1 grammar, which are then transferred to the L2 context. Ultimately we discuss how this type of modeling can make falsifiable predictions about phonological development, in both L1 and L2 contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Cografya Fakültesi Dergisi DTCF Dergisi is the property of Ankara Universitesi Dil ve Tarih-Cografya Fakultesi (DTCF Dergisi) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Young people use slang for identifying themselves with a particular social group, gaining social recognition and respect from that group, and expressing their emotional state. One feature of Internet slang is its active use by youth in online communication, which, under certain conditions, may cause problematic Internet use (PIU). We conducted two studies in young Russian speakers (n1 = 115, n2 = 106). In study 1, participants were asked to rate a set of slang and common words using Self-Assessment Manikin. The study revealed that the most reliable predictor of higher emotional ratings was word familiarity. There were no significant effects of slang vs. common words or word frequency. In study 2, we used a dual lexical decision task to reveal the effects of word characteristics and propensity for PIU on reaction time (RT) for Internet slang words in pairs with semantically related vs. unrelated common words. Study 2 did not reveal any significant semantic priming effect. Word frequency was a significant predictor of lexical decision facilitation. Common, but not slang, word valence and dominance significantly affected RT in the opposite direction. Individuals with higher cognitive preoccupation with the Internet responded significantly faster, while those more likely to use online communication for mood regulation responded significantly slower to the stimuli. Apparently, on explicit and implicit levels, in-depth knowledge of Internet slang can be one the PIU markers. The results are discussed in line with Davis’ approach to determining the general pathological Internet use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia is a country of various cultures representing each ethnic group around the archipelago. Each culture creates its own art ranging from its music including its traditional musical instruments, dance, its architecture, to its martial arts. The way people in each ethnic group name their art products is specifically unique. It may not contain any general characteristics as other cultures have. The uniqueness can only be introduced to other cultures within the nation as well as outside of the nation through a language understood by them. It is therefore that the information can be shared with others through translation work as the equivalents given in the target text. This research uses some Indonesian novels and their translation into English as the data source. Using the descriptive qualitative method, this research is aimed at revealing Indonesian art found in Indonesian novels and describing how they are shown in the English target text as their equivalents. How the author in the source text expresses the art is the first research question and what strategies are used in delivering the art through translation becomes the second research question. The results show that not all the authors of the source novels are aware that the art they mention in the novel need to be added with more information, and it is identified that the dominant strategy of translation used in translating the name regarding the art is translation using a loan word or loan words plus explanation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bill No. 1676, 1999, by Aldo Rebelo, aims primarily to defend the Portuguese language against the misuse of foreign words, especially from the English language. However, the bill presents critical points, such as the lack of technical knowledge about linguistic issues and the intertwining of political-economic issues with pragmatic issues of the Portuguese language. Furthermore, the bill ignores the evolution of the lexicon of the Portuguese language from Vulgar Latin and the influence of loanwords from other languages in enriching the language. The text discusses bill No. 1676, proposed by former deputy Aldo Rebelo, which aims to protect the Portuguese language from the influence of foreign words, especially English. The author argues that the imposition of language is a form of cultural domination but does not take into consideration historical examples that contradict this idea. Furthermore, the text questions the concern about the use of foreign words, highlighting that understanding depends on context and people's education. It is concluded that the bill is based on weak foundations and motivated by political interests, ignoring the work of linguistic science and the importance of cultural diversity. [Extracted from the article]

There are numerous types of lexical borrowings. Among them, those that, in the Hispanic context, have received relatively little attention from linguists are the so-called reborrowings. For this reason, in this research, in the first stage we present a general classification of lexical borrowings. In the second stage, we expose, on the one hand, the general characteristics of reborrowings, and, on the other hand, some questions related to the history of research on this type of linguistic loanwords. Once these clarifications have been made, we turn to the exposition of the data that we have extracted from various lexicographical sources. These integrate, on the one hand, various etymological dictionaries of Spanish and other languages, and, on the other, the general dictionaries that complete the information extracted from the etymological dictionaries. We have divided the lexical units submitted to the analysis into two basic sections. On the one hand, we deal with the words that have their origin in the Spanish language and are borrowed by other languages (Arabic, French, English, among others) so that they can later be returned to the source language, and, on the other hand, we analyze the words that arrive in Spanish