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Ultrafast luminescence in Mg was investigated in the infrared region, between 0.35 and 1.05 eV, and compared with the results for Al, using a luminescence upconversion technique. The luminescence intensity of these metals at 0.9 eV was higher than that of platinum with a similar surface roughness under the same excitation density. Although the Mg and Al are adjacent to each other in the periodic table and belong to "light metals," having similar band structures, their luminescence spectra differ significantly. Pronounced peak structures were found for Mg and these were attributed to interband transitions within the conduction bands consisting of 3s and 3p orbitals overlapped on the intraband continuum, based on density functional theory band structure calculation. This result is in contrast to the interband luminescence in noble metals (Au, Ag, and Cu) under continuous-wave blue laser excitation, where the final states have been assigned to the d bands. A comparison of the spectra of rough and specular surfaces suggested that the surface roughness is not essential for mitigating wavenumber mismatch for intraband transitions. The luminescence from light metals, which are harmless to humans, will be attractive for biomedical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The TMS Board of Directors recently approved professional membership for a diverse group of new members from countries like the United States, Pakistan, Canada, and Zimbabwe, representing institutions ranging from universities to technology companies. This decision underscores TMS's commitment to inclusivity and collaboration within the minerals, metals, and materials science field. The list of new members welcomed in May and August 2024 includes individuals from various countries and institutions, showcasing a global community of researchers and professionals working together in fields like materials science and engineering. The document highlights international collaboration and knowledge exchange among researchers and professionals from countries such as the United States, Japan, Germany, and South Korea, emphasizing the importance of global partnerships in advancing scientific research efforts. [Extracted from the article]

Changing climate imposes abiotic stress factors, including salinity, flood, drought, high and low temperature, and light as well as heavy metals on medicinal plants. Plants respond to stress in terms of growth and biosynthesis of metabolites. The rhizomatous genus Curcuma has been extensively used in traditional or folk medicine worldwide and its therapeutic potential relies on its phyto-constituents. A discrete array of literature depicts negative effects on growth and alterations in yield of secondary metabolites under abiotic stress. However, one complete and precise document on the response of Curcuma spp. towards abiotic stress and their molecular mechanism is lacking. Hence, this review has been prepared by pulling together the published information on the abiotic stress response as well as the future research prospects on the Curcuma spp. along with other related rhizomatous plants of the family Zingiberaceae, to obtain prospective clues on possible responses of these medicinally potential species in the verge of changing climate. We have also highlighted the stress mitigation strategies employed by these plants in the light of available literature and by comparing with information on related species of Zingiberaceae family. We have focused on the urgency of multiomics approaches to find out the genetic and biochemical strategies of Curcuma spp. to cope with stress as well as emphasized for conservation of rare and endangered species of Curcuma. This review will be helpful for plant physiologists, farmers, pharmaceutical industries, and policy makers, to implement better plans and policies regarding uninterrupted commercial yield of Curcuma secondary metabolites in changing climate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spin-orbitronics, exploiting electron spin and/or orbital angular momentum, offers a powerful route to energy-efficient spintronic applications. Recent research on orbital currents in light metals broadens the scope of spin-orbit torque (SOT). However, distinguishing and manipulating orbital torque in heavy metal/ferromagnet (HM/FM) remains a challenge, limiting the promising synergy of spin and orbital currents. Here, we design a HM/FM/FMSOC heterostructure and experimentally separate orbital torque contribution from spin torque by utilizing the distinct diffusion length of spin and orbital currents. Furthermore, we achieve the synergy of spin and orbital torques by controlling their relative strength, and obtain a 110% improvement in torque efficiency compared to the representative Pt/Co bilayer. Our findings not only contribute to a deeper understanding of SOT mechanisms and orbital current transport in HM/FM multilayers, but also highlight the promising prospect of orbital and spin torque synergy for optimizing the efficiency of next-generation spintronic devices. Eliminating the interference of spin current to distinguish and manipulate orbital torque in heavy metal/ferromagnet (HM/FM) heterojunction remains a challenge. Here, the authors design a HM/FM/FMSOC multilayer to separate orbital torque contribution and harness the synergy of spin and orbital currents for enhanced spin-orbit torque. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We calculate the conductance of a junction between a disordered superconductor and a very strong half-metallic ferromagnet admitting electrons with only one spin projection. A usual mechanism of Andreev reflection is strongly suppressed in this case since Cooper pairs are composed of electrons with opposite spins. However, this obstacle can be overcome if we take into account spin-orbit scattering inside the superconductor. Spin-orbit scattering induces a fluctuational (zero on average) spin-triplet component of the superconducting condensate, which is enough to establish Andreev transport into a strong ferromagnet. This remarkably simple mechanism is quite versatile and can explain long-range triplet proximity effect in a number of experimental setups. One particular application of the suggested effect is to measure the spin-orbit scattering time τ SO in disordered superconducting materials. The value of Andreev conductance strongly depends on the parameter Δ τ SO and can be noticeable even in very disordered but relatively light metals like granular aluminum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is a summary of a special issue of the journal "Materials" titled "Development of Advanced Aluminum and Magnesium Alloys: Microstructure, Mechanical Properties and Processing." The special issue focuses on the latest progress in the development of advanced aluminum alloys, magnesium alloys, and their composites. Thirteen articles are included in the special issue, with six papers on aluminum alloys, two papers on magnesium alloys, and five papers on light metal composite materials. The articles cover a range of topics including optimization of aluminum alloys for casting processes, the effect of torch angle on the properties of aluminum alloys fabricated using additive manufacturing, and the development of high-strength aluminum metal-matrix composites. The special issue provides valuable insights into the relationships between microstructure, mechanical properties, and processing conditions, and aims to contribute to the future development and industrial applications of lightweight alloys. [Extracted from the article]

ABSTRACT Imidazole moiety when fused with other heterocyclic system form numerous compounds with different types of pharmacological and biological activities. In this review, we discussed a comprehensive analysis of the synthetic methodologies and reaction mechanisms for imidazo‐fused heterocyclic molecules. These molecules represent a crucial class of compounds due to their significant applications and versatile chemical reactivity. This article meticulously examined various synthetic routes for the construction of imidazo‐fused heterocycles, ranging from traditional methods to modern approaches such as microwave‐assisted reactions, NPs‐catalyzed reactions, light‐mediated synthesis, electrochemical reactions, and transition metal‐free synthesis routes. By consolidating the current knowledge and highlighting future directions, this review aims to serve as a treasure for research community in the fields of organic chemistry, medicinal chemistry, and material science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnesium (Mg) and its alloys have received much attention in the aerospace, transportation, automotive industry, and military equipment fields due to their unique chemical and physical properties, such as their low density and high specific strength, particularly as the lightest structural metal materials, with the opportunity to achieve the design of lighter engineering systems. With the continuous improvement of processing technology, the application scope of magnesium alloy is rapidly expanding, and market demand is increasing. However, because of its significant electronegativity (2.37 V) and loose naturally formed oxide coating, magnesium has low corrosion resistance in comparison to other structural metal elements, severely limiting its large‐scale use. This review summarizes several typical anticorrosion methods for magnesium alloys, including chemical conversion coating treatment, anodic oxide film treatment, micro‐arc oxidation treatment, laser surface treatment, ion implantation, physical vapor deposition, and superhydrophobic coating. In most cases, the corrosion resistance of magnesium and its alloys has improved, but it has a certain degree of environmental damage. It is hoped that this review will contribute to further developing magnesium alloy materials in the field of preservative coating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aluminum and magnesium are the lightest structural metals, and therefore, various alloys based on them are widely used in both, automotive and aerospace industries. However, aluminum and magnesium are very easily affected by atmospheric and aqueous corrosion, and, therefore, the alloying elements should enhance their corrosion stability. In this work, the thermodynamic analysis of phase and chemical equilibria involving aluminum and magnesium alloys doped with silicon in oxygen–containing air environments, as well as the analysis of chemical and electrochemical equilibria involving these alloys in aqueous environments is conducted. The phase and chemical equiliibria in the Al–Mg, Al–Si, Mg–Si, and Al–Mg–Si systems at 298 K are considered, and the thermodynamic activities of the components of common Al–Mg–Si system alloys are calculated. The invariant chemical equilibria in the systems Al–Mg–O, Al–Si–O, Mg–Si–O at 298 K are considered, the isothermal section of the state diagrams of these systems are plotted, and the oxidation scheme of the Al–Mg–Si system alloys in excess oxygen is proposed. The chemical and electrochemical equilibria in the Al–Mg–Si–H2O system at 298 K are considered and presented in form of the activity – pH and the potential – pH diagrams, and the oxidation of the Al–Mg–Si system alloys in aqueous environments is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO), applied to light metals such as titanium, aluminum, and magnesium, creates a two-layer coating and has become increasingly important in metal coatings. However, due to the high voltage and temperature of the process, no online instrument could monitor the underlying mechanism. This paper presents a new image proving that the surface of PEO-coated Mg3ZnCa boiled during the process and argues that three hypotheses are involved in the PEO mechanism based on boiling caused by tolerating high voltage during the PEO process, which could explain the current‒voltage diagram of the process. Finally, nanoindentation was used to measure the elastic module and hardness of the PEO layers. The nanoindentation test results revealed the similarity of the elastic module of the outer porous layer and the primary alloy, with values of 40.25 GPa and 41.47 GPa, respectively, confirming that the outer porous layer corresponds to the cold plasma-gas phase formed during the PEO process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epitaxial lift‐off (ELO) InGaP/GaAs/InGaAs inverted metamorphic triple‐junction solar cells are encapsulated with a micro/nanostructured polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) film. The microprism array (MPA) is realized on the PDMS film to redirect the light incident on the metal grid line to the active area. Subwavelength structures (SWSs) are also introduced onto the PDMS film to suppress the Fresnel optical reflection loss. Triangular and hemicylindrical shapes are considered for the MPA. The optical responses of the two MPAs are calculated by using ray‐tracing methods. The triangular MPA performs better than the hemicylindrical MPA in terms of light‐redirection efficiency. It is confirmed that 82.0% of the light incident on the metal grid can be harvested by the effect of the triangular MPA and the Fresnel optical reflection loss is reduced effectively by the SWSs. These effects contribute to photocurrent enhancement. The short‐circuit current density and power conversion efficiency of the flexible ELO triple‐junction solar cells integrated with the micro/nanostructured PDMS film improve by 7.0% and 7.1%, respectively, compared with those of the solar cells without the PDMS film. By using the flexible PDMS film for light management, the flexibility of the ELO solar cells is preserved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing urbanisation and growing environmental awareness in society require new and innovative vehicle concepts. In the present work, the design freedoms of additive manufacturing (AM) are used to develop a front-axle wheel suspension for a novel modular vehicle concept. The development of the suspension components is based on a new method using industry-standard load cases for the