from another languages but then these words return to the languages of origin. As a result of this investigation, we have verified that the number of reborrowings in Spanish is not scarce and that they constitute a heterogeneous group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through the analysis of materials such as online articles, blogs, and radio broadcasts, this paper investigates linguistic purism toward Russian and English loanwords in the understudied context of post-Soviet Armenia. Our analysis finds that public commentators categorize potential loanwords as "borrowings" (փոխառություն [pʰokhaṛutʰyun]) if acceptable and "foreignisms" (օտարաբանություն [ōtarabanutʰyun]) if unacceptable, while also comparing these loanwords with acceptable and unacceptable Armenian equivalent words. In categorizing both loanwords and Armenian equivalents, commentators base their arguments on evaluative contrasts related to threats to the language, the desirability of word meaning and usage, and stylistic appropriateness. Though commentators situate themselves into opposing purist and moderate camps, differentiated by their tolerance of loanwords and classifications of individual words, the two camps rely on the same ideological framework of contrasts and use similar argumentation. Thus, while the debate invokes binary criteria for evaluating words, similar to those identified in other instances of linguistic purism, Armenian commentators themselves often defy binary categorization, falling along a fluid language-ideological continuum in which seemingly opposing commentators sometimes demonstrate striking similarities. Framed alongside prior studies of language ideologies in post-Soviet spaces, this evidence suggests that the loanword debate has a more symbolic than practical function in Armenia's contemporary multilingual society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims at investigating how loanwords from Japanese and Korean are used in informal written Cantonese media discourse, including print and social media. Data from these media were collected from designated websites for 15 min every other day over a two-week period. The results show that loanwords from Korean, being written in a phonographic script hangul (한글), are rendered into written Cantonese typically through phonetic adaptation using Chinese morpho-syllables, while their Chinese-specific morphographic meanings are ignored. By contrast, lexical items from Japanese written in kanji tend to be borrowed directly through graphic borrowing, paying no regard to their Japanese pronunciation. Japanese being written with mixed scripts, kanji and two kana syllabaries, graphic borrowing from hiragana or katakana is rare, with the Japanese grammatical particle の being a notable exception. We conclude that lexical items written in a phonographic script tend to be rendered into written Cantonese phonetically, while those written in character-based hànzì are borrowed directly through graphic borrowing but assigned Cantonese pronunciation. In informal interaction between Cantonese-dominant Hongkongers, colloquial written Cantonese relies on the affordance of script mixing for its vitality, in print as much as in internet-mediated social media discourse. 摘要: 前人研究香港境內之語言接觸，多數側重於英語對廣府話和港式中文書面語之影響，相反方向者亦有涉獵；而探索廣府話與日、韓等其他外語之接觸者，鮮矣。本研究旨在透過考察口語體粵文於坊間媒體話語中，使用日語及韓語借詞之慨況，以填補這片空白。搜集資料為期兩週，期間我們隔日花一刻鐘，於某些特定的社交媒體尋找語料。本文先簡單回顧英語借詞輸入港式中文背後之語言學理論，以及香港媒體話語中混雜日韓字詞之來由，然後講述分析及結果。本研究結果顯示，因為現代韓語一般以諺文書寫，這種表音文字與漢字之結構有相當差距，借入廣府話時皆透過音譯方式，所用漢字但求合音，字意不拘；而日語借詞則多以形借方式直接取用原有之日語漢字表達，儘管粵日發音差異不少。現代書寫日語之文字系統由漢字及兩套假名表所組成，直接形借平假名及片假名之例子不多，而虛詞「の」是一個罕見特例。本研究得出以下結論：原有以表音文字所書之詞語，多數以音譯方式進入廣府話，而原有以漢字所書者，借入後則直接以該等漢字呈現，並以廣府音讀出。然而，部分詞匯並非直接借入，有些日韓借詞首先以音借或形借形式向國語或臺灣 閩語、客語輸入，然後再以形借方式輾轉再輸出到港式中文中。香港人於非正規場合之主流交際語為廣府話，口語體粵文於紙媒及網絡上之社交媒體話語每每見之，而賴以維持其活力者，乃係夾雜多種文字之示能性。 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As globalisation advances, an influx of loanwords has been seen in many languages in recent years. Japanese and Korean have similar grammatical features and many English-based loanwords. This study aims to clarify the difference in loanwords in Japanese and Korean adaptation, focusing on substituting alternative native lexicons through COVID-19. First, we collected COVID-19-related news articles in 2020 and extracted COVID-19-related loanwords in Japanese and Korean. Second, we examined the number of loanwords at an initial stage and investigated their changes compared to their alternative native lexicons. Three primary findings emerged from this study: (1) a similar number of loanwords were observed in Japanese and Korean, (2) the two languages had common features in that new words with different meanings or those that do not exist in English (pseudo-anglicisms) were devised based on the adapted loanwords, and (3) more loanwords were retained in Japanese, while relatively many loanwords in Korean became extinct or were replaced by loanwords' alternative native lexicons with time. These findings indicate that substitution by alternative native lexicons leads to the lower usage of loanwords in Korean, even though the two languages adapted similar quantities of loanwords at the initial stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Loanwords are lexical terms borrowed from foreign languages by transliterating the original sound of the borrowed words with the recipient language's consonants and vowels. This paper focuses on lexical borrowing in the Korean language from a diachronic perspective. Based on approximately 9,500 Korean loanwords extracted from a corpus of women's magazine articles of residential sections (the Korean Contemporary Residential Culture Corpus), we investigated the alteration of loanword usage from 1970 to 2015. Having introduced our definition of Korean loanwords in phonological and morphological terms, we performed statistical analysis particularly with type/token frequency and cultural/core loanwords, along with semantic analysis with Period Representative Loanword (PRL). We argue that, in addition to its gradual and rapid increase over time, Korean loanword usage underwent a remarkable evolution in the 1990s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While there are many useful studies on Indonesian native phonology and loanword phonology, none has yet explored Minangkabau loanword phonology in depth. Therefore, based on a list of 52 well-established native Indonesian loanwords elicited from 10 adult native speakers of Minangkabau and verified by native speakers and transcribed in IPA, and within the ambit of Optimality Theory, this paper aims to investigate the following research questions: What are the phonotactic repair strategies employed in Minangkabau to adapt these words? Why are they triggered? Are they phonologically or phonetically driven? And why? The study finds that the two observed repairs are consonantal debuccalization and consonantal deletion, which are both employed in order to fulfill the phonotactic conditions of Minangkabau. In Minangkabau, obstruent and liquid consonants are disallowed word-finally; as a result, word-final voiceless stops /p, t, k/in native Indonesian words are debuccalized into the glottal stop /?/, and the voiceless fricative /s/into the glottal fricative /h/. However, unlike word-final obstruents, the word-final liquid consonants /r, l/in native Indonesian words are adapted through deletion when entering Minangkabau. The results, moreover, show that that the above repair strategies are guided by phonology rather than phonetics; that is to say, among others, they are guided by coda restrictions in Minangkabau phonotactics in terms of word-final obstruent and liquid consonants. Finally, by presenting evidence from Minangkabau in favor of the phonological stance, it is believed that the paper contributes to the significant debate as to whether loanword adaptation is phonological or phonetic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a conference titled "Transfer and Adaptation: Languages and Cultures in Dialogue (The Balkans from Late Antiquity to Early Modern Times)" that brought together scholars from various European countries. The conference focused on the investigation of the Balkan region during earlier historical periods, with an emphasis on the interaction between Byzantium and the Slavic world. The conference program included sessions on etymology and history of language, exchange of ideas, manuscript tradition and written culture, the movement of texts, and the multilingual Middle Ages. Several papers were presented on topics such as Slavic borrowings in Romanian, the etymology of a title in the Bulgarian language, and language contacts reflected in inscriptions from Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages. The conference concluded with a guided tour of archaeological findings in Sofia. The text also discusses papers presented at a conference on manuscript tradition and written culture, which covered topics such as the introduction of Slavic scripts, the interpretation of Greek phrases in Slavonic translations, the reception of works by Dionysius the Areopagite in early Slavic literature, and the textual tradition of Old Church Slavonic translations. The conference also explored Graeco-Roman cultural ideas and texts in Bulgarian medieval literature. Scholars presented papers on subjects such as the reception of the Trojan War narrative in the medieval Slavic context, the representation of scholarly education in hagiography, and the distribution of Western texts among the South Slavs. The conference also highlighted the movement [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of CIRCULO de Linguistica Aplicada a la Comunicacion is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

"Language Dynamics in the Early Modern Period" is a book that explores the topic of historical multilingualism. The book contains twelve chapters written by scholars from various disciplines, including historical linguistics, translation studies, and literary studies. The chapters cover a range of languages and regions, including Europe and beyond. The book aims to test the hypothesis that the Early Modern period was characterized by a state of individual, societal, and functional multilingualism. The chapters reveal a complex picture of linguistic relations during this period, highlighting the importance of sociocultural and sociopolitical circumstances in understanding language dynamics. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Jordanian Educational Journal is the property of Association of Arab Universities and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study focuses on exploring the strictly semantic properties involved in the assignment of grammatical gender to English loanwords in the Khattak dialect of Pashto. The study aims to investigate how strictly semantic criteria influence the gender allocation process in loanword integration, contributing to a deeper understanding of language contact phenomena in the Pakistani context. Using Corbett's (1991) model of gender assignment as a framework model, a perceptive and innovative research design that best suited the current and continuing research in the Pakistani setting was created. The nature of the current study is qualitative and descriptive. The issues of gender assignment, borrowing, code mixing, and gender marking in the Pakistani context gain prominence in this study. With relation to the interaction of English and Pashto, the researcher believes that this research will not only aid in understanding the nature of these processes in Pakistan but will also raise awareness of the need for more research in the area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Humanities & Social Sciences (2522-3380) is the property of Arab Journal of Sciences & Research Publishing (AJSRP) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Contact and areal studies of kinship terminologies have by now received too little attention in social anthropology and linguistics. To fill in one of numerous research gaps, we investigated kinship terminologies of the Circum-Baltic (CB) area. We discovered many heterogeneous overlapping micro- and macro-convergences belonging to different temporal strata and contact situations. This was especially the case with loanwords, whereas certain calques had a wider spread covering most of the CB area. It suggests that semantic patterns may be more prone to borrowing than lexical items. The analysis of structural properties showed that CB kinship terminologies combine both West European and East European/West Asian strategies. It indicates that CB kinship terminologies indeed possess a marked combination of properties. However, most of them are shared with their neighbours, which confirms that the CB area is a Contact Superposition Zone as suggested in Koptjevskaja-Tamm and Wälchli (2001). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A precolonial language contact event between languages in the Nguni group of the BANTU family and extinct undocumented languages in the Khoekhoe branch of the KHOE family left an enduring impact on the linguistic landscape of South Africa. isiXhosa and isiZulu gained a massive lexis of Khoekhoe loanwords that remains understudied. Prior research has focused primarily on the behaviour of click consonants during loan, and more general descriptions of phonological and morphological adaptations are lacking. This paper describes some general adaptive processes, with the especial aim of facilitating the improved detection of loanwords. By comparing the extant Khoekhoe-branch languages Nama, Damara, and Kora with the loaned Khoekhoe-branch material preserved in isiXhosa and isiZulu, details of the phonology and morphology of the undocumented Khoekhoe donor languages are inferred. Finally, comparative material from the Kalahari-branch languages in the KWADI-KHOE family is also introduced to compensate for lacunae in the historical linguistic record. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study and description of toponyms is one of the oldest topics in linguistics (Levinson, 2003) and philology. It is an area of study that explains the history of a region and describes topographical features of the landscape. Place names encode multiple pieces of information that a linguistic and anthropological analysis helps to reveal. The objective of this article is to describe the toponyms of the Yucatec Maya of Kopchen, Quintana Roo, focusing on their meanings through the description of their lexical-morphological and phonological properties. The ethnography of communication (Gumperz and Hymes 1964) is used here, employing semi-structured interviews for the elaboration of the corpus. This article shows that the morphemes that form the native Mayan toponyms reveal information directly related to the place, in contrast to the toponyms that come from Spanish. All toponyms are multimorphemic; lexical morphemes refer to different categories of words. The head of a toponym was crucial in determining endocentric constructions and exocentric constructions. Morphologically, only the feminine gender or individualizing mark (i)x and the suffix -il are observed in toponyms. However, at the clausal level there are more inflectional morphemes in toponyms. Phonologically, toponyms borrowed from Spanish adapt to the phonological rules of Yucatec Maya with vowel lengthening and then receiving tones. The loanwords become more and more complex according to the different productions of the speakers. This article reveals several points that help the literature in general to broaden its knowledge about toponymy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the notion of image schemas in selected Kurdish proverbs. As used in Cognitive Semantics, image schemas refer to conceptual structures that represent recurring patterns in our experience of the physical and psychological world. They are abstract concepts consisting of patterns emerging from repeated instances of embodied experience. Examples of image schemas include CONTAINER, PATH, FORCE, SCALE and CYCLE schemas. Applied to Kurdish proverbs, it is argued that image schemas serve as the basis for organizing knowledge and reasoning about the world. They are derived from concrete physical experiences that are projected onto abstract concepts. The aim of the study then is to show how image schemas provide the basis for richly detailed lexical concepts. One interesting finding is that image schemas arise directly from sensory and perceptual experience. They are functions of Kurdish speakers' everyday interaction with and observation of the world around them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first English dictionary of military terms was published anonymously in 1702 under the title A Military Dictionary. However, one glossary of this nature had already been attached to Robert Barret's (Anon. 1702) The Theorike and Practike of Moderne Warres in 1598: 'A Table, shewing the signification of sundry forraine words, vsed in these discourses'. Barret had fought in many battles in Europe, where English soldiers came into contact with comrades-in-arms from other countries. Hence, Barret's glossary constitutes a first-hand source of information on the loanwords used in English to refer to technological and strategic novelties on the field of military science at the time. This article (i) provides a first analysis of Barret's glossary; (ii) confirms that Barret's professional expertise as a soldier contributed to more complete and informative definitions than the ones in contemporary general dictionaries; (iii) compares the source languages Barret assigned to the entries in his glossary with the source languages specified in contemporary lexicographical works and in the Oxford English Dictionary ; and (iv) confirms the relevance of Barret's glossary as a testimony to the military jargon incorporated into English from different languages during the sixteenth century. Finally, a close comparison of the definitions of the same entries in Barret's glossary and Florio's A Worlde of Wordes (1598) has revealed Florio's indebtedness to Barret's military glossary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]