strength design of the components. To design the chassis components, the available installation space is determined, and a suitable configuration of the chassis components is defined. Furthermore, numerical methods are used to identify the component geometries that are suitable for the force flow. The optimisation setup is selected in such a way that it is possible to integrate information, energy, and material-carrying conductions into the suspension arms. High-strength light metals are used to minimise the component masses. Apertures are provided through the components for the routing of electrical conductors. The transport of fluids is realised by conductions integrated into the wishbones. The final geometries of the suspension components are then validated by a finite element analysis (FEA) of the overall suspension model. The results of the applied method are lightweight suspension components with a high degree of functional integration. This improves the vehicle package and achieves higher front-wheel clearance, increasing the possible steering angles and thus improving manoeuvrability. The saving of unsprung mass can improve handling and has a positive effect on the vehicle's energy consumption. Furthermore, the sectional conduction integration is followed by a simplified assembly of the front-axle suspension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fully compensated ferrimagnetic half metals have attracted great attention in spintronics. Unlike many previous calculations based on hypothetical ordered alloys, here we look for existing solid solution series taking as an example Co1−xCrxS2. Calculations find that a low-spin state for Cr that matches early experiments and a fully compensated ferrimagnetic half metal with Curie temperature above room temperature is found at x ≈ 0.33. Our study demonstrates the method of combining two half metals with light and heavy 3d metals in a solid solution to achieve compensation, where atomic disorder does not destroy the desired properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Circularly polarized light (CPL) detection is of great significance in various applications such as drug identification, sensing and imaging. Atomically precise chiral metal nanoclusters with intense circular dichroism (CD) signals are promising candidates for CPL detection, which can further facilitate device miniaturization and integration. Herein, we report the preparation of a pair of optically active chiral silver nanoclusters [Ag7(R/S‐DMA)2(dpppy)3] (BF4)3 (R/S‐Ag7) for direct CPL detection. The crystal structure and molecular formula of R/S‐Ag7 clusters are confirmed by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction and high‐resolution mass spectrometry. R/S‐Ag7 clusters exhibit strong CD spectra and CPL both in solution and solid states. When used as the photoactive materials in photodetectors, R/S‐Ag7 enables effective discrimination between left‐handed circularly polarized and right‐handed circularly polarized light at 520 nm with short response time, high responsivity and considerable discrimination ratio. This study is the first report on using atomically precise chiral metal nanoclusters for CPL detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introducing interstitial light atoms shows great potential in improving the intrinsic activity and stability of metal catalysts owing to strongly affecting the electronic structure and adsorption properties. However, filling atomically dispersed light atoms into metal lattices and further unveiling their interstitial effects are still limited by tightly arranged metal lattices. Herein, the study reports a calcination reduction assisted trace light atoms filling strategy to form a series of interstitial light single atoms filled Co‐based catalysts (Co‐X@NF, X = P, N and NF = nickel foam), therefore constructing monometallic atomic interfaces between P‐coordinated Coδ+ and Co0 to promote alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Noteworthy, the optimal Co‐P0.43@NF with rich monometallic atomic interfacial structure shows very high turnover frequency values (5.64 s−1), which is close to noble metal level and far exceeds non‐noble metal catalysts. Meanwhile, it maintains excellent stability of 150 h at 100 mA cm−2. Theoretical studies prove that P‐coordinated Coδ+ promotes H2O dissociation and Co0 optimizes H* adsorption energy, thus forming highly active monometallic atomic interfaces, which greatly accelerates the alkaline HER kinetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

TiN coatings are one of the most widely used nitride coatings. The introduction of the light metal element Si has led to the formation of TiN-Si3N4 coatings with a two-phase nanocomposite structure. However, the high friction coefficient of TiN-Si3N4 coatings at room temperature limits their application. In order to further improve its lubrication properties, we tried to incorporate the lubricating phase Ag. TiN-Si3N4-Ag composite coatings were prepared using a multi-target magnetron sputtering by fixing the Ti-Si target power and adjusting the Ag target power. Their microstructure, mechanical and tribological properties depending on the Ag target power were investigated. The results showed that the TiN-Si3N4-Ag composite coatings exhibited the crystalline TiN and Ag phase, and amorphous Si3N4 phase. The increasing Ag target power increased the coating surface roughness from 7 to 52 nm. The nano-hardness (H), elastic modulus (E), resistance against elastic strain to failure (H/E), and the resistance against plastic strain to failure (H3/E2) of the TiN-Si3N4-Ag composite coating first increased and then decreased with the increase of Ag target power. As the Ag target power was 10 W, the hardness (9.43 ± 0.45 GPa), elastic modulus (265.29 ± 13.3 GPa), H/E (0.036), and H3/E2 (0.0119 GPa) of the TiN-Si3N4-Ag composite coating reached the maximum values, indicating this coating exhibiting the better mechanical properties. After adding Ag, the coating exhibited better lubricating effect, while the wear resistance of the coating increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As anthropogenic activities have facilitated the spread of heavy metals into the environment, plants have been identified that may have the ability to tolerate exposure to high levels of these metals. Industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) has been suggested as potentially having the ability to accumulate elevated concentrations of some contaminants from soils, including cadmium (Cd), a heavy metal that has been linked to serious health risks to humans. Therefore, there is an interest to document the ability of hemp to tolerate exposure to Cd to determine if there is a risk when products for medicinal consumption are made from the hemp plant. The objectives of this study were to perform histochemical localization of Cd at the cellular level and document potential changes in plant tissues in response to hemp exposure. Plants were grown in hydroponic solutions for 4 weeks and then exposed to either 0 or 10 mg·L-1 Cd for 17 days and harvested. There were no differences in dry weights (dw) of leaves, stems, and roots among treated and control 17 days after treatment (DAT). However, plants exposed to 10 mg·L-1 Cd had Cd concentrations of 1448.0 mg·kg-1 dw in roots and 23.2 mg·kg-1 dw in leaves at 17 DAT, whereas Cd was not detected in roots or leaves of control plants. On staining with dithizone, Cd was primarily localized in leaf epidermis, mesophyll, and trichomes, and in root rhizodermis, cortex, and pericycle in hemp plants exposed to 10 mg·L-1 Cd. Image analysis was able to further quantify these results based on area stained. Our results suggest that Cd is primarily accumulated throughout hemp roots, with lesser amounts translocated to the leaves, where it may be localized in the epidermis and trichomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The integration of micro-arc oxidation (MAO) film and chemical conversion (PCC) technology is a promising surface treatment for magnesium alloys. In this study, a MAO treatment of PCC film layers in a Na2SiO3 electrolyte system was used. The composition, structure, corrosion resistance, and formation mechanism of composite films were thoroughly investigated and discussed. Results showed that the composite-coated samples could effectively retard the corrosion of magnesium alloy. Additionally, the MAO treatment of zinc phosphate PCC coatings led to a reduction in pore size and enhanced coating compactness. The electrochemical test results showed that the composite coating has a higher impedance modulus in the low-frequency region (|Z|MAO/PCC-5 (2.38 × 105 Ω cm2) >|Z|MAO (1.31 × 104 Ω cm2) >|Z|PCC-5 (1.54 × 103 Ω cm2) >|Z|AZ91D (2.08 × 102 Ω cm2)), which improves the corrosion resistance of both the single MAO coating and the PCC coating. Meanwhile, the introduction of zinc effectively improves the antimicrobial properties of the coatings. This study provides a new idea for the preparation of anticorrosive and antimicrobial composite coatings on light metal surfaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, coloured Ni/Cu2O bilayer films were electrochemically deposited on large area automobile plastic parts (7 × 13 cm) for decorative applications. Such coatings may become an alternative to ubiquitously used Cr coatings for plastics. Purple, dark cyan and gold colours with good homogeneity and high brightness could be produced by tuning the deposition time of the Cu2O layer. Colouration of the bilayer film can be ascribed to interference of light through the metal/dielectric layer, where the thickness of the dielectric layer controls the wavelength of the reflected light. Cu2O film has a compact structure and low roughness, which is essential to obtain uniform colours. Moreover, the Ni/Cu2O bilayer exhibits good adhesion behaviour, environmental stability and enhanced corrosion resistance. This process is industrially viable and enables the large scale production of such decorative coatings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this work is to analyze the development direction and prospects in the field of aluminum electrolysis and to provide reference information for related research and industry personnel. The scientific papers on aluminum electrolysis published in Scopus database from 1970 to 2023 were collected. Bibliometric methods and knowledge mapping visualization software were used to analyze the papers. Both quantitative statistics and qualitative comparative analysis of global scientific papers on aluminum electrolysis were done in terms of annual paper trends, papers by major countries, authors, institutions, journals and research topics, respectively. The results showed that the number of published papers has had an increasing trend in recent years. The top three productive countries are China, Russia and the US, respectively. The top three productive institutions are Northeastern University, Central South University and Norwegian University of Science and Technology, respectively. TMS Light Metals is the publication with the most papers on aluminum electrolysis. The distribution of research results in the field of aluminum electrolysis was analyzed using a visual analysis chart so that scholars can determine the research trends and hot spots in the field of aluminum electrolysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photocatalysis, mainly using TiO2 as a catalyst, has emerged as a promising method to address the issue of wastewater treatment. This study explores the enhanced photocatalytic activity of TiO2 through the introduction of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and cadmium sulfide (CdS) as selective metal dopants. The incorporation of rGO and CdS into the TiO2 lattice aims to optimize its photocatalytic properties, including bandgap engineering, charge carrier separation, and surface reactivity. The unique combination of CdS and rGO with TiO2 is expected to boost degradation efficiency and reduce the reliance on expensive and potentially harmful sensitizers. This experimental investigation involves the synthesis and characterization of TiO2-based photocatalysts. The photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange (MO) and methylene blue (MB) was assessed under controlled laboratory conditions, studying the influence of metal dopants on degradation kinetics and degradation efficiency. Furthermore, the synthesized photocatalyst is characterized by advanced techniques, including BET, SEM, TEM, XRD, and XPS analyses. The degraded samples were analyzed by UV-Vis spectroscopy. Insights into the photoexcitation and charge transfer processes shed light on the role of metal dopants in enhancing photocatalytic performance. The results demonstrate the potential of a TiO2-rGO-CdS-based photocatalyst in which 100% degradation was achieved within four hours for MO and six hours for MB, confirming efficient azo dye degradation. The findings contribute to understanding the fundamental principles underlying the photocatalytic process and provide valuable guidance for designing and optimizing advanced photocatalytic systems. Ultimately, this research contributes to the development of sustainable and effective technologies for removing azo dyes from various wastewaters, promoting environmental preservation and human well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ammonia production seeks alternatives to the conventional Haber-Bosch process, with nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) emerging promising. Addressing the challenge of efficient catalysts, the functionalized graphene-based single atom catalysts (SACs) stand out. While prior studies have favored heteroatom-doped catalysts, the coordination of metal centers with nitrogen atoms remains underexplored. This work investigates transition metal (TM) SACs on nitrogen-doped graphene (N 3 G) using density functional theory (DFT) for electro-catalytic NRR. Results highlight the stability of V@N 3 G, Mo@N 3 G, W@N 3 G, with binding energies of −7.77, −5.43, and −3.89 eV, respectively. Insights into work function, d-band center, N–N bond, and IR stretching's role in N 2 activation are gained through this study. Bader charge analysis reveals electron redistribution between the support and adsorbed N 2. Employing Computational Hydrogen Electrode (CHE) method, comparative free energy diagrams for TM@N 3 G (V, Mo, W) via., enzymatic, consecutive, alternating, and distal pathways outline potential rate determining step (PDS) with and without the Implicit solvation method. Remarkably, W@N 3 G catalyst exhibits the lowest PDS in the presence of solvation energy, surpassing other catalysts. The multi-adsorption of N 2 on W@N 3 G enhances NRR process, stabilizing intermediates for efficient ammonia production. This computational study sheds light on metal center SACs on functionalized graphene support as a potential electro-catalyst for efficient and stable NRR. [Display omitted] • V, Mo, W@N 3 G show excellent stability on N-doped graphene. • Roles of work function, d-band, N–N bond, and IR in NRR elucidated. • Bader charge analysis reveals the dynamics of electron redistribution in N 2 adsorption. • Comparative free energy diagrams for TM@N 3 G highlight PDS via CHE method. • W@N 3 G exhibits lowest energy barrier with solvation, excelling among catalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solid‐state storage of hydrogen molecules in carbon‐based light metal single‐atom materials is promising to achieve both high hydrogen storage capacity and uptake rate, but there is a lack of fundamental understanding and design principles to guide the rational design of the materials. Here, a theoretical relationship is established between the hydrogen capacity/rate and the structures of the heteroatom‐doped‐graphene‐supported light metal Li single atom materials for high‐efficient solid‐state hydrogen storage, which is verified by combining spectroscopic characterization, H2 adsorption/desorption measurements, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Based on the DFT calculations, a novel descriptor Φ is developed to correlate the inherent properties of dopants with the hydrogen storage properties, and further to screen out the best dual‐doped‐graphene‐supported light metal Li single‐atom hydrogen storage materials. The dual‐doped materials have a much higher hydrogen storage capability than the sole‐doped ones and exceed the best carbon‐based hydrogen storage materials so far. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research examined the impact of heavy metals, including Cd, Pb, and Zn, on chlorophyll content and lamina cell structure in Bryum coronatum. After exposure to varying metal concentrations (0.015, 0.065, 0.250, 1, and 4 mg/L), chlorophyll content, chloroplast numbers, lamina cell change, and metal accumulation were investigated. Chlorophyll content was assessed using spectrophotometry, whereas chloroplast numbers and lamina cell changes were examined under a light microscope. Metal accumulation was quantified through ICP-MS. The findings revealed that Cd notably reduced chlorophyll a content, while Pb and Zn showed minimal influence. Cd and Pb exposure decreased the number of chloroplasts in lamina cells, with no impact from Zn. The moss's capacity to absorb metals increased with higher exposure levels, indicating its potential as a biomonitor for heavy metal pollution. Cell mortality occurred in response to Cd and Pb, primarily in the median and apical lamina regions, while Zn had no effect. This study sheds light on heavy metal toxicity in B. coronatum, underscoring its significance for environmental monitoring. Further research on the mechanisms and consequences of heavy metal toxicity in bryophytes is essential for a comprehensive understanding of this critical issue. The capacity of moss B. coronatum to absorb metals increased with higher exposure levels, providing quantitative data on heavy metal pollution around it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) refers to damage to brain tissue by mechanical or blunt force via trauma. TBI is often associated with impaired cognitive abilities, like difficulties in memory, learning, attention, and other higher brain functions, that typically remain for years after the injury. Lithium is an elementary light metal that is only utilized in salt form due to its high intrinsic reactivity. This current review discusses the molecular mechanisms and therapeutic and neuroprotective effects of lithium in TBI. Method: The "Boolean logic" was used to search for articles on the subject matter in PubMed and PubMed Central, as well as Google Scholar. Results: Lithium's therapeutic action is extremely complex, involving multiple effects on gene secretion, neurotransmitter or receptor‐mediated signaling, signal transduction processes, circadian modulation, as well as ion transport. Lithium is able to normalize multiple short‐ as well as long‐term modifications in neuronal circuits that ultimately result in disparity in cortical excitation and inhibition activated by TBI. Also, lithium levels are more distinct in the hippocampus, thalamus, neo‐cortex, olfactory bulb, amygdala as well as the gray matter of the cerebellum following treatment of TBI. Conclusion: Lithium attenuates neuroinflammation and neuronal toxicity as well as protects the brain from edema, hippocampal neurodegeneration, loss of hemispheric tissues, and enhanced memory as well as spatial learning after TBI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Al-Mg-Si alloys are an important class of Al wrought alloys. Further increasing their strength has significant economic potential. Previous approaches were focusing on increasing the amount of the main hardening elements Mg and Si, adding Cu and Zn for additional hardening potential, and adding dispersoid-forming elements such as Cr and Zr. In terms of processing, multi-step heat treatments and interrupted quenching have been pursued. Despite recent advances in the field, data points from the literature are difficult to compare due to widely varying alloy compositions and processing conditions. Here we present a comprehensive through-process rolling and extrusion study on four experimental high-strength Al-Mg-Si alloys (named A1–A4) with a particular focus on comparability of the results between our alloys and with the literature. Mechanical testing after artificial aging and in-depth microstructural investigations at various steps of the processing chain were employed, including scanning and transmission electron microscopy. We found that Cr addition leads to a strong increase in dispersoids and thus has a strong influence on hot workability, whereas the effect of increasing Mg and Si levels was negligible within the studied composition range. Al3Zr dispersoids were found to coexist with Al(Fe,Mn,Cr)Si dispersoids. Overall, the strength of the rolled sheets was slightly higher than that of the profiles. After 8 h of artificial aging at 180 °C, 2 mm thick sheet made of alloy A4, falling within the specification of AA6086, showed a notable yield strength of 393 MPa, due to nanoscale hardening phases that were smaller and appeared more numerous than in a commercial alloy (AA6082-T6).

This study presents a thorough investigation into the concentration of heavy metals and mineral composition within four distinct coastal flora species: Cyperus conglomeratus, Halopyrum mucronatum, Sericostem pauciflorum, and Salvadora persica. Employing rigorous statistical methodologies such as Pearson coefficient correlation, principal component analysis (PCA), analysis of variance (ANOVA), and interclass correlation (ICC), we aimed to elucidate the bioavailability of heavy metals, minerals, and relevant physical characteristics. The analysis focused on essential elements including copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), magnesium (Mg2+), calcium (Ca2+), sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), and chloride (Cl–), all of which are known to play pivotal roles in the ecological dynamics of coastal ecosystems. Through PCA, we discerned distinctive patterns within PC1 to PC4, collectively explaining an impressive 99.65% of the variance observed in heavy metal composition across the studied flora species. These results underscore the profound influence of environmental factors on the mineral composition of coastal flora, offering critical insights into the ecological processes shaping these vital ecosystems. Furthermore, significant correlations among mineral contents in H. mucronatum; K+ with content of Na+ (r = 0.989) and Mg2+ (r = 0.984); as revealed by ICC analyses, contributed to a nuanced understanding of variations in electrical conductivity (EC), pH levels, and ash content among the diverse coastal flora species. By shedding light on heavy metal and mineral dynamics in coastal flora, this study not only advances our scientific understanding but also provides a foundation for the development of targeted environmental monitoring and management strategies aimed at promoting the ecological sustainability and resilience of coastal ecosystems in the face of ongoing environmental challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this first-principles study, based on Density Functional Theory, we assess the capacity of metal-decorated, boron-doped, graphene-like monolayers of silicon carbide (SiC) to adsorb hydrogen molecules. To enhance the binding of metal adatoms on SiC monolayers, these were substitutionally doped with boron atoms. Alkaline, alkaline-earth, and transition metal adatoms were considered and their hydrogen storage capabilities were compared. The results show that alkaline-earth metal adatoms are not suitable for hydrogen storage. On the other hand, sodium- and potassium-decorated B-doped SiC monolayers adsorb the largest number of H 2 molecules per adatom, but their adsorption energies are insufficient for an adequate hydrogen storage. Titanium and scandium adatoms are the most suitable for hydrogen storage since they exhibit good adsorption energies and up to four and five H 2 molecules per adatom, respectively. Moreover, the estimated potential barriers for diffusion of these two adatoms on the B-doped SiC monolayers indicate that the probability of clustering is very low. Moreover, within the ideal-gas approximation, it is estimated that hydrogen can be stored in the Ti- and Sc-decorated monolayers at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. Furthermore, if SiC monolayers were doped with boron atoms in concentrations similar to those reported for graphene, it is estimated that the gravimetric capacities could reach 5.1 wt% and 6.3 wt% for Ti-decorated and Sc-decorated monolayers, respectively, which are close to the target hydrogen-storage capacities envisioned for the near future. [Display omitted] • Boron-doped metal-decorated SiC monolayers (2D-SiC) were studied for H 2 adsorption. • Alkaline-earth metal adatoms are highly unfavourable for H 2 adsorption on 2D-SiC. • Ti and Sc adatom adsorb 4 and 5 molecules with optimal adsorption energies. • Ti- and Sc-decorated cases may be able to adsorb and store H 2 at room temperature. • Ti- and Sc-decorated 2D-SiC may reach 5.11 wt% and 6.32 wt% of H 2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper investigates the dependence of the sputtering yields by light ions bombardment of the surface layers of titanium and tungsten, modified with carbon, on the thickness of the layer. The theoretical study was conducted on the basis of a sputtering model (previously adapted to describe the sputtering of two-component targets and layered-inhomogeneous surfaces), based on two sputtering mechanisms, which allows to analyze the obtained dependencies. Theoretical calculations of the total yields sputtering by helium ions bombardment of the surface layers of titanium and tungsten modified with carbon are given in comparison with the results of computer simulation obtained using the SRIM-2013pro program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review offers a comprehensive overview of the current status of metal hydrides in hydrogen storage, addressing their vital role in the hydrogen energy landscape. This review underscores the critical significance of efficient hydrogen storage methods and delves into the intricate mechanisms that make metal hydrides a promising solution. Examining the utilization of magnesium and light metal hydrides, as well as the transformative impact of Mg 2 Ni and nano-sized structures, A variety of metal hydride technologies are examined in this review, including with a comprehensive explanation of transition metal substitutions that improve hydriding and dehydrating capability. It also discusses the influence of activation energy, oxide substitution, and the diversity of metal hydride options, encompassing rare earth metals and carbon nanotubes. Furthermore, we offer valuable insights into the challenges and prospects surrounding the practical application of metal hydrides for hydrogen storage. In conclusion, this review navigates the intricate landscape of metal hydrides, illuminating their potential to shape the future of hydrogen energy storage. • Highlighted the current status of metal hydrides in hydrogen storage. • Handled the critical significance of efficient hydrogen storage methods. • Discussed the influence of activation energy, oxide substitution, and the diversity of metal hydride options. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Periodate (PI)-based oxidation using the activators, such as metal ions and light irradiation, has emerged as a feasible treatment strategy for the effective remediation of contaminated water and wastewater. Given the pervasive nature of PI residues and solar exposure during application, the role of solar light in remediating the challenging highly saline water matrices needs to be elucidated. In this study, bisphenol A (BPA) was selected as the targeted micropollutant, which can be efficiently eliminated by the simulated sunlight (SSL)/PI system in the presence of high-level Cl− (up to 846.0 mM) at pH 7.0. The presence of different background constituents of water, such as halides, nitrate, and dissolved organic matter, had no effect, or even accelerated BPA abatement. Particularly, the ubiquitous Br− or I− appreciably enhanced the BPA transformation efficiency, which may be ascribed to the generation of high-selective reactive HOBr or HOI. The in silico predictions suggested that the transformation products generated by halide-mediated SSL/PI systems via halogen substitutions showed greater persistence, bioaccumulation, and aquatic toxicity than BPA itself. These findings highlighted a widespread phenomenon during PI-based oxidative treatment of highly saline water, which needs special attention under solar light illumination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate the electronic transport at the internal interface within a selection of metallic bilayer nanostructures using the contact-free, all-optical method of THz time-domain spectroscopy. The Ru/Co, Ru/Pt, and Ru/Al bilayer nanostructures and their individual constituent metals are studied, with Ru representing an archetypal d-band metal, Co an archetypal ferromagnet, and Pt and Al archetypal heavy and light metals, respectively. The THz conductivity data were analyzed in terms of Drude and Bloch–Grüneisen models, and the interface current coefficient of the internal nanointerface was determined. Strong temperature dependency of the interface current coefficient in the Ru/Co nanostructure is revealed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The advanced technologies of the Fourth Industrial Revolution with its great impact on various industrial aspects came with the emergence of the term "the Fourth Industrial Revolution, as a result of the continuous technological developments that addressed many modern technologies such as additive manufacturing and augmented reality, that significantly contributed to the development of metal jewelry formation in light of molecular engineering, as the design and manufacture of metal jewelry using molecular engineering required modern and advanced technology for the ability to design and ease of implementation. Applications of the Fourth Industrial Revolution have rapidly emerged in the design of metal jewelry through 3D printing, which was used in the formation of precious metals, and with the variety of jewelry designs and shapes that require time and effort for implementation, especially if there is a need to create special or valuable pieces or to reproduce rare pieces. Therefore, it was important to study the impact of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, the changes it brought about, and how to benefit from the advanced technologies for forming metal jewelry in light of molecular engineering. To facilitate the implementation of interwoven and complex shapes and designs inspired by molecular engineering. The research deals with the Fourth Industrial Revolution, its concept, and principles, how it appeared, and the various technologies that emerged with it, as well as its various effects, in addition to the methods of forming metal jewelry and its development from manual and traditional methods to modern and advanced methods. It also deals with molecular engineering and how to benefit from it in forming and implementing metal jewelry through the technologies of the Fourth Industrial Revolution to achieve the research goal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A significant environmental concern globally is the pollution of water bodies as a result of heavy metals. To date, various attempts have been made to effectively remove heavy metals, such as those that use synthetic and biogenic materials to abate and control water pollution. The biological removal of pollutants from water is an efficient and environmentally friendly technique. In this study, we evaluated the biosorption characteristics of Zn2+ ions from aqueous solution by spent composed of raw Agaricus biosporium (RAB) and A. biosporium (SCAB). We added different biosorption doses, metal ions, and initial concentrations of pollutants to explore the adsorption of Zn2+ by RAB and SCAB. We applied pseudo-first- and second-order models to investigate the biosorption kinetics. According to our results, the rate of Zn2+ removal from the aqueous solution using raw biomass was significantly lower than that using sodium citrate-treated biomass of SCAB. When the Zn2+ concentration increased from 10 mg L−1 to 200 mg L−1, the rate of removal of RAB decreased from 73.9% to 38.4%, and that of Zn2+ by SCAB decreased from 99.9% to 75.9%. As we increased the biosorbent dose, the rate of Zn2+ removal by SCAB increased. Interestingly, Zn2 biosorption was inhibited by heavy co ions (Cu2+ and Pb2+) and light metals (e.g., Na+, Mg2+, K+, and Ca2+). When treating wastewater polluted with Zn2+, Pb2+, and Cu2+, SCAB showed good potential. The results of this study provide a scientific basis for an environmentally sound approach to controlling water pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, the main aim is to focus the enhancement of aluminium-based metal matrix composites for improving the attributes of light weight metals, aerospace structures and other tailor blank material properties. By this way, the friction stir processing (FSP) was the suited alternate technique to enhancing the mechanical attributes and superior microstructural amendment in the processed MMCs. Therefore, this study investigates the dispersion of ceramic-based strengthening particles of chromium oxide (Cr2O3) in the aluminium base matrix of A356 alloy. During the processing, the different tool pin sizes having the conical threaded tool pin profiles. Similarly, the tool spinning speed and tool travel speed also varied while in FSP. Before the processing, the A356 alloy was prepared by the grooved surfaces for packing the chromium oxide particles to compose the aluminium metal matrix composites. The tensile strength and hardness was employed to carry out from the friction stir processed A356 alloy with influencing of Cr2O3. The maximum occurred tensile processing parameters are 1500 rpm of spinning speed, 6 mm of tool pin sizes and 90 mm/min of tool travel speed. Similarly, the maximum obtained hardness processing parameter are 2000 rpm of spinning speed, 5 mm of tool pin sizes and 90 mm/min of tool travel speed. A scanning electron microscope was utilized to investigate the dispersed Cr2O3 in the A356 alloy for confirming the refinement grains in the nugget zones of FSPed A356 alloy. The increased grain boundary by the influence of different tool pin sizes was the major reason to produces the better mechanical properties in the processed A356/Cr2O3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the lightest structural metal material, magnesium alloys possess good casting properties, high electrical and thermal conductivity, high electromagnetic shielding, and excellent damping properties. With the increasing demand for lightweight, high-strength, and high-damping structural materials in aviation, automobiles, rail transit, and other industries with serious vibration and noise, damping magnesium alloy materials are becoming one of the important development directions of magnesium alloys. A comprehensive review of the progress in this field is conducive to the development of damping magnesium alloys. This review not only looks back on the traditional damping magnesium alloys represented by Mg-Zr alloys, Mg-Cu-Mn alloys, etc. but also introduces the new damping magnesium materials, such as magnesium matrix composites and porous magnesium. But up to now, there have still been some problems in the research of damping magnesium materials. The effect of spiral dislocation on damping is still unknown and needs to be studied; the contradiction between damping performance and mechanical properties still lacks a good balance method. In the future, the introduction of more diversified damping regulating methods, such as adding other elements and reinforcements, optimizing the manufacturing method of damping magnesium alloy, etc., to solve these issues, will be the development trend of damping magnesium materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the design and analysis of a new chemical chemosensor for detecting mercury(II) ions. The chemosensor is a hydrazone made from 4-methylthiazole-5-carbaldehyde and fluorescein hydrazide. The structure of the chemosensor was confirmed using various methods, including nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy with Fourier transformation, mass spectroscopy, and quantum chemical calculations. The sensor's ability in the highly selective and sensitive discovery of Hg2+ ions in water was demonstrated. The detection limit for mercury(II) ions was determined to be 0.23 µM. The new chemosensor was also used to detect Hg2+ ions in real samples and living cells using fluorescence spectroscopy. Chemosensor 1 and its complex with Hg2+ demonstrate a significant tendency to enter and accumulate in cells even at very low concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, an extensive exploration of bimetallic sulfide, CuZr2S4, is delved into. It involves the utilization of diethyldithiocarbamate as a sulfur source. The resulting thin film exhibits a well‐defined crystalline structure, characterized by an average crystallite size of 33 nm, indicating a commendable crystallinity of 87%. Bandgap energy through optical characterization is unveiled to be 2.5 eV, shedding light on the metal sulfide optical behavior. Furthermore, the elemental composition and chemical bonding of the thin film are elucidated using X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, revealing distinctive core‐level peaks associated with Cu 2p, Zr 3d, and S 2p. Electrochemical evaluations employing voltammetry measurements showcase remarkable specific capacitive performance, achieving an impressive value of 479 Fg−1. The thin film demonstrates exceptional stability over multiple cycles, underscoring its immense potential for diverse energy‐storage applications. A thorough assessment of the synthesized material's photocatalytic capabilities, namely its ability to degrade several types of environmental contaminants, is conducted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In fuel‐bearing components, particularly in automotive applications operating at elevated temperatures, the durability of light metals is significantly influenced by their susceptibility to alkoxide corrosion. Alkoxide corrosion is characterized by its spontaneous nature and exceptionally rapid degradation of materials once initiated. This study presents an innovative high‐pressure and high‐temperature micro‐reactor, which enables precise measurements with superior sensitivity for determining the exact initiation times and reaction rates of pitting corrosion. Exemplified tests of surface roughness and water content effect on pitting initiation times were conducted and data was generated for a numerical phase field model to demonstrate the reactor capabilities. Experimental findings suggest that impurities present on both the material surface and in the fuel exhibit a significant influence on corrosivity, thereby affecting the reliability of the components. Moreover, the experimental data points have been utilized to extract the corrosion kinetics and calibrate the numerical model. The initial findings successfully demonstrate the ability to replicate corrosion kinetics and accurately represent pit morphologies and estimate reaction‐related parameters in a predictive manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary processed products of rice have been attracting attention as countermeasures against wheat allergy as well as soaring wheat prices due to the unstable global situation in recent years. A study by Sugiyama (2015) showed that a rice paste called "rice-gel" obtained by "high-speed shear treatment" is a versatile cooking material. In the present study, machine industry technologies were applied to the food processing of rice paste. Light metal extrusion accomplished easy gelatinization of steamed rice, and a hand tool was developed. Both the cone penetration test for grease and fineness-of-grind gauge for paint were applicable as convenient, rapid evaluations of the rice paste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A strategy is proposed to design high-performance Mg–Mn-based wrought Mg alloys based on a novel machine learning model. • The design model innovatively integrates four regression algorithms and Bayesian Optimization algorithm. • The improved Bayesian optimization active learning method outperforms traditional Bayesian optimization in terms of design precision. • Several new high-performance magnesium alloys have been designed and developed using this novel model. Magnesium (Mg), being the lightest structural metal, holds immense potential for widespread applications in various fields. The development of high-performance and cost-effective Mg alloys is crucial to further advancing their commercial utilization. With the rapid advancement of machine learning (ML) technology in recent years, the ''data-driven'' approach for alloy design has provided new perspectives and opportunities for enhancing the performance of Mg alloys. This paper introduces a novel regression-based Bayesian optimization active learning model (RBOALM) for the development of high-performance Mg-Mn-based wrought alloys. RBOALM employs active learning to automatically explore optimal alloy compositions and process parameters within predefined ranges, facilitating the discovery of superior alloy combinations. This model further integrates pre-established regression models as surrogate functions in Bayesian optimization, significantly enhancing the precision of the design process. Leveraging RBOALM, several new high-performance alloys have been successfully designed and prepared. Notably, after mechanical property testing of the designed alloys, the Mg-2.1Zn-2.0Mn-0.5Sn-0.1Ca alloy demonstrates exceptional mechanical properties, including an ultimate tensile strength of 406 MPa, a yield strength of 287 MPa, and a 23% fracture elongation. Furthermore, the Mg-2.7Mn-0.5Al-0.1Ca alloy exhibits an ultimate tensile strength of 211 MPa, coupled with a remarkable 41% fracture elongation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The combination of different donor moieties often results in unconventional coordination behavior. This contribution describes the synthesis of a new hybrid ligand, phosphanylferrocene amidine Ph2PfcN=CHNMe2 (1; fc=ferrocene‐1,1′‐diyl), and its coordination behavior toward the light platinum metals. Reacting compound 1 with [PdCl2(MeCN)2] produced the chelate complex [PdCl2(1‐κ2P,N)] and the bis (phosphane) complex trans‐[PdCl2(1‐κP)2], depending on the ligand‐to‐metal stoichiometry. Halide removal from [PdCl2(1‐κ2P,N)] with Na[BARF] afforded the chloride‐bridged dimer [Pd2(μ‐Cl)2(1‐κ2P,N)2][BARF]2, which was presumably in equilibrium with the mononuclear κ3‐complex [PdCl(1‐κ3Fe,P,N)][BARF] in solution (BARF=tetrakis [3,5‐bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]borate). The reactions of 1 with the isoelectronic precursors [(arene)MCl(μ‐Cl)]2 (M/arene=Ru(II)/p‐cymene, and Rh(III)/C5Me5) generated the respective bridge‐cleavage products [(arene)MCl2(1‐κP)], which transformed into the P,N‐chelate complexes [(arene)MCl(1‐κ2P,N)][BARF] when treated with Na[BARF] as a chloride scavenger. All this suggests preferential coordination the phosphane moiety to soft metal ions, while the coordination of the amidine moiety can be induced through changing the reaction stoichiometry or by generating a vacant coordination site at the metal ion. The compounds were characterized using a combination of standard spectroscopic methods (multinuclear NMR, IR, and ESI MS) and single‐crystal X‐ray crystallography, and compounds 1 and 3 were further studied by cyclic voltammetry